Legality of Israeli settlements

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inherent nature and because of the terms in which they were framed, operate as an effective legal re-disposition of the sovereign title. They might (he thinks) have been transformed by agreement of the parties concerned into a consensual root of title, but this never happened. And he points out that the idea that some kind of title remained in the United Nations is quite at odds, both with the absence of any evidence of vesting, and with complete United Nations silence on this aspect of the matter from 1950 to 1967?... In these circumstances, that writer is led to the view that there was, following the British withdrawal and the abortion of the partition proposals, a lapse or vacancy or vacuum of sovereignty. In this situation of sovereignty vacuum, he thinks, sovereignty could be forthwith acquired by any state that was in a position to assert effective and stable control without resort to unlawful means.

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order to preclude the wrongfulness of imposing a régime, which is contrary to international law. In its 2004 advisory opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory it states, at paragraph 120, that Article 49(6) "prohibits not only deportations or forced transfers of population…but also any measures taken by an occupying Power in order to organize or encourage transfers of parts of its own population into the occupied territory." All 13 judges were unanimous on the point. The Court also concluded that the Israeli régime violates the basic human rights of the Palestinians by impeding the liberty of movement of the inhabitants of the Occupied Palestinian Territory (with the exception of Israeli citizens) and their exercise of the right to work, to health, to education and to an adequate standard of living.

1891:'Israel requested the United States to vote against the resolution, however the Carter administration instructed its U.N. ambassador, Mr. McHenry, to seek the deletion of paragraph eight (dealing with Jerusalem and the holy places) and eliminate three other paragraphs calling for the dismantling of existing Israeli settlements. But due to what was later termed "communication failure", the President did not see the text of the resolution, and Secretary Vance was ordered by him to authorize Ambassador McHenry to support it, while issuing a "strong reservation" on the dismantling clause. The resolution was adopted by a vote of 15 to none. Israel rejected the resolution and few days later the Carter administration issued a statement disavowing the vote saying it was cast in error." ( 668:"obstacle to peace". The permissive attitude taken by America accelerated the pace of Israel's settlement programme. Reagan's view on the settlements legality was not held by the State Department. The George H.W. Bush, Clinton, and George W. Bush administrations did not publicly comment on the legality of Israeli settlements, but spoke publicly against them. Since the Clinton administration, the U.S. has continued to object to the settlements, calling them "obstacles to peace" and prejudicial to the outcome of final status talks. Although President Barack Obama and diplomatic officials in his administration have stated, "the United States does not accept the legitimacy of continued Israeli settlements," in February 2011 the U.S. vetoed a Security Council 880:, and that the only administration that completely prohibited Jewish settlement was that of Jordan from 1948 to 1967. Regarding the Geneva Convention, they maintained that the Israeli government was not forcibly transferring its population into the territories. Neither had the land that was being settled been under the legitimate sovereignty of any state beforehand. It further highlighted that no clauses in the Convention could be used to prohibit the voluntary return of individuals to towns and villages from which they or their ancestors had been previously ejected by forcible means. It claimed the settlements had only been established after exhaustive investigations making sure none were built on private land. 1732:"Israel would withdraw from the Occupied territories and be replaced by UN forces. The parties would agree in advance to a transition period lasting from six months to a year. During this time, negotiations would be held between the Arab states and Israel, with the aim of achieving a permanent peace. If within the stated time they did not achieve peace, Israel would return its forces to the territories upon UN authorization. In this case, the inhabitants of the territories would be allowed to take matters into their own hand and sign a separate peace agreement with Israel. Sasson responded that there were no interim solutions and advised the bishop not to get carried away by such flimsy initiatives." ( 1930:'The Israeli Foreign Ministry has also contributed a rationale for rejecting Israel's de jure obligation to uphold the Fourth Convention, arguing that the Convention only prohibits civilian transfers compelled by the government, not voluntary transfers undertaken by the civilians themselves. Recall the language of Article 49: "The Occupying Power shall not transfer its own civilians into the territory it occupies" (emphasis added). On the Foreign Minister's reading, even if the Geneva Convention applies, voluntary transfers do not violate it, because the Occupying Power is not doing the transfer.' ( 1208:, evidently took this view, it is otherwise unsupported in the literature, in the rules of international law or in the language and negotiating history of the Convention, and it seems clearly not correct. Displacement of protected persons is dealt with separately in the Convention and paragraph 6 would seem redundant if limited to cases of displacement. Another view of paragraph 6 is that it is directed against mass population transfers such as occurred in World War II for political, racial or colonization ends; but there is no apparent support or reason for limiting its application to such cases. 1562:

established in the Elon Moreh case. The third precondition is that a settlement can only be established according to a lawfully designed building scheme, which has the power to produce a building permit. The fourth precondition is that the bounds of jurisdiction of the settlement must be determined in advance by order of the Commander of the area. The Israeli Supreme Court has ruled that the fulfillment of the applicable Hague IV Convention criteria is a mandatory and integral part of satisfying those three preconditions of the local law. Sasson summed up the situation by explaining:

1500:, the criminality of the settlements is being investigated. The underlying facts are well-documented and not disputed, but establishing the court's temporal jurisdiction is less clear. Depending on its interpretation as an instantaneous, continuous or continuing crime, the establishment of settlements prior to 2014 (when the Rome Statute came into effect in Palestine) could also be prosecuted by the ICC. Government officials, legislators, military commanders, and corporate executives could all be prosecuted for their role in the establishment of settlements. 1300:

right of settlement in Palestine west of the Jordan river, that is, in Israel, the West Bank, Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip, was made unassailable. That right has never been terminated and cannot be terminated except by a recognized peace between Israel and its neighbors. And perhaps not even then, in view of Article 80 of the U.N. Charter, "the Palestine article", which provides that "nothing in the Charter shall be construed ... to alter in any manner the rights whatsoever of any states or any peoples or the terms of existing international instruments...."

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directly contribute to any construction or development of Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including Jerusalem, as these activities contravene international law", and called upon "the Occupying Power to fully and effectively respect the Fourth Geneva Convention in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to refrain from perpetrating any violation of the Convention." The High Contracting Parties reaffirmed "the illegality of the settlements in the said territories and of the extension thereof". According to

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Bank in 1950, as well as the fact that there has never been a Palestinian sovereignty in that territory, it has been posited that there is no legally recognized claim to who has sovereignty over the West Bank. The argument is one made by Meir Shamgar much earlier. Moreover, since the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine, with the intent to form a Jewish state between the sea and the Jordan river, included the area now known as the West Bank, Israel has at least as legitimate claim to the territory as any other state or group.

1271:, as signatory to the Geneva Convention, Israel's position that it does not apply to the West Bank and Gaza Strip because before its occupation those territories were not governed by a sovereign power, and therefore constitutes a different case, has been universally rejected "because the Convention also states that it applies 'in all circumstances' (Article 1), and 'to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict' (Article 2)". In practice, Israel does not accept that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies 1719:, the International Court of Justice found Israel in breach of several international law obligations by its construction of a separation barrier on West Bank territory. ... The Court flatly rejects the Israeli claims concerning the inapplicability of the Fourth Geneva Convention to the West Bank and concerning the inapplicability of Article 49 to the Jewish settlements in the areas occupied by Israel. Neither of these claims gained serious support from the international community." ( 1904:"In fact, this resolution simply reaffirms statements made by the Security Council on the legality of settlements over several decades. It does not break new ground. In 1978, the State Department Legal Adviser advised the Congress on his conclusion that Israel's government, the Israeli Government's program of establishing civilian settlements in the occupied territory is inconsistent with international law, and we see no change since then to affect that fundamental conclusion.' ( 1800:"The view that the fourth Geneva Convention is applicable, and should be applied, in all the territories occupied by Israel in 1967 has been very widely held internationally. Indeed, a remarkable degree of unanimity prevails on this matter. Countless international organizations, both intergovernmental and nongovernmental, have taken this view. Within the UN General Assembly, it has been upheld from the beginning of the occupation." ( 972:, argued that the settlements are legal under international law, on a number of different grounds, among them that "settlements are the voluntary return of individuals in towns and villages from which they or their ancestors have been ousted.. Israel has valid claims to title in the territory based..on historic and religious connection to the land". Stone held that it was legal for Israel to establish 289:. Prior to 1967, no Israeli government claimed ownership over the West Bank, not even East Jerusalem (Israel did however demanded control over Jewish cemeteries of East Jerusalem). While most of the international community regard the West Bank as occupied, Israel calls them "disputed". The argument that Israel had a claim to the territories was first articulated after 1967 by 1396:", whereas such relevant acts as did take place confirmed that no such consent to the transfer of sovereignty was given. For McHugo, Lauterpacht's view that the events of 1947–1948 left no trace for an orderly devolution of sovereignty does not allow one, in the light of Resolution 242, to infer that Israel was thereafter allowed to consolidate title in later conflicts. for: 1917:"The establishment of the settlements contravenes international humanitarian law (IHL), which states that an occupying power may not relocate its own citizens to the occupied territory or make permanent changes to that territory, unless these are needed for imperative military needs, in the narrow sense of the term, or undertaken for the benefit of the local population." ( 1458:, this provision was adopted with a view to prosecutions over Israeli settlements. Israel's vote against the Rome Statute's adoption was explained on concerns that Article 8 (2) (b) (viii) would lead to Israel's occupation policy being ruled criminal. In 2017, the country adopted the Settlement Regulation Law despite concerns that it could lead to prosecutions at the 220:, knew that Israeli settlements in the territories Israel had just occupied would violate international laws and that by that time Eshkol had been actively engaged in exploring the possibility of settling the newly conquered region. Meron's unequivocal legal opinion was marked top secret and not made public. Fifty years later, Meron reiterated his view. 814:

inclusion of settlement activity as a "war crime" is a cynical attempt to abuse the Court for political ends. The implication that the transfer of civilian population to occupied territories can be classified as a crime equal in gravity to attacks on civilian population centres or mass murder is preposterous and has no basis in international law.

1852:"The ICRC publicly stated that the building of Jewish settlements in the territories, the Israeli use of collective punishments, the destruction of Arab houses as punishment, the expulsion of Arabs from the territories, and the seizing of Arab lands and resources without compelling military necessity, inter alia, all violated the Fourth GC." ( 1481:, "the Israeli settlements violate the absolute prohibition against the transfer by an occupying power of parts of its civilian population into an occupied territory". He therefore asked international community to designate the Israeli settlements creation as a war crime under the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. 1147:, which recommended that the conventions be applicable to any armed conflict "whether is or is not recognized as a state of war by the parties" and "in cases of occupation of territories in the absence of any state of war" as confirmation that the drafters of the article had no intention of restricting the scope of its application. 250:

defense network and were considered temporary measures needed for military and security purposes. After Likud came to power in 1977, using land on the basis of the 1907 Hague Regulations, which implied a temporary nature of Israeli presence, was not employed anymore as the new government declared land in the West Bank "state land".

1488:, Ghislain Poissonnier and Eric David state that "Israel’s establishment of settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory includes the elements of the war crime of Article 8 (2) (b) (viii) of the Rome Statute, namely its legal element, its material element and its mental element. It will therefore be easy for the 956:, an American lawyer who was involved in drafting the Fourth Geneva Convention, argued that the convention "was not designed to cover situations like Israeli settlements in the occupied territories, but rather the forcible transfer, deportation or resettlement of large numbers of people." International law expert 1561:

The summary of the Sasson Report explains that local law requires the fulfillment of a number of basic conditions before establishing a settlement in the West Bank. It lists four preconditions that must be fulfilled in each case. The second precondition regarding title to the land cites the precedent

919:

declared Israeli settlements as illegal, stating, "the main danger to the realization of the national rights of the Palestinian people and the achievement of a peaceful solution is the settler colonialism that has been carried out in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since

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The Custodian of Absentee Property in the West Bank is nothing but a trustee looking after the property so it is not harmed while the owners are absent from the area ... the custodian may not make any transaction regarding the asset that conflicts with the obligation to safeguard the asset as stated,

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also said: "The hard truth is that there will never be a judicial resolution to the conflict, and arguments about who is right and who is wrong as a matter of international law will not bring peace." However, Pompeo added that "the United States Government is expressing no view on the legal status of

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provisions about transfer of civilians was complicated by Israel's position, since Israel felt it was being targeted. As formulated it states that one type of offence occurs when the perpetrator transfers "directly or indirectly" a portion of its own population into an occupied territory, stipulating

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revealed massive differences between the amount of land that Jordan defined as government property in areas registered before the occupation, and the amount that Israel declared state land in areas that the Jordanians had not managed to register prior to 1967. The results of the survey indicate that

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The report found "blatant violations of the law" by officials and state institutions. Many of the more than 100 outposts investigated added at state expense paved roads, permanent housing, power lines and other infrastructure. According to the report, some of the outposts were established on private

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There is no rule of international law according to which the Fourth Convention applies in each and every armed conflict whatever the status of the parties.... The whole idea of the restriction of military government powers is based on the assumption that there has been a sovereign who was ousted and

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There are two disputes regarding the Fourth Geneva Convention: whether the convention applies to the territories in question and whether the Convention forbids the establishment of Israeli settlements. Article 2 concerns the applicability of the Convention whereas article 49 concerns the legality of

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stated, "Today the Security Council reaffirmed its established consensus that the settlements have no legal validity. The United States has been sending a message that settlements must stop privately and publicly for nearly five decades." This position was United States policy and had been stated by

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directed towards Israeli security forces, Israel declared it would no longer fund unauthorized outposts from November 2008. Settlers claim the violence was sparked by the beating of a settler child; border police spokesman Moshe Pinchi said he had no knowledge of the alleged beating and accused the

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has written, "... a state that uses force in self-defense may not retain territory it takes while repelling an attack. If Israel had acted in self-defense, that would not justify its retention of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Under the UN Charter there can lawfully be no territorial gains from war,

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This right is based on Article 6 of the Mandate, which states: "The Administration of Palestine, while ensuring that the rights and position of other sections of the population are not prejudiced, shall facilitate Jewish immigration under suitable conditions and shall encourage, in cooperation with

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to the Convention reaffirmed the "applicability of the Fourth Geneva Convention to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem". They further reminded the contracting parties, the parties to the conflict and the state of Israel as the occupying power, of their obligations under the

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stated that Article 2 of the Convention applied to the case of Israel's presence in the territories captured during the 1967 war. It stated that Article 2 applies if there exists an armed conflict between two contracting parties, regardless of the territories' status in international law before the

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Israel considers its settlement policy to be consistent with international law, including the Fourth Geneva Convention, while recognizing that some of the smaller settlements have been constructed "illegally" in the sense of being in violation of Israeli law. In 1998 the Israeli Minister of Foreign

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The Israeli government's essential position is that rather than being "occupied territory," the West Bank is "disputed territory." Given that the Arab states prevented the formation of the sovereignty proposed by the 1947 partition resolution, Jordan's subsequent unrecognized annexation of the West

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Herbert J. Hansell concluded that the settlements are "inconsistent with international law", and against Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention. The Hansell Memorandum found that "hile Israel may undertake, in the occupied territories, actions necessary to meet its military needs and to provide

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On 5 December 2001, confirming earlier General Assembly statements, the conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention ruled that the Convention did apply in the Israeli-occupied territories, parties to the convention were obliged "to actively discourage activities that

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announced that he didn't believe that Israeli settlements in the West Bank were illegal. He added that "the UN resolution leaves the West Bank open to all people, Arab and Israeli alike". Hoping to achieve a peace deal, he nevertheless asked Israel to freeze construction calling the settlements an

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informed Washington it would return Syrian and Egyptian territory in exchange for peace, but there was no mention of returning the West Bank, though secret talks with Jordan did take place over possible forms of accommodation between the two countries regarding it. In the meantime, with government

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in a speech before the 32nd session of the United Nations General Assembly in 1977. Shamgar believed that the Convention did not pertain to the territories captured by Israel since they had not previously been recognised as part of a sovereign state and could not be considered "the territory of a

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views settlements as "a blatant defiance of the international will, constitutes a flagrant violation of international law and relevant conventions, agreements and international legitimacy resolutions, and represents a manifest aggression on the rights of the Palestinian people to their land". The

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At the monthly meeting of the United Nations Security Council, just two days after the U.S. announcement, the 14 other Council members strongly opposed the U.S. position and before the meeting began, Britain, France, Germany, Belgium and Poland reiterated in a joint statement that "all settlement

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In 2004, an advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice concluded that Israel had breached its obligations under international law by establishing settlements in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and that Israel cannot rely on a right of self-defence or on a state of necessity in

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The status of the settlements was clearly inconsistent with Article 3 of the Convention, which, as noted in the Committee's General Recommendation XIX, prohibited all forms of racial segregation in all countries. There is a consensus among publicists that the prohibition of racial discrimination,

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case), outlining the Hague Conventions' limitations on Israeli land acquisition and settlements. Settlements, whether on private or public land, could not be considered permanent, nor could the land be permanently confiscated, only temporarily requisitioned. Settlements on private land were legal

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was re-established in September 1967, becoming the first civilian settlement to be built in the West Bank. During the 1970s, Israel's Supreme Court regularly ruled that the establishment of civilian settlements by military commanders was legal on the basis that they formed part of the territorial

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the emphasis on the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war in Resolution 242 is of general application and, in sharp contrast to the Withdrawal Phase, is not limited to territories occupied in "the refent conflict". Resolution 242 can thus be interpreted as preventing Israel from

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The British Mandate recognized the right of the Jewish people to "close settlement" in the whole of the Mandated territory. It was provided that local conditions might require Great Britain to "postpone" or "withhold" Jewish settlement in what is now Jordan. This was done in 1922. But the Jewish

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in a ruling of 30 May 2004 declared, "the military operations of the in Rafah, to the extent they affect civilians, are governed by Hague Convention IV Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land 1907 ... and the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War

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Almost all international lawyers and every state but Israel regard the Geneva Conventions as part of customary international law, implying all states are duty bound to observe them. Israel alone challenges this premise, arguing that the West Bank and Gaza are "disputed territories", and that the

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International law has long recognised that there are crimes of such severity they should be considered "international crimes". Such crimes have been established in treaties such as the Genocide Convention and the Geneva Conventions.... The following are Israel's primary issues of concern : – The

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expressed the position that the settlements were not illegal and rejected the position that the West Bank is occupied territory. However, on 31 March 2021, the US Department of State clarified "It is a historical fact that Israel occupied the West Bank, Gaza, and the Golan Heights after the 1967

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Stone's view that the UN definition of aggression, which excluded anti-colonial uprisings, did not reflect customary law. "Though Julius Stone argued that the proviso does not reflect customary law, the General Assembly adopted the definition of aggression without a vote. Tom Farer called it 'a

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In subsequent cases, such as the Ja'amait Ascan case regarding a project to link West Bank towns to Jerusalem with a four-way highway network, the Court ruled that Article 43 of the Hague IV Convention is a mandatory planning consideration for approval of building projects in the West Bank. The

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and John McHugo disagree with this analysis. Cassese argues that although Israel's original occupation of West Jerusalem might have been carried out in an act of self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter, this did not confer legal title to the territory owing to the general prohibition in

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the only common-sense interpretation of UNSC 242 is that Israel must withdraw from all of the territory captured in 1967, as any interpretation permitting the extension of sovereignty by conquest would violate the relevant governing principle of international law as emphasized in the preambular

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Lauterpacht has offered a cogent legal analysis leading to the conclusion that sovereignty over Jerusalem has already vested in Israel. His view is that when the partition proposals were immediately rejected and aborted by Arab armed aggression, those proposals could not, both because of their

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practice of an occupying power transferring "portions of its own population to occupied territory for political and racial reasons or in order, as they claimed, to colonize those territories", which in turn "worsened the economic situation of the native population and endangered their separate

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Ambassador Morris Abram, who was involved in drafting the Fourth Geneva Convention, argued that the convention "was not designed to cover situations like Israeli settlements in the occupied territories, but rather the forcible transfer, deportation or resettlement of large numbers of people."

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reiterated its view that the settlements are illegal. In November 2019, in a statement made after the change in the United States four-decade-old position, the European Union said that it continued to believe that Israeli settlement activity in occupied Palestinian territory was illegal under

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Additionally, as the international community considered the status of Jerusalem to be unresolved, even after 1967, and did not deem any part of the city to be Israeli territory, including that part held since 1948, UNSC 242 did not settle territorial issues between Israel and Palestine left

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In 2002, the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs reiterated that the settlements were being developed consistently with international law and that they did not violate any agreements with either the Palestinians or Jordan. They added that the settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip were

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Conventions do not apply because these lands did not form part of another state's sovereign territory, and that the transfer of Jews into areas like the West Bank is not a government act but a voluntary movement by Israeli Jewish people, not acting under compulsion, a position contested by

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disputes the illegality of its settlements, claiming that Israeli citizens were neither deported nor transferred to the territories, that the territory is not occupied since there had been no internationally recognized legal sovereign prior, and that the Fourth Geneva Convention does not

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that would have declared the settlements illegal. In December 2016, the U.S. abstained on a Security Council Resolution that declared that Israeli settlements are illegal and deemed their continuing construction a "flagrant violation" of international law. In abstaining, U.S. Ambassador

891:, agreeing with UN Security Council Resolutions 446 and 465, argues that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to the occupied territories (the Golan Heights, the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip) and that Israeli settlements are a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention. 102:

to the Convention have all affirmed that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to the Israeli-occupied territories. Numerous UN resolutions and prevailing international opinion hold that Israeli settlements are a violation of international law, including UN Security Council resolutions

1702:"SC Res. 446 (Mar. 22, 1979), adopted by 12 votes to none, with 3 abstentions (Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States), reaffirmed the applicability of the fourth Geneva Convention, as well as opposing the establishment of Israeli settlements in the occupied territories." ( 433:

that "transfer" must be understood "in accordance with the relevant provisions of international law." Israel initially voted against the Statute because of this passage, but later, in December 2000, signed it, only to declare in June 2002, that it had no intention of ratifying it.

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The Israeli government proceeded to authorise the construction of military settlements for security purposes. They were built on the fringes of the territories, along the Jordanian and Syrian frontiers and along the edges of the Sinai Peninsula. Israel announced that it accepted

1534:. Military necessity had been an afterthought in the planning portions of the Elon Moreh settlement. That situation did not fulfill the precise strictures laid down in the articles of the Hague Convention, so the Court ruled the requisition order had been invalid and illegal. 792:

argued that, according to Article 6 of The Anglo-American Treaty of 1924, Jewish Settlements are not illegal. The United States, he maintains, had accepted Palestine as the national home of the Jewish people, and not as the homeland of "a fictitious, non-existent entity, the

258:. vs. Minister of Defence (the Beit-El Toubas case), the Court determined that the Hague Conventions but not the Geneva Conventions could be applied by Israeli courts on land and settlement issues in the occupied territories. The following year the Court ruled on Dwikat 1518:

In two cases decided shortly after independence (the Shimshon and Stampfer cases) the Israeli Supreme Court held that the fundamental rules of international law accepted as binding by all "civilized" nations were incorporated in the domestic legal system of Israel. The

1112:, who in his capacity as Military Attorney General in the early 1960s had already worked out legal textbooks and military kits for the IDF to cope with a situation where that organization might find itself in a position of an occupying power. His view was presented by 1040:

At their July 1999 Conference, the States parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention issued a statement in which they "reaffirmed the applicability of the Fourth Geneva Convention to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem". In December 2001, the

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disagrees, asserting that the statement that "settlements are a violation of international law" is inaccurate, and providing activists with a list of responses for maintaining that they do not violate those laws. In 2024, the Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs

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Ths interpretation was adopted by the International Court of Justice in its 2004 advisory opinion, and 150 countries supported a non-binding General Assembly resolution demanding Israel to "comply with its legal obligations as mentioned in the advisory opinion".

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Article 49 (6) only applies when the transfer of the Occupying Powers civilian population involves the displacement of the local population, whereas the Israeli settlements are not intended to, or have ever resulted in, the displacement of Palestinians from the

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the Jewish Agency referred to in Article 4, close settlement by Jews on the land, including State lands not required for public use". In addition, many Israeli settlements have been established on sites that were home to Jewish communities before 1948 such as

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Article 2 extends the Convention to "all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties" and "all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party".

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war," and "In fact, the 2020 Human Rights Report does use the term "occupation" in the context of the current status of the West Bank. This has been the longstanding position of previous administrations of both parties over the course of many decades."

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Shortly after independence, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled that the fundamental principles of international law, accepted as binding by all civilized nations, were to be incorporated in the domestic legal system of Israel. In the aftermath of the 1967

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has taken the same view. Security Council resolution 271 (1969) called upon "Israel scrupulously to observe the provisions of the Geneva Conventions and international law governing military occupation". Security Council resolution 446 (1979) affirmed

1554:, which found that the Israeli government had funded the creation of Jewish settler outposts in the West Bank that were unauthorized and in violation of stated government policy. According to the report, the Housing and Construction Ministry, the 611:(ICRC) holds that the establishment of Israeli settlements violate Fourth Geneva Convention. The ICRC also holds that the displacement of Palestinians that may occur due to the settlements also violates Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention. 1257:

leave the issue of settlements to be negotiated later, proponents of this view argue that the Palestinians accepted the temporary presence of Israeli settlements pending further negotiation, and that there is no basis for declaring them illegal.

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Others argue that the Oslo Accords supersede UNSC 242 rather than making it binding. The Declaration of Principles in the accords only state that future negotiations will "lead to the implementation of Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338".

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captured and annexed the eastern half of Jerusalem, while Israel captured and annexed the west. Following the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel annexed the eastern part, together with several villages around it. In 1980 the Israeli Knesset passed the

4830: 1787:"there is an overwhelming (and rare) international legal consensus that the territories are occupied, that the law of belligerent occupation applies, and that the settlements are illegal and indeed constitute a grave breach of the GC IV," ( 1538:

convention established that an occupier may not take into consideration "the national, economic or social interests of his own country, unless they have implications for his security interests or the interests of the local population."

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Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their

1878:"And the Obama Administration's position on settlements is clear, unequivocal. It has not changed. And as the President has said on many occasions, the United States does not accept the legitimacy of continued Israeli settlements" ( 1572:

lands owned by Palestinians with the help of Housing Ministry architects, the Housing Ministry funded many of the trailers used to start the outposts, and Defence Ministry officials allocated such private land to the quasi-official

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The people of Israel should know that these settlements are legal. If someone thinks otherwise and plans to evacuate them, it will have to be approved by the cabinet. You cannot just evacuate people from their homes without due

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even by a state acting in self-defense. The response of other states to Israel's occupation shows a virtually unanimous opinion that even if Israel's action was defensive, its retention of the West Bank and Gaza Strip was not."

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Israel has justified its civilian settlements by claiming that a temporary use of land and buildings for various purposes appears permissible under a plea of military necessity and that the settlements fulfilled security needs.

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a significant proportion of the land that Israel declared as state land is actually private Palestinian property that was taken from its lawful owners through legal maneuvering, in breach of both local and international law." (

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ruled against the Palestinian plaintiff, and for the project, accepting the claim by respondents that while it would benefit the residents of Israel, it would also favour the interests of West Bank Arabs commuting to Israel.

980:, an American publisher with a background in international law, held that Israel was "at least quasi-sovereign with respect to both areas under principles of customary international law", and deemed the settlements legal. 420:

to Egyptian sovereignty), and Jordan (returning small sections to Jordanian sovereignty); there are currently no peace treaties governing Israel's borders related to the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights.

2249:, 9 July 2012: 'For 45 years, different compositions of the High Court of Justice stated again and again that Israel's presence in the West Bank violates international law, which is clearly opposed to Levy's findings.' 267:

only if determined to be a military necessity; the original owner retained title to the land and must be paid rental fees for its use. Public lands' possession cannot be alienated, nor its basic character transformed.

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international law and eroded prospects for lasting peace. EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini said "The EU calls on Israel to end all settlement activity, in line with its obligations as an occupying power".

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and defined by "Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations" (General Assembly Resolution 2625).

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affirm unambiguously that Israel's occupation is illegal, and, since Resolution 446 adopted on 22 March 1979, have confirmed that its settlements there have no legal validity and pose a serious obstacle to peace.

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The applicability of the fourth Geneva Convention to "all the territories occupied by Israel in 1967" is held with "a remarkable degree of unanimity" among international actors. In a 2004 advisory opinion to the

526:, which regards itself as having a chief role in the process of the codification of international law, has passed several resolutions with an overwhelming majority that denounce settlements as being illegal. The 403:, altering key passages to avoid a presidential veto, recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. The provisions of the law to implement a move of the embassy can be deferred or blocked by the exercise of an 453:, as of 2008 every government in the world, except Israel, considered the settlements to be illegal. In November 2019, the United States said that it no longer views them as inconsistent with international law. 253:

In 1978 and 1979 the Israeli Supreme court, prompted by the new government policies, ruled on two important cases that set out the requirements for Israeli settlement legality under international law. In Ayauub

502:

of 2016 states that Israel's settlement activity constitutes a "flagrant violation" of international law and has "no legal validity". It demands that Israel stop such activity and fulfill its obligations as an

845:

Some argue that according to international law Israel is the custodian of absentee property in the West Bank and may not give it to settlers. In 1997 the Civil Administration's legal adviser gave his opinion:

590:, which are legally binding. Resolution 242 however, while often thought to have been introduced within the framework of Chapter 6, was considered by both the Arab States and Russia at the time to be binding. 5084: 2215: 6375:

Pertile, Marco (2005). Conforti, Benedetto; Bravo, Luigi (eds.). ""Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the OPT": A Missed Opportunity for the Development of International Humanitarian Law?".

1220:

of Jerusalem, has argued that it is "quite clear that by actively organizing or encouraging transfer of its own population into the occupied territory, an occupying power does indeed violate Article 49(6)".

1839:"the ICRC has expressed growing concern about the consequences in humanitarian terms of the establishment of Israeli settlements in the occupied territories, in violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention." ( 1107:

The official Israeli legal argument against the application of Article 2 to the situation in the West Bank is based on a 1971 interpretation, planned before the events of 1967, by Israeli Attorney-General,

76: 64: 6189:

McHugo, John (October 2002). "Resolution 242: A Legal Interpretation of the Right-Wing Israeli Interpretation of the Withdrawal Phrase With Reference to the Conflict Between Israel and the Palestinians".

4019: 1566:

An unauthorized outpost is a settlement which does not fulfill at least one of the above mentioned conditions. And I must emphasize: an unauthorized outpost is not a "semi legal" outpost. Unauthorized is

5701:"Israel's Settlements Have No Legal Validity, Constitute Flagrant Violation of International Law, Security Council Reaffirms: 14 Delegations in Favour of Resolution 2334 (2016) as United States Abstains" 1492:

to establish the criminal responsibility of the Israeli leaders, who organize the settlement policy." International law expert Victor Kattan also views the settlements as illegal under the Rome Statute.

1558:, the Education Ministry and the Defense Ministry cooperated to "systematically establish illegal settlement points", paying millions of dollars to create the infrastructure for scores of settlements. 1079:

that the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949, is applicable to the Arab territories occupied by Israel since 1967, including Jerusalem".

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through military conquest. He further considers that "mere silence" could not constitute agreement by the United Nations to the acquisition of sovereignty by Israel or Jordan as a result of their

1371:

grant Israel sovereignty over the territory allocated to the Jewish state under that plan. Stone agrees with Lauterpacht's analysis and his view that sovereignty was acquired through other means:

240:

suggesting that if negotiations did not achieve peace within six months or a year, the withdrawn Israel troops could reoccupy the West Bank and make a separate peace treaty with the Palestinians.

773:

as affirmed by the 2016 council resolution. The statement also called on Israel to end all settlement activity and expressed concern at calls for possible annexation of areas in the West Bank.

407:. The U.S. views that parts of Jerusalem are not in Israel and the official U.S. position is that the status of Jerusalem must be resolved in negotiations. The EU views that Jerusalem is a 1673: 1204:

The view has been advanced that a transfer is prohibited under paragraph 6 only to the extent that it involves the displacement of the local population. Although one respected authority,

702:

expressly repudiated the Hansell opinion and stated that the United States considered the status of the settlements as being "not inconsistent with" international law. Secretary of State

1229:

Those who reject the application of Article 49 to the situation in the Israeli-held territories argue that even if the Convention did apply, it should be read only in the context of the

976:, necessary for military purposes along the ceasefire lines and in the Jordan Valley. The fact that they had been established to initiate profitable agriculture was of no legal concern. 756:

In response to the United States announcement on 18 November 2019 that it no longer considers Israeli settlements to be inconsistent with international law, the United Nations responded:

660:

for orderly government during the occupation, for the reasons indicated above the establishment of the civilian settlements in those territories is inconsistent with international law."

1598:

In May 2009, Defense Minister Ehud Barak said that over two dozen illegal outposts in the West Bank had been "declared as such by the Talia Sasson Commission", and would be dismantled.

1497: 148: 7135: 6769: 760:

A change in the policy position of one state does not modify existing international law nor its interpretation by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the Security Council,

351:

form part of the areas offered by the UN to a prospective Arab state of Palestine in the Partition Plan, which was rejected by the Arabs. From 1948 until 1967, The Gaza Strip was

950:

stated, "Israel’s settlement policy in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, is in violation of international law, including international humanitarian law and human rights".

534: 340:, captured from Syria in 1967. Although the law did not use the term, it was considered by the international community and some members of the Israeli opposition as an annexation 1367:

and others have argued that, because of the disorder in Palestine at the time, the territorial framework of the 1947 Partition Plan did not come into effect in such a way as to

196:, was asked to provide a memorandum regarding the status in international law of proposed settlement of the territories, which he subsequently addressed to the Foreign Minister 7076: 472: 4241: 1678: 1591:

settlers of "cynically" sending minors to attack the police. However, there is evidence that support continues unabated for illegal outposts. At one unauthorized settlement,

637:

that "settlements, as well as modifications in population and property in the occupied Arab territories, are illegal under international law." In 2002 and again in 2012, the

115:

in 2016. 126 Representatives at the reconvened Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Conventions in 2014 declared the settlements illegal as well as the

2242: 1253:

In addition, they state that the Geneva Convention only applies in the absence of an operative peace agreement and between two powers accepting the Convention. Since the

765:

activity is illegal under international law." After the meeting, ambassadors from the 10 non-permanent council members who serve two-year terms made a joint statement:

5716: 1410:

Israel argues that it took control of the West Bank as a result of a defensive war and is therefore entitled to keep the territory. However, international law scholar

429: 276: 3305: 6192: 5788:

Kelly, Tobias (Winter 2006). "Jurisdictional Politics in the Occupied West Bank: Territory, Community, and Economic Dependency in the Formation of Legal Subjects".

2812:"Letter of the State Department Legal Advisor, Mr. Herbert J. Hansell, Concerning the Legality of Israeli Settlements in the Occupied Territories of 21 April, 1978" 563: 499: 112: 35: 6111: 4854: 5617: 4657: 1489: 1352: 1288: 872:

calls for "secure and recognized boundaries", and that neither the 1949 armistice demarcation lines, nor the 1967 cease-fire lines have proved themselves secure.

869: 855:

Israel contends that the Geneva Convention only applies in the absence of an operative peace agreement and between two powers accepting the Convention. Since the

723: 719: 711: 555: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 392: 388: 108: 104: 5656: 5060: 769:

Israeli settlement activities are illegal, erode the viability of the two-state solution and undermine the prospect for a just, lasting and comprehensive peace.

6334: 1813:"The British Government believes that Israeli settlements on occupied territory are illegal. So does every other government in the world, except for Israel." ( 4268: 1826:

After the decision, Paul de Waart argued that "the existence of the Palestinian people as the rightful claimant to the OPT is no longer open to question." (

4661: 1632: 6009: 1245:

Article 49 (1) specifically covers "individual or mass forcible transfers", whereas the Israelis who live in the settlements have moved there voluntarily.

1099:)" and that the military commander's authority is "anchored in IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949". 518:, also found the settlements to be illegal under international law. The court's finding was based on the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention and 5566: 5538: 522:

resolutions that condemned the establishment of settlements and attempts by Israel to alter the demographics of the territories under its control. The

6998:"Israel's Settlements Have No Legal Validity, Constitute Flagrant Violation of International Law, Security Council Reaffirms – Resolution 2334 (2016)" 5860: 4708: 4496: 1643: 996:

The International community has rejected Israel's unwillingness to accept the applicability of the Geneva Conventions to the territories it occupies.

587: 586:

and are non-binding, being concerned with disputes that are to be resolved peacefully, whereas in the case of Iraq, the resolutions were passed under

368: 7027:

de Waart, Paul J. I. M. (October 2005). "International Court of Justice Firmly Walled in the Law of Power in the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process".

6997: 582:, was treated differently. The difference lies in the fact that UN Security Council resolutions against Israel are widely thought to be passed under 5579:"International Labour Conference, 93rd Session. Report of the Director-General, Appendix: The situation of workers of the occupied Arab territories" 5558: 5012: 4858: 4807: 4576: 1668: 1332: 1177: 1050: 798: 656: 608: 583: 116: 91: 5422:"State Department Legal Advisor's letter to the Congress Concerning the Legality of Israeli Settlements in the Occupied Territories, 21 April 1978" 5046: 1032:

armed attack. It also argued that "no territorial acquisition resulting from the threat or use of force shall be recognized as legal" according to

714:

in 1980. In that case the Carter administration subsequently announced that the vote had been cast in error due to miscommunication and would have

4826: 748:

The United States had consistently described the settlements as an obstruction to peace, and sometimes as illegal. In November 2019, US President

236:

Israel was willing to return "most of the West Bank" to Jordan. Egypt and Jordan demanded simultaneous negotiations and withdrawal, with Jordan's

7099: 624: 4827:"Consideration of Reports, Comments and Information Submnitted by State Parties under Article 9 of the Convention. 52nd session, 1250th Meeting" 1450:, "the transfer, directly or indirectly, by an Occupying Power of parts of its own civilian population to the territory it occupies (...)" is a 1304:

According to Rostow "the Jewish right of settlement in the area is equivalent in every way to the right of the local population to live there".

4911: 4333: 7125: 6970: 6942: 6900: 6818: 6792: 6656: 6607: 6583: 6538: 6510: 6480: 6450: 6420: 6397: 6179: 6156: 6071: 5964: 5939: 5914: 5743: 5528: 5503: 5475: 5437: 5410: 5385: 5339: 5311: 5286: 5261: 5137: 4981: 4940: 4881: 4781: 4756: 4731: 4697: 4643: 4618: 4548: 4481: 4453: 4413: 4359: 4322: 4303: 1683: 360: 352: 6931:

International Law and the Arab-Israel Conflict: Extracts from "Israel and Palestine Assault on the Law of Nations" by Professor Julius Stone

79:

the illegality of the settlements and called on Israel to end its occupation, cease its settlement activity, and evacuate all its settlers.

1621: 1193:

U.S. State Department Legal Advisor, Herbert J. Hansell, in a letter dated 1 April 1978, concluded that although Article 49 (1) prohibits

663:

Notwithstanding the Hansell opinion, the official US position had been that the settlements are "an obstacle to peace". In February 1981,

620: 6773: 6133: 5720: 5660: 5621: 5609: 5570: 5452: 4915: 4374: 4245: 1606: 1059:

applicability of the Fourth Geneva Convention to the territories occupied since 1967 by the state of Israel, including East Jerusalem".

921: 527: 177: 5555:"Implementation of the Fourth Geneva Convention in the occupied Palestinian territories: history of a multilateral process (1997–2001)" 4370: 4049:

Aysev, Uzay Yasar (2020). "Continuing or Settled? Prosecution of Israeli Settlements under Article 8(2)(b)(viii) of the Rome Statute".

6355: 6560: 5835: 5585: 4925:"The Separation Fence in the International Court of Justice and the High Court of Justice: Commonalities, Differences and Specifics" 2957: 2514: 1470: 1134: 441:

At present, based on the result of numerous UN resolutions that cite Article 49 of the Geneva Convention, the consensus view of the

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on 14 September 1967. He concluded that short-term military settlements would be permissible, but that "civilian settlement in the

4571: 2487: 739: 554:

appears to apply with regard to Israel's violations of UN resolutions and comparable violations by some other countries. Whereas

466: 6622: 5353: 5161: 5037: 5034:"Emergency Special Session of General Assembly condemns Israel's failure to Cease Building of New Settlement in East Jerusalem" 4276: 4260: 1758: 1530:

The Court determined in the 1979 Elon Moreh case that only the military commander of an area may requisition land according to

1071: 1063: 523: 519: 384: 225: 87: 83: 6697: 6910: 6871: 6239: 6018: 1351:

Furthermore, it is argued that UNSC 242 has binding force under Article 25 of the UN Charter owing to its incorporation into

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stated that "the point of departure of all parties – which is also our point of departure – is that Israel holds the Area in

1028: 515: 95: 72: 5373:

The Legal Foundation and Borders of Israel Under International Law: A Treatise on Jewish Sovereignty Over the Land of Israel

920:

1967, through land confiscation, settlement building and the transfer of Israeli nationals to the Occupied Territory." The

6253: 6107: 4951:"Double Standards: Israel ignores the United Nations and has weapons of mass destruction. So why all the fuss about Iraq?" 1341: 1336:

statement, i.e., "the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war" as established through the abolition of the

797:." The Anglo-American Treaty of 1924 still has the force of law pursuant to Article 80 of the UN Charter by virtue of the 462: 208:

was categorical, and that "civilian settlement in the administered territories contravenes the explicit provisions of the

4020:"Israeli Settlements Should be Classified as War Crimes, Says Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in OPT" 6754: 5844: 5097: 4253: 1865:

the ICRC holds that the displacement of populations which may result from the settlements are violations of Article 49 (

1459: 1141:

The Israeli legal argument was dismissed by the International Court of Justice. The Court cited the Geneva Convention's

425: 409: 313: 42: 7130: 6892: 6829: 6599: 6442: 5731:

Armed Conflict and Displacement: The Protection of Refugees and Displaced Persons Under International Humanitarian Law

4973: 4932: 4748: 4723: 4689: 4409: 1617: 1033: 630: 6278: 1168:

The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.

822:

and violence prior, when many West Bank settlements were destroyed and the residents massacred or expelled, such as

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and that it is also binding on Israel and the PLO by agreement owing to its incorporation into the Oslo Accords.

1749:, together with the Israeli Supreme Court, consider the Gaza occupation ended, while the majority view, back by 1653:) — embarked on a tour of West Bank outposts. During the tour, Yishai stated that the outposts are not illegal: 7016: 6022: 5858:

Kretzmer, David (January 2005). "The Advisory Opinion: The Light Treatment of International Humanitarian Law".

5181: 1602: 1587: 1573: 818:

Israel also argues that some of the settlements are built in areas where Jewish settlements existed before the

508: 209: 201: 193: 68: 6953: 5578: 4494:; Zamir, Eyal (April 1995). "Private Claims to Property Rights in the Future Israeli-Palestinian Settlement". 1143: 204:

contravenes the explicit provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention," adding that the prohibition on any such

5630:"Israel/Occupied Territories: Removing unlawful Israeli settlements in the Occupied Territories: Time to act" 1401:

consolidating title over all territory taken by force at any time in the absence of a final peace settlement.

6148: 5790: 5546: 4540: 4473: 2336:"The West Bank and International Humanitarian Law on the Eve of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Six-Day War" 1411: 1083: 1067: 907:, the British foreign secretary stated that all Israeli settlements were "illegal under international law". 442: 413:, and the United Nations considers Israel's proclamation of Jerusalem as its capital to be "null and void". 192:, at the time the Israeli government's authority on the topic of international law and legal counsel to the 133: 45: 5554: 1583:, Israel committed itself to remove about two dozen such settlements, an obligation it has yet to fulfill. 710:

The United States has never voted in favor of any UN Resolution calling the settlements illegal except for

6810: 6651: 6617: 6502: 5593: 5542: 4384:"Israel: The security barrier—between international law, constitutional law, and domestic judicial review" 1042: 942: 233: 99: 6934: 6856: 6126: 1125:

that he was a legitimate sovereign. Any other conception would lead to the conclusion, for example, that

6530: 5636: 5463:

Starvation and Access to Humanitarian Relief Customary International Humanitarian Law: pt. 1–2. Practice

4834: 4744:

The Politics of Planting: Israeli-Palestinian Competition for Control of Land in the Jerusalem Periphery

1754: 977: 930: 819: 400: 4950: 4803: 2509:(First ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom ; New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. 132:

apply. However, all of Israel's arguments have been refuted by the ICJ's 2024 ruling. Furthermore, the

7095: 5629: 445:

is that Israeli settlements are illegal and constitute a violation of international law. According to

6620:(Summer 1988). "Decline of Illusions: The Status of the Israeli-Occupied Territories over 21 Years". 6595:

Report of the Human Rights Council: Second Session (18 September - 6 October and 27-29 November 2006)

5648: 5377: 5331: 3876:

La Revue des droits de l'homme. Revue du Centre de recherches et d'études sur les droits fondamentaux

2811: 961: 916: 371:

the status has become disputed, with conflicting opinions on whether or not the occupation has ended.

5644: 6086: 5849: 5831: 5186: 1944:

global consensus', and it would seem to reflect the views of the overwhelming majority of states" (

1592: 1524: 1435: 1292: 1092: 1024: 504: 364: 205: 165: 136:

has repeatedly ruled that Israel's presence in the West Bank is in violation of international law.

6263: 6084:(Autumn 1981). "Israel and the West Bank after Elon Moreh: The Mechanics of De Facto Annexation". 4441:

The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory

4334:"Israel and Iraq: United Nations Double Standards - UN Charter Article 25 and Chapters VI and VII" 3922:"On the Situation in Palestine and the War Crime of Transfer of Civilians into Occupied Territory" 7044: 6834: 6759: 6681: 6673: 6639: 6217: 6209: 6095: 5980: 5956: 5885: 5877: 5815: 5807: 5779: 5597: 5303: 5234: 5226: 5114: 5051: 4815: 4521: 4513: 4066: 3989: 3943: 3897: 1646: 1580: 934: 794: 634: 559: 530:

has also called the Israeli settlements and related activities a violation of international law.

416:

Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt (removing all Israeli settlements and returning the

5461: 4769:

Resolving Claims to Self-Determination: Is There a Role for the International Court of Justice?

1291:(which Rostow helped draft) mandates Israeli control of the territories, and that the original 1197:

transfers of protected persons out of the occupied territory, "paragraph 6 is not so limited."

6966: 6938: 6896: 6886: 6814: 6788: 6782: 6654:(January 1990). "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967". 6603: 6579: 6571: 6556: 6534: 6524: 6506: 6476: 6446: 6416: 6393: 6175: 6152: 6142: 6067: 6057: 6042: 5960: 5935: 5910: 5898: 5739: 5524: 5514: 5499: 5489: 5471: 5433: 5421: 5406: 5381: 5371: 5349: 5335: 5325: 5321: 5307: 5297: 5282: 5257: 5247: 5133: 4977: 4965: 4936: 4924: 4877: 4777: 4767: 4752: 4742: 4727: 4717: 4693: 4639: 4629: 4614: 4606:

War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

4604: 4544: 4534: 4477: 4467: 4449: 4439: 4355: 4345: 4318: 4299: 4289: 3981: 3889: 2510: 2459:

Thompson, David J (January 2003). "Climbing the Iron Wall: Palestine and Self-determination".

1364: 1337: 1217: 1205: 877: 727: 679: 380: 333: 237: 213: 6494: 6464: 6439:

Human Rights, Self-Determination and Political Change in the Occupied Palestinian Territories

6434: 6313: 6167: 5950: 5925: 5729: 5396: 5272: 5127: 4970:

Human Rights, Self-Determination and Political Change in the Occupied Palestinian Territories

4867: 4681: 4242:"69 Security Council Resolution 465 -1980- on the situation in the territories- 1 March 1980" 7057: 7036: 6962: 6724: 6702: 6665: 6631: 6593: 6385: 6201: 5994: 5869: 5799: 5605: 5218: 5106: 4992: 4873: 4505: 4395: 4058: 3933: 3879: 2468: 1624: 1531: 1520: 1424: 1331:

Contrary to this view other legal scholars have argued that under Articles 31 and 32 of the

973: 965: 947: 941:

have reiterated their view that Israeli settlements as violations of international law. The

731: 570:

demanded Iraq's immediate withdrawal from land it occupied belligerently, and regarded as a

404: 6359: 4893:"Trump administration says Israel's West Bank settlements do not violate international law" 17: 6548: 6520: 6490: 6460: 6430: 6412: 6339: 6268: 6116: 5358: 4993:"The Status of Palestine/Land of Israel and Its Settlement Under Public International Law" 4677: 4491: 4463: 1746: 1650: 1380: 1268: 1130: 969: 953: 551: 417: 290: 169: 2961: 851:

especially his obligation to return the asset to the owner upon his return to the region.

842:, and therefore the application of the Geneva Convention is an entirely different issue. 6553:

The Six-Day War and Israeli self-defense: questioning the legal basis for preventive war

5688: 5668: 5426:

The Arab-Israeli Conflict, Volume IV, Part I: The Difficult Search for Peace (1975–1988)

5118: 5033: 6047: 5209: 4631:

Privatizing War: Private Military and Security Companies under Public International Law

1750: 1635: 990: 900: 735: 674: 638: 538: 305: 181: 6248: 6011:

Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory

5990: 5753: 5205:"The Jewish Settlements in the West Bank: International Law and Israeli Jurisprudence" 4271:

Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory

1717:

Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory

147:(to which Israel is not a party), and is currently under investigation as part of the 7119: 7048: 6715: 6693: 6685: 6221: 5889: 5819: 5803: 5238: 5148: 5083:. Vol. 9, no. 7. Foundation for Middle East Peace. May 1999. Archived from 4955: 4525: 4435: 4070: 3947: 3901: 1551: 1509: 1455: 1321: 904: 683: 664: 396: 376: 337: 326: 317: 189: 185: 60: 5165: 5095:(Winter 2002). "Azmi Bishara, the Right of Resistance, and the Palestinian Ordeal". 4816:"Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention Declaration" 1595:, there has been recent work on a new road that cuts through Palestinian territory. 228:

and was ready to negotiate with each Arab state on each element in that resolution.

7077:"Analysis: US consistent against settlements — and against UN as appropriate venue" 6926: 6876: 6861: 6707: 5975: 5927:

The Occupation of Justice: The Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories

5774: 5700: 5367: 5092: 4418: 2472: 1547: 1539: 1474: 1466: 1447: 1345: 1254: 1230: 1181: 1109: 957: 926: 856: 789: 749: 726:. Three US Ambassadors to the UN have stated that Israeli settlements are illegal: 695: 691: 294: 144: 1394:

a tacit manifestation of consent through conclusive acts would have been necessary

5299:

The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City

1438:

were built on land privately owned by Palestinian citizens without compensation.

6847: 6784:

Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories

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Adem, Seada Hussein (2019). "Case Selection and Crimes Under the Rome Statute".

2701: 2699: 1972: 1513: 1478: 1313: 1309: 1173: 1113: 1053:

in a declaration of December 2001 stated that "the ICRC has always affirmed the

938: 865: 827: 742: 703: 687: 571: 286: 246: 241: 217: 161: 6980: 6314:"No veto: UN Security Council adopts anti-settlement resolution; U.S. abstains" 4855:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War" 4269:"A/RES/ES-10/15. Advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the 4062: 139:

The establishment of settlements has been described by some legal experts as a

7040: 6719: 6230: 5931: 5827: 5485: 4709:"A Life of Legal Principle, Not of Politics – An Interview with Theodor Meron" 4371:"The Settlements Issue: Distorting the Geneva Convention and the Oslo Accords" 3938: 3921: 3871: 1774:'the U.S. government does not recognize all of Jerusalem as part of Israel.' ( 1609: 1325: 715: 446: 344: 263: 173: 53: 5222: 5110: 3985: 3893: 2243:

If Israel is not occupying the West Bank it must give up land held by the IDF

363:

was not recognized internationally. Since 1967, the West Bank has been under

7001: 6802: 6435:"The P.L.O-Israeli Interim Arrangements and the Geneva Civilians Convention" 6389: 6205: 5520: 5495: 5278: 4773: 1451: 1432: 1368: 1088: 839: 348: 309: 229: 197: 140: 49: 6872:"UN security council's EU members to condemn Israeli settlements expansion" 6555:. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 181–182. 6335:"Israeli settlements are still illegal despite Trump backing them, says UN" 4966:"Self-Determination, Population Transfer and the Middle East Peace Accords" 4912:"Disputed territories – Forgotten facts about the West Bank and Gaza strip" 399:

abstained from the vote on Resolution 478 and the U.S. Congress passed the

6770:"Summary of the Opinion Concerning Unauthorized Outposts-Talya Sason, Adv" 6282: 5539:"How to Respond to Common Misstatements About Israel: Israeli Settlements" 5448: 4400: 4383: 514:

In 2004, an advisory opinion by the primary judicial organ of the UN, the

395:

respectively), and are not recognized by the international community. The

6738: 5757: 5692: 5672: 5460:

Henckaerts, Jean-Marie; Doswald-Beck, Louise; Alvermann, Carolin (2005).

5327:

The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977

4791: 2958:"U.S. Softens Stance on Israeli Settlements in the West Bank | Time" 1976: 1431:

plans to use a classified Israeli Government database to prove that many

1428: 567: 329:

claiming that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel".

5230: 4804:"Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention" 3993: 3969: 2216:"The ICJ Just Demolished One of Israel's Key Defenses of the Occupation" 546:

irrespective of territories, is an imperative norm of international law.

336:

of 1981 applied Israel's "laws, jurisdiction and administration" in the

6677: 6643: 6304: 6213: 6099: 5881: 5811: 5618:"Israel, the Conflict and Peace: Answers to frequently asked questions" 5017: 4594: 4517: 3884: 2246: 2220: 1087:

1949." A further June 2004 Israeli Supreme Court ruling concerning the

1055: 128: 71:, and in breach of international declarations. In a 2024 ruling by the 6843: 5952:

Crossing the Rubicon: Ronald Reagan and U.S. policy in the Middle East

5903:

The Role of Domestic Courts in Treaty Enforcement: A Comparative Study

5077:"Europe Affirms Support for a Corpus Separatum for Greater Jerusalem" 3306:"Norway warns its companies against dealing with Israeli settlements" 1317: 1126: 888: 876:

recognised as legitimate by the Mandate for Palestine adopted by the

831: 823: 786: 356: 321: 282: 122: 6807:

1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East

6669: 6635: 5873: 4590:"Britain: Israeli settlements are 'illegal' and 'obstacle' to peace" 4589: 4509: 578:, Israel, though occupying a foreign territory and reputedly having 6144:

Politics and government in Israel: the maturation of a modern state

5645:"Israel: 'Illegal outposts' Contaminating West Bank Water Supplies" 4654:"Canadian Policy on Key Issues in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict" 4572:"Israel: What Is Occupied Territory – a Reply to the Legal Adviser" 1275:, but has stated that on humanitarian issues it will govern itself 6300:"U.S.: Only Israel, Palestinians should decide Jerusalem's future" 6168:"Palestinians and Middle East Peace: Issues for the United States" 5354:"No, Israel Didn't Offer to Trade the West Bank for Peace in 1967" 1639: 1628: 1295:

still applies, allowing Jewish settlement there. In Rostow's view

359:. Together with the annexation of East Jerusalem mentioned above, 57: 6981:"UN 'regrets' new US position on legality of Israeli settlements" 6499:

Palestine and International Law: Essays on Politics and Economics

4891:

DeYoung, Karen; Hendrix, Steve; Hudson, John (19 November 2019).

3970:"Israeli Settlements, U.S. Foreign Policy, and International Law" 2507:

Standing up for justice: the challenges of trying atrocity crimes

1761:(UNS C Resolution 1860 (2009) appears to be that it still holds ( 1527:

of 1907 were customary law, recognized by all civilized nations.

7067: 7062: 6698:"Bricks and stones: settling for leverage; Palestinian autonomy" 6409:

International Law and the Administration of Occupied Territories

6279:"Statement of the XIII Non-Aligned Movement Summit on Palestine" 6232:

Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background,Conflicts, and U.S. Policy

6127:"Israelis were warned on illegality of settlements in 1967 memo" 6112:"Israelis were warned on illegality of settlements in 1967 memo" 5061:"EU says Israeli settlement on Palestinian territory is illegal" 5013:"Israel effectively annexes Palestinian land near Jordan Valley" 2488:"The False Premise Sustaining Israel's West Bank Claim – Part I" 1613: 5717:"Israel's Settlements- Their Conformity with International Law" 5129:

The humanitarians: the International Committee of the Red Cross

4536:

Israeli Settlements: Land Politics beyond the Geneva Convention

4291:

No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation

2889: 2887: 5152: 4929:

International Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines

4795: 4414:"US abstention allows UN to demand end to Israeli settlements" 1283:

Arguments based on UNSC Resolution 242 and the British Mandate

450: 6911:"The status of West Bank settlements under international law" 6755:"Kerry Rebukes Israel, Calling Settlements a Threat to Peace" 5991:"UN Security Council members rebuke US on Israel settlements" 3208: 2430: 2428: 3659: 5669:"Israeli settlements: UN Security Council calls for an end" 4719:

Human rights in the Israeli-occupied territories, 1967–1982

6857:"Israel putting any two-state peace deal at risk, says EU" 3872:"Israeli Settlements in the West Bank, a War Crime ?" 2257: 2255: 1363:

unresolved by the 1949 Armistice Agreements. Further, Sir

960:, Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at the 67:. These settlements are in violation of Article 49 of the 5047:"Israeli Report Condemns Support for Settlement Outposts" 4682:"Considerations on the International Status of Jerusalem" 3802: 3800: 3540: 3538: 3477: 3475: 2062: 2060: 1601:

On 17 August 2009, four members of Netanyahu's cabinet —

212:." It follows from the presence on files of these notes, 75:(ICJ) relating to the Palestinian territories, the court 6830:"Rebuffing Israel, U.S. Allows Censure Over Settlements" 4205: 4203: 3101: 3099: 3097: 2170: 2168: 2092: 2090: 1523:

had already determined that the articles annexed to the

1419:

Arguments based on property rights and private ownership

1066:

has affirmed the applicability of the Convention to the

903:

called Israeli settlements "illegal". In December 2012,

471:

Since the occupation of the West Bank in 1967, numerous

6041:

Leverett, Flynt; Leverett, Hillary Mann (1 July 2009).

5249:

The Israel-Palestine conflict: one hundred years of war

4130: 4128: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2185: 2183: 1788: 1498:

International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine

1392:

control of Jerusalem. Cassese concludes that "at least

1279:

by its provisions, without specifying which these are.

745:

and John Kerry also said the settlements were illegal.

149:

International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine

6828:

Sengupta, Somini; Gladstone, Rick (23 December 2016).

5516:

Land Expropriation in Israel: Law, Culture and Society

5449:"Diplomatic and Legal Aspects of the Settlement Issue" 4833:(published 9 March 1998). 4 March 1998. Archived from 2838: 2836: 2077: 2075: 316:

in the 1947 partition plan, which was accepted by the

314:

international area under United Nations administration

6469:

Judicial Protection of Human Rights: Myth or Reality?

6465:"Judicial Protection in Israeli-Occupied Territories" 4831:

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

4220: 4218: 3870:

Poissonnier, Ghislain; David, Eric (1 January 2020).

3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 2988: 2986: 535:

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

6298:

Mozgovaya, Natasha; Ravid, Barak (8 December 2009).

6281:. NAMXIII/Summit/Statement Palestine. Archived from 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3016: 2941: 1674:

House demolition in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

6249:"Israeli court rebukes state over illegal outposts" 5606:"Israel cuts aid to outposts over settler violence" 5567:"The International Criminal Court Background Paper" 3426: 3424: 3422: 2974: 2589: 6888:Jerusalem in America's Foreign Policy: 1947 – 1997 6467:. In Gibney, Mark; Frankowski, Stanlislaw (eds.). 4051:The Palestine Yearbook of International Law Online 3779: 2756: 1233:forcible migrations. It is only intended to cover 1216:David Kretzmer, Professor of International Law at 574:its putative recourse to a programme for building 6574:. In Wilson, Thomas M.; Donnan, Hastings (eds.). 6572:"17: Identity, the State and Borderline Disorder" 5162:"Group: Settlement info implicates Israeli gov't" 4347:Justice and Fairness in International Negotiation 3004: 2131: 2129: 807:The International Criminal Court Background Paper 300:Israel has treated them in three different ways: 6264:"Israeli Report Hits at Funding for Settlements" 5689:"Israeli settlements: US vetoes UNSC resolution" 5182:"Full text of Pompeo's statement on settlements" 2893: 1715:"In its advisory opinion of 9 July 2004, on the 277:Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967 6735:"Clinton walks back Israel settlements remarks" 6193:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 5398:Targeted Killing: A Legal and Political History 3413: 2732: 1679:International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict 500:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334 36:Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine 5899:"International Law in Domestic Courts: Israel" 4658:Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada 4315:Palestine and the International Criminal Court 3683: 3040: 2565: 1490:Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court 870:United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 799:1969 Vienna Convention on the Laws of Treaties 293:and then adopted by Israel’s Attorney General 4927:. In Schmitt, Michael; Pejic, Jelena (eds.). 3611: 2705: 2407: 1446:According to Article 8 (2) (b) (viii) of the 216:argues, that the Prime Minister at the time, 8: 5149:"New support for West Bank outpost movement" 2805: 2803: 2801: 1981: 1918: 533:According to records of the 1998 meeting of 367:. Gaza was also occupied in 1967, but after 7096:"Yes, Israel 'occupies' West Bank, US says" 6952:Team, RAND Palestinian State Study (2007). 6578:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 307–308. 5754:"Jewish settlements no longer illegal - US" 5657:"Israeli Settlements and International Law" 5274:Israel, the West Bank and International Law 4686:The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 4628:Cameron, Lindsey; Chetail, Vincent (2013). 4388:International Journal of Constitutional Law 3915: 3913: 3911: 1775: 730:(later US president) on 25 September 1971, 320:but rejected by all Arab nations. In 1948, 312:and its surroundings were envisioned as an 6277:Movement, Non-Aligned (25 February 2003). 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3389: 2541: 2015: 1931: 1720: 7136:Israeli–Palestinian conflict legal issues 5861:The American Journal of International Law 4497:The American Journal of International Law 4399: 4273:, including in and around East Jerusalem" 3937: 3883: 3232: 3105: 2768: 2669:, pp. 174–177/42–45), 183–184/51–52. 2383: 2309: 2297: 2285: 2108: 678:Secretary of State John Kerry and by the 588:Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter 369:Israel's unilateral disengagement in 2005 6996:UN Security Council (24 December 2016). 5976:"Ministers urge PM to legalize outposts" 5845:"Old Legal Opinion Raises New Questions" 5559:International Committee of the Red Cross 4859:International Committee of the Red Cross 4808:International Committee of the Red Cross 4792:"Concern over Israel settlement exports" 4577:Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 4317:. T.M.C. Asser Press. pp. 144–145. 4288:Adelman, Howard; Barkan, Elazar (2011). 4209: 4119: 4107: 4095: 3854: 3671: 3556: 3529: 3517: 3244: 3184: 3064: 2747:, pp. 174–177/42–45, 183–184/51–52. 2654: 2618: 2273: 2261: 2120: 2066: 1853: 1827: 1762: 1669:Israeli law in the West Bank settlements 1333:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1178:International Committee of the Red Cross 1051:International Committee of the Red Cross 657:Legal Adviser of the Department of State 609:International Committee of the Red Cross 603:International Committee of the Red Cross 584:Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter 117:International Committee of the Red Cross 92:International Committee of the Red Cross 7098:. Agence France-Presse. 31 March 2021. 6955:Building a successful Palestinian state 6870:Sherwood, Harriet (19 December 2012b). 6125:Madani, Iyad Ameen (24 November 2014). 4563:Secure Boundaries and Middle East Peace 4170: 4134: 3842: 3818: 3791: 3719: 3707: 3623: 3587: 3442: 3365: 3268: 3220: 3052: 3028: 2952: 2950: 2917: 2866: 2780: 2642: 2630: 2529: 2434: 2419: 2395: 2201: 2096: 2051: 2003: 1996: 1945: 1801: 1703: 1695: 1406:Arguments based on the cause of the war 698:administrations. In November 2019, the 281:All areas in question were captured by 6720:"Resolved: are the settlements legal?" 6229:Migdalovitz, Carol (29 January 2010). 5989:Lederer, Edith M. (20 November 2019). 5594:"Israel and Palestine: Events of 2017" 5447:Helmreich, Jeffrey (19 January 2003). 4194: 4182: 4158: 4146: 3865: 3863: 3806: 3755: 3731: 3635: 3544: 3256: 3141: 2929: 2878: 2827: 2720: 2553: 2371: 2359: 2189: 2174: 1477:in the Palestinian Territory occupied 1427:reported that Israeli political group 1180:, this clause intended to prevent the 1137:, until the signing of a peace treaty. 6753:Sanger, David E. (28 December 2016). 6657:American Journal of International Law 6378:Italian Yearbook of International Law 6059:Israel, Jordan, and the Peace Process 4224: 3767: 3575: 3377: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3172: 3088: 3076: 2842: 2792: 2678: 2601: 2446: 2340:American Journal of International Law 2321: 2081: 1971:"A comparative survey carried out by 1959: 1905: 1879: 1866: 1789:Ben-Naftali, Sfard & Viterbo 2018 1733: 1684:West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord 1287:Rostow and others further argue that 629:In June 1980, the (then nine-member) 383:have both been deemed illegal by the 7: 7075:Wilner, Michael (25 December 2016). 6333:Osborne, Samuel (19 November 2019). 6247:Mitnick, Joshua (28 November 2008). 4083: 4036: 4006: 3830: 3743: 3695: 3505: 3401: 3196: 3160: 3117: 2992: 2854: 2810:Herbert J. Hansell (21 April 1978). 2690: 2577: 2027: 1840: 1546:Pressured by the United States, the 361:Jordan's annexation of the West Bank 262:. vs. the Government of Israel (the 7029:Leiden Journal of International Law 6913:. Balfour Project. 25 November 2019 6774:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6497:. In Silverburg, Sanford R. (ed.). 6495:"Palestine: The Issue of Statehood" 6134:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 5721:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5661:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5622:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5571:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5453:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 5160:Friedman, Matti (30 January 2009). 4916:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs 4469:The International Law of Occupation 4375:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 4332:Adler, Gerald M. (20 August 2003). 4246:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs 3647: 3599: 3493: 3481: 3466: 3454: 3430: 3292: 3280: 3129: 2905: 2744: 2666: 2159: 2147: 2039: 1814: 1532:article 52 of the Hague regulations 922:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 899:In 2009, British Foreign Secretary 528:United Nations Human Rights Council 27:Legal status of Israeli settlements 7058:"Yishai says outposts not illegal" 6983:. United Nations. 19 November 2019 6855:Sherwood, Harriet (14 May 2012a). 6174:. Nova Publishers. pp. 1–18. 5974:Lazaroff, Tovah (17 August 2009). 5545:. 17 February 2006. Archived from 5164:. Associated Press. Archived from 4707:Charania, Shehzad (27 July 2016). 4382:Barak-Erez, Daphne (1 July 2006). 3209:Canadian Policy on Key Issues 2018 2960:. 20 November 2019. Archived from 2942:DeYoung, Hendrix & Hudson 2019 2135: 1644:Minister of Science and Technology 1353:UN Security Council Resolution 338 1289:UN Security Council Resolution 242 625:Palestine–European Union relations 25: 7102:from the original on 1 April 2021 6570:Rabinowitz, Dan (28 March 2012). 5836:United States Department of State 5586:International Labour Organization 5203:Galchinsky, Michael (Fall 2004). 3660:General Assemby res ES-10/15 2006 3469:, pp. 171/39, 175–176/43–44. 3079:, pp. 195, cf.132, 565, 675. 1892: 1471:United Nations Special Rapporteur 355:and the West Bank was annexed by 6733:Rozen, Laura (2 November 2009). 5804:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2006.00002.x 5045:Erlanger, Steve (9 March 2005). 4869:Revisiting the Law of Occupation 1550:administration commissioned the 1504:Unauthorized or illegal outposts 556:the UNSC resolutions 660 and 687 467:Palestine and the United Nations 7056:Weiss, Efrat (17 August 2009). 6768:Sasson, Talia (10 March 2005). 6370:– via historycentral.com. 6262:Morris, Harvey (9 March 2005). 5843:Kessler, Glenn (17 June 2009). 5424:. 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Archived from 4369:Baker, Alan (5 January 2011). 2604:, pp. 105–108, 107 n.347. 2473:10.1080/10383441.2003.10854522 2334:Meron, Theodor (10 May 2017). 1029:International Court of Justice 594:International Court of Justice 516:International Court of Justice 96:International Court of Justice 73:International Court of Justice 1: 6576:A Companion to Border Studies 6254:The Christian Science Monitor 6021:. 9 July 2004. Archived from 5513:Holzman-Gazit, Yifat (2016). 5147:Franks, Tim (26 March 2009). 4741:Cohen, Shaul Ephraim (1993). 3005:Sengupta & Gladstone 2016 2214:Gross, Aeyal (19 July 2024). 1622:Minister of Strategic Affairs 1237:transfers and to protect the 463:Israel and the United Nations 7126:Israeli-occupied territories 6356:"Oslo Accords the Full Text" 6141:Mahler, Gregory S. (2016) . 5773:Keinon, Herb (24 May 2009). 5098:Journal of Palestine Studies 4684:. In Kassim, Anis F. (ed.). 3920:Kearney, Michael G. (2017). 2894:Leverett & Leverett 2009 1607:Minister of Internal Affairs 1460:International Criminal Court 1293:British Mandate of Palestine 868:further argued in 1971 that 707:any individual settlement." 550:It has been observed that a 437:International legal opinions 426:International Criminal Court 6893:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 6600:United Nations Publications 6443:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 6437:. In Bowen, Stephen (ed.). 5420:Hansel, Herbert J. (2014). 5063:. Reuters. 18 November 2019 4974:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 4968:. In Bowen, Stephen (ed.). 4933:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 4749:University of Chicago Press 4724:Manchester University Press 4690:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 3414:Benvenisti & Zamir 1995 1521:Nuremberg Military Tribunal 1486:Revue des droits de l'homme 1034:customary international law 631:European Economic Community 576:weapons of mass destruction 41:Israeli settlements in the 18:Illegal Israeli settlements 7152: 6929:(2004). Lacey, Ian (ed.). 6172:The Middle East in Turmoil 5907:Cambridge University Press 5736:Cambridge University Press 5468:Cambridge University Press 5430:Princeton University Press 5403:Cambridge University Press 5254:Cambridge University Press 4964:Drew, Catriona J. (1997). 4636:Cambridge University Press 4611:Cambridge University Press 4570:Brinton, Wlliam B (1979). 4446:Cambridge University Press 4352:Cambridge University Press 4063:10.1163/22116141_020010003 3684:Cameron & Chetail 2013 3457:, pp. 171/39, 172/42. 2566:Mozgovaya & Ravid 2009 1556:World Zionist Organization 1507: 1386:acquisition of sovereignty 618: 473:United Nations resolutions 460: 274: 33: 7041:10.1017/S0922156505002839 6064:Syracuse University Press 5901:. In Sloss, David (ed.). 5728:Jacques, Mélanie (2012). 5395:Gunneflo, Markus (2016). 5246:Gelvin, James L. 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UN. 23 December 2016 5543:Anti-Defamation League 5491:Inside the Middle East 4711:. Justice in Conflict. 3780:Oslo Accords Full Text 1660: 1569: 1403: 1378: 1342:United Nations Charter 1302: 1210: 1185:existence as a race". 1170: 1164:Article 49 (6) states 1162: 1155:Article 49 (1) states 1139: 1093:belligerent occupation 1005:population transfers. 943:Anti-Defamation League 853: 816: 771: 762: 655:An opinion in 1978 by 548: 6623:International Affairs 6531:Duke University Press 6206:10.1093/iclq/51.4.851 5637:Amnesty International 1755:Amnesty International 1723:, pp. xvii, 140) 1655: 1603:Deputy Prime Minister 1564: 1484:In a 2020 article in 1398: 1373: 1297: 1202: 1166: 1157: 1144:travaux préparatoires 1129:should have acted in 1122: 931:Amnesty International 848: 820:1948 Arab-Israeli War 811: 767: 758: 738:on 23 December 2016. 543: 401:Jerusalem Embassy Act 275:Further information: 7017:"Venice Declaration" 6166:Mark, Clyde (2001). 6028:on 13 September 2020 5909:. pp. 273–324. 5830:(28 December 2016). 5561:. 30 September 2002. 5432:. pp. 203–208. 5332:Macmillan Publishers 5087:on 5 September 2012. 5011:(18 November 2011). 4976:. pp. 119–167. 4923:Domb, Fania (2007). 4412:(23 December 2016). 3626:, pp. 23, 83ff. 3614:, p. 268, n.23. 2964:on 20 November 2019. 2733:Balfour Project 2019 1581:"Road map" for peace 1579:As part of the 2003 1540:Justice Aharon Barak 1473:on the situation of 962:University of Sydney 917:Non-Aligned Movement 740:Secretaries of State 734:on 25 May 1976, and 700:Trump administration 245:permission granted, 56:, as well as in the 6935:Jirlac Publications 6850:. 11 November 2017. 6718:(21 October 1991). 6710:on 4 February 2010. 6602:. 19 October 2007. 6087:Middle East Journal 5850:The Washington Post 5695:. 19 February 2011. 5612:. 10 November 2019. 5296:Gold, Dore (2009). 5187:The Times of Israel 5168:on 20 February 2011 4897:The Washington Post 4821:. 17 December 2014. 4664:on 18 February 2018 4434:Ben-Naftali, Orna; 4401:10.1093/icon/mol021 4263:. 30 November 2012. 4039:, pp. 144–145. 3758:, pp. 851–882. 3638:, pp. 203–208. 3416:, pp. 305–306. 3368:, pp. 207–232. 3041:United Nations 2019 2976:The Times of Israel 2544:, pp. 307–308. 2461:Griffith Law Review 2449:, pp. 103–104. 2437:, pp. 557–577. 2410:, pp. 132–133. 2398:, pp. 361–361. 2030:, pp. 151–152. 1934:, pp. 120–121) 1830:, pp. 467–487) 1736:, pp. 517–518) 1618:Vice Prime Minister 1525:Hague IV Convention 1436:Israeli settlements 1241:from displacement: 1135:Hague Rules of 1907 1025:UN General Assembly 520:UN Security Council 385:UN Security Council 365:military occupation 206:population transfer 7131:Israeli settlement 7081:The Jerusalem Post 6835:The New York Times 6787:. de:GRIN Verlag. 6760:The New York Times 6505:. pp. 37–54. 6475:. pp. 69–97. 6445:. pp. 25–45. 6320:. 23 December 2016 5981:The Jerusalem Post 5957:Ashgate Publishing 5780:The Jerusalem Post 5760:. 18 November 2019 5723:. 1 December 1996. 5675:. 23 December 2016 5624:. 1 November 2007. 5598:Human Rights Watch 5350:Gorenberg, Gershom 5322:Gorenberg, Gershom 5304:Regnery Publishing 5190:. 19 November 2019 5052:The New York Times 4959:. 10 October 2002. 4918:. 1 February 2003. 4810:. 5 December 2001. 4798:. 5 November 2008. 4692:. pp. 13–40. 4598:. 3 November 2009. 3926:Criminal Law Forum 3885:10.4000/revdh.7613 2408:Holzman-Gazit 2016 2300:, pp. 99–100. 1765:, pp. 38–39). 1647:Daniel Hershkowitz 978:William M. 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W. Bush 580:an atomic arsenal 558:regarding Iraq's 381:Golan Heights Law 353:occupied by Egypt 334:Golan Heights Law 214:Gershom Gorenberg 143:according to the 16:(Redirected from 7143: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7071: 7052: 7023: 7021: 7012: 7010: 7008: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6976: 6963:Rand Corporation 6960: 6948: 6933:(2nd ed.). 6922: 6920: 6918: 6906: 6881: 6866: 6851: 6839: 6824: 6798: 6777: 6764: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6729: 6725:The New Republic 6711: 6706:. Archived from 6703:The New Republic 6689: 6647: 6613: 6589: 6566: 6544: 6516: 6486: 6456: 6426: 6403: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6358:. Archived from 6351: 6349: 6347: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6309: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6273: 6258: 6243: 6242:. pp. 1–18. 6237: 6225: 6185: 6162: 6147:(3rd ed.). 6137: 6131: 6121: 6103: 6077: 6052: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6027: 6016: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5995:Associated Press 5985: 5970: 5945: 5920: 5893: 5854: 5839: 5823: 5784: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5749: 5724: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5696: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5639:. 25 March 2005. 5634: 5625: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5583: 5574: 5562: 5550: 5534: 5509: 5481: 5456: 5443: 5416: 5391: 5363: 5345: 5317: 5292: 5267: 5242: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5156: 5143: 5122: 5088: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5056: 5041: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5004: 4987: 4960: 4946: 4919: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4887: 4862: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4799: 4787: 4762: 4737: 4712: 4703: 4678:Cassese, Antonio 4673: 4671: 4669: 4649: 4624: 4599: 4585: 4566: 4565:. Hamakor Press. 4554: 4529: 4492:Benvenisti, Eyal 4487: 4464:Benvenisti, Eyal 4459: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4405: 4403: 4378: 4365: 4340: 4338: 4328: 4309: 4284: 4264: 4258: 4249: 4228: 4222: 4213: 4207: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3965: 3952: 3951: 3941: 3917: 3906: 3905: 3887: 3867: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2954: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2807: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2276:, pp. 31ff. 2271: 2265: 2259: 2250: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2178: 2172: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2085: 2079: 2070: 2064: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1985: 1969: 1963: 1955: 1949: 1941: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1909: 1902: 1896: 1889: 1883: 1876: 1870: 1863: 1857: 1850: 1844: 1837: 1831: 1824: 1818: 1811: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1785: 1779: 1776:Migdalovitz 2010 1772: 1766: 1743: 1737: 1730: 1724: 1713: 1707: 1700: 1588:settler violence 1425:Associated Press 1239:local population 948:Espen Barth Eide 732:William Scranton 633:declared in the 410:corpus separatum 405:Executive waiver 43:Israeli-occupied 21: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7105: 7103: 7094: 7085: 7083: 7074: 7055: 7026: 7022:. 13 June 1980. 7019: 7015: 7006: 7004: 6995: 6986: 6984: 6979: 6973: 6958: 6951: 6945: 6925: 6916: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6884: 6869: 6854: 6842: 6827: 6821: 6801: 6795: 6780: 6767: 6752: 6743: 6741: 6732: 6714: 6692: 6670:10.2307/2203016 6650: 6636:10.2307/2622845 6616: 6610: 6592: 6586: 6569: 6563: 6547: 6541: 6519: 6513: 6489: 6483: 6459: 6453: 6429: 6423: 6413:Clarendon Press 6406: 6400: 6374: 6365: 6363: 6354: 6345: 6343: 6340:The Independent 6332: 6323: 6321: 6312: 6297: 6288: 6286: 6285:on 27 July 2011 6276: 6269:Financial Times 6261: 6246: 6235: 6228: 6188: 6182: 6165: 6159: 6140: 6129: 6124: 6117:The Independent 6106: 6080: 6074: 6055: 6040: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6014: 6008: 5999: 5997: 5988: 5973: 5967: 5948: 5942: 5923: 5917: 5896: 5874:10.2307/3246092 5857: 5842: 5826: 5787: 5772: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5746: 5727: 5715: 5706: 5704: 5699: 5687: 5678: 5676: 5667: 5655: 5643: 5632: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5581: 5577: 5573:. 30 July 1998. 5565: 5553: 5537: 5531: 5512: 5506: 5484: 5478: 5459: 5446: 5440: 5419: 5413: 5394: 5388: 5378:Mazo Publishers 5366: 5359:The Daily Beast 5352:(5 July 2012). 5348: 5342: 5320: 5314: 5295: 5289: 5270: 5264: 5245: 5202: 5193: 5191: 5180: 5171: 5169: 5159: 5146: 5140: 5125: 5091: 5075: 5066: 5064: 5059: 5044: 5040:. 15 July 1997. 5032: 5023: 5021: 5007: 4990: 4984: 4963: 4949: 4943: 4922: 4910: 4901: 4899: 4890: 4884: 4865: 4853: 4840: 4838: 4837:on 9 March 2012 4825: 4818: 4814: 4802: 4790: 4784: 4765: 4759: 4740: 4734: 4715: 4706: 4700: 4688:. Vol. 3. 4676: 4667: 4665: 4652: 4646: 4627: 4621: 4602: 4588: 4569: 4557: 4551: 4532: 4510:10.2307/2204205 4490: 4484: 4462: 4456: 4433: 4424: 4422: 4410:Beaumont, Peter 4408: 4381: 4368: 4362: 4343: 4336: 4331: 4325: 4312: 4306: 4287: 4283:on 17 May 2006. 4267: 4256: 4252: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4223: 4216: 4208: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3967: 3966: 3955: 3919: 3918: 3909: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3390:Galchinsky 2004 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2984: 2973: 2969: 2956: 2955: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2704: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2542:Rabinowitz 2012 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2253: 2241:Tomer Zarchin, 2240: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2181: 2173: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2088: 2080: 2073: 2065: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2016:Barak-Erez 2006 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1975:in the area of 1970: 1966: 1956: 1952: 1948:, p. 194). 1942: 1938: 1932:Galchinsky 2004 1929: 1925: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1899: 1890: 1886: 1877: 1873: 1864: 1860: 1851: 1847: 1838: 1834: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1795: 1786: 1782: 1773: 1769: 1747:Eyal Benvenisti 1744: 1740: 1731: 1727: 1721:Benvenisti 2012 1714: 1710: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1665: 1651:The Jewish Home 1586:In response to 1516: 1506: 1496:As part of the 1454:. According to 1444: 1421: 1408: 1381:Antonio Cassese 1285: 1269:John B. Quigley 1264: 1227: 1191: 1153: 1131:Alsace-Lorraine 1105: 1020: 1011: 1002: 986: 984:Legal arguments 970:Yale Law School 954:Morris B. Abram 913: 897: 886: 779: 653: 648: 627: 617: 605: 596: 552:double standard 505:occupying power 469: 459: 439: 418:Sinai Peninsula 291:Yehuda Zvi Blum 279: 273: 170:Sinai Peninsula 157: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7149: 7147: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7092: 7072: 7053: 7035:(3): 467–487. 7024: 7013: 6993: 6977: 6971: 6949: 6943: 6923: 6907: 6901: 6882: 6867: 6852: 6840: 6825: 6819: 6799: 6793: 6778: 6765: 6750: 6730: 6716:Rostow, Eugene 6712: 6694:Rostow, Eugene 6690: 6648: 6630:(3): 345–359. 6614: 6608: 6590: 6584: 6567: 6561: 6545: 6539: 6517: 6511: 6487: 6481: 6457: 6451: 6427: 6421: 6404: 6398: 6372: 6362:on 6 July 2011 6352: 6330: 6310: 6295: 6274: 6259: 6244: 6226: 6200:(4): 851–881. 6186: 6180: 6163: 6157: 6138: 6122: 6104: 6094:(4): 557–577. 6078: 6072: 6053: 6048:Foreign Policy 6038: 6006: 5986: 5971: 5965: 5946: 5940: 5921: 5915: 5894: 5855: 5840: 5824: 5785: 5770: 5750: 5744: 5725: 5713: 5697: 5685: 5665: 5663:. 20 May 2001. 5653: 5641: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5590: 5575: 5563: 5551: 5535: 5529: 5510: 5504: 5482: 5476: 5457: 5444: 5438: 5417: 5411: 5392: 5386: 5364: 5346: 5340: 5318: 5312: 5293: 5287: 5268: 5262: 5243: 5217:(3): 115–136. 5210:Israel Studies 5200: 5178: 5157: 5144: 5138: 5123: 5089: 5073: 5057: 5042: 5030: 5005: 4988: 4982: 4961: 4947: 4941: 4920: 4908: 4888: 4882: 4863: 4851: 4823: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4782: 4763: 4757: 4738: 4732: 4713: 4704: 4698: 4674: 4650: 4644: 4625: 4619: 4600: 4586: 4567: 4555: 4549: 4530: 4504:(2): 295–340. 4488: 4482: 4460: 4454: 4436:Sfard, Michael 4431: 4406: 4394:(3): 540–552. 4379: 4366: 4360: 4341: 4329: 4323: 4310: 4304: 4285: 4265: 4250: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4214: 4199: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4124: 4112: 4100: 4088: 4086:, p. 146. 4076: 4041: 4029: 4024:United Nations 4011: 4009:, p. 144. 3999: 3974:Insight Turkey 3953: 3907: 3859: 3847: 3845:, p. 172. 3835: 3833:, p. 171. 3823: 3811: 3809:, p. 879. 3796: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3561: 3549: 3547:, p. 211. 3534: 3522: 3510: 3508:, p. 511. 3498: 3486: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3392:, p. 117. 3382: 3380:, p. 159. 3370: 3358: 3356:, p. 162. 3346: 3334: 3322: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3237: 3233:Sherwood 2012b 3225: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3110: 3106:Helmreich 2003 3093: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2982: 2967: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2857:, p. 230. 2847: 2832: 2830:, p. 207. 2820: 2797: 2795:, p. 105. 2785: 2773: 2769:Sherwood 2012a 2761: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2723:, p. 877. 2713: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2645:, p. 124. 2635: 2633:, p. 202. 2623: 2606: 2594: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2556:, p. 329. 2546: 2534: 2522: 2515: 2497: 2478: 2451: 2439: 2424: 2422:, p. 361. 2412: 2400: 2388: 2384:Gorenberg 2012 2376: 2374:, p. 102. 2364: 2362:, p. 188. 2352: 2326: 2324:, p. 576. 2314: 2312:, p. 100. 2310:Gorenberg 2007 2302: 2298:Gorenberg 2007 2290: 2286:Macintyre 2006 2278: 2266: 2264:, p. 278. 2251: 2234: 2206: 2204:, p. 350. 2194: 2179: 2177:, p. 309. 2164: 2152: 2140: 2125: 2113: 2109:ReliefWeb 2016 2101: 2086: 2084:, p. 150. 2071: 2069:, p. 396. 2056: 2044: 2032: 2020: 2018:, p. 548. 2008: 2006:, p. 141. 1995: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1964: 1950: 1936: 1923: 1910: 1897: 1884: 1871: 1869:, p. 161) 1858: 1845: 1832: 1819: 1806: 1804:, p. 69). 1793: 1791:, p. 280) 1780: 1767: 1751:Yoram Dinstein 1738: 1725: 1708: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1664: 1661: 1636:Yuli Edelstein 1505: 1502: 1443: 1440: 1420: 1417: 1407: 1404: 1284: 1281: 1263: 1260: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1226: 1223: 1190: 1187: 1152: 1149: 1104: 1101: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1001: 998: 991:Yoram Dinstein 985: 982: 912: 909: 901:David Miliband 896: 895:United Kingdom 893: 885: 882: 836:Jewish Quarter 778: 775: 736:Samantha Power 724:Resolution 452 720:Resolution 446 718:as it had for 712:Resolution 465 675:Samantha Power 652: 649: 647: 644: 639:European Union 616: 615:European Union 613: 604: 601: 595: 592: 539:Theo van Boven 458: 457:United Nations 455: 438: 435: 373: 372: 341: 330: 306:East Jerusalem 272: 269: 182:East Jerusalem 156: 153: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7148: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7018: 7014: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6956: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6927:Stone, Julius 6924: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6844:"Settlements" 6841: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6822: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6740: 6736: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6664:(1): 44–103. 6663: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6652:Roberts, Adam 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6618:Roberts, Adam 6615: 6611: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6568: 6564: 6562:9781107032064 6558: 6554: 6550: 6549:Quigley, John 6546: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6521:Quigley, John 6518: 6514: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6491:Quigley, John 6488: 6484: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6461:Quigley, John 6458: 6454: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6431:Quigley, John 6428: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6233: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6012: 6007: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5868:(1): 88–102. 5867: 5863: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5368:Grief, Howard 5365: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5093:Falk, Richard 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4956:The Economist 4952: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4342: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4210:Lazaroff 2009 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4120:Erlanger 2005 4116: 4113: 4109: 4108:Kretzmer 2012 4104: 4101: 4098:, p. 51. 4097: 4096:Kretzmer 2012 4092: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855:Friedman 2009 3851: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3710:, p. 29. 3709: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3674:, p. 91. 3673: 3672:Kretzmer 2005 3668: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3557:Kretzmer 2012 3553: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3530:Gunneflo 2016 3526: 3523: 3519: 3518:Kretzmer 2012 3514: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3448: 3445:, p. 69. 3444: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3404:, p. 22. 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3344:, p. 45. 3343: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3323: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3245:Movement 2003 3241: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3187:, p. 83. 3186: 3185:Kretzmer 2012 3181: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3070: 3067:, p. 58. 3066: 3065:Gunneflo 2016 3061: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2998: 2995:, p. 11. 2994: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2845:, p. 61. 2844: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2813: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2707:The Economist 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2655:BBC News 2016 2651: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2619:BBC News 2019 2615: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2516:9780191895852 2512: 2508: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2274:Kretzmer 2012 2270: 2267: 2263: 2262:Kretzmer 2009 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2192:, p. 82. 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121:Beaumont 2016 2117: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2102: 2099:, p. 72. 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067:Playfair 1992 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2042:, p. 14. 2041: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1991: 1983: 1982:B'Tselem 2017 1978: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1919:B'Tselem 2017 1914: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1856:, p. 73) 1855: 1854:Forsythe 2005 1849: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1828:de Waart 2005 1823: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1778:, p. 51) 1777: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1763:Cuyckens 2017 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1745:Experts like 1742: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1706:, p. 69) 1705: 1699: 1696: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625:Moshe Ya'alon 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1574:Jewish Agency 1568: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1552:Sasson Report 1549: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1515: 1511: 1510:Sasson Report 1503: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1465:According to 1463: 1461: 1457: 1456:Michael Bothe 1453: 1449: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1172:According to 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1017: 1015: 1008: 1006: 999: 997: 994: 992: 983: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 966:Eugene Rostow 963: 959: 955: 951: 949: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 918: 915:In 2003, The 910: 908: 906: 905:William Hague 902: 894: 892: 890: 883: 881: 879: 873: 871: 867: 861: 858: 852: 847: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 815: 810: 808: 802: 800: 796: 791: 788: 783: 776: 774: 770: 766: 761: 757: 754: 751: 746: 744: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 671: 666: 665:Ronald Reagan 661: 658: 651:United States 650: 645: 643: 640: 636: 632: 626: 622: 614: 612: 610: 602: 600: 593: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 547: 542: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 512: 510: 506: 501: 497: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 468: 464: 456: 454: 452: 448: 444: 436: 434: 431: 427: 424:Defining The 422: 419: 414: 412: 411: 406: 402: 398: 397:United States 394: 390: 387:(resolutions 386: 382: 378: 377:Jerusalem Law 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 339: 338:Golan Heights 335: 331: 328: 327:Jerusalem Law 323: 319: 318:Jewish Agency 315: 311: 307: 303: 302: 301: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 278: 270: 268: 265: 261: 257: 251: 248: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 190:Theodor Meron 187: 186:Golan Heights 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 154: 152: 150: 146: 142: 137: 135: 131: 130: 124: 120: 118: 114: 111:in 1980, and 110: 106: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 80: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 61:Golan Heights 59: 55: 51: 47: 44: 37: 32: 30: 19: 7104:. 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Retrieved 2219: 2209: 2202:Roberts 1988 2197: 2155: 2143: 2116: 2104: 2097:Quigley 1999 2052:Roberts 1990 2047: 2035: 2023: 2011: 2004:Pertile 2005 1999: 1967: 1953: 1946:Quigley 2005 1939: 1926: 1913: 1900: 1887: 1874: 1861: 1848: 1835: 1822: 1809: 1802:Roberts 1990 1796: 1783: 1770: 1753:, NGOs like 1741: 1728: 1716: 1711: 1704:Roberts 1990 1698: 1656: 1600: 1597: 1585: 1578: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1545: 1536: 1529: 1517: 1495: 1485: 1483: 1475:human rights 1467:Michael Lynk 1464: 1448:Rome Statute 1445: 1442:Rome Statute 1422: 1412:John Quigley 1409: 1399: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1374: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1346:World War II 1330: 1306: 1303: 1298: 1286: 1276: 1272: 1265: 1255:Oslo Accords 1252: 1238: 1234: 1231:World War II 1228: 1215: 1211: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1182:World War II 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1142: 1140: 1123: 1119: 1110:Meir Shamgar 1106: 1096: 1081: 1076: 1061: 1054: 1048: 1046:Convention. 1039: 1021: 1012: 1003: 995: 987: 958:Julius Stone 952: 927:human rights 914: 898: 887: 874: 862: 857:Oslo Accords 854: 849: 844: 817: 812: 806: 803: 790:Howard Grief 785:The Israeli 784: 780: 772: 768: 763: 759: 755: 750:Donald Trump 747: 709: 662: 654: 628: 606: 597: 549: 544: 532: 513: 498: 475:, including 470: 440: 430:Rome Statute 423: 415: 408: 374: 332:The Israeli 299: 295:Meir Shamgar 285:in the 1967 280: 259: 255: 252: 238:King Hussein 222: 158: 145:Rome Statute 138: 127: 121: 81: 40: 31: 29: 7086:29 December 7007:24 December 6917:25 November 6384:: 121–161. 6366:12 December 6324:23 December 6032:20 December 5828:Kerry, John 5764:24 November 5707:25 December 5679:23 December 5486:Hiro, Dilip 5194:23 November 4902:27 November 4425:24 December 4195:Keinon 2009 4183:Franks 2009 4159:Morris 2005 4147:Sasson 2005 3932:(1): 1–34. 3807:McHugo 2002 3756:McHugo 2002 3732:Rostow 1991 3636:Hansel 2014 3545:Slonim 1998 3257:Madani 2014 3142:Rostow 1990 2930:Sanger 2016 2879:Wilner 2016 2828:Hansel 2014 2721:McHugo 2002 2554:Slonim 1998 2372:Lukacs 1999 2360:Gelvin 2007 2190:Gerson 2012 2175:Mahler 2016 1514:Levy report 1314:Gush Etzion 1310:Neve Yaakov 1262:Application 1206:Lauterpacht 1200:He argued: 1189:Endorsement 1174:Jean Pictet 1114:Moshe Dayan 1018:Endorsement 911:Other views 866:Yehuda Blum 828:Kfar Etzion 743:Cyrus Vance 704:Mike Pompeo 572:casus belli 566:before the 287:Six-Day War 247:Kfar Etzion 242:Levi Eshkol 234:George Ball 218:Levi Eshkol 162:Six-Day War 7120:Categories 6987:9 December 6803:Segev, Tom 6744:29 October 6346:9 December 6289:3 November 6000:9 December 5932:SUNY Press 5584:. Geneva: 5024:5 February 4584:: 207–232. 4225:Weiss 2009 3768:Adler 2003 3576:Stone 2004 3378:Cohen 1985 3354:Cohen 1985 3342:Kelly 2006 3330:Baker 2011 3310:Al Jazeera 3173:Eldar 2011 3089:Grief 2008 3077:Grief 2008 2843:Laham 2004 2793:Byron 2013 2679:UNHRC 2007 2602:Byron 2013 2467:(2): 301. 2447:Cohen 1993 2322:Segev 2007 2082:Albin 2001 1960:Baker 2011 1906:Kerry 2016 1880:Rozen 2009 1867:Cohen 1985 1734:Segev 2007 1610:Eli Yishai 1508:See also: 1479:since 1967 1344:following 1326:Kfar Darom 1151:Article 49 968:, Dean of 834:, and the 670:resolution 619:See also: 507:under the 461:See also: 447:Tim Franks 345:Gaza Strip 264:Elon Moreh 174:Gaza Strip 155:Background 77:reaffirmed 54:Gaza Strip 7049:145200652 7002:ReliefWeb 6686:145514740 6222:145414979 5890:145442406 5820:144467492 5521:Routledge 5496:Routledge 5488:(2013) . 5279:Routledge 5239:144282494 5172:16 August 4774:Routledge 4526:145317224 4084:Adem 2019 4071:242560646 4037:Adem 2019 4007:Adem 2019 3986:1302-177X 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