Illegal logging - Knowledge (XXG)

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atmosphere, ecological imbalance, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity. The forest reserve in Nigeria spans approximately 10 million hectares, constituting over 10% of the total land area, which is around 96.2 million hectares or 923,768 square kilometers. The population was about 170,790 in 2006 (National Directorate of Employment, 2012). However, the expanse of marked forest lands has been gradually decreasing due to the rampant tree felling and activities of illegal loggers across the nation. For example, the Federal Department of Forestry (2010) estimated that Nigeria's forests are depleting at an annual rate of 3.5%. The country previously had around 20% of its area covered by natural forests, but this has dwindled to about 10%. The loss of approximately 60% of natural forests occurred due to encroachments for agriculture, extensive logging, and urbanization from the 1960s to the year 2000.

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downturns due to plummeting world petroleum prices, devaluation of the Nigerian currency, rampant corruption, and a rapid increase in the country's population. These economic challenges had adverse effects on food production and led to escalating deforestation concerns. In regions that were rural or semi-urban and endowed with abundant forest trees and agricultural produce, the forests were readily accessed and exploited not only by locals but also by foreign criminal networks. Particularly alarming were the activities of illegal traders of forest products, often facilitated by foreigners seeking rare and hard wood species for European and American markets. This resulted in rampant destruction and felling of trees on both communal and individual farmlands.

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million jobless Nigerians (National Directorate of Employment, 2012), primarily youth, a crucial question arises: how are they sustaining themselves? Undoubtedly, deviant activities tend to thrive in such circumstances, especially in forested areas. The diversity and dynamics of crime and illegalities in the forest belt have received relatively little emphasis, often overshadowed by discussions about environmental degradation and climate change. This study delves into the patterns and trends of illegal wood logging, forest exploitation, and how youths adapt and survive in Nigeria's South-West forest belt.

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Nigeria (encompassing states such as Oyo, Ondo, Osun, Ogun, Ekiti, Edo, and Delta), are immeasurable. The rapid urbanization in Nigeria, coupled with escalating unemployment rates, persistent poverty, inequalities, inadequate social services, the presence of trans-national criminal organizations, widespread drug use and trafficking, and inadequately equipped security personnel and forest guards to combat illegal logging, lumbering cartels, clandestine markets, and sawmills for rare forest products, have driven many youths to explore opportunities in forest-related businesses.

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subsequently, the burning of these trees in the following dry season to provide fertilisers to support their crop activities. This agricultural practice is repetitively employed on the same plot of land until it is denuded of its nutrients and could no longer suffice to support agricultural yields. Thereafter, these farmers will move on to occupy another plot of land and continually practice their slash-and-burn technique. This contributing social factor to deforestation reinforces the challenges faced by forestry sustainability in developing countries such as Indonesia.

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deforestation methods such as forest fires to clear the land for agricultural purposes. The 1999 Forestry Law states that it is essential for companies to be endorsed by authorities in respective regions with an IPK permit, a timber harvesting permit, for legal approval of their deforestation activities. Many of these corporations could circumvent this red tape, maximise revenue profits by employing illegal logging activities as lax law enforcement and porous law regulations in large developing countries like Indonesia undermine forestry conservation efforts.

568:. On the other hand, environmental NGOs publish alarming figures to raise awareness and emphasize the need for stricter conservation measures. For companies in the forestry sector, publications making high estimates can be regarded as potentially threatening to their reputation and their market perspective, including the competitiveness of wood in comparison to other materials. However, for many countries, NGOs are the only source of information apart from state institutions, which probably clearly underestimates the true figures. For example, the Republic of 930:, which has some of the largest expanses of relatively untouched forest, illegal logging accounts for up to half of the deforestation. Due to the remoteness of these regions and the international demand for hardwoods, illegal logging is a threat that is hard to address and will probably continue contributing to deforestation. A major problem is that illegal logging is still classified in Myanmar as an environmental matter, and not as a criminal act, making it difficult for the Forest Department to bring a lawsuit against the offenders. 803:. Environmental crime often takes a back seat in priority in most developing nations, as there is a common belief that the forest belongs to everyone in the community. Furthermore, Nigeria's over-reliance on crude oil has led the government to place less emphasis on the annual losses from theft of forest produce. Regrettably, the government's attempts to implement effective measures to combat illegal logging have not yielded the desired results, with only 6% of the nation's land area designated as protected. 741:. Thousands of poorly paid Malagasy loggers have flooded into the national parks—especially in the northeast—building roads, setting up logging camps, and cutting down even the most difficult to reach rosewood trees. Illegal activities are openly flaunted, armed militia have descended upon local villages, and a rosewood mafia easily bribes government officials, buying export permits with ease. These illegal operations are funded in part by advance payments for future shipments (financed by 650: 133: 2789: 4693: 4085: 838: 582: 4568: 4125: 4043: 4135: 36: 4113: 4285: 4071: 4029: 4099: 799:

socio-political and economic challenges have placed immense pressure on the forest belts. The rise in unemployed youth has revealed that looting forest products for survival presents an opportunity. Consequently, unemployment, a significant developmental challenge in Nigeria, has far-reaching adverse effects on

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violation of the laws of the country where it was harvested, that plant would be subject to seizure and forfeiture if imported into the U.S. The Lacey Act also makes it unlawful, beginning 15 December 2008, to import certain plants and plant products without a Plant and Plant Product import declaration.

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The Conference's primary aims were to share analysis on forest law enforcement; explore priority issues of forest law enforcement, including illegal logging in the East Asia region, among senior officials from the forest and related ministries, NGOs, and industry representatives; and commit to action

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to document and foster strategic reflection in partner countries already engaged in negotiating a VPA - or those who will be entering into such negotiations - by providing examples of good practices. These good practices were identified and recorded following interviews with the main stakeholders in

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Illegal logging has detrimental impacts, including deforestation and, consequently, global warming. It leads to biodiversity loss, weakens the rule of law, and hampers responsible forest management. Moreover, it fosters corruption, tax evasion, and diminishes revenue for producer countries, limiting

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difficult for central government officials to visit areas still controlled by former Pol Pot forces. Illegal commercial timber interests take advantage of weak law enforcement to benefit from illegal cutting. The majority of illegal deforestation is done by the military and powerful sub-contractors.

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According to global data, a significant majority of unemployed individuals in developing regions, both in rural and urban areas, constitute about two-thirds of the total unemployed youth. In Nigeria, unemployment emerged as a pressing issue, particularly since the 1980s, a period marked by economic

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as a means to halt the import of illegally sourced wood products. The identification of illegally logged or traded timber is technically difficult, but a series of attempts is made. Therefore, a legal basis for normative acts against timber imports or other products manufactured out of illegal wood

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violates government controls. At the core of illegal logging is widespread corruption. Often referred to as 'green gold', mahogany can fetch over US$ 1,600 m-3. Illegal mahogany facilitates the illegal logging of other species, and widespread exploitation of the Brazilian Amazon. Recent Greenpeace

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A joint UK-Indonesian study of the timber industry in Indonesia in 1998 suggested that about 40% of throughput was illegal, with a value in excess of $ 365 million. More recent estimates, comparing legal harvesting against known domestic consumption plus exports, suggest that 88% of logging in the

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The scale of illegal logging represents a major loss of revenue to many countries and can lead to widespread associated environmental damage. A senate committee in the Philippines estimated that the country lost as much as US$ 1.8bn per year during the 1980s. The Indonesian government estimated in

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Illegal logging, lumbering, and sawmilling can be understood as a system with diverse individuals and institutions involved in meeting the industry's supply and demand requirements, whether legitimate or illegitimate. Given the unemployment rate in the country, which currently stands at about 20.3

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damage, although this reasoning has come under heavy scrutiny. This oscillating availability of Malagasy rosewood and other precious woods has created a market of rising and falling prices, allowing traders or "timber barons" to stockpile illegally sourced logs during periodic bans and then flood

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It is estimated that illegal logging on public land alone causes losses in assets and revenue in excess of US$ 10 billion annually. Although exact figures are difficult to calculate, given the illegal nature of the activity, decent estimates show that more than half of the logging that takes place

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On the political front, the Indonesian governmental role in curbing deforestation has largely been criticised. Corruption amongst local Indonesian officials fuels cynicism with regard to the governmental clampdown on illegal logging activities. In 2008, the acquittal of a proprietor for a timber

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report estimated that between 73% and 88% of timber logged in Indonesia is the result of illegal logging. Subsequent estimates were that between 40% and 55% of logged in Indonesia is the result of illegal logging. A 2021 study estimated that 81% of forest conversion for palm oil in Indonesia was

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Private corporations, motivated by economic profits from local and regional market demands for timber, are culpable for deforestation. These agro-industrial companies often do not comply with the basic legal regulations by inappropriately employing cost effective yet environmentally inefficient

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The requirements under the new Amendments are two-fold. First, the Lacey Act now makes it illegal to import into the United States plants that have been harvested contrary to any applicable Federal Law, State Law, Indian Tribal Law, or Foreign Law. If a plant is found to have been harvested in

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From a scientific perspective, the destruction of these trees significantly impacts the carbon cycle and intensifies the greenhouse effect due to carbon depletion. The socio-economic losses to the nation, particularly concerning endangered species in the South-west and Mid-west forest zones of

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Illegal logging poses a large threat to Cambodia's forests. It allows for undocumented and unauthorized deforestation in which allows for the exploitation of Cambodia's forests. There are many cases in which the military carries out illegal logging without knowledge from the government. It is

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The indiscriminate logging in the rainforest and uncontrolled felling of trees for fuel wood are reported to have had adverse effect on the environment. The loss of trees and other vegetation cover can cause temperature increase, fewer crops, flood, increased greenhouse gases within the

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carried out actions against a cargo ship transporting timber from the Indonesian company Korindo, which was being imported into France, UK, Belgium and the Netherlands. Korindo is known to be using illegal timber from the last rainforests of Indonesia. In May 2003, an Indonesian Government

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illustrates minimal supporting evidence to testify to considerations for forestry sustainability in their development projects. This further augments scepticism in the Indonesian government's credibility in efficiently and responsibly managing their urban development projects and forestry

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In the social landscape, small-scale subsistence farmers in rural areas, who received minimal education, employ a basic method of slash-and-burn to support their agricultural activities. This rudimentary agricultural technique involves the felling of forest trees before a dry season and,

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Notably, industrial and social development, contending for the same land areas occupied by forests, has not been praiseworthy. Nigeria, given its extensive land area, encompasses diverse and favorable climatic and ecological zones. The nation's significant size, diverse population, and

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This Plant and Plant Product Declaration must contain (besides other information) the Genus, Species, and Country of Harvest of every plant found in commercial shipments of certain products, a list of applicable products (along with other requirements and guidance) can be found on the

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in up-scale restaurants. The local villagers have also suffered as tourism has declined sharply or ceased almost entirely. Some have resorted to working as loggers for minimal pay, while others have spoken out against it, often receiving death threats from the rosewood mafia in

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was explicitly banned from protected areas in 2000. Since then, government orders and memos have intermittently alternated between permitting and banning exports of precious woods. The most commonly cited reason for permitting exports is to salvage valuable wood from

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and, in some cases, violent conflict. In the forestry sector, cheap imports of illegal timber and forest products, together with the non-compliance of some economic players with basic social and environmental standards, destabilize international markets. This

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states that every year 10 million hectares of forest are lost to illegal logging across the globe. They also state that the illicit wood sector is worth almost $ 152 billion per year and up to one-third of all wood furniture is made from illegally sourced

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Available figures and estimates must be treated with caution. Governments tend to underestimate the situation, given that high estimates of illegal logging may cause embarrassment as these to suggest ineffective enforcement of legislation or, even worse,

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Pretty, J. Wood C, Hine, R., and Barton, J. (2013) Nature for rehabilitating offenders and facilitating therapeutic outcomes for youth at risk. In South N and Brisman A (eds) T h e Routledge International Handbook of Green Criminology: 184‐196. London:

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2002 that costs related to illegal logging are US$ 3bn each year. The World Bank estimates that illegal logging costs timber-producing countries between 10 and 15 billion euros per year. This compares with 10 billion euros disbursed as EC aid in 2002.

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calculated a rate of 1% illegally harvested timber in 2003, whereas it was estimated to reach as much as 50% by the NGO "Estonian Green Movement". In Latvia, the situation is comparable; anecdotal evidence points towards 25% of logging being illegal.

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Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 2001. Global Forest Reserves Assessment, 2000. FAO Forestry Paper, 140. FAO, Rome Federal Department of Forestry. Forestry Outlook Study for Africa: Nigeria. Federal Department of forestry/ FAO.

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regulations of non-discrimination. They must instead be arranged in bilateral agreements. TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, strives to monitor the illegal trade of timber and provide expertise in policy and legal reviews.

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The AFLEG conference, the second regional forest law enforcement and governance meeting after East Asia, resulted in endorsement of a ministerial declaration and action plan as well as a variety of informal implementation initiatives.

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The Indonesian government grapples with the management of deforestation with sustainable urban development as rural-urban migration necessitates the expansion of cities. The lack of accountability to deforestation with pertinence to

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Egbewole, Z. T., Ogunsanwo, O. Y. and Omole, A. O. (2011). Technical Efficiency of Lumber Recovery From High Forest Tree Species In Selected Sawmills Of Southwestern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment.

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and Chinese importers) and by loans from large, international banks. Demand is fueled mostly by a growing Chinese middle class and their desire for exotic imperial-style furniture. European and American demand for high-end

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for cattle. Regulation and prevention can happen at both the supply size, with better enforcement of environmental protections, and at the demand side, such as an increasing regulation of trade as part of the international

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Ola-Adams, B. A. (1983). Effect of logging on Residual Stands of a Lowland Rainforest of Omo Forest Reserve, Nigeria. Paper presented at the 4th annual Conference of science Association of Nigeria, University of Ibadan,

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For further details on illegal logging, see: Duncan Brack and Gavin Hayman (2001) Intergovernmental Actions on Illegal Logging. Royal Institute of International Affairs; Duncan Brack, Gavin Hayman and Kevin Gray (2002)

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International in 2002 shows that in Africa, rates of illegal logging vary from 50% for Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea to 70% in Gabon and 80% in Liberia – where revenues from the timber industry also fuelled the civil

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Okunola, R.A and Ikuomola, A.D (2010). The Socio-Economic Implication of Climate Change, Desert Encroachment and Communal Conflicts in Northern Nigeria. American Journal of Social and Management Sciences.. Vol. 1(2):

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their capacity to invest in sustainable development. The economic and social consequences disproportionately affect the poor and disadvantaged, resulting in the loss of millions of dollars in timber revenue annually.

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A Greenpeace investigation published in May 2014 demonstrates that EU Timber Regulation is ineffective if fraudulent paperwork is accepted at face value and there is not sufficient enforcement by EU authorities.

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Martin, E. and Vigne, L. (2011) The Ivory Dynasty: A report on the soaring demand for elephant and mammoth ivory in southern China London: Elephant Family, The Aspinall Foundation and Columbus Zoo and Aquarium.

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in September 2001. The Conference brought together nearly 150 participants from 20 countries, representing government, international organizations, NGOs, and the private sector. The event was co-hosted by the

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Patterson N, Okafor O, Williams D (2006). “Globalization and employment Generation” Evaluating the impact of trade on Aggregate employment in Nigeria’s In Industrial Sector” NES 2006 Annual Conference Nigeria

1316:, providing examples of good practices in the region's traceability systems, which help prevent illegal logging by tracking timber from its forest of origin throughout its journey along the supply chain. 1264:

To facilitate the traceability of timber products, economic operators in this part of the supply chain (referred to as traders in the regulation) have an obligation to keep records of their suppliers and

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Due to the size and scope of Burma's forests, it is difficult for government organisations like Forest Department to regulate logging. There is a high demand for timber from Myanmar's neighbours–notably

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investigations in the Brazilian state of Pará reveal just how deeply rooted the problem remains. No reliable legal chain of custody exists for mahogany, and the key players in its trade are ruthless.

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Most of the laundering was reportedly done through the creation of fake or inflated creditos florestais, a document that defines how much timber a landowner is entitled to extract from his property.

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Alamu, L. O. and Agbeja, B. O. (2011), Deforestation and endangered indigenous tree species in South-West Nigeria. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation Vol. 3(7), pp. 291-297

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on 5 October 2006. The fires occur annually in the dry season (August–October), caused mainly by land-clearing and other agricultural fires, but fires escape control and burn into forests and

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Illegal logging is a pervasive problem, causing enormous damage to forests, local communities, and the economies of producer countries. The EU, as a major timber importer, has implemented the

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The Saint Petersburg conference brought together nearly 300 participants representing 43 governments, the private sector, civil society, and international organizations. It agreed to the

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have also played a role. However, public scrutiny has put significant pressure on shipping companies involved in the trade, and the United States is starting to enforce the

912:–who have depleted their forests much more than Myanmar. As a result, numerous illegal logging operations have sprung up near the Thai-Burmese border and in the province of 3045: 2110: 2270: 4611: 2443:

Annual report 2003 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the EC Development Policy and the implementation of External Assistance in 2002

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has blamed the destruction of Thailand's forested areas on the greed of some state officials. This is evident in places such as large protected swathes of northern

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illegal, and that Indonesia's Supreme Audit Agency determined that less than 20% of the nation's palm oil operations complied with national laws and regulations.

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is missing. Scientific methods to pinpoint the geographic origin of timber are currently under development. Possible actions to restrict imports cannot meet with

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estimates that 80% of logging operations are illegal in Bolivia and 42% in Colombia, 10 while in Peru, illegal logging constitutes 80% of all activities.

1095:. Tanjung Puting National Park is a 4,000-square-kilometre conservation area of global importance. It is recognized as a world biosphere reserve by the 718:

the market when the trade windows open and prices are high. Over 350,000 trees were illegally felled in Madagascar between 2010 and 2015, according to

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Case Study on the Development and Implementation of Guidelines for the Control of Illegal Logging with a view to Sustainable Forest Management in Peru

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investigation confirmed that Korindo was receiving illegal timber from notorious timber barons known to obtain timber from an orang-utan refuge – the

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affects those European companies, especially the small and medium-sized companies that are behaving responsibly and ready to play by fair rules.

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announced its intention to host the ENA FLEG process, supported by the World Bank. A preparatory conference was held in Moscow in June 2005.

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states that illegal logging accounts for up to 30% of the global logging trade and contributes to more than 50% of tropical deforestation in

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firm, Adelin Lis, alleged for illegal logging further galvanised public opinion and drew criticisms at the Indonesian political institution.

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Illegal logging continues in Thailand. This photograph was taken from the roadside in Mae Wang District, Chiang Mai Province, in March 2011.

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has begun, local people have turned to the forests for resources in desperation, and poaching of endangered wildlife has escalated.

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as well as killed for food. Even the most critically endangered species have been targeted, primarily to feed a growing demand for

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expanded its protection to a broader range of plants and plant products (Section 8204. Prevention of Illegal Logging Practices).

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It prohibits the placing on the EU market for the first time of illegally harvested timber and products derived from such timber;

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Talbott, Kirk; Melissa Brown (1998). "Forest Plunder in Southeast Asia: An Environmental Security Nexus in Burma and Cambodia".

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Central Africa: Organized Crime Trade Worth Over U.S. $ 30 Billion, Responsible for Up to 90 Percent of Tropical Deforestation

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Between 50% and 90% of logging from the key countries in these regions is being carried out by organised criminal entities.

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Once on the market, the timber and timber products may be sold on and/or transformed before they reach the final consumer.

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the eight VPA countries in West and Central Africa, the European Forest Institute's (EFI) EU FLEGT Facility and the

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Indonesia-UK Tropical Forestry Management Programme (1999) Illegal Logging in Indonesia. ITFMP Report No. EC/99/03

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It requires EU traders who place timber products on the EU market for the first time to exercise 'due diligence';

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enforcement in relation to governance, forest policy and forest management as well as ministerial engagement.

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Lack of regulations has led to unbridled and destructive logging that has caused environmental damage such as

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means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission, or from a protected area; the cutting down of

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The Forest Issue in Cambodia : Current Situation and Problems : An Analysis Based on Field Research

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country is illegal in some way. Malaysia is the key transit country for illegal wood products from Indonesia.

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and other charges, and fraudulent certification. These acts are often referred to as "wood laundering".

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by investigating companies with suspected involvement in the illegal trade of Malagasy precious woods.

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Rademeyer, J. (2012) Killing for Profit: Exposing the illegal rhino horn trade. Cape Town: Zebra Press

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The Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) process in Central and West Africa: from theory to practice

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The Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) process in Central and West Africa: from theory to practice

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Nearly 80% of the area logged in Pará between August 2011 and July 2012 was harvested illegally.

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have contributed to deforestation by allowing illegal logging and illegal timber trading. King

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Saint Petersburg Declaration on Forest Law Enforcement and Governance in Europe and North Asia

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found that 93% of all timber exported from Mozambique to China in 2013 was done so illegally.

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Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010

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Report: Illicit Harvest, Complicit Goods: The State of Illegal Deforestation for Agriculture

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Illegal logging is driven by a number of economic forces, such as demand for raw materials,

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Illegality may also occur during transport, such as illegal processing and export (through

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Natural Forest Benefits and Economic Analysis of Natural Forest Conversion in Cambodia

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Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade - Dimensions, Drivers, Impacts and Responses

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Tony Waters, The Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture, p. 3. Lexington Books (2007)

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Cassie Dummett, Arthur Blundell, Kerstin Canby, Michael Wolosin, and Eszter Bodnar,

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Signs of illegal timber poaching on the boundary of the protected area around the

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Controlling the International Trade in Illegally Logged Timber and Wood Products

1507: 730: 35: 4284: 1881: 1645:"People Fixing the World: Is your wood from a legal source? This test can tell" 1620: 1595: 776:, the most well-known faunal group from the island, have been captured for the 704:. Historically, logging and exporting in Madagascar have been regulated by the 4921: 3979: 3974: 3700: 3321: 1876:

Anonymous. 2018. "Rosewood democracy in the political forests of Madagascar."

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Malaysia is the key transit country for illegal wood products from Indonesia.

677: 565: 459: 331: 306: 229: 145: 1973: 4647: 3862: 3840: 3741: 3683: 3583: 3428: 3299: 3165: 2247: 2245: 1644: 1596:"Tree sleuths are using DNA tests and machine vision to crack timber crimes" 1169: 990: 777: 751: 490: 321: 4112: 3074: 2966:

Ravenel, Ramsay M.; Ilmi M. E. Granoff; Carrie A. Magee (18 January 2005).

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presented the EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Action Plan (

2372:"'More valuable than gold': Thailand's fight to save the Siamese Rosewood" 1857:

Zhu, Annah. 2017. "Rosewood Occidentalism and Orientalism in Madagascar."

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Partners in Mahogany Crime: Amazon at the mercy of gentlemen’s agreements

2341:"Thailand's green cover in slow decline as 40% goal remains out of reach" 2070:

Illegal Logging in Indonesia: The Environmental Economic and Social Costs

1439:"Dawn timber-laundering raids cast doubt on 'sustainable' Brazilian wood" 1099:

and forms the largest protected area of swamp forest in South-East Asia.

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globally is illegal, especially in open and vulnerable areas such as the

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Harvest, transportation, purchase, or sale of timber in violation of laws

1872: 1870: 1841:"TRAFFIC - Wildlife Trade News - Tanzania's disappearing timber revenue" 4803: 4098: 3932: 3828: 3798: 3793: 3781: 3771: 3756: 3309: 1331: 1189: 714: 569: 561: 505: 326: 4149: 2711:"Forestry crime: targeting the most lucrative of environmental crimes" 1825:

The features of illegal logging and related trade in Baltic Sea region

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has had many secondary effects, beyond the risk of depletion of rare,

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FAO-EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Programme

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In response to growing concerns over illegal logging and advice from

1310:. In 2016, the FAO-EU FLEGT Programme published an additional study, 1160:

The conference took place as the United Kingdom prepared to pass the

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Illegal logging: law enforcement, livelihoods and the timber trade

2740:"Protecting the Environment with Intelligence – EIA International" 2409:

Illegal tropical timber trade: Asia Pacific. TRAFFIC International

1179: 1106: 909: 836: 773: 701: 648: 580: 458:. The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including using 131: 2509:

WWF International (2002) The Timber Footprint of the G8 and China

1115:'s environmental police, in the fight against illegal logging in 3877: 3852: 3526: 1201: 4600: 4153: 3084: 1041:

is at least 20%, reaching up to 50% in its far eastern regions.

882:

transmigration projects undertaken by the Indonesian government

3069: 2876:"The Stolen Forests: Inside the covert war on illegal logging" 2687:"Beetle ForTech high-tech QR codes to beat illegal wood trade" 2473: 1334:

and other organisations, on 22 May 2008, the U.S. amended the

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on the black market, illegal logging is unlikely to disappear.

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Profiting from Plunder: How Malaysia Smuggles Endangered Wood

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Stokke, Kristian; Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2018)

2098:

Profiting from Plunder: How Malaysia Smuggles Endangered Wood

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Illegal logging in the tropics: strategies for cutting crime

1402:

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

1313:

Traceability: a management tool for business and governments

729:

of these tropical hardwoods, particularly rosewood from the

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Europe and North Asia Forest Law Enforcement and Governance

3042:(IUFRO)-led Global Forest Expert Panels (GFEP) initiative 2254:

Logging Burma's Frontier Forests: Resources and the Regime

2252:

Brunner, Jake; Kirk Talbott; Chantal Elkin (August 1998).

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which can drive larger-scale environmental crises such as

2807:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

2792: This article incorporates text available under the 2211:"Tackling Political Corruption to Combat Illegal Logging" 1213:. The meeting included detailed technical discussions of 1164:

Presidency to Russia. As Valery Roshchupkin, Head of the

2111:"Indonesia's Sinar Mas Accused of Illegal Land Clearing" 1917: 1767:"The Amazon's Silent Crisis: The EU Market and the EUTR" 1918:"ITTO | The International Tropical Timber Organization" 1299:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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was adopted in 2010 and went into effect 3 March 2013.

2196:

William D. Sunderlin and Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo:

2096:

Environmental Investigation Agency and Telepak (2004)

2113:. The Jakarta Globe. 10 December 2009. Archived from 1196:

The East Asia Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (

733:, has escalated significantly since the start of the 450:

is the harvest, transportation, purchase, or sale of

3040:

International Union of Forest Research Organizations

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United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

4788: 4700: 4638: 4496: 4466: 4391: 4328: 4292: 4240: 3900: 3732: 3574: 3265: 3175: 2904:"U.S. Department of Agriculture Lacey Act Guidance" 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2460: 2458: 2421:Natural Resources and Law Enforcement in Indonesia 1146:, Russia on 22–25 November 2005. In May 2004, the 926:, river contamination, and increased flooding. In 831:Deforestation in Indonesia § Illegal land clearing 1166:Federal Forestry Agency of the Russian Federation 2994:. Congressional Research Service. Archived from 2228:Environmental Change and Security Project Report 2139:. The Jakarta Post. 22 June 2011. Archived from 2001:https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/ng/ng-nr-05-en.pdf 981:and that have been deforested even while having 601:, and is frequently associated with corruption, 1922:ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization 845:picture of thick smoke hung over the island of 2906:. USDA APHIS. October 26, 2011. Archived from 2540:The Peruvian Environmental Law Society (2003) 2339:Panyasuppakun, Kornrawee (11 September 2018). 1863:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.08.010 1714: 1712: 1693: 1691: 4612: 4165: 3096: 1130:Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Program 428: 8: 3077:on investigations related to illegal logging 2954:EIA and Telapak Indonesia (September 2001). 1882:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.06.014 1813:Illegal forestry and Estonian timber exports 1280:Africa Forest Law Enforcement and Governance 3064:European Commission page on illegal logging 1802:. Royal Institute of International Affairs. 1761: 1759: 1297:In 2014, the FAU-EU-FLEGT Programme of the 960:Deforestation in Thailand § Illegal logging 942:Deforestation in Cambodia § Illegal logging 4619: 4605: 4597: 4172: 4158: 4150: 3103: 3089: 3081: 2639:"Timber - Species we work with at TRAFFIC" 1997:Nigeria Fifth National Biodiversity Report 1894:"Timber - Species we work with at TRAFFIC" 1340:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 897:Deforestation in Myanmar § Illegal logging 435: 421: 151: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 1738:"Havocscope Illegal Logging Market Value" 1619: 1544: 985:status. Given that a mature, 30 year-old 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 2989:"Illegal Logging: Background and Issues" 2874:Khatchadourian, Rafi (October 6, 2008). 2555:The Timber Footprint of the G8 and China 2531:World Bank (2004) Forest Law Enforcement 1999:, 2014. Accessed on 11th October, 2023. 1829:The Timber Footprint of the G8 and China 3075:Environmental Investigation Agency page 2987:Sheikh, Pervaze A., ed. (9 June 2008). 2898: 2896: 2578:Illegal Logging Trade Decimates Forests 1429: 1200:) Ministerial Conference took place in 293: 252: 211: 175: 159: 4900:Land use, land-use change and forestry 2200:, in CIFOR Occasional Paper no.9, 1996 676:Illegal logging has been a problem in 266:International environmental agreements 2268:Myanmar: A Political Economy Analysis 1959: 1957: 1286:) Ministerial Conference was held in 1247:with timber producing countries. The 1142:) Ministerial Conference was held in 768:trees. Habitats have been disturbed, 7: 4968:International forestry organizations 4849:Managed intensive rotational grazing 2314:"King says greed a factor in floods" 2137:"88 percent of logging illegal: ICW" 1221:at the national and regional level. 1046:United Nations Environment Programme 965:Governmental officials in charge of 286:Supranational environmental agencies 58:adding citations to reliable sources 4028: 2961:. Environmental Information Agency. 4725:Soil retrogression and degradation 2494:Environmental Investigation Agency 1377:Environmental Investigation Agency 1326:Deforestation in the United States 1037:estimates that illegal logging in 859:United Nations Environment Program 680:for decades and is perpetuated by 25: 4963:Environmental issues with forests 3377:Global Forest Information Service 3058:Food and Agriculture Organization 2566:WWF press release, 30 March 2004. 2299:Hansen, Kasper K., and Neth Top. 2172:"INECE Newsletter – 16th Edition" 2072:. BlueGreen Alliance, April 2010. 1437:Jonathan Watts (24 August 2015). 1172:, also held in Saint Petersburg. 1011:In Brazil, 80% of logging in the 491:fraudulent declaration to customs 4880:Forest Landscape Integrity Index 4691: 4658:Deforestation and climate change 4567: 4566: 4283: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4111: 4097: 4083: 4069: 4055: 4041: 4027: 2787: 1974:"Forest Governance and Legality" 1669:Marc, Jenny (27 November 2019). 1367:Deforestation and climate change 1249:European Union Timber Regulation 1245:Voluntary Partnership Agreements 977:that were formerly covered with 958:This section is an excerpt from 940:This section is an excerpt from 895:This section is an excerpt from 829:This section is an excerpt from 641:This section is an excerpt from 523:European Union Timber Regulation 167: 34: 4895:Land surface effects on climate 4134: 1811:Estonian Green Movement (2004) 1699:"TRAFFIC - Wildlife Trade News" 1643:Kenny, Richard (10 June 2019). 1594:Irwin, Aisling (3 April 2019). 1413:United Nations Forum on Forests 708:, although the logging of rare 597:of forest resources undermines 184:Environmental impact assessment 45:needs additional citations for 4800:Arid Lands Information Network 1978:Forest Governance and Legality 1823:WWF Latvia (2003)</rev> 735:2009 Malagasy political crisis 399:Right to a healthy environment 1: 1519:Kagawa A, Leavitt SW (2010). 1392:Illegal logging in Madagascar 1372:Environmental impact of roads 643:Illegal logging in Madagascar 271:Environmental laws by country 2256:. World Resources Institute. 2209:Transparency International: 1397:List of environmental issues 1093:Tanjung Puting National Park 688:. Often taking the form of 4829:Farmer-managed regeneration 2370:Land, Graham (2016-01-08). 2174:. Inece.org. Archived from 1827:; WWF International (2002) 1569:"Germany's wood detectives" 5014: 3488:Growth and yield modelling 2857:"Home - EU FLEGT Facility" 1621:10.1038/d41586-019-01035-7 1382:European Anti-Fraud Office 1323: 1228: 1127: 1044:A 2012 joint study by the 957: 939: 894: 828: 727:unsustainable exploitation 640: 4839:Great Green Wall (Africa) 4689: 4562: 4281: 4215:Universities and colleges 4188: 4062:Earth sciences portal 4048:Climate change portal 4023: 3629:Great Green Wall (Africa) 3118: 2553:WWF International (2002) 1546:10.1007/s10086-009-1085-6 656:is illegally logged from 484:environmental degradation 404:War and environmental law 312:Climate change litigation 204:Environmental cleanup law 4998:Deforestation in Nigeria 4993:Organized crime activity 4844:Great Green Wall (China) 4715:Historic desertification 4250:Central African Republic 3634:Great Green Wall (China) 3207:Close to nature forestry 3070:Forest Legality Alliance 2933:Monbiot, George (1991). 2809:"EU FAO FLEGT programme" 2691:European Investment Bank 1720:"TRAFFIC - Timber trade" 1026:Research carried out by 760:Logging in Madagascar's 349:Environmental personhood 281:Environmental ministries 136:Stockpile and export of 4890:Intact forest landscape 4663:Deforestation by region 3668:Million Tree Initiative 2433:Revised Forest Strategy 2407:Debra Callister (1992) 1776:. Green Peace. May 2014 1525:Journal of Wood Science 1387:Environmental vandalism 1211:Government of Indonesia 989:tree can fetch 300,000 662:Marojejy national parks 4824:Ecological engineering 4090:Environment portal 3522:Sustainable management 3417:Trillion Tree Campaign 3006:Tacconi, Luca (2007). 1193: 1120: 854: 673: 599:international security 586: 276:Environmental lawsuits 261:Environmental journals 149: 4905:List of global issues 4015:Wood process engineer 3719:Urban forest inequity 3060:of the United Nations 3012:. London: Earthscan. 2773:. European Commission 2213:, Project paper, 2011 1183: 1110: 1070:A study conducted by 885:conservation efforts. 840: 670:2009 political crisis 652: 584: 389:Public trust doctrine 354:Environmental justice 212:Natural resources law 176:Pollution control law 135: 4973:Forest certification 4809:Conservation grazing 3678:Shifting cultivation 3619:Forest fragmentation 3589:Carbon sequestration 3459:Woodland Carbon Code 3424:Forest certification 3332:Even-aged management 3247:Sustainable forestry 2910:on February 15, 2012 2273:28 July 2020 at the 1878:Political Geography. 1506:presentation by Dr. 1301:published the study 1231:EU FLEGT Action Plan 1117:Indigenous territory 762:tropical rainforests 668:occurring after the 664:, with the heaviest 199:Waste management law 54:improve this article 18:Illegal timber trade 4988:Illegal occupations 4958:Environmental crime 4834:Flexible Mechanisms 4673:Mountaintop removal 4210:Research institutes 3483:Formally designated 3327:Ecological thinning 3237:Plantation forestry 3145:Research institutes 3048:based on the report 2767:"Timber Regulation" 2496:and Telapak (2004) 2376:Asian Correspondent 1744:on November 5, 2012 1612:2019Natur.568...19I 1537:2010JWSci..56..175K 1308:European Commission 1237:European Commission 1111:Agents from IBAMA, 801:environmental crime 748:musical instruments 743:Chinese expatriates 706:Malagasy government 611:human rights abuses 482:and other forms of 337:Environmental crime 317:Earth jurisprudence 253:Reference materials 225:Water resources law 155:Part of a series on 4720:Moisture recycling 4076:Ecology portal 3609:Forest degradation 3604:Ecosystem services 3212:Community forestry 2939:. Michael Joseph. 2518:Greenpeace (2001) 2431:World Bank (2002) 2395:2018-09-11 at the 2117:on 4 February 2013 1194: 1148:Russian Federation 1121: 971:Bhumibol Adulyadej 855: 674: 620:unfair competition 587: 554:Russian Federation 495:avoidance of taxes 302:Administrative law 220:Species protection 150: 4978:Forest governance 4930: 4929: 4910:Natural landscape 4594: 4593: 4220:Technical schools 4147: 4146: 4104:Plants portal 3890:green woodworking 3019:978-1-84407-348-1 2979:978-1-56022-117-3 2863:. 5 October 2023. 2744:EIA International 2466:"Protect forests" 2286:Ikunaga, Meguri. 2178:on 7 January 2008 1235:In May 2003, the 690:selective logging 593:Furthermore, the 476:biodiversity loss 464:protected species 445: 444: 364:International law 194:Water quality law 161:Environmental law 130: 129: 122: 104: 69:"Illegal logging" 16:(Redirected from 5005: 4873:Related articles 4695: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4598: 4570: 4569: 4529:Papua New Guinea 4497:Central agencies 4287: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4151: 4137: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4118:Trees portal 4116: 4115: 4102: 4101: 4088: 4087: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4031: 4030: 3752:Forest gardening 3709:Timber recycling 3656:Invasive species 3544:Tree measurement 3105: 3098: 3091: 3082: 3023: 3002: 3001:on 28 June 2011. 3000: 2993: 2983: 2962: 2960: 2950: 2936:Amazon Watershed 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2815:. 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quality law 142:illegal logging 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5011: 5009: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4953:World forestry 4950: 4945: 4935: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4732: 4730:Water scarcity 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4683:Slash-and-char 4680: 4678:Slash-and-burn 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4472: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4446:United Kingdom 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4334: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4246: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4154: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4131: 4121: 4107: 4093: 4079: 4065: 4051: 4037: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4005:Timber cruiser 4002: 4000:Shingle weaver 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3838: 3836:Rail transport 3833: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3777:pulp and paper 3774: 3769: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3747:Forest farming 3744: 3738: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3695:slash-and-char 3692: 3690:slash-and-burn 3687: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3614:Forest dieback 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3287: 3282: 3276: 3274: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3259: 3257:Urban forestry 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3029: 3028:External links 3026: 3025: 3024: 3018: 3003: 2984: 2978: 2963: 2951: 2945: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2892: 2880:The New Yorker 2866: 2848: 2829: 2799: 2749: 2731: 2702: 2678: 2654: 2630: 2599: 2568: 2559: 2546: 2533: 2524: 2511: 2502: 2486: 2454: 2445: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2362: 2351:on 9 June 2019 2331: 2305: 2292: 2279: 2259: 2241: 2215: 2202: 2189: 2163: 2154: 2143:on 25 May 2013 2128: 2102: 2089: 2074: 2068:Jake Schmidt, 2061: 2051: 2041: 2032: 2023: 2013: 2004: 1989: 1965: 1953: 1943: 1933: 1909: 1885: 1880:Available at: 1866: 1861:Available at: 1850: 1832: 1816: 1804: 1790: 1755: 1729: 1708: 1687: 1661: 1635: 1586: 1560: 1531:(3): 175–183. 1511: 1483: 1458: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1362: 1359: 1324:Main article: 1321: 1318: 1275: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1229:Main article: 1226: 1225:European Union 1223: 1177: 1174: 1125: 1122: 1104: 1101: 1097:United Nations 1084: 1083: 1075: 1068: 1065: 1054:Central Africa 1042: 1032: 1024: 1017: 1009: 999: 996: 964: 956: 954: 951: 946: 938: 936: 933: 918:Chinese border 901: 893: 891: 888: 835: 827: 825: 822: 820: 819:Southeast Asia 817: 791: 788: 770:illegal mining 647: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 615:climate change 578: 575: 550:Southeast Asia 546:Central Africa 536: 533: 518: 515: 480:climate change 443: 442: 440: 439: 432: 425: 417: 414: 413: 412: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 379:Law of the sea 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 345: 344: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 307:Bankruptcy law 304: 296: 295: 294:Related topics 291: 290: 289: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 255: 254: 250: 249: 248: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 214: 213: 209: 208: 207: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 178: 177: 173: 172: 164: 163: 157: 156: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5010: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4859:Reforestation 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4796:Afforestation 4794: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4710:Aridification 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4653:Deforestation 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4640:Deforestation 4637: 4633: 4629: 4628:Deforestation 4622: 4617: 4615: 4610: 4608: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4555: 4554:United States 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4320:United States 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4198:deforestation 4196: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4182: 4175: 4170: 4168: 4163: 4161: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4140: 4132: 4130: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3995:Rubber tapper 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3923:Choker setter 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3762:Manufacturing 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3599:Deforestation 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3575:Environmental 3573: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3476:reforestation 3474: 3472: 3471:afforestation 3469: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280:Arboriculture 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3232:Permaforestry 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2972:. Routledge. 2971: 2970: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2819:on 2016-04-26 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2721:on 2023-03-31 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2619: 2618:AllAfrica.com 2615: 2611: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2588: 2587:AllAfrica.com 2584: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2476:on 2014-01-04 2475: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2382:on 2018-09-11 2381: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2332: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2055: 2052: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1990: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1944: 1937: 1934: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1775: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1662: 1650: 1646: 1639: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1472: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1430: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1320:United States 1319: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1271: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1192:, Philippines 1191: 1187: 1186:Cagua Volcano 1182: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1004: 997: 992: 988: 984: 983:national park 980: 979:virgin forest 976: 972: 968: 961: 952: 943: 934: 929: 925: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 898: 889: 883: 878: 874: 870: 866: 863: 860: 852: 848: 844: 839: 832: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 802: 796: 789: 783: 782:delicacy food 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 757: 753: 749: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 721: 716: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 644: 635: 630: 625: 623: 621: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 595:illegal trade 591: 583: 576: 574: 571: 567: 563: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 534: 532: 529: 524: 516: 514: 512: 507: 503: 502:land grabbing 498: 496: 492: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 468:deforestation 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 438: 433: 431: 426: 424: 419: 418: 416: 415: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 359:Insurance law 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 343: 340: 339: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 298: 297: 292: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 257: 256: 251: 246: 243: 241: 240:Fisheries law 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 217: 216: 215: 210: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 180: 179: 174: 170: 166: 165: 162: 158: 154: 153: 147: 143: 139: 134: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 4914: 4854:Oasification 4667: 4579:by continent 4571: 4230:Timber mafia 4224: 4193:Forest areas 4109: 4095: 4081: 4067: 4053: 4039: 4032: 4010:Tree planter 3990:Resin tapper 3970:Truck driver 3965:River driver 3714:Tree hugging 3699: 3682: 3649:timber mafia 3643: 3639:High grading 3624:Ghost forest 3594:Clearcutting 3517:Silviculture 3493:Horticulture 3337:Fire ecology 3252:Urban forest 3227:Mycoforestry 3187: 3183:Agroforestry 3164: 3157: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3131:Forest areas 3129: 3122: 3046:Policy Brief 3033: 3008: 2996:the original 2968: 2934: 2912:. 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