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While immortalised cell lines often originate from a well-known tissue type, they have undergone significant mutations to become immortal. This can alter the biology of the cell and must be taken into consideration in any analysis. Further, cell lines can change genetically over multiple passages,
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that can, in turn, be propagated indefinitely. This allows an analysis to be repeated many times on genetically identical cells, which is desirable for repeatable scientific experiments. The alternative, performing an analysis on primary cells from multiple tissue donors, does not have this
319:
and overgrown by other, more aggressive cells. For example, supposed thyroid lines were actually melanoma cells, supposed prostate tissue was actually bladder cancer, and supposed normal uterine cultures were actually breast cancer.
264:) cells. The main advantage of using an immortal cell line for research is its immortality; the cells can be grown indefinitely in culture. This simplifies analysis of the biology of cells that may otherwise have a limited lifetime.
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There are several examples of immortalised cell lines, each with different properties. Most immortalised cell lines are classified by the cell type they originated from or are most similar to biologically
220:
controls, leading to uncontrolled proliferation. Immortalised cell lines have undergone similar mutations, allowing a cell type that would normally not be able to divide to be proliferated
117:. The mutations required for immortality can occur naturally or be intentionally induced for experimental purposes. Immortal cell lines are a very important tool for research into the
228:
human cells – are from naturally occurring cancers. HeLa, the first immortal human cell line on record to be successfully isolated and proliferated by a laboratory, was taken from
336:, a line derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a 31-year-old African-American mother of five, who died of cancer on October 4, 1951.
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Bodnar AG, Ouellette M, Frolkis M, Holt SE, Chiu CP, Morin GB, et al. (January 1998). "Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells".
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leading to phenotypic differences among isolates and potentially different experimental results depending on when and with what strain isolate an experiment is conducted.
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Immortalised cell lines find use in biotechnology, where they are a cost-effective way of growing cells similar to those found in a multicellular organism
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There are various immortal cell lines. Some of them are normal cell lines (e.g. derived from stem cells). Other immortalised cell lines are the
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Isolation from a naturally occurring cancer. This is the original method for generating an immortalised cell line. A major example is human
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Maqsood MI, Matin MM, Bahrami AR, Ghasroldasht MM (October 2013). "Immortality of cell lines: challenges and advantages of establishment".
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Introduction of a viral gene that partially deregulates the cell cycle (e.g., the adenovirus type 5 E1 gene was used to immortalise the
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Immortalised cell lines are widely used as a simple model for more complex biological systems – for example, for the analysis of the
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136:, which can also divide indefinitely, but form a normal part of the development of a multicellular organism.
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Henle W, Henle G (1980). "Epidemiologic aspects of
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated diseases".
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and instead can keep undergoing division. The cells can therefore be grown for prolonged periods
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that normally cannot divide undergoes mutations that cause deregulation of the normal
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cell line derived from a spontaneous mutation in cultured mouse embryo tissue.
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CellBank
Australia – Australia's national not-for-profit cell line repository
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cells – a widely used human cell line isolated from cervical cancer patient
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of multicellular organisms. Immortalised cell lines have also found uses in
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cells, an example of an immortalised cell line. DIC image, DNA stained with
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876:"Stable long-term cultures of self-renewing B cells and their applications"
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174: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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629:(Paper "Nature Reprint Collection, Technology Features" (Nov 2014)).
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There are several methods for generating immortalised cell lines:
279:. The cells are used for a wide variety of purposes, from testing
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Kwakkenbos MJ, van Helden PM, Beaumont T, Spits H (March 2016).
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Lineage of cells that evades senescence and continues dividing
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Immortalised cell lines can also be cloned, giving rise to a
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that would normally not proliferate indefinitely but, due to
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of compounds or drugs to production of eukaryotic proteins.
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lines, where an antibody-producing B cell is fused with a
224:. The origins of some immortal cell lines – for example,
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An immortalised cell line should not be confused with
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cell line that arose by spontaneous immortalisation
30:
574:"Cell lines: Valuable tools or useless artifacts"
940:Cellosaurus – a knowledge resource on cell lines
376:, specifically used for generating immortalised
8:
370:ends during DNA replication in eukaryotes.
790:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
454:cell line isolated from a case of leukemia
55:
36:
901:
891:
695:
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311:Many cell lines that are widely used for
190:Learn how and when to remove this message
140:Relation to natural biology and pathology
522:
623:"Cell-line authentication demystified"
362:required for immortality, for example
78:
27:
533:Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, the
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172:adding citations to reliable sources
42:Scanning electron micrograph of an
802:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb27975.x
572:Kaur G, Dufour JM (January 2012).
14:
935:American Type Culture Collection
512:Conditionally Immortalised cells
507:List of breast cancer cell lines
434:– derived from human fetal cells
415:– derived from a cancer patient
292:Changes from nonimmortal origins
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307:List of contaminated cell lines
159:needs additional citations for
497:, knowledge base of cell lines
366:which prevents degradation of
301:Contamination with other cells
1:
853:10.1126/science.279.5349.349
697:10.1126/science.347.6225.938
444:-derived carcinoma cell line
212:cells. Cancer occurs when a
670:Neimark J (February 2015).
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721:Cell Biology International
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49:cell. Zeiss Merlin HR-SEM.
18:
73:
54:
35:
503:, database of cell lines
19:Not to be confused with
960:Cell culture techniques
474:epithelial kidney cells
768:Johns Hopkins Magazine
625:. Technology Feature.
462:North American opossum
460:– derived from female
234:Johns Hopkins Hospital
101:multicellular organism
93:immortalised cell line
75:Anatomical terminology
31:Immortalised cell line
21:biological immortality
880:Immunological Reviews
621:Marx V (April 2014).
388:(B cell cancer) cell.
324:Methods of generation
107:, have evaded normal
470:– derived from male
374:Hybridoma technology
168:improve this article
965:Cellular senescence
845:1998Sci...279..349B
764:"Henrietta's Dance"
688:2015Sci...347..938N
313:biomedical research
109:cellular senescence
95:is a population of
733:10.1002/cbin.10137
640:10.1038/nmeth.2932
590:10.4161/spmg.19885
472:long-nosed potoroo
345:Epstein–Barr virus
893:10.1111/imr.12395
762:Skloot, Rebecca.
543:978-0-307-71253-0
530:Skloot R (2010).
269:clonal population
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536:. Random House.
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127:biotechnology
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771:. Retrieved
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464:kidney cells
452:T lymphocyte
448:Jurkat cells
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317:contaminated
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254:cell biology
250:biochemistry
247:
240:, Maryland.
221:
214:somatic cell
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166:Please help
161:verification
158:
131:
123:cell biology
119:biochemistry
112:
92:
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970:Immortality
495:Cellosaurus
480:– a monkey
380:-producing
354:Artificial
287:Limitations
272:advantage.
260:(including
232:in 1951 at
180:August 2020
975:Senescence
954:Categories
796:: 326–31.
584:(1): 1–5.
518:References
501:IGRhCellID
478:Vero cells
468:Ptk2 cells
450:– a human
442:hepatocyte
438:Huh7 cells
413:A549 cells
407:fibroblast
405:– a mouse
368:chromosome
364:telomerase
356:expression
315:have been
218:cell cycle
134:stem cells
657:205422738
552:974000732
403:3T3 cells
258:mammalian
238:Baltimore
210:cancerous
44:apoptotic
912:26864105
818:30025994
749:14777249
741:23723166
706:25722392
649:24781320
608:22553484
489:See also
458:OK cells
393:Examples
378:antibody
360:proteins
281:toxicity
277:in vitro
222:in vitro
205:in vitro
114:in vitro
105:mutation
903:4755196
861:9454332
841:Bibcode
833:Science
810:6261650
773:5 April
684:Bibcode
676:Science
599:3341241
386:myeloma
358:of key
341:HEK 293
99:from a
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482:kidney
382:B cell
814:S2CID
745:S2CID
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419:tumor
262:human
97:cells
79:[
931:ATCC
908:PMID
857:PMID
806:PMID
775:2021
737:PMID
702:PMID
645:PMID
604:PMID
559:2020
548:OCLC
538:ISBN
423:HeLa
417:lung
334:HeLa
252:and
226:HeLa
121:and
62:HeLa
47:HeLa
898:PMC
888:doi
884:270
849:doi
837:279
798:doi
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256:of
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