172:, or "avatarization of the self". Nakamura concerns herself with the role of women of color integrated, and often undermined, into the circuit of production. In "Indigenous Circuits: Navajo Women and the Racialization of Early Electronic Manufacture" Nakamura draws upon feminist theorist Donna Haraway's
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activities, has been consistently used to discredit the idea of immaterial labor. Critics of the term have argued that, although labor might produce affective and cognitive commodities that can be defined as immaterial labors, it nonetheless is always embodied, maintaining correlates in the physical,
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to understand the role of the production chain and a commodification of Navajo women textile work. This relationship between craft and industrial labor ties into larger concepts of gender stereotypes, surveillance, and the identity politics of globalization. Her historical research lends itself to
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this broader discussion, "They were cited as evidence that digital work—the work of the hand and its digits—could be painlessly transferred from the indigenous cultural context into the world of technological commercial innovation, benefiting both in the process."
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Studies of immaterial labor have included analysis of high-technology industries, although immaterial labor is understood as a concept far pre-dating digital technologies, specifically in the performance of gender and domestic roles, and other aspects of
141:, and flexible licensing agreements, as well as the collapse of copyright amidst the ambiguities of sharing creative works in the digital age, digital care work, and other conditions produced by participation in social environments within the digital,
502:"Global Networks and the Materiality of Immaterial Labor" p. 50-121 in: Wilkie, Robert. 2011. The digital condition: class and culture in the information network. New York: Fordham University Press.
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Feminism adopted discussions of immaterial labor to describe the alienating conditions and labors pertaining to care work, the performance of gender and domestic labor. The social-wage campaign,
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has made it harder for artists and creators to claim authorship of their works, creating an inevitable situation of immaterial labor in the participation in many online platforms.
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platforms and their users have been proposed as a way of minimizing immaterial labor by allowing users to have more control over the use and circulation of the content,
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Rosalind Gill, and Andy Pratt. 2008. "In the Social
Factory? : Immaterial Labour, Precariousness and Cultural Work". Theory, Culture & Society. 25 (7-8): 1-30.
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called for a wage for domestic work amidst the uneven and gendered privatization of the labor of social production, where traditionally feminine roles like
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Post-colonial feminist writer Lisa
Nakamura, and others have described immaterial labor in the performance of online identity, and racial identity and
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68:(Italy) group as a student in Padua in the 1970s, and is a member of the editorial group of the journal Multitudes.
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Nakamura, Lisa. 2008. Digitizing race visual cultures of the
Internet. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
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Autonomist feminists have also taken issue with the use of the word "immaterial" to describe affective and
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Lanoix, Monique. 2013. "Labor as
Embodied Practice: The Lessons of Care Work". Hypatia. 28 (1): 85-100.
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Nakamura, Lisa. 2002. Cybertypes: race, ethnicity, and identity on the
Internet. New York: Routledge.
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Berardi, Franco. 2009. The soul at work: from alienation to autonomy. Los
Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e).
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457:"Marxism and Literature Revisited." Vol. 24. No. 2., Spring, 2009. mediationsjournal.org.
409:"Indigenous Circuits: Navajo Women and the Racialization of Early Electronic Manufacture"
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Themes commonly associated with immaterial labor in the context of the internet include:
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Lazzarato, Maurizio (1996). "Immaterial labor". In Virno, Paolo; Hardt, Michael (eds.).
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The idea of "creative labor" has been analyzed in the context of immaterial labor.
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The concept of immaterial labor was coined by
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The digital touch: Craft-work as immaterial labour and ontological accumulation.
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in his 1996 essay "Immaterial Labor", published as a contribution to
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It has also been argued that the ubiquitous sharing enabled by the
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365:"Hyperemployment or the exhausting work of the technology user."
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Lavoro immateriale. Forme di vita e produzione di soggettivitĂ .
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and edited by Virno and Hardt. It was re-published in 1997 as:
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Consent agreements or contracts between social media and
345:"Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Digital Economy."
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Ephemera: theory and politics in organization. 2010.
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Radical
Thought in Italy : A Potential Politics
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N+1 Magazine. Issue 17, Fall 2013. Dayna
Tortorici.
514:The Society Pages, Cyborgology. November 29, 2013.
481:"Keep on smiling - questions on immaterial labour"
317:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 142–157.
64:(Ombre corte). Lazzarato was a participant in the
548:Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire
563:. Panel with: Maurizio Lazzarato, Judith Revel,
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224:effects of what immaterial labor claims are
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354:Electronic Book Review. June 20, 2003.
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216:Material vs. immaterial labor debate
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567:(Bifo), Antonio Negri. MAZINE.WS
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129:production, which might include
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407:Nakamura, Lisa (2014-12-15).
123:commons-based peer production
512:"Femininity as Technology."
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377:"More Smiles? More Money."
561:Art and immaterial labour
244:and embodied component.
58:Radical Thought in Italy
182:user-generated content
127:user-generated content
327:Lazzarato, Maurizio,
425:10.1353/aq.2014.0070
343:Terranova, Tiziana.
170:identity performance
96:Areas of Application
31:political philosophy
329:"Immaterial Labor."
294:Wages for housework
155:Wages for housework
72:scholars including
581:Political theories
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413:American Quarterly
350:2018-07-21 at the
331:Generation Online.
101:Digital Capitalism
54:Maurizio Lazzarato
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159:Selma James
131:open source
90:Paolo Virno
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596:Autonomism
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47:capitalist
28:Autonomist
441:143975328
433:1080-6490
269:Microwork
242:affective
238:care work
230:affective
226:cognitive
211:Criticism
163:care work
112:cognitive
108:affective
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35:affective
546:. 2004.
348:Archived
248:See also
222:material
190:metadata
149:Feminism
483:. 2007.
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