854:
83:
861:
446:) on the East Coast of the United States opened on January 2, 1892, shortly after the passage of the Immigration Act of 1891. It would be the busiest immigration inspection. Immigrant inspection at Ellis Island was carried out as per the specifications of the Immigration Act of 1891. The medical examination to determine medical excludability (as described in Section 1 of the Act) and detention of migrants with medical conditions were carried out at the
1115:
22:
317:. However, in this case the list needed to be submitted immediately upon arrival and was used to inspect aliens prior to admitting them. The inspectors at ports of entry had the authority to conduct a medical examination of aliens suspected of being unfit or having dangerous diseases, marking the beginning of
368:
In addition to
Sections 10 and 11, that pushed the financial responsibility for deporting an alien onto the vessel or persons who had brought the alien in, other provisions aimed to penalize the abetting of migration. Sections 3 and 4 forbade advertising journeys to migrants as a way of getting jobs,
340:
Section 7 of the 1891 Act created the Office of
Superintendent of Immigration. The new executive or bureaucratic office would comprise three clerks and a superintendent appointed by the president, who all worked under the jurisdiction of the secretary of the treasury. The Superintendent oversaw a new
461:
An Act of
February 14, 1903 transferred the Bureau of Immigration from the Treasury Department to the newly created Department of Commerce and Labor. An "immigrant fund" created from collection of immigrants' head tax financed the Immigration Service until 1909, when Congress replaced the fund with
312:
The Act specified that the officers in charge of any vessel arriving by sea had to submit a list of passengers with their biographical information to the immigration inspectors at the port. Requirements of this sort had been part of United States federal law since the requirement for a manifest of
197:. It was the second major federal legislation related to the mechanisms and authority of immigration enforcement, the first being the Immigration Act of 1882 (there were other, more minor pieces of legislation passed in the 1880s). The law was passed on March 3, 1891, at the end of the term of the
303:
Section 1 of the 1891 Act relisted categories of excludable aliens, adding some new categories. The new types of excludable aliens included persons likely to become public charges, persons suffering from certain contagious disease, felons, persons convicted of other crimes or misdemeanors,
332:. It directed the Secretary of the Treasury to prescribe rules for the enforcement along land borders that would balance the interests of immigration law enforcement with the goal to not obstruct or unnecessarily delay, impede, or annoy passengers in ordinary travel between the countries.
289:(1892), extending the Chinese Exclusion Act for another ten years, and also requiring certificates of residence from existing Chinese to prove that they had entered lawfully (i.e., prior to the Chinese Exclusion Act). Those without certificates of residence could be deported.
349:
An Act of
October 19, 1888 had established the authority to remove migrants who should not have been allowed to enter for up to one year after their arrival. The Immigration Act of 1891 reiterated the authority to remove aliens. The following two provisions were relevant:
354:
Section 10 specified that an alien may be required to depart by the same vessel used for arrival, and the captain or master of the ship was required to cooperate, with a minimum fine of $ 300 for non-cooperation and no permission for departure if a ship had unpaid
238:, passed February 26, 1885, made it unlawful to import aliens into the United States under contract for the performance of labor or services of any kind. It was amended in February 1887 to make it enforceable by the Secretary of the Treasury.
1977:
1947:
244:
Act of
October 19, 1888 stated that any immigrant who had landed in violation of the Alien Contract Labor Law could be expelled within one year of arrival (this would be reiterated in the Immigration Act of 1891, with additional
1962:
1751:
222:
was the first major federal legislation describing a framework for regulation of immigration. The Act allowed for head taxes on certain arriving migrants, and allowed the use of this to fund a federal immigration bureaucracy.
2311:
1447:
241:
Payson Act of 1887 restricted the ownership of real estate in the United States to
American citizens and those who have lawfully declared their intentions to become citizens, with certain specific exceptions.
358:
Section 11 allowed for the deportation of any aliens who had arrived in violation of the laws (i.e., if the alien was in one of the excludable categories) at the expense of whoever facilitated the alien's
1687:
1442:
458:
A congressional act of March 2, 1895 renamed the Office of
Immigration as the Bureau of Immigration and changed the title of superintendent of immigration to commissioner-general of immigration.
2237:
1818:
1152:
1865:
1513:
1457:
1249:
1452:
942:
2182:
415:(also known as the Japanese Immigrant Case) challenged the constitutionality of the provisions to exclude and deport immigrants, arguing that these provisions violated the
1657:
666:
324:
Whereas the
Immigration Act of 1882 had only regulated the coastal borders of the United States, the Immigration Act of 1891 extended this authority to land borders with
1890:
1600:
932:
373:. Section 5 exempted ministers, professors, and others in skilled professions, as well as relatives of United States citizens, from the provisions of Sections 3 and 4.
1926:
1473:
2187:
1803:
1415:
1410:
1145:
882:
1632:
1612:
1396:
406:, and challenged the constitutionality of some provisions of the Immigration Act of 1891. The case was decided against Ekiu and in favor of the United States.
1967:
1957:
2162:
1823:
790:
758:
2197:
1952:
1855:
1595:
1427:
1138:
254:
A parallel set of legislative, executive, and judicial changes was unfolding in the domain of
Chinese exclusion. The key pieces of legislation were:
2177:
1895:
1637:
1189:
947:
828:
1667:
1405:
1401:
779:
1870:
1838:
1662:
1498:
321:
in the United States. Aliens who were detained for a medical examination were still considered to not have formally entered the United States.
516:
2045:
662:
1875:
887:
517:"An act in amendment to the various acts relative to immigration and the imortation of aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor"
93:
An Act in amendment to the various acts relative to immigration and the importation of aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor.
2040:
1375:
1711:
1538:
1478:
952:
833:
823:
818:
1652:
694:
1813:
877:
62:
283:, amending the Chinese Exclusion Act to also ban the re-entry of Chinese laborers who had already been living in the United States.
2010:
1900:
1533:
1310:
1161:
1921:
1916:
2020:
1781:
1719:
1563:
1239:
869:
853:
751:
472:
447:
388:
318:
140:
132:
32:
2172:
1735:
1677:
813:
782:
2306:
2222:
2106:
1972:
1828:
1695:
1672:
1605:
1483:
125:
1553:
996:
968:
902:
892:
719:
198:
102:
2242:
2232:
2217:
2111:
2096:
1992:
1548:
1305:
1254:
1234:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1034:
744:
860:
1982:
1575:
1350:
1118:
1028:
1016:
1345:
82:
2284:
2212:
2035:
1585:
1558:
1493:
1244:
981:
370:
235:
193:, focusing on immigration rules and enforcement mechanisms for foreigners arriving from countries other than
2030:
1437:
1432:
1355:
1340:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1300:
1264:
487:
219:
190:
427:
claim. The case was decided against the
Japanese petitioner Yamataya, and found Yamataya to be deportable.
2278:
1703:
1046:
976:
424:
1765:
1508:
1503:
1269:
1076:
1010:
897:
584:
274:
265:
1130:
690:
2157:
2127:
2101:
2091:
2086:
2076:
1833:
1808:
1070:
912:
838:
314:
1380:
2066:
1773:
1543:
1330:
1194:
1058:
1040:
1022:
843:
808:
523:
631:
231:
Between 1882 and 1891, some other acts governing immigration were passed. The key ones are below:
2071:
1860:
1642:
1064:
609:
480:
439:
416:
411:
2227:
2202:
2081:
2061:
1885:
1728:
1590:
1004:
767:
269:
202:
169:
2192:
2167:
1843:
1274:
1259:
1104:
1097:
937:
555:
280:
259:
2207:
2132:
1360:
1082:
917:
420:
715:
40:
2257:
2247:
2015:
1743:
1370:
277:(1882), banning for ten years the migration of Chinese skilled and unskilled laborers.
2300:
2137:
1758:
1052:
986:
443:
419:
of the United States Constitution. This was the first time the Supreme Court allowed
402:
400:
on May 7, 1891, and was denied entry under the Immigration Act of 1891. She sued for
2262:
2025:
1365:
435:
1978:
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
1488:
1422:
392:. Nishimura Ekiu, a female citizen of Japan, arrived at the United States from
2252:
907:
341:
corps of U.S. immigrant inspectors at the country's principal ports of entry.
1987:
1942:
1335:
1284:
927:
286:
1448:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
262:, that banned forced laborers and women suspected of prostitution from Asia
1880:
1848:
1580:
1570:
393:
144:
2238:
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
1646:
1458:
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
1453:
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
329:
325:
736:
1443:
Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994
397:
194:
1514:
Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)
1134:
740:
1474:
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
304:
polygamists, aliens assisted by others by payment of passage.
15:
2312:
United States federal immigration and nationality legislation
336:
New bureaucratic office to coordinate immigration enforcement
308:
New border procedures and extended authority to land borders
604:
602:
268:
placed a moratorium on migration from China, amending the
44:
201:, and signed into law by then United States President
1479:
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
943:
List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison
2183:
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
2271:
2146:
2120:
2054:
2001:
1935:
1909:
1792:
1686:
1621:
1526:
1466:
1389:
1293:
1227:
1203:
1182:
1169:
995:
961:
868:
801:
150:
131:
121:
116:
108:
97:
89:
667:United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
933:First International Conference of American States
1927:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
364:Penalties and restrictions on abetting migration
454:Changes to structure of immigration bureaucracy
2188:Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
1866:List of people deported from the United States
550:
548:
546:
544:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
1613:Trump administration family separation policy
1146:
752:
8:
1663:Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
663:"Origins of the Federal Immigration Service"
75:
2163:California Coalition for Immigration Reform
2198:Federation for American Immigration Reform
1179:
1153:
1139:
1131:
759:
745:
737:
1973:Uniting American Families Act (2000â2013)
1968:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
1958:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
1901:Unaccompanied minors from Central America
1658:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
1428:Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
450:located in the south side of the island.
63:Learn how and when to remove this message
2178:Center for Migration Studies of New York
1321:Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
1190:Nationality law in the American Colonies
948:1892 United States presidential election
829:1888 United States presidential election
556:"Summary of Immigration Laws, 1875-1918"
250:Related legislation on Chinese exclusion
39:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2112:"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)
1668:Executive Office for Immigration Review
657:
655:
653:
651:
499:
299:Additional classes of excludable aliens
2128:California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
691:"1891: Immigration Inspection Expands"
578:
576:
574:
572:
74:
1376:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)
685:
683:
438:, an immigrant inspection station in
7:
2097:"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
1402:Immigration and Nationality Act 1952
888:Dependent and Disability Pension Act
1783:Department of State v. Muñoz (2024)
1753:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
1638:Immigration and Customs Enforcement
1240:Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)
953:1892 Republican National Convention
834:1888 Republican National Convention
824:1880 Republican National Convention
819:Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site
386:The first challenge to the Act was
1871:MexicoâUnited States border crisis
1653:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
695:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
587:. Immigration to the United States
14:
2092:"Streamline" (2005–present)
1814:Central American migrant caravans
1361:Bracero Program (1942–1964)
878:Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison
716:"NISHIMURA EKIU v. UNITED STATES"
484:: Supreme Court reviewing the act
476:: Supreme Court reviewing the act
43:. Please help Knowledge (XXG) by
1876:MexicoâUnited States border wall
1351:Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
1162:Immigration to the United States
1114:
1113:
859:
852:
632:"An act to regulate immigration"
81:
20:
1633:Department of Homeland Security
1085:(great-great-great grandfather)
1079:(great-great-great grandfather)
522:. March 3, 1891. Archived from
473:Nishimura Ekiu v. United States
448:Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital
389:Nishimura Ekiu v. United States
319:medical exclusion of immigrants
313:immigrants in Section 4 of the
162:in the House as H.R. 13586
35:of non-free copyrighted sources
2173:Center for Immigration Studies
2102:"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
2087:"Front Line" (2004–2005)
1737:Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting
1678:Office of Refugee Resettlement
1433:American Homecoming Act (1989)
814:70th Indiana Infantry Regiment
783:President of the United States
610:"Legal History of Immigration"
1:
2223:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
2067:"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
1829:Eugenics in the United States
1891:Illegal immigrant population
1673:Board of Immigration Appeals
1509:Executive Order 13780 (2017)
1504:Executive Order 13769 (2017)
1397:UN Refugee Convention (1951)
1311:Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
189:, was a modification of the
2107:"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
2082:"Endgame" (2003–2012)
1953:McCain–Kennedy (2005)
1943:DREAM Act (2001–2010)
1922:CanadaâUnited States border
1917:MexicoâUnited States border
1484:H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
1346:TydingsâMcDuffie Act (1934)
903:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
893:51st United States Congress
720:Legal Information Institute
199:51st United States Congress
103:51st United States Congress
2328:
2243:Negative Population Growth
2233:National Immigration Forum
2218:Migration Policy Institute
1993:US Citizenship Act of 2021
1549:Temporary protected status
1331:Emergency Quota Act (1921)
1035:William Henry Harrison III
1576:Security Advisory Opinion
1092:
1073:(great-great-grandfather)
1029:Elizabeth Harrison Walker
1017:Russell Benjamin Harrison
850:
774:
585:"Immigration Act of 1891"
462:an annual appropriation.
155:
80:
2285:Missing in Brooks County
2213:Mexicans Without Borders
1713:US v. Bhagat Singh Thind
1586:National Origins Formula
1270:Chinese Exclusion (1882)
1245:Civil Rights Act of 1866
982:Fort Harrison State Park
371:Alien Contract Labor Law
236:Alien Contract Labor Law
1564:Central American Minors
1494:Secure Fence Act (2006)
1356:Nationality Act of 1940
1306:Naturalization Act 1906
1280:Immigration Act of 1891
1265:Immigration Act of 1882
1255:Naturalization Act 1870
1235:Naturalization Law 1802
1211:Naturalization Act 1790
923:Immigration Act of 1891
488:Immigration Act of 1882
431:Opening of Ellis Island
220:Immigration Act of 1882
214:Immigration Act of 1882
191:Immigration Act of 1882
183:Immigration Act of 1891
76:Immigration Act of 1891
2279:Borderland (TV series)
2133:Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
1606:Unaccompanied children
1381:LuceâCeller Act (1946)
1171:Relevant colonial era,
1047:William Henry Harrison
977:Fort Benjamin Harrison
425:procedural due process
45:rewriting this article
1856:Immigration reduction
1767:Niz-Chavez v. Garland
1371:War Brides Act (1945)
1250:14th Amendment (1868)
1077:Benjamin Harrison III
1011:Mary Dimmick Harrison
898:Sherman Antitrust Act
275:Chinese Exclusion Act
266:Angell Treaty of 1880
2307:1891 in American law
2158:Arizona Border Recon
2138:Alabama HB 56 (2011)
2002:Immigration stations
1936:Proposed legislation
1834:Guest worker program
1809:Brooks County, Texas
1721:US v. Brignoni-Ponce
1438:Immigration Act 1990
1341:Immigration Act 1924
1326:Immigration Act 1918
1316:Immigration Act 1907
1301:Immigration Act 1903
1071:Benjamin Harrison IV
913:General Revision Act
839:Front porch campaign
791:Senator from Indiana
315:Steerage Act of 1819
187:1891 Immigration Act
185:, also known as the
47:with your own words.
2077:"Gatekeeper" (1994)
2004:and points of entry
1896:Reverse immigration
1775:Sanchez v. Mayorkas
1688:Supreme Court cases
1544:Visa Waiver Program
1539:Permanent residence
1366:Magnuson Act (1943)
1195:Plantation Act 1740
1067:(great-grandfather)
1061:(great-grandfather)
1059:Benjamin Harrison V
1041:John Scott Harrison
1023:Mary Harrison McKee
844:Crown Hill Cemetery
809:Berkeley Plantation
345:Authority to deport
151:Legislative history
77:
1861:Immigration reform
1697:US v. Wong Kim Ark
1643:U.S. Border Patrol
1559:Green Card Lottery
1527:Visas and policies
1489:Real ID Act (2005)
1423:Refugee Act (1980)
1175:international laws
1164:and related topics
1105:Grover Cleveland â
1098:â Grover Cleveland
1065:John Cleves Symmes
481:Yamataya v. Fisher
440:Upper New York Bay
417:due process clause
412:Yamataya v. Fisher
209:Historical context
33:close paraphrasing
2294:
2293:
2228:Minuteman Project
2203:Improve The Dream
2121:State legislation
2072:"Babylift" (1975)
2046:Washington Avenue
2041:Sullivan's Island
1963:STRIVE Act (2007)
1886:March for America
1839:Human trafficking
1729:Zadvydas v. Davis
1591:Expedited removal
1522:
1521:
1173:United States and
1128:
1127:
1005:Caroline Harrison
970:Benjamin Harrison
768:Benjamin Harrison
377:Subsequent events
270:Burlingame Treaty
203:Benjamin Harrison
179:
178:
170:Benjamin Harrison
134:Statutes at Large
73:
72:
65:
2319:
2193:Community Change
2168:CASA of Maryland
2148:Non-governmental
2062:"Wetback" (1954)
1988:RAISE Act (2017)
1948:H.R. 4437 (2005)
1336:Cable Act (1922)
1285:Geary Act (1892)
1275:Scott Act (1888)
1180:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1132:
1117:
1116:
938:Baltimore crisis
863:
856:
794:
786:
761:
754:
747:
738:
731:
730:
728:
726:
712:
706:
705:
703:
701:
687:
678:
677:
675:
673:
659:
646:
645:
643:
641:
636:
628:
622:
621:
619:
617:
606:
597:
596:
594:
592:
583:Hester, Torrie.
580:
567:
566:
564:
562:
552:
539:
538:
536:
534:
529:on April 5, 2016
528:
521:
513:
382:Court challenges
281:Scott Act (1888)
260:Page Act of 1875
172:on March 3, 1891
135:
85:
78:
68:
61:
57:
54:
48:
24:
23:
16:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2267:
2208:Mexica Movement
2151:
2149:
2142:
2116:
2050:
2003:
1997:
1983:SAFE Act (2015)
1931:
1905:
1844:Human smuggling
1819:Economic impact
1797:
1795:
1788:
1682:
1626:
1624:
1617:
1518:
1462:
1390:1950–1999
1385:
1294:1900–1949
1289:
1260:Page Act (1875)
1223:
1199:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1129:
1124:
1088:
1083:Robert Carter I
991:
957:
918:McKinley Tariff
864:
858:
857:
848:
797:
789:
778:
770:
765:
735:
734:
724:
722:
714:
713:
709:
699:
697:
689:
688:
681:
671:
669:
661:
660:
649:
639:
637:
634:
630:
629:
625:
615:
613:
608:
607:
600:
590:
588:
582:
581:
570:
560:
558:
554:
553:
542:
532:
530:
526:
519:
515:
514:
501:
496:
468:
456:
433:
421:judicial review
384:
379:
366:
347:
338:
310:
301:
296:
252:
229:
216:
211:
175:
166:Signed into law
133:
98:Enacted by
69:
58:
52:
49:
38:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2258:Save Our State
2255:
2250:
2248:No More Deaths
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:Labor shortage
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:Related issues
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1749:
1745:Barton v. Barr
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
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53:December 2019
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29:This article
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2263:Utah Compact
2026:Ellis Island
2011:Angel Island
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1756: /
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1467:21st century
1404: /
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1228:19th century
1217: /
1213: /
1204:18th century
1183:Colonial era
1112:
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1007:(first wife)
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962:Public image
922:
723:. Retrieved
710:
698:. Retrieved
670:. Retrieved
638:. Retrieved
626:
614:. Retrieved
589:. Retrieved
559:. Retrieved
531:. Retrieved
524:the original
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436:Ellis Island
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165:
159:
59:
50:
30:
2021:East Boston
1705:Ozawa v. US
1534:Visa policy
1499:DACA (2012)
793:(1881â1887)
785:(1889â1893)
2301:Categories
2253:NumbersUSA
2055:Operations
2036:San Ysidro
1796:and events
1623:Government
1037:(grandson)
1031:(daughter)
1025:(daughter)
908:Lodge Bill
870:Presidency
494:References
294:Provisions
227:Other acts
160:Introduced
122:Public law
90:Long title
2031:Otay Mesa
1910:Geography
1596:Detention
972:(Niehaus)
928:Geary Act
725:March 12,
640:March 11,
616:March 11,
287:Geary Act
245:details).
117:Citations
109:Effective
41:talk page
31:contains
1849:Coyotaje
1581:E-Verify
1571:US-VISIT
1119:Category
1043:(father)
700:March 9,
672:March 9,
591:March 9,
561:March 9,
533:March 9,
466:See also
394:Yokohama
139:26
1824:Effects
1777:(2021)
1769:(2021)
1762:(2020)
1747:(2020)
1739:(2011)
1732:(2001)
1723:(1975)
1715:(1923)
1707:(1922)
1699:(1898)
1647:BORTAC
1601:Family
1554:Asylum
997:Family
442:(near
359:entry.
355:fines.
330:Mexico
326:Canada
143:
126:51-551
1019:(son)
635:(PDF)
527:(PDF)
520:(PDF)
423:of a
398:Japan
195:China
145:1084a
141:Stat.
1406:1965
1219:1798
1215:1795
802:Life
780:23rd
727:2016
702:2016
674:2016
642:2016
618:2016
593:2016
563:2016
535:2016
328:and
258:The
218:The
181:The
101:the
2303::
718:.
693:.
682:^
665:.
650:^
601:^
571:^
543:^
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396:,
205:.
1649:)
1645:(
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537:.
66:)
60:(
55:)
51:(
37:.
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