20:
32:
139:
individually to each migration lane. The presence of a monoclonal immunoglobulin results in the appearance of a narrow band after staining complex precipitates. For example, in the case of an IgG lambda, there will be a narrow band, both on the track on which was deposited anti-G and on which has been deposited with the anti-lambda.
138:
The second step is based on the technique used. Immunofixation requires electrophoresis to migrate serum proteins in replicate. Then, specific anti-immunoglobulin antisera are used to treat each replicate. For this, the antisera are not placed in a channel, as in electrophoresis, but they are added
134:
The first step is identical for both techniques. It consists in depositing the immunoglobulins contained in the serum or urine on a gel and then separating the immunoglobulins according to their electrophoretic mobility by making them migrate under the effect of an electric field. This migration
27:. The remainder get solutions with anti-IgG, anti-IgA, anti-IgM, anti-kappa light chain and anti-lambda light chain immunoglobulin, respectively from left to right. Each anti-immunoglobulin solution is artificially colored to ensure that the solution matches the color map at top.
23:
Pipetting anti-immunoglobulins to immunofixation panel. The panel simultaneously tests 4 patients (one in each quadrant). Each patient has 6 electrophoresis panels: The left one is a conventional
203:
Miller, Linda E. (2021). "18, Immunoproliferative
Diseases: Role of the Laboratory in Evaluating Immunoproliferative Diseases". In Miller, Linda E.; Stevens, Christine Dorresteyn (eds.).
119:
The technique consists of depositing a serum (or urine which has been previously concentrated) sample on a gel. After application of an electric current that allows the separation of
159:
it is somewhat more sensitive. Immunofixation may reveal an immunoglobulin missed out by protein electrophoresis, especially at low concentrations (less than 1 gram/litre) ;
295:
1204:
736:
288:
212:
1238:
281:
19:
627:
108:
729:
1183:
622:
127:
are laid upon the gel. It thus appears to be more or less narrow bands on the gel, which are at different immunoglobulins.
565:
24:
107:
Specifically, immunofixation allows the detection of monoclonal antibodies representative of diseases such as myeloma or
914:
135:
depends on the mass and charge of the antigen. Once the immunoglobulins are separated, we can move to the next step.
1377:
1333:
1302:
722:
451:
1178:
79:
174:
Immunofixation is however only sensitive to immunoglobulins and is more expensive than protein electrophoresis.
1231:
789:
104:
mobility. For the purpose of identification, antisera are used that are specific for the targeted antibodies.
1072:
849:
631:
389:
149:
1372:
653:
371:
307:
875:
600:
456:
434:
183:
51:
66:. It is of great importance for the diagnosis and monitoring of certain blood related diseases such as
1350:
1132:
948:
617:
550:
461:
385:
273:
1224:
1127:
1067:
813:
803:
793:
677:
612:
595:
429:
347:
1153:
1045:
497:
1162:
1062:
1005:
545:
311:
208:
31:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
745:
665:
605:
577:
572:
540:
527:
517:
904:
825:
560:
101:
55:
1020:
977:
894:
799:
785:
765:
587:
532:
473:
393:
366:
124:
1366:
1137:
1119:
1057:
1015:
1011:
843:
555:
444:
231:
809:
753:
522:
507:
502:
439:
337:
264:
252:
1168:
1158:
1050:
1001:
938:
919:
879:
868:
836:
259:
247:
59:
90:, precipitation occurs, which may be visible with the naked eye or microscope.
1099:
645:
398:
304:
97:
1104:
1091:
963:
943:
703:
408:
41:- C, D. Monoclonal intact immunoglobulin IgDλ and free light chain λ (Fλ).
1247:
985:
953:
756:
693:
478:
466:
424:
378:
342:
120:
87:
1082:
1025:
958:
698:
512:
361:
332:
83:
67:
1109:
775:
670:
658:
403:
354:
714:
162:
it can be partially automated and can be used in more laboratories;
130:
Immunofixation as immunoelectrophoresis, takes place in two steps:
1324:
1173:
63:
43:
Con. = Conventional electrophoresis staining of the total protein.
30:
18:
1343:
1338:
1312:
1307:
1220:
718:
277:
123:
according to their size, antibodies specific for each type of
1216:
207:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. pp. 358–360.
205:
Clinical
Immunology and Serology: A Laboratory Perspective
35:
Immunofixation electrophoresis, schematic representation:
1295:
1254:
1146:
1118:
1090:
1081:
1038:
994:
976:
929:
902:
893:
858:
823:
773:
764:
752:
686:
644:
586:
487:
417:
325:
318:
86:(Ag) is brought in contact with the corresponding
156:it is faster (results within three hours) ;
1232:
730:
289:
100:in a mixture as a function of their specific
8:
1239:
1225:
1217:
1087:
899:
770:
761:
737:
723:
715:
322:
296:
282:
274:
39:- B. Monoclonal intact immunoglobulin IgGλ
16:Method for detecting monoclonal antibodies
1205:disorders of globin and globulin proteins
195:
165:it is more easily read and interpreted.
7:
50:permits the detection and typing of
14:
148:Immunofixation tends to replace
1184:Extracellular matrix protein 1
623:Immunoglobulin class switching
1:
109:Waldenström macroglobulinemia
25:serum protein electrophoresis
915:Sex hormone-binding globulin
1394:
452:Polyclonal B cell response
267:- "Immunofixation - urine"
255:- "Immunofixation - serum"
1196:
1179:Vitamin D-binding protein
790:Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin
260:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
248:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
1073:7S seed storage protein
850:Retinol binding protein
150:protein electrophoresis
566:Tolerance in pregnancy
308:adaptive immune system
78:The method detects by
44:
28:
876:alpha-2-Macroglobulin
601:Somatic hypermutation
435:Polyclonal antibodies
430:Monoclonal antibodies
184:Immunoelectrophoresis
52:monoclonal antibodies
34:
22:
1351:Heavy-chain antibody
1133:Bovine serum albumin
949:Beta-2 microglobulin
618:Junctional diversity
386:Antigen presentation
1128:Human serum albumin
1068:11S globulin family
814:Heparin cofactor II
804:Alpha 2-antiplasmin
794:Alpha 1-antitrypsin
613:V(D)J recombination
596:Affinity maturation
348:Antigenic variation
1154:C-reactive protein
1046:Beta-lactoglobulin
45:
29:
1378:Immunologic tests
1360:
1359:
1214:
1213:
1192:
1191:
1163:Alpha-lactalbumin
1063:Alpha-lactalbumin
1034:
1033:
1006:Fetal fibronectin
972:
971:
889:
888:
746:Globular proteins
712:
711:
640:
639:
390:professional APCs
232:fr:Immunofixation
214:978-0-8036-9440-8
82:: when a soluble
37:- A. Normal serum
1385:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1088:
932:
908:
905:carrier proteins
900:
861:
829:
826:carrier proteins
779:
771:
762:
739:
732:
725:
716:
606:Clonal selection
578:Immune privilege
573:Immunodeficiency
528:Cross-reactivity
518:Hypersensitivity
323:
298:
291:
284:
275:
219:
218:
200:
152:because :
96:first separates
1393:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1291:
1250:
1245:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1188:
1142:
1114:
1077:
1039:Other globulins
1030:
990:
986:Immunoglobulins
968:
930:
925:
922:
903:
885:
859:
854:
824:
819:
774:
766:Alpha globulins
748:
743:
713:
708:
682:
636:
582:
561:Clonal deletion
489:
483:
413:
314:
302:
271:
243:
237:
228:
223:
222:
215:
202:
201:
197:
192:
180:
172:
146:
117:
102:electrophoretic
76:
56:immunoglobulins
42:
40:
38:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1021:Transcobalamin
1018:
1009:
998:
996:
992:
991:
989:
988:
982:
980:
978:Gamma globulin
974:
973:
970:
969:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
935:
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
917:
911:
909:
897:
895:Beta globulins
891:
890:
887:
886:
884:
883:
872:
864:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
847:
840:
832:
830:
821:
820:
818:
817:
807:
797:
782:
780:
768:
759:
750:
749:
744:
742:
741:
734:
727:
719:
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
696:
690:
688:
684:
683:
681:
680:
675:
674:
673:
663:
662:
661:
650:
648:
642:
641:
638:
637:
635:
634:
625:
620:
615:
610:
609:
608:
603:
592:
590:
588:Immunogenetics
584:
583:
581:
580:
575:
570:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
536:
535:
533:Co-stimulation
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
493:
491:
485:
484:
482:
481:
476:
474:Immune complex
470:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
421:
419:
415:
414:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
394:Dendritic cell
382:
381:
376:
375:
374:
372:Conformational
369:
358:
357:
352:
351:
350:
345:
340:
329:
327:
320:
316:
315:
303:
301:
300:
293:
286:
278:
269:
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241:External links
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179:
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171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
145:
142:
141:
140:
136:
125:immunoglobulin
116:
113:
94:Immunofixation
75:
72:
48:Immunofixation
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1390:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Glycoproteins
1371:
1370:
1368:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
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1288:
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1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
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1260:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1120:Serum albumin
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:Thyroglobulin
1056:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:Microglobulin
1013:
1012:Macroglobulin
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
993:
987:
984:
983:
981:
979:
975:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
928:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
906:
901:
898:
896:
892:
881:
877:
873:
870:
866:
865:
863:
857:
851:
848:
845:
844:Ceruloplasmin
841:
838:
834:
833:
831:
827:
822:
815:
811:
808:
805:
801:
798:
795:
791:
787:
784:
783:
781:
777:
772:
769:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
751:
747:
740:
735:
733:
728:
726:
721:
720:
717:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
689:
685:
679:
676:
672:
669:
668:
667:
664:
660:
657:
656:
655:
652:
651:
649:
647:
643:
633:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
594:
593:
591:
589:
585:
579:
576:
574:
571:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:Clonal anergy
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
538:
537:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
495:
494:
492:
486:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
446:
445:Microantibody
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
422:
420:
416:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
391:
387:
384:
383:
380:
377:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
353:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
331:
330:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:
299:
294:
292:
287:
285:
280:
279:
276:
272:
266:
262:
261:
257:
254:
250:
249:
245:
244:
240:
238:
233:
230:
229:
225:
216:
210:
206:
199:
196:
189:
185:
182:
181:
177:
175:
169:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
153:
151:
143:
137:
133:
132:
131:
128:
126:
122:
114:
112:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
80:precipitation
73:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
33:
26:
21:
1319:
1201:
810:Antithrombin
523:Inflammation
508:Alloimmunity
503:Autoimmunity
488:Immunity vs.
440:Autoantibody
338:Superantigen
270:
258:
246:
236:
204:
198:
173:
147:
129:
118:
106:
93:
92:
77:
47:
46:
1334:Heavy chain
1303:Light chain
1169:Parvalbumin
1159:Lactalbumin
1051:Lactoferrin
1002:Fibronectin
959:Plasminogen
939:Angiostatin
920:Transferrin
880:Haptoglobin
869:Orosomucoid
837:Transcortin
646:Lymphocytes
305:Lymphocytic
1367:Categories
1255:Main types
1248:Antibodies
1138:Prealbumin
1100:Conalbumin
687:Substances
551:Peripheral
539:Inaction:
418:Antibodies
399:Macrophage
312:complement
190:References
98:antibodies
1320:surrogate
1105:Ovalbumin
1092:Egg white
964:Properdin
944:Hemopexin
874:alpha-2 (
867:alpha-1 (
842:alpha-2 (
835:alpha-1 (
757:globulins
704:Cytolysin
694:Cytokines
541:Tolerance
490:tolerance
409:Immunogen
115:Technique
74:Principle
1202:see also
1083:Albumins
954:Factor H
654:Cellular
498:Immunity
496:Action:
479:Paratope
467:Idiotype
457:Allotype
425:Antibody
379:Mimotope
343:Allergen
326:Antigens
319:Lymphoid
178:See also
170:Demerits
121:proteins
88:antibody
1026:Edestin
800:alpha-2
786:alpha-1
776:serpins
699:Opsonin
678:NK cell
666:Humoral
546:Central
513:Allergy
462:Isotype
362:Epitope
333:Antigen
226:Sources
84:antigen
68:myeloma
1353:/IgNAR
1296:Chains
1110:Avidin
1004:(fFN:
931:other:
860:other:
671:B cell
659:T cell
404:B cell
367:Linear
355:Hapten
265:003593
253:003543
211:
144:Merits
1325:IGLL1
1174:Ricin
1147:Other
995:Other
754:Serum
64:urine
60:serum
1344:IGHM
1339:IGH@
1313:IGL@
1308:IGK@
310:and
209:ISBN
1287:IgY
1282:IgM
1277:IgG
1272:IgE
1267:IgD
1262:IgA
632:HLA
628:MHC
62:or
58:in
54:or
1369::
878:,
792:,
392::
263::
251::
111:.
70:.
1240:e
1233:t
1226:v
1165:)
1161:(
1014:/
1008:)
907::
882:)
871:)
846:)
839:)
828::
816:)
812:(
806:)
802:(
796:)
788:(
778::
738:e
731:t
724:v
630:/
388:/
297:e
290:t
283:v
217:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
