4300:
3296:) because, the 4 ranks of consorts were already occupied but, the court official officials opposed this idea, saying that it is unprecedented and the character chēn (宸) was used to refer the power of the emperor, thus Emperor Gaozong does not carry out his plan. In the In 662, the titles were temporarily changed to be devoid of feminine quality. This seemingly feminist change was reverted in the twelfth month of 670.The rationales were not explained in official records in both instances. However, some scholars have speculated it to be the suggestion of
4466:
2952:
4606:). As such, the promotions mostly happened when an imperial consort (usually a noble consort) was hopelessly ill and the emperor wanted to console her (it was believed that a promotion was a blessing and could aid in dispelling the sickness), when the empress needed someone to assist her in managing the inner court or when the empress was dead and someone else was needed to manage the inner court.
299:
4594:
A posthumous title (谥号;shì hào) is given to the empress and imperial noble consort after they die. The total characters in the empresses posthumous title is 16 while, there are only 2 characters in the imperial noble consort. For the empress given posthumous names, (孝; xiào) which means “filial”, is
4590:
The empress was the only legal wife of the emperor, while his other women were considered imperial concubines. When the crown prince ascended to the throne, he was allowed to posthumously promote his late wives in the ranks. A primary consort could be honored as empress, while secondary consorts and
4448:
emperors in a total of seven missions between 1408 and 1433. Xuande was the last Ming emperor to receive human tribute from Korea; with his death in 1435, 53 Korean women were repatriated. There was much speculation that the Yongle
Emperor's real mother was a Korean or Mongolian concubine. Relations
208:
governance system, aristocratic feudal lords were entitled to nine consorts in total, and cannot marry again after having nine consorts, which makes for one wife and eight concubines. For other officers, they are entitled to one wife and one concubine. For normal citizens, only one wife is allowed.
4456:
by a Muslim guard and Sayyid
Hussein from Hami. The speculation about Zhengde becoming a Muslim is remembered alongside his excessive and debauched behavior with his concubines of foreign origin. Muslim Central Asian women were favored by Zhengde like how Korean women were favored by Yongle and
4595:
always initial and ended with the emperors name (号, hào); but the emperors name is only given to the empress after the emperor died. For the imperial noble consort given posthumous name, it uses their honor names (封号; fēng hào) and added one character (either initial or last).
4680:). The empress and imperial consorts were expected to pay respect to the elders who held the positions above. However, the former emperor's low-ranked imperial concubines (noble lady, first class attendant and second class attendant) would simply be referred to as
44:
in addition to their birth order. Regardless of the age, however, it is common in
English translation to simplify this hierarchy into the three ranks of empress, consorts, and concubines. It is also common to use the term
4449:
between Ming China and Joseon Korea improved dramatically and became much more amicable and mutually profitable during Yongle's reign. Both Yongle and Xuande are said to have had a penchant for Korean cuisine and women.
4571:
and above. An emperor could have 1 empress, 1 imperial noble consort, 2 noble consorts, 4 consorts and 6 concubines at a time. The ranks of noble lady, first class attendant and second class attendant were unlimited.
5529:
He, Li; Knight, Michael; Vinograd, Richard Ellis; Bartholomew, Terese Tse; Chan, Dany; Culture, Asian Art Museum--Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and; Art, Indianapolis Museum of; Museum, St Louis Art (2008).
4553:) was typically used to refer the palace maids whose been liked by the emperor and keep them at his side attending to him but, without a formal/proper tittle. It was not part of the official ranking.
4205:
ranking system was at its simplest, and only consisted of empress, consort, and concubine. While there was only one empress at a time, there were no limits on the number of consorts or concubines.
4579:
and above would be given a residence in the main section of a palace in the
Forbidden City, and when being addressed by lower ranked imperial consorts and servants, she would have to be called
4228:) determined her status; multiple women often lived in the same one. In the many tents that existed, the imperial consort of the first tent was considered to be the most prestigious woman.
4287:; he mentions a Chinese ruler who was an "emir" and son-in-law to the "qan" (khan) after being removed from his throne by the Mongols and he is also called "monarch of Song" (宋主;
6014:
4440:
sent a total of 114 women to the Ming dynasty, consisting of 16 virgin girls (accompanied by 48 female servants), 42 cooks, and 8 performers. The women were sent to the
5496:
3641:, governments were replaced frequently, and as a result, it is difficult for modern scholars to derive any solid information on ranking systems during these times.
5531:
6554:
4803:
4783:
6425:
6193:
40:
but remained important throughout owing to its prominence in the management of the inner court and in imperial succession, which ranked heirs according to the
128:
society, the system listed in that work of literature cannot be taken word for word. Rather, it offers a rough glimpse into the inner palace during the time.
6525:
6520:
6515:
6450:
5419:
4621:). In the cases when the new emperor's birth mother was one of the former emperor's concubines she would also become empress dowager and would be known as
4629:), as well as being posthumously honored as empress. An empress dowager who lived through the reigns of at least two subsequent emperors would be called
634:
No limits were set for these imperial consorts. This later created situations when more than 20,000 women were living in the palace during the reigns of
4243:. The entry of Korean women into the Yuan court was reciprocated by the entry of Yuan princesses into the Goryeo court, beginning with the marriage of
6445:
6399:
6007:
4239:, who, through her political command and incorporation of Korean females and eunuchs in the court, spread Korean clothing, food, and lifestyle in the
187:
It was suggested that a system (not necessarily resembling the one listed above) was set up to prevent the situation of having two queens/empresses.
4434:, and virgin girls came from China's various ethnic tribes, as well as Mongolia, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Central Asia, Siam, Champa, and Okinawa.
3292:
Emperor
Gaozong wants to create and promote Lady Wu, who ranked currently as Lady Wu of Bright Deportment (武昭儀; Wū Zhāoyí) to Royal Consort (宸妃,
4564:
holds the record for having the fewest, with one empress, one noble consort, one consort and one noble lady — a total of 4 imperial consorts.
3638:
5941:
5914:
5887:
5860:
5806:
5779:
5452:
5039:
4556:
The system was solid, but the number of imperial consorts an emperor actually had during the Qing dynasty is subject to wild variations. The
4208:
Although the number of ranks were few, there existed a sub-system of ranking by prestige inside the Yuan harem. An imperial consort's tent (
72:) held the highest rank and was the legal wife of the emperor, as well as the chief of the imperial harem and "mother of the nation" (母后天下;
6349:
6334:
6321:
6286:
6084:
6000:
4587:). All people were expected to use deprecating self-titles when addressing higher ranked people and imperial consorts were no different.
41:
6572:
6354:
5745:
5012:
6243:
5976:
5833:
5711:
5677:
5643:
5609:
5575:
5541:
5506:
5429:
5395:
5356:
5323:
5289:
5255:
5221:
5187:
5153:
5116:
5083:
4968:
4878:
4844:
4764:
4738:
6344:
6577:
5632:
Weidner, Marsha Smith; Berger, Patricia Ann; Art, Helen
Foresman Spencer Museum of; Francisco, Asian Art Museum of San (1994).
2208:
1053:
6530:
6492:
6475:
6226:
4931:
2305:
1951:, no specific ranking system for imperial consorts were devised, due to his desire to live a simple life. It was only during
4299:
6510:
6440:
6384:
2619:
2154:
2142:
104:. It could be a female cousin or sister of the bride, or people from other countries (not necessarily from another race).
3300:
to her husband.</ref>The table is after Wu Jo-shui's "Empress Wu and Proto-Feminist
Sentiments in T'ang China," in
6430:
6188:
5055:
50:
49:", an Arabic loan word used in recent times to refer to imperial women's forbidden quarters in many countries. In later
4591:
mistresses could be elevated to any of the seven other ranks (from second class attendant to imperial noble consort).
6592:
5073:
4023:
5795:
Association for Asian
Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee; Luther Carrington Goodrich; 房兆楹 (1976).
5635:
Latter Days of the Law: Images of
Chinese Buddhism, 850 - 1850; [exhibition, August 27 - October 9 1994 ...]
2975:
were organized in eight or nine ranks, in addition to the empress. They were also called the "inner officials" (內官;
6269:
6077:
4960:
Marriage as
Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty
1528:
914:
6487:
6183:
4936:
1667:
6582:
6221:
6112:
6067:
3475:
4754:
4265:; they had one son, Zhao Wanpu, who was only exiled after Emperor Gong's death due to his mother's ancestry.
76:) which translates to ”imperial mother of all under heaven”. She was also known as the "central palace" (中宮;
6310:
3793:
3147:
2964:
2960:
4465:
4278:
1185:
2726:) to manage ceremonial affairs in the inner palace. The system was based on similar systems of the past.
6329:
6231:
6153:
6117:
5468:
4993:"Chapter 6 The Journey of Zhao Xian and the Exile of Royal Descendants in the Yuan Dynasty (1271 1358)"
6587:
4283:
4258:
4244:
1324:
312:
2951:
100:) during early historical times in China. These were people who came along with brides as a form of
6394:
6379:
6173:
4209:
2778:
1952:
1739:
639:
635:
400:
2153:). However, there existed an unwritten, subjective system of prestige. It was during the reign of
6502:
6045:
4926:
4217:
2734:
1948:
716:
222:
4484:
system was one of the simplest systems in Chinese history. Officially, there were eight ranks:
17:
6404:
6389:
6339:
6148:
6057:
6040:
5972:
5937:
5931:
5910:
5883:
5856:
5829:
5802:
5796:
5775:
5769:
5741:
5735:
5707:
5673:
5639:
5633:
5605:
5571:
5537:
5502:
5425:
5391:
5387:
A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598
5352:
5346:
5319:
5313:
5285:
5251:
5245:
5217:
5183:
5177:
5149:
5112:
5106:
5079:
5035:
5029:
5008:
4992:
4964:
4958:
4874:
4868:
4840:
4760:
4734:
4270:
456:
446:
436:
426:
5904:
5877:
5850:
5701:
5667:
5599:
5565:
5385:
5279:
5211:
5143:
4834:
1686:) were elevated to independent categories, just beneath the empress. In 489, the position of
6138:
6122:
6062:
6032:
5823:
5000:
1060:
37:
6409:
5481:
4561:
4474:
4453:
31:
4819:
84:). Every dynasty had its set of rules regarding the numerical composition of the harem.
6299:
6294:
6236:
6168:
6050:
6024:
4557:
4445:
4441:
4307:
651:
6566:
6374:
6072:
4470:
4252:
2486:
1732:
238:
116:
108:
6455:
6304:
4481:
4452:
Central Asian concubines, mostly of Uighur and Mongol origin, were provided to the
4314:
4266:
4202:
3965:
3739:
2972:
2666:
2656:
2204:
2135:
1941:
556:
5536:. Asian Art Museum--Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture. p. 153.
5966:
4728:
4261:
surrendered to the Mongols in 1276 and was married off to a Yuan princess of the
6480:
6264:
6143:
6089:
4469:
Imperial Noble Consort Keshun, better known as Consort Zhen or popularly as the
4303:
4248:
2730:
2686:
2272:
1521:
591:
316:
218:
5992:
4567:
There were limits placed on how many imperial consorts could hold the ranks of
6435:
5004:
4598:
An emperor would be careful when promoting an imperial consort to the rank of
4236:
3645:
2646:
2636:
2626:
124:
is considered by modern scholars to be merely a fictitious constitution for a
4730:
Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao
6178:
6163:
4240:
3297:
2956:
200:
80:). In addition, the emperor would typically have other imperial women (嬪妃;
4560:
holds the record for having the most imperial consorts with 79, while the
3730:
Whether there were any limits to the holders of these titles are unknown.
120:
contains great details of a royal consort ranking system. However, as the
6274:
6259:
4262:
4251:; in total, nine princesses of the Yuan imperial family married into the
204:
4640:
The other imperial consorts of the former emperor would be addressed as
298:
4609:
An empress who outlived her husband would become empress dowager (皇太后;
802:
665:
658:
6158:
4437:
4431:
4232:
2677:
In addition, there was an innumerable number of women in the palace.
2145:, the ranking system was very simple, and only contained the rank of
125:
4306:, better known as Empress Xiaogongzhang, was the second wife of the
2622:, five empresses were created (unprecedented by Chinese standards):
61:). In Chinese, the system is called the "rear palace system" (後宮制度;
3304:. Seattle: University of Washington press, pp. 77-116.</ref>
6198:
4464:
4298:
2950:
297:
101:
46:
4814:
4812:
4545:
There was no fixed number of holders for the three lowest ranks.
6203:
4221:
5996:
5825:
Telling Stories: Witchcraft And Scapegoating in Chinese History
111:, there were times when two queens existed at the same period.
5879:
Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
5703:
Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
5669:
Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
5281:
Defining Yongle: Imperial Art in Early Fifteenth-century China
5213:
Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
4995:. In Heirman, Ann; Meinert, Carmen; Anderl, Christoph (eds.).
36:
The ranks of imperial consorts have varied over the course of
5179:
Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics
5954:
42.</ref>Zizhi Tongjian (1084), vol. 203 </ref>
3302:
Imperial Rulership and Cultural Change in Traditional China
2722:
There also existed a system of female palace officers (女官;
1694:) was added to fill the gap created upon the elevation of
5498:
The Teleology of the Modern Nation-state: Japan and China
5906:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
4648:) according to their rank. A concubine would be called
4602:
because this rank was considered a deputy empress (副后;
2967:, as well as the only female emperor in Chinese history
5734:
Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda (6 January 2012).
4873:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 200.
4709:"Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's
53:, these quarters were known as the inner palace (內宮;
4235:
provided women to the Yuan dynasty. One of them was
6501:
6468:
6418:
6367:
6320:
6285:
6252:
6214:
6131:
6105:
6031:
5533:
Power and glory: court arts of China's Ming dynasty
4997:
Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia
4836:
Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols
2157:that the system listed below came into existence:
5852:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Consumption
5774:. University of California Press. pp. 213–.
5501:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 209.
4317:system was simple with five commonly used ranks:
2211:reformed the ranking system to the system below:
140:states that kings are entitled to the following:
5455:. Arts of Asia Publications. 1 January 2008: 120
5247:Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China
4756:Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China
4672:) and an imperial noble consort would be called
1955:'s reign that a ranking system came into being:
5278:Watt, James C. Y.; Leidy, Denise Patry (2005).
2447:Lower Concubine of Conducive Splendidness (順華;
2440:Lower Concubine of Congealed Splendidness (凝華;
2278:In the beginning, there were only three ranks:
92:There existed a class of royal consorts called
5604:. University of Washington Press. p. 20.
2649:(陳月儀), Great Central Heavenly Empress (天中大皇后;
2629:(楊麗華), Primary Great Heavenly Empress (天元大皇后;
2426:Lower Concubine of Proclaimed Brightness (宣明;
6426:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
6008:
5418:Forges, Roger V. Des; Major, John S. (2005).
2781:, the ranking system was expanded yet again:
2433:Lower Concubine of Congealed Brightness (凝暉;
8:
5971:, Macmillan International Higher Education,
5801:. Columbia University Press. pp. 309–.
5601:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
5390:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 44.
2689:, there existed a simple system of ranking:
2669:(元樂尚), Great Right Heavenly Empress (天右大皇后;
2659:(尉遲熾繁), Great Left Heavenly Empress (天左大皇后;
5936:. Harvard University Press. pp. 657–.
5638:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 107.
4999:. Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL. p. 213.
4794:
4792:
2403:Upper Concubine of Bright Instruction (昭訓;
654:period, Cao Wei used the following system:
6415:
6282:
6015:
6001:
5993:
5909:. Harvard University Press. pp. 64–.
5882:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 47–.
5570:. Cambridge University Press. p. 47.
5284:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 12.
2454:Lower Concubine of Light Instruction (光訓;
6400:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
5318:. Harvard University Press. p. 594.
2979:), as opposed to "palace officials" (宮官;
2419:Lower Concubine of Proclaimed Honor (宣徽;
2325:1 Right Lady of Beautiful Blooming (右娥英;
1670:ascended to the throne, the positions of
107:Worth noting is the fact that during the
5771:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900
5706:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39.
5672:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 34.
5424:. Oxford University Press. p. 152.
5379:
5377:
5375:
5216:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39.
4839:. Harvard University Press. p. 48.
4733:, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 11,
4717:, Vol. 8, No. 2, Fall 2001, pp. 358–363.
4231:As with all parts of the Mongol Empire,
3306:
2345:1 Right Lady of Bright Deportment (右昭儀;
2319:1 Left Lady of Beautiful Blooming (左娥英;
1932:Lady Who Can Safeguard a Multitude (保林;
1716:Lady Who Can Safeguard a Multitude (保林;
535:Lady Who Can Safeguard a Multitude (保林;
68:No matter the dynasty, the empress (皇后;
6553:was invoked but never defined (see the
6542:
5798:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644
5737:A Brief History of Chinese Civilization
4802:was invoked but never defined (see the
4782:was invoked but never defined (see the
4702:
2339:1 Left Lady of Bright Deportment (左昭儀;
5477:
5466:
5137:
5135:
5028:Hugh Dyson Walker (20 November 2012).
4273:identified references to Zhao Xian in
3610:10 Ladies of Inherent Excellence (承徽;
3369:Recipient from the Inner Chamber (承閨;
2228:Right Lady of Bright Deportment (右昭儀;
2174:Right Lady of Bright Deportment (右昭儀;
1160:Lady of Everlasting Splendidness (傛華;
5564:Chase, Kenneth Warren (7 July 2003).
4912:
4900:
4575:A woman who had attained the rank of
2864:Lady of Cultivated Splendidness (修華;
2737:expanded the ranks to the following:
2639:(朱滿月), Great Heavenly Empress (天大皇后;
2222:Left Lady of Bright Deportment (左昭儀;
2168:Left Lady of Bright Deportment (左昭儀;
2089:Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華;
2045:Lady of Cultivated Splendidness (修華;
1876:Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華;
1832:Lady of Cultivated Splendidness (修華;
1635:Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華;
1461:Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華;
1417:Lady of Cultivated Splendidness (修華;
1292:Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華;
1167:Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華;
1021:Lady of Sufficient Splendidness (充華;
668:(who was not an emperor but a king):
7:
4759:, Lexington Books, p. 296 n.3,
4116:Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容;
4000:5 Ladies of Conducive Ceremony (順儀;
3979:2 Ladies of Beautiful Ceremony (麗儀;
3898:Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容;
3617:16 Ladies of Clear Instruction (昭訓;
3233:Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容;
3066:Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容;
2857:Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容;
2389:Upper Concubine of Great Honor (隆徽;
2059:Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容;
1846:Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容;
1593:Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容;
1431:Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容;
1139:Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容;
993:Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容;
858:Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容;
779:Lady of Humble Accomplishments (順成;
758:Lady of Cultivated Countenance (修容;
503:Courtier of Miscellaneous Uses (五官;
6548:
5598:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (July 2001).
5384:Swope, Kenneth M. (29 April 2013).
4820:"nüguan 女官 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
4797:
4777:
4664:), a noble consort would be called
4430:Human tribute, including servants,
4153:9 Ladies of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
4109:Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀;
4014:7 Ladies of Peaceful Ceremony (和儀;
4007:6 Ladies of Fragrant Ceremony (芳儀;
3891:Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀;
3624:24 Ladies of Decorous Service (奉儀;
3603:6 Ladies of Filial Excellence (良嬡;
3496:Consort of Conferred Kindness (惠妃;
3270:9 Ladies of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
3226:Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀;
3103:9 Ladies of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
3059:Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀;
2885:Lady of Complete Splendidness (充華;
2850:Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀;
2587:Lady of Imperial Gracefulness (禦婉;
2396:Upper Concubine of Light Plan (光猷;
2082:Lady of Flowering Countenance (容華;
2052:Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀;
1869:Lady of Flowering Countenance (容華;
1839:Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀;
1628:Lady of Flowering Countenance (容華;
1586:Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀;
1454:Lady of Flowering Countenance (容華;
1424:Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀;
1285:Lady of Flowering Countenance (容華;
1146:Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀;
1000:Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀;
865:Lady of Cultivated Deportment (修儀;
510:Lady of Complaisant Constancy (順常;
5567:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
5351:. M.E. Sharpe. 2001. p. 661.
4137:Lady of Complete Countenance (充容;
3849:Lady of Conducive Appearance (順容;
3254:Lady of Complete Countenance (充容;
3087:Lady of Complete Countenance (充容;
2878:Lady of Complete Countenance (充容;
2024:Lady of Flowering Brightness (昭華;
1811:Lady of Flowering Brightness (昭華;
1579:Lady of Splendid Cultivation (修華;
1132:Lady of Splendid Cultivation (修華;
1014:Lady of Splendid Countenance (容華;
986:Lady of Splendid Cultivation (修華;
879:Lady of Splendid Countenance (傛華;
772:Lady of Splendid Countenance (容華;
700:Lady of Splendid Countenance (容華;
441:Lady of Splendid Countenance (容華;
25:
5849:Frank Trentmann (22 March 2012).
5768:Susan Naquin (16 December 2000).
5740:. Cengage Learning. p. 187.
4870:Eurasian Influences on Yuan China
4130:Lady of Complete Deportment (充衣;
3993:4 Ladies of Bright Ceremony (昭儀;
3919:Lady of Complete Countenance(充容;
3912:Lady of Complete Deportment (充儀;
3863:Lady of Graceful Appearance (婉容;
3247:Lady of Complete Deportment (充儀;
3080:Lady of Complete Deportment (充儀;
2894:12 Ladies Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
2871:Lady of Complete Deportment (充儀;
2836:Lady of Supportive Wellness (順容;
2601:Lady of Middle Gracefulness (中婉;
2548:Lady of Bright Splendidness (昭化;
1396:Lady of Flowering Luminance (昭華;
1271:Lady of Flowering Luminance (昭華;
851:Lady of Flowering Luminance (昭華;
529:Lady Who Pleases the Spirit (娛靈;
523:Lady of Reverent Gentleness (共和;
451:Lady of Complete Deportment (充衣;
6549:Cite error: The named reference
5250:. Lexington Books. p. 285.
4798:Cite error: The named reference
4778:Cite error: The named reference
4713:with Pei Songzhi's Commentary".
4682:palace woman of the late emperor
4615:imperial mother, empress dowager
4375:Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容;
4095:Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容;
3877:Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容;
3842:Lady of Conducive Ceremony (順儀;
3652:Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容;
3547:Lady of Conducive Ceremony (順儀;
3212:Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容;
3045:Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容;
2829:Lady of Conducive Wellness (順儀;
2608:Lady of Lower Gracefulness (下婉;
2594:Lady of Upper Gracefulness (上婉;
2188:Lady of the Pepper Chamber (椒房;
2031:Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容;
1818:Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容;
1410:Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容;
1264:Lady of Bright Countenance (昭容;
5903:Peter C Perdue (30 June 2009).
5075:The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty
5056:"ScholarBank@NUS: Terms of Use"
4368:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
4361:Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
4123:Lady of Cultivated Beauty (修媛;
4088:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
3986:3 Ladies of Warm Ceremony (淑儀;
3935:Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
3905:Lady of Cultivated Beauty (修媛;
3870:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
3835:Lady of Graceful Ceremony (婉儀;
3821:Lady of Imperial Ceremony (妃儀;
3680:First Lady of His Majesty (禦正;
3659:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
3639:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
3633:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
3561:Lady of Fragrant Ceremony (芳儀;
3554:Lady of Graceful Ceremony (婉儀;
3533:Lady of Virtuous Ceremony (德儀;
3240:Lady of Cultivated Beauty (修媛;
3205:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
3073:Lady of Cultivated Beauty (修媛;
3038:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
2843:Lady of Splendid Wellness (順華;
2103:Lady of Propitious Honour (列榮;
2075:Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
2038:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
1947:Initially, during the reign of
1890:Lady of Propitious Honour (列榮;
1862:Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
1825:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
1475:Lady of Propitious Honour (列榮;
1447:Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
1403:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
1278:Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
1257:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
1153:Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
1054:Northern and Southern dynasties
1007:Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
872:Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
844:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
765:Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
751:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
693:Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
686:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
431:Lady of Youthful Fairness (娙娥;
421:Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
414:Lady of Bright Deportment (昭儀;
18:Imperial consorts of Tang China
6227:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
5078:. SUNY Press. pp. 14–15.
5034:. AuthorHouse. pp. 259–.
4932:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
4674:imperial noble consort dowager
4415:Lady of Selected Service (選侍;
4275:The Successors of Genghis Khan
4181:27 Ladies of His Majesty (禦女;
3807:Lady of Highest Ceremony (太儀;
3694:Lady of Honorable Talent (懿才;
3644:However, it is known that the
3350:Propagator of Deportment (宣儀;
3131:27 Ladies of His Majesty (禦女;
2931:24 Ladies of His Majesty (禦女;
2769:81 Ladies of His Majesty (禦女;
2714:38 Ladies of His Majesty (禦女;
2017:Lady of Pure Countenance (淑容;
1804:Lady of Pure Countenance (淑容;
1651:Lady of Mediocre Talent (中才人;
1491:Lady of Mediocre Talent (中才人;
1389:Lady of Pure Countenance (淑容;
1308:Lady of Mediocre Talent (中才人;
1044:Lady of Mediocre Talent (中才人;
917:, the ranks were as follows:
547:Lady of Night Attendance (夜者;
1:
6441:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
5244:Hua, Hsieh Bao (2014-06-18).
5182:. Columbia University Press.
5072:Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996).
4957:Zhao, George Qingzhi (2008).
4656:), a consort would be called
4495:Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃;
4328:Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃;
4144:Lady of Complete Beauty (充媛;
3926:Lady of Complete Beauty (充媛;
3856:Lady of Warm Appearance (淑容;
3715:Lady of Honorable Moral (懿德;
3540:Lady of Worthy Ceremony (賢儀;
3261:Lady of Complete Beauty (充媛;
3094:Lady of Complete Beauty (充媛;
2557:Lady of Imperial Beauty (禦媛;
2010:Lady of Pure Deportment (淑儀;
1797:Lady of Pure Deportment (淑儀;
1614:Lady of Pure Deportment (淑儀;
1382:Lady of Pure Deportment (淑儀;
233:), which became Empress (皇后;
5855:. OUP Oxford. pp. 47–.
4623:sage mother, empress dowager
4537:Second Class Attendant (答應;
3814:Lady of Noble Ceremony (貴儀;
3596:2 Ladies of Excellence (良娣;
3362:Lady Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
2955:Empress Wu, better known as
1621:Lady Handsome Fairness (婕妤;
5312:Mote, Frederick W. (2003).
4963:. Peter Lang. p. 204.
4833:Robinson, David M. (2009).
4711:Records of the Three States
4530:First Class Attendant (常在;
4174:27 Ladies of Treasure (寶林;
4102:Lady of Bright Beauty (昭媛;
3884:Lady of Bright Beauty (昭媛;
3828:Lady of Warm Ceremony (淑儀;
3666:Lady of Bright Beauty (昭媛;
3648:used the following system:
3526:Lady of Pure Ceremony (淑儀;
3219:Lady of Bright Beauty (昭媛;
3124:27 Ladies of Treasure (寶林;
3052:Lady of Bright Beauty (昭媛;
2938:37 Ladies of Elegance (採女;
2924:24 Ladies of Treasure (寶林;
2571:Lady of Middle Beauty (中媛;
2359:Madame of Great Moral (弘德;
2096:Lady of Inherit Glory (承徽;
1883:Lady of Inherit Glory (承徽;
1468:Lady of Inherit Glory (承徽;
1250:Lady of Pure Ceremony (淑儀;
1125:Lady of Pure Ceremony (淑儀;
979:Lady of Pure Ceremony (淑儀;
517:Lady Without Impurity (舞涓;
42:prominence of their mothers
27:Hierarchy in Imperial China
6609:
6270:Bureau of Military Affairs
6194:Territorial administration
6078:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
5965:Hwang, Kyung Moon (2016),
5930:Frederick W. Mote (2003).
4715:China Review International
3426:Consecrated Provider (供奉;
2901:15 Hereditary Ladies (世婦;
2762:27 Hereditary Ladies (世婦;
2578:Lady of Lower Beauty (下媛;
2564:Lady of Upper Beauty (上媛;
2518:Great Noble Consort (長貴妃;
2463:27 Hereditary Ladies (世婦;
2373:Madame of High Moral (崇德;
2366:Madame of Just Moral (正德;
1688:lady of bright countenance
172:27 Hereditary Ladies (世婦;
57:) or the rear palace (後宮;
29:
6573:Chinese imperial consorts
6488:Embroidered Uniform Guard
5700:Dardess, John W. (2012).
5666:Dardess, John W. (2012).
5495:Fogel, Joshua A. (2005).
5421:The Asian World, 600-1500
5210:Dardess, John W. (2012).
5005:10.1163/9789004366152_008
4937:Academy of Korean Studies
4422:Woman of Gentleness (淑女;
3519:6 Ladies of Ceremony (儀;
3503:Magnificent Consort (麗妃;
3438:Lady of His Majesty (御女;
3388:Recipient of Edicts (承旨;
3331:Patroness in Virtue (贊德;
2971:Imperial consorts of the
2707:9 Hereditary Ladies (世婦;
2003:Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛;
1925:Bride of Excellence (良娣;
1790:Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛;
1709:Bride of Excellence (良娣;
1607:Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛;
1375:Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛;
1243:Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛;
1118:Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛;
972:Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛;
837:Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛;
744:Lady of Pure Beauty (淑媛;
570:Bride of Excellence (良娣;
541:Gentle Waiting Lady (良使;
496:Junior Waiting Lady (少使;
489:Senior Waiting Lady (長使;
391:Junior Waiting Lady (少使;
384:Senior Waiting Lady (長使;
285:Junior Waiting Lady (少使;
278:Senior Waiting Lady (長使;
191:Ranking system for others
6451:Administrative divisions
5876:John W. Dardess (2012).
5176:Wang, Yuan-kang (2010).
5108:조선 사람의 세계여행 (규장각 교양총서05)
5031:East Asia: A New History
4867:Rossabi, Morris (2013).
4727:MacMahon, Keith (2013),
4613:) and would be known as
4188:27 Selected Ladies (採女;
4167:9 Ladies of Talent (才人;
4160:9 Ladies of Beauty (美人;
4037:2 Primary Consorts (元妃;
3577:7 Ladies of Talent (才人;
3570:4 Ladies of Beauty (美人;
3445:Coiffure Attendant (恃櫛;
3284:9 Ladies of Talent (才人;
3277:9 Ladies of Beauty (美人;
3138:27 Selected Ladies (採女;
3117:9 Ladies of Talent (才人;
3110:9 Ladies of Beauty (美人;
2685:At the beginning of the
2504:), later 3 Consorts (妃;
2126:Lady of Gentleness (良人;
1906:Lady of Gentleness (良人;
1512:Favoured Assistant (充衣;
1505:Lady of Gentleness (良人;
1315:Favoured Assistant (充衣;
893:Lady of Gentleness (良人;
793:Lady of Gentleness (良人;
619:Lady of the Palace (宮人;
468:Lady of Gentleness (良人;
363:Lady of Gentleness (良人;
257:Lady of Gentleness (良人;
132:Ranking system for kings
6311:Secretariat-Chancellery
5933:Imperial China 900-1800
5822:B. J. ter Haar (2006).
5315:Imperial China 900-1800
4753:Hsieh, Bao Hua (2014),
4473:, was a consort of the
3407:Guardian Immortal (衛仙;
2195:Passing Attendant (中式;
6578:Chinese imperial harem
5828:. BRILL. pp. 4–.
5476:Cite journal requires
4600:imperial noble consort
4581:your imperial highness
4477:
4397:For the crown prince:
4310:
4279:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
4216:; translated from the
4065:Virtuous Consort (德妃;
3788:Imperial Consort (宸妃;
3774:Virtuous Consort (德妃;
3510:Splendid Consort (華妃;
3419:Lady of Treasure (寶林;
3182:Virtuous Consort (德妃;
3015:Virtuous Consort (德妃;
2968:
2813:Virtuous Consort (德妃;
2525:Virtuous Consort (德妃;
2412:Lower Concubines (下嬪;
2382:Upper Concubines (上嬪;
303:
6385:Imperial Commissioner
6330:Ministry of Personnel
6232:Three Ducal Ministers
6154:Imperial examinations
6118:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
5348:The Taiping Rebellion
4666:noble consort dowager
4631:grand empress dowager
4468:
4401:Crown Princess (太子妃;
4302:
3722:Lady of Promise (宣一;
3708:Precious Flower (瑤芳;
3673:Missionary Lady (出使;
3589:Crown Princess (太子妃;
3464:Towel Attendant (恃巾;
2954:
2534:3 Lady Officials (㚤;
2256:Hereditary Lady (世婦;
2249:Sixth Concubine (六嬪;
2242:Third Concubine (三嬪;
1980:Noble Concubine (貴嬪;
1767:Noble Concubine (貴嬪;
1549:Noble Concubine (貴嬪;
1352:Noble Concubine (貴嬪;
1213:Noble Concubine (貴嬪;
1081:Noble Concubine (貴嬪;
935:Noble Concubine (貴嬪;
823:Noble Concubine (貴嬪;
737:Noble Concubine (貴嬪;
482:Harmonious Lady (七子;
377:Harmonious Lady (七子;
301:
271:Harmonious Lady (七子;
6493:Qing Imperial Guards
6476:Tang Imperial Guards
5148:(in Korean). 역사의아침.
4408:Lady of Talent (才人;
4389:Lady of Beauty (美人;
4357:Other known titles:
4259:Emperor Gong of Song
3949:Lady of Talent (才人;
3942:Lady of Beauty (美人;
3400:Lady of Talent (才人;
3381:Lady of Beauty (美人;
3189:Worthy Consort (賢妃;
3146:During the reign of
3022:Worthy Consort (賢妃;
2983:), the bureaucracy.
2915:Lady of Talent (才人;
2908:Lady of Beauty (美人;
2777:During the reign of
2748:3 Noble Ladies (貴人;
2618:During the reign of
2470:Lady of Talent (才人;
2332:1 Pure Consort (淑妃;
2141:During the reign of
2119:Lady of Talent (才人;
2112:Lady of Beauty (美人;
1913:Lady of Talent (才人;
1899:Lady of Beauty (美人;
1738:During the reign of
1723:Lady of Talent (才人;
1658:Lady of Talent (才人;
1644:Lady of Beauty (美人;
1498:Lady of Talent (才人;
1484:Lady of Beauty (美人;
1301:Lady of Beauty (美人;
1176:Lady of Beauty (美人;
1037:Lady of Talent (才人;
1030:Lady of Beauty (美人;
886:Lady of Beauty (美人;
801:During the reign of
786:Lady of Beauty (美人;
715:During the reign of
707:Lady of Beauty (美人;
664:During the reign of
626:Talented Woman (才女;
612:Lady of Beauty (美人;
461:Lady of Beauty (美人;
356:Lady of Beauty (美人;
311:During the reign of
250:Lady of Beauty (美人;
237:) from the reign of
221:, from the reign of
179:81 Royal Wives (御妻;
6395:Imperial Clan Court
6380:Remonstrance Bureau
6350:Ministry of Justice
6335:Ministry of Revenue
6189:Historical capitals
6174:Academies (Shuyuan)
5145:몽골은 왜 고려를 멸망시키지 않았나
5111:(in Korean). 글항아리.
4991:Hua, Kaiqi (2018).
4627:shèngmŭ huángtàihòu
4502:Noble Consort (貴妃;
4335:Noble Consort (貴妃;
4253:Goryeo royal family
4051:Noble Consort (貴妃;
3760:Noble Consort (貴妃;
3701:Lady of Unity (咸一;
3457:Selected Lady (采女;
3168:Noble Consort (貴妃;
3001:Noble Consort (貴妃;
2959:, was a consort of
2799:Noble Consort (貴妃;
2729:After the death of
2651:tiānzhōngdàhuánghòu
2511:Noble Consort (貴妃;
2477:Selected Lady (採女;
2263:Imperial Wife (御妻;
2068:5 Post Holders (職;
1973:Noble Consort (貴妃;
1855:5 Post Holders (職;
1760:Noble Consort (貴妃;
1440:5 Post Holders (職;
1345:Noble Consort (貴妃;
1206:Noble Consort (貴妃;
900:Lady of Value (鹺人;
592:Eastern Han dynasty
317:Western Han dynasty
6593:Chinese concubines
5968:A History of Korea
5105:규장각한국학연구원 (2011).
4478:
4311:
4247:and a daughter of
4072:Able Consort (賢妃;
4058:Pure Consort (淑妃;
3781:Able Consort (賢妃;
3767:Pure Consort (淑妃;
3687:True Servant (侍眞;
3585:The crown prince:
3474:From the reign of
3175:Pure Consort (淑妃;
3008:Pure Consort (淑妃;
2969:
2806:Pure Consort (淑妃;
2631:tiānyuándàhuánghòu
2304:From the reign of
1987:Noble Beauty (貴姬;
1921:The crown prince:
1774:Noble Beauty (貴姬;
1705:The crown prince:
1600:Pure Consort (淑妃;
1527:From the reign of
1359:Noble Beauty (貴姬;
1323:From the reign of
1236:Pure Consort (淑妃;
1184:From the reign of
1111:Pure Consort (淑妃;
965:Pure Consort (淑妃;
830:Pure Consort (淑妃;
475:Learned Lady (八子;
399:From the reign of
370:Learned Lady (八子;
304:
264:Learned Lady (八子;
6539:
6538:
6464:
6463:
6405:Viceroys in China
6390:Grand Secretariat
6363:
6362:
6355:Ministry of Works
6340:Ministry of Rites
6287:Three Departments
6244:Translated titles
6149:Five Directorates
5943:978-0-674-01212-7
5916:978-0-674-04202-5
5889:978-1-4422-0491-1
5862:978-0-19-162435-3
5808:978-0-231-03801-0
5781:978-0-520-92345-4
5041:978-1-4772-6517-8
4915:, pp. 48–49.
4650:concubine dowager
4619:mŭhòu huángtàihòu
4284:Jami' al-tawarikh
4271:John Andrew Boyle
4081:9 Concubines (嬪;
3472:
3471:
3198:9 Concubines (嬪;
3031:9 Concubines (嬪;
2822:9 Concubines (嬪;
2755:9 Concubines (嬪;
2700:4 Concubines (嬪;
2671:tiānyòudàhuánghòu
2661:tiānzuǒdàhuánghòu
2541:6 Concubines (嬪;
2207:of Northern Wei,
1996:9 Concubines (嬪;
1783:9 Concubines (嬪;
1572:9 Concubines (嬪;
1368:9 Concubines (嬪;
1229:9 Concubines (嬪;
1104:9 Concubines (嬪;
958:9 Concubines (嬪;
195:According to the
165:9 Concubines (嬪;
51:Chinese dynasties
16:(Redirected from
6600:
6558:
6552:
6547:
6416:
6283:
6184:Tributary system
6139:Nine-rank system
6123:Scholar-official
6113:Grand Chancellor
6017:
6010:
6003:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5948:
5947:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5479:
5474:
5472:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5381:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5139:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5025:
5019:
5018:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4807:
4801:
4796:
4787:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4724:
4718:
4707:
4523:Noble Lady (貴人;
4382:Noble Lady (貴人;
3956:Noble Lady (貴人;
3476:Emperor Xuanzong
3307:
2961:Emperors Taizong
2181:Noble Lady (貴人;
1563:Noble Lady (貴人;
1220:Noble Lady (貴人;
1095:Noble Lady (貴人;
949:Noble Lady (貴人;
605:Noble Lady (貴人;
21:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6583:Chinese culture
6563:
6562:
6561:
6550:
6544:
6540:
6535:
6497:
6469:Imperial guards
6460:
6414:
6410:Mandarin square
6359:
6345:Ministry of War
6316:
6281:
6253:Middle Imperial
6248:
6210:
6127:
6101:
6027:
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4562:Guangxu Emperor
4547:Lady-in-waiting
4475:Guangxu Emperor
4463:
4454:Zhengde Emperor
4297:
4291:) in the book.
4245:King Chungnyeol
4199:
4044:4 Consorts (妃;
4030:1 Empress (皇后;
4027:
3972:1 Empress (皇后;
3969:
3794:Emperor Renzong
3753:4 Consorts (妃;
3746:1 Empress (皇后;
3743:
3736:
3734:Song, Liao, Jin
3635:
3489:3 Consorts (妃;
3482:1 Empress (皇后;
3161:4 Consorts (妃;
3154:1 Empress (皇后;
3148:Emperor Gaozong
2994:4 Consorts (妃;
2987:1 Empress (皇后;
2949:
2792:3 Consorts (妃;
2785:1 Empress (皇后;
2741:1 Empress (皇后;
2693:1 Empress (皇后;
2683:
2500:3 Madames (夫人;
2493:1 Empress (皇后;
2490:
2352:3 Madames (夫人;
2344:
2324:
2312:1 Empress (皇后;
2306:Emperor Wucheng
2276:
2235:3 Madames (夫人;
2227:
2215:1 Empress (皇后;
2209:Emperor Xiaowen
2173:
2139:
1966:3 Madames (夫人;
1959:1 Empress (皇后;
1945:
1753:3 Madames (夫人;
1746:1 Empress (皇后;
1736:
1542:3 Madames (夫人;
1535:1 Empress (皇后;
1525:
1338:3 Madames (夫人;
1331:1 Empress (皇后;
1199:3 Madames (夫人;
1192:1 Empress (皇后;
1074:3 Madames (夫人;
1067:1 Empress (皇后;
1064:
1057:
928:3 Madames (夫人;
921:1 Empress (皇后;
911:
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577:Dear Lady (孺人;
546:
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534:
528:
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309:
296:
215:
193:
158:3 Madames (夫人;
151:2 Consorts (妃;
134:
90:
38:Chinese history
34:
32:Empress dowager
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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6322:Six Ministries
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6300:Zhongshu Sheng
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6215:Early Imperial
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6169:Hanlin Academy
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6025:Imperial China
6023:Government of
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1186:Emperor Xiaowu
1182:
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5611:9780295981093
5607:
5603:
5602:
5594:
5591:
5579:
5577:9780521822749
5573:
5569:
5568:
5560:
5557:
5545:
5543:9780939117420
5539:
5535:
5534:
5525:
5522:
5510:
5508:9780812238204
5504:
5500:
5499:
5491:
5488:
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5470:
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5448:
5445:
5433:
5431:9780195178432
5427:
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5399:
5397:9780806185026
5393:
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5360:
5358:9780765619532
5354:
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5349:
5342:
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5325:9780674012127
5321:
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5308:
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5293:
5291:9781588391537
5287:
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5257:9780739145166
5253:
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5223:9781442204904
5219:
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5189:9780231522403
5185:
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5155:9788993119916
5151:
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5132:
5120:
5118:9788967352790
5114:
5110:
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5101:
5098:
5087:
5085:0-7914-2687-4
5081:
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4987:
4984:
4972:
4970:9781433102752
4966:
4962:
4961:
4953:
4950:
4938:
4935:(in Korean).
4934:
4933:
4928:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4906:
4903:, p. 49.
4902:
4897:
4894:
4882:
4880:9789814459723
4876:
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4846:9780674036086
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4766:9780739145166
4762:
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4740:9781442222908
4736:
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4723:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
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4691:
4689:
4687:
4686:xiāndì gōngnü
4683:
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4675:
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4667:
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4498:
4494:
4491:
4488:Empress (皇后;
4487:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4476:
4472:
4471:Pearl Consort
4467:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4450:
4447:
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4435:
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4352:
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4331:
4327:
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4321:Empress (皇后;
4320:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4276:
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4268:
4264:
4263:Borjigin clan
4260:
4256:
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3160:
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3141:
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3109:
3106:
3102:
3097:
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3018:
3014:
3011:
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2999:
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2791:
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2727:
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2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
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2680:
2678:
2672:
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2570:
2567:
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2562:
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2546:
2544:
2540:
2537:
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2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:Northern Zhou
2485:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2439:
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2362:
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2355:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
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2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2161:Empress (皇后;
2160:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:Emperor Taiwu
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:Emperor Daowu
2137:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:noble consort
1669:
1666:In 483, when
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
968:
964:
963:
961:
957:
952:
948:
945:
941:
938:
934:
933:
931:
927:
924:
920:
919:
918:
916:
908:
903:
899:
896:
892:
889:
885:
882:
878:
875:
871:
868:
864:
861:
857:
854:
850:
847:
843:
840:
836:
833:
829:
826:
822:
819:
815:
812:
809:Empress (皇后;
808:
807:
806:
804:
796:
792:
789:
785:
782:
778:
775:
771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
747:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
723:Empress (皇后;
722:
721:
720:
718:
710:
706:
703:
699:
696:
692:
689:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
670:
669:
667:
660:
657:
655:
653:
645:
643:
641:
637:
629:
625:
622:
618:
615:
611:
608:
604:
601:
598:Empress (皇后;
597:
596:
595:
593:
585:
580:
576:
573:
569:
566:
562:
561:
560:
558:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
520:
516:
513:
509:
506:
502:
499:
495:
492:
488:
485:
481:
478:
474:
471:
467:
464:
460:
458:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
417:
413:
410:
407:Empress (皇后;
406:
405:
404:
402:
394:
390:
387:
383:
380:
376:
373:
369:
366:
362:
359:
355:
352:
348:
345:
342:Empress (皇后;
341:
340:
339:
333:
329:
326:
323:Empress (皇后;
322:
321:
320:
318:
314:
306:
300:
293:
288:
284:
281:
277:
274:
270:
267:
263:
260:
256:
253:
249:
246:
242:
240:
239:Qin Shi Huang
236:
232:
228:
227:
226:
224:
220:
212:
210:
207:
206:
202:
198:
197:Rites of Zhou
190:
188:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
144:1 Queen (王后;
143:
142:
141:
139:
138:Rites of Zhou
131:
129:
127:
123:
122:Rites of Zhou
119:
118:
117:Rites of Zhou
112:
110:
109:Shang dynasty
105:
103:
99:
95:
88:Early history
87:
85:
83:
79:
75:
74:mǔhòu tiānxià
71:
66:
64:
63:hòugōng zhìdù
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
33:
19:
6545:
6456:Zongli Yamen
6305:Menxia Sheng
6132:Institutions
6096:
5982:, retrieved
5967:
5932:
5925:
5905:
5898:
5878:
5871:
5851:
5844:
5824:
5817:
5797:
5790:
5770:
5763:
5753:13 September
5751:. Retrieved
5736:
5729:
5719:13 September
5717:. Retrieved
5702:
5695:
5685:13 September
5683:. Retrieved
5668:
5661:
5651:13 September
5649:. Retrieved
5634:
5627:
5617:13 September
5615:. Retrieved
5600:
5593:
5583:13 September
5581:. Retrieved
5566:
5559:
5549:13 September
5547:. Retrieved
5532:
5524:
5514:13 September
5512:. Retrieved
5497:
5490:
5469:cite journal
5459:13 September
5457:. Retrieved
5447:
5437:13 September
5435:. Retrieved
5420:
5413:
5403:13 September
5401:. Retrieved
5386:
5364:13 September
5362:. Retrieved
5347:
5341:
5331:13 September
5329:. Retrieved
5314:
5307:
5297:13 September
5295:. Retrieved
5280:
5273:
5263:13 September
5261:. Retrieved
5246:
5239:
5227:. Retrieved
5212:
5205:
5193:. Retrieved
5178:
5171:
5159:. Retrieved
5144:
5142:김운회 (2015).
5122:. Retrieved
5107:
5100:
5089:. Retrieved
5074:
5067:
5050:
5030:
5023:
4996:
4986:
4974:. Retrieved
4959:
4952:
4940:. Retrieved
4930:
4920:
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4884:. Retrieved
4869:
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4850:. Retrieved
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4509:Consort (妃;
4503:
4496:
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4482:Qing dynasty
4479:
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4336:
4329:
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4315:Ming dynasty
4312:
4288:
4282:
4274:
4267:Paul Pelliot
4257:
4230:
4225:
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4203:Yuan dynasty
4200:
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3408:
3401:
3389:
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3370:
3363:
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3325:
3324:Consort (妃;
3301:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3278:
3271:
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3255:
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3016:
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2973:Tang dynasty
2970:
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2895:
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2865:
2858:
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2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:Emperor Yang
2776:
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2756:
2749:
2742:
2731:Empress Dugu
2728:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2684:
2676:
2670:
2667:Yuan Leshang
2660:
2657:Yuchi Chifan
2650:
2640:
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2620:Emperor Xuan
2617:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
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2290:
2283:
2282:Madame (夫人;
2277:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2205:sinicization
2202:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2136:Northern Wei
2127:
2120:
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2097:
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2083:
2076:
2069:
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2053:
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2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1946:
1933:
1926:
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1724:
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1704:
1699:
1696:pure consort
1695:
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1679:
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1665:
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1629:
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1615:
1608:
1601:
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1556:Madame (夫人;
1550:
1543:
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1506:
1499:
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1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
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1360:
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1325:Emperor Ming
1322:
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1309:
1302:
1293:
1286:
1279:
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1096:
1089:
1088:Madame (夫人;
1082:
1075:
1068:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
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943:
942:Madame (夫人;
936:
929:
922:
912:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
816:Madame (夫人;
810:
803:Emperor Ming
800:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
730:Madame (夫人;
724:
714:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
679:Madame (夫人;
673:
663:
649:
640:Emperor Ling
636:Emperor Huan
633:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
589:
578:
571:
564:
563:Consort (妃;
557:crown prince
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
462:
452:
442:
432:
422:
415:
408:
401:Emperor Yuan
398:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
349:Madame (夫人;
343:
337:
331:
330:Madame (夫人;
324:
310:
286:
279:
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265:
258:
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244:
243:Madame (夫人;
234:
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199:, under the
196:
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106:
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81:
77:
73:
69:
67:
62:
58:
54:
35:
6588:Concubinage
6481:Shence Army
6265:Jimi system
6144:Nine Courts
6090:Consort kin
4611:huángtàihòu
4497:huángguìfēi
4330:huángguìfēi
4304:Empress Sun
4277:chapter of
4249:Kublai Khan
3637:During the
3316:New titles
3313:Old titles
2735:Emperor Wen
2687:Sui dynasty
2520:zhǎngguìfēi
2273:Northern Qi
2203:During the
1953:Emperor Wen
1653:zhōngcáirén
1529:Emperor Gao
1522:Southern Qi
1493:zhōngcáirén
1310:zhōngcáirén
1046:zhōngcáirén
915:Jin dynasty
913:During the
717:Emperor Wen
672:Queen (王后;
650:During the
586:Eastern Han
307:Western Han
302:Zhao Feiyan
229:Queen (王后;
223:King Huiwen
219:Qin dynasty
6567:Categories
6436:Lifan Yuan
5091:2010-06-28
4927:"기황후(奇皇后)"
4913:Hwang 2016
4901:Hwang 2016
4692:References
4585:níangníang
4237:Empress Gi
3646:Later Tang
3298:Empress Wu
2647:Chen Yueyi
2637:Zhu Manyue
2627:Yang Lihua
1949:Emperor Wu
1740:Emperor Wu
1668:Emperor Wu
457:Emperor Wu
447:Emperor Wu
437:Emperor Wu
427:Emperor Wu
217:Under the
30:See also:
6555:help page
6551:undefined
6503:Dynasties
6179:Censorate
6164:Guozijian
4804:help page
4800:undefined
4784:help page
4697:Citations
4670:guìtàifēi
4577:concubine
4569:concubine
4220:term for
4218:Mongolian
4214:gōngzhàng
4146:chōngyuàn
4139:chōngróng
3928:chōngyuàn
3921:chōngróng
3263:chōngyuàn
3256:chōngróng
3096:chōngyuàn
3089:chōngróng
2957:Wu Zetian
2880:chōngróng
2573:zhōngyuàn
2566:shàngyuàn
2347:yòuzhāoyí
2341:zuǒzhāoyí
2296:Lady (禦;
2230:yòuzhāoyí
2224:zuǒzhāoyí
2176:yòuzhāoyí
2170:zuǒzhāoyí
781:shùnchéng
512:shùncháng
78:zhōnggōng
6275:Shumishi
6260:Jiedushi
6041:Monarchy
6033:Nobility
5161:12 March
5124:12 March
4625:(聖母皇太后;
4617:(母后皇太后;
4551:guānnǘzǐ
4532:chángzài
4490:huánghòu
4457:Xuande.
4403:tàizǐfēi
4377:zhāoróng
4323:huánghòu
4226:wòérkàng
4104:zhāoyuàn
4097:zhāoróng
4032:huánghòu
3974:huánghòu
3886:zhāoyuàn
3879:zhāoróng
3851:shùnróng
3748:huánghòu
3668:zhāoyuàn
3654:zhāoróng
3612:chénghuī
3591:tàizǐfēi
3484:huánghòu
3428:gòngfèng
3390:chéngzhǐ
3371:chéngguī
3221:zhāoyuàn
3214:zhāoróng
3156:huánghòu
3054:zhāoyuàn
3047:zhāoróng
2989:huánghòu
2981:gōngguān
2887:chōnghuá
2838:shùnróng
2787:huánghòu
2743:huánghòu
2695:huánghòu
2603:zhōngwǎn
2596:shàngwǎn
2495:huánghòu
2456:guāngxùn
2428:xuānmíng
2398:guāngyóu
2384:shàngpín
2327:yòuéyīng
2321:zuǒéyīng
2314:huánghòu
2217:huánghòu
2197:zhōngshì
2190:jiāofáng
2163:huánghòu
2128:liángrén
2098:chénghuī
2091:chōnghuá
2033:zhāoróng
1961:huánghòu
1908:liángrén
1885:chénghuī
1878:chōnghuá
1820:zhāoróng
1748:huánghòu
1692:zhāoróng
1637:chōnghuá
1537:huánghòu
1507:liángrén
1470:chénghuī
1463:chōnghuá
1412:zhāoróng
1333:huánghòu
1294:chōnghuá
1266:zhāoróng
1194:huánghòu
1169:chōnghuá
1069:huánghòu
1061:Liu Song
1023:chōnghuá
923:huánghòu
895:liángrén
811:huánghòu
795:liángrén
725:huánghòu
600:huánghòu
543:liángshǐ
491:zhǎngshǐ
470:liángrén
409:huánghòu
386:zhǎngshǐ
365:liángrén
344:huánghòu
325:huánghòu
280:zhǎngshǐ
259:liángrén
235:huánghòu
205:fengjian
70:huánghòu
6106:Offices
6085:Empress
6063:Emperor
6046:Dynasty
5984:18 June
5958:Sources
4976:18 June
4942:18 June
4780:ZZTJ200
4684:(先帝宮女;
4676:(皇貴太妃;
4642:dowager
4633:(太皇太后;
4432:eunuchs
4417:xuǎnshì
4289:sòngzhŭ
4241:capital
4224:: 斡兒垜;
4210:Chinese
4132:chōngyī
4125:xiūyuàn
4118:xiūróng
4074:xiánfēi
4039:yuánfēi
3914:chōngyī
3907:xiūyuàn
3900:xiūróng
3865:wǎnróng
3858:shūróng
3790:chénfēi
3783:xiánfēi
3710:yáofāng
3689:shìzhēn
3682:yùzhèng
3619:zhāoxùn
3605:liángài
3598:liángdì
3409:wèixiān
3294:chēnfei
3249:chōngyí
3242:xiūyuàn
3235:xiūróng
3191:xiánfēi
3082:chōngyí
3075:xiūyuàn
3068:xiūróng
3024:xiánfēi
2977:nèiguān
2965:Gaozong
2873:chōngyī
2859:xiūróng
2845:shùnhuá
2580:xiàyuàn
2550:zhāohuà
2449:shùnhuá
2442:nínghuá
2435:nínghuī
2421:xuānhuī
2405:zhāoxùn
2391:lónghuī
2375:chóngdé
2368:zhèngdé
2251:(liùpín
2105:lièróng
2084:rónghuá
2061:xiūróng
2026:zhāohuá
2019:shūróng
2005:shūyuàn
1927:liángdì
1892:lièróng
1871:rónghuá
1848:xiūróng
1813:zhāohuá
1806:shūróng
1792:shūyuàn
1711:liángdì
1630:rónghuá
1609:shūyuàn
1595:xiūróng
1514:chōngyī
1477:lièróng
1456:rónghuá
1433:xiūróng
1398:zhāohuá
1391:shūróng
1377:shūyuàn
1317:chōngyī
1287:rónghuá
1273:zhāohuá
1245:shūyuàn
1162:yǒnghuá
1141:xiūróng
1120:shūyuàn
1016:rónghuá
995:xiūróng
974:shūyuàn
881:rǒnghuá
860:xiūróng
853:zhāohuá
839:shūyuàn
774:rónghuá
760:xiūróng
746:shūyuàn
702:rónghuá
674:wánghòu
666:Cao Cao
659:Cao Wei
621:gōngrén
590:In the
572:liángdì
498:shǎoshǐ
453:chōngyī
443:rónghuá
393:shǎoshǐ
338:Later:
315:of the
287:shǎoshǐ
231:wánghòu
146:wánghòu
126:utopian
59:hòugōng
55:nèigōng
6159:Taixue
6058:Titles
5975:
5940:
5913:
5886:
5859:
5832:
5805:
5778:
5744:
5710:
5676:
5642:
5608:
5574:
5540:
5505:
5428:
5394:
5355:
5322:
5288:
5254:
5229:1 July
5220:
5195:1 July
5186:
5152:
5115:
5082:
5038:
5011:
4967:
4886:8 June
4877:
4852:8 June
4843:
4763:
4737:
4668:(貴太妃;
4662:tàifēi
4654:tàipín
4549:(官女子;
4539:dāyìng
4525:guìrén
4504:guìfēi
4446:Xuande
4442:Yongle
4438:Joseon
4410:cáirén
4391:měirén
4384:guìrén
4370:zhāoyí
4337:guìfēi
4233:Goryeo
4212:: 宮帳;
4176:bǎolín
4169:cáirén
4162:měirén
4090:zhāoyí
4060:shūfēi
4053:guìfēi
4009:fāngyí
4002:shùnyí
3995:zhāoyí
3958:guìrén
3951:cáirén
3944:měirén
3872:zhāoyí
3844:shùnyí
3769:shūfēi
3762:guìfēi
3724:xuānyī
3703:xiányī
3675:chūshǐ
3661:zhāoyí
3626:fèngyí
3579:cáirén
3572:měirén
3563:fāngyí
3549:shùnyí
3542:xiányí
3512:huáfēi
3498:huìfēi
3466:shìjīn
3447:shìzhì
3421:bǎolín
3402:cáirén
3383:měirén
3352:xuānyí
3286:cáirén
3279:měirén
3207:zhāoyí
3177:shūfēi
3170:guìfēi
3126:bǎolín
3119:cáirén
3112:měirén
3040:zhāoyí
3010:shūfēi
3003:guìfēi
2926:bǎolín
2917:cáirén
2910:měirén
2866:xiūhuá
2831:shùnyí
2808:shūfēi
2801:guìfēi
2750:guìrén
2724:nǚguān
2610:xiàwǎn
2559:yùyuàn
2513:guìfēi
2472:cáirén
2414:xiàpín
2361:hóngdé
2334:shūfēi
2244:sānpín
2183:guìrén
2147:madame
2121:cáirén
2114:měirén
2047:xiūhuá
2040:zhāoyí
1982:guìpín
1975:guìfēi
1934:bǎolín
1915:cáirén
1901:měirén
1834:xiūhuá
1827:zhāoyí
1769:guìpín
1762:guìfēi
1725:cáirén
1718:bǎolín
1700:shūfēi
1684:shūfēi
1678:) and
1676:guìfēi
1660:cáirén
1646:měirén
1602:shūfēi
1581:xiūhuá
1565:guìrén
1551:guìpín
1500:cáirén
1486:měirén
1419:xiūhuá
1405:zhāoyí
1354:guìpín
1347:guìfēi
1303:měirén
1259:zhāoyí
1238:shūfēi
1222:guìrén
1215:guìpín
1208:guìfēi
1178:měirén
1134:xiūhuá
1113:shūfēi
1097:guìrén
1083:guìpín
1039:cáirén
1032:měirén
988:xiūhuá
967:shūfēi
951:guìrén
937:guìpín
902:cuórén
888:měirén
846:zhāoyí
832:shūfēi
825:guìpín
788:měirén
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4761:ISBN
4735:ISBN
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