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in the 1950s told the local people that the woodpeckers were destroying valuable timber and encouraged the people to kill the birds. As part of this campaign, the foresters gave the local residents poison to smear on trees that the birds foraged on. Because groups of imperial woodpeckers tended to feed on a single huge, dead, old-growth pine tree for as long as two weeks, applying poison to such a tree would be an effective way to wipe out a group of up to one dozen of these huge woodpeckers — and, perhaps, even to kill off succeeding groups of the birds that might move into the area and be attracted to the same tree. Gallagher suspects that such a campaign of poisoning may be the key to the species' apparent catastrophic population crash in the 1950s, which has hitherto lacked a satisfactory explanation. A campaign of poisoning could well have killed whole groups of the bird in a short time. The premise of protecting valuable timber from the woodpeckers was, in fact, baseless. Imperial woodpeckers do not forage on or excavate nest or roosting holes in live, healthy trees.
320:
466:(1996), after extensively reviewing post-1956 reports, conclude that the species did indeed survive into the 1990s in the central part of its range, but also consider its continued survival very unlikely. According to them, the population was always restricted in historic times, although the species was indeed present in maximum density before a catastrophic decline during the 1950s. The lack of good records from that time is apparently based more on lack of research than on actual rarity, but this seems to have changed radically only one decade later.
392:
very large area of untouched mature forest to survive, approximately 26 km (10 sq mi); outside the breeding season, the birds are reported to form small groups of up to 12 individuals and move about a wide area, apparently in response to the availability of food. The main food source, beetle larvae in snags, is probably distributed in patches and peaks within a short period of time. Consequently, feeding sites are probably best exploited by "nomadic" groups. If operating in groups of seven or eight individuals, the minimum area of
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black except for the inner primaries, which are white-tipped, the white secondaries and a white scapular stripe which, unlike the ivory-billed woodpecker, does not extend onto the neck. The female is similar, but her crest is all black and (unlike the female ivory-bill) recurved at the top, lacking any red. Much larger than any other sympatric woodpecker, it is the only woodpecker in the area with solid black underparts. Its voice is reportedly toy trumpet-like. The bird was once widespread and, until the early 1950s, not uncommon throughout the
440:
436:
by over-hunting — for use in folk medicine and because nestlings were considered a delicacy by the
Tarahumara. It has been hunted for sport, food and for medicinal purposes over a long period of time and feathers and bills were reportedly used in rituals by the Tepheuana and Huichol tribes in the south of Durango. Additionally, imperial woodpeckers are stunning birds and, as the species became increasingly rare, many were apparently shot by people who had never encountered such a bird and wanted to get a closer look.
412:
208:
427:. It was not historically a rare species within a suitable habitat, but the total population probably never numbered more than 8,000 individuals (Lammertink et al. 1996). Any remaining population is assumed to be tiny (numbering fewer than 50 mature individuals) based on the lack of confirmed records since 1956; analyses of remaining habitats indicate that no tracts remain which are large enough to support the species. The last confirmed record was from
86:
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357:. It is likely that, in the past, the woodpecker's range followed the Sierra Madre north into Arizona, but by the time it was scientifically described in the 19th century, it was already confined to Mexico. It has been suggested that it might occur in Arizona, and there is also a hypothetical record of it in 1958 in Big Bend National Park, Texas, however this is not mentioned in Oberholser's two-volume
322:
31:
261:, it is the world's largest woodpecker species, at 56–60 cm (22–23.5 in) long. Researchers have discovered that the imperial woodpecker has slow climbing strides and a fast wing-flap rate compared with other woodpeckers. Owing to its close taxonomic relationship, and its similarity in appearance, to the
435:
and fragmentation combined with hunting. These factors are the reason why the species has not been seen in over 60 years, although there have been local reports of sightings. Researchers believe that their decline was also accelerated by active eradication campaigns conducted by logging interests and
473:
and
Martjan Lammertink, reported in Gallagher's 2013 book, found evidence — in the form of accounts by elderly residents in the bird's range who saw imperial woodpeckers decades earlier and who discussed their recollections with the researchers — that foresters working with Mexican logging companies
336:
The imperial woodpecker's typical size ranges from 56 to 60 centimetres (22.0 to 23.6 in). The male imperial woodpecker has a red-sided crest, centered black, but otherwise mostly black, with large white wing-patches, thin white “braces” on its mantle and a huge ivory-colored bill. They are all
391:
found underneath bark scaled from dead pine trees. There are many reports of more than four individuals, and this grouping behaviour may be related to its foraging specialisation. Breeding has been recorded between
February and June, and probably one to four eggs are laid. A mated pair requires a
461:
is being devoted to the analysis of the extinction risk as well as the search for the rare, long unseen, species. There are a handful of more recent, unconfirmed sightings, the most recent of which closely followed the 2005 publication of the purported rediscovery of the ivory-billed woodpecker.
387:, usually between 2,100 and 2,700 metres (6,900 and 8,900 ft) above sea level. Most records are from elevations of 1,920 to 3,050 metres (6,300 to 10,010 ft), but there are records as low as 1,675 metres (5,500 ft). It feeds mainly on the insect
321:
457:(terrain levels at 2,700-2,900 m. elevation). The area in which they lived was abundant with large dead trees, the removal of which could be linked to their extinction. The area had been cleared and logged multiple times by 2010. Increasing effort in
497:. Gallagher's inspiration to search for the imperial woodpecker was this 1956 film, taken by dentist William Rhein, who made several trips to Mexico in search of the imperial woodpecker. This is the only known photographic record of the species.
488:
A search of the multi-institution online specimen database VertNet reveals that only 144 physical specimens of the imperial woodpecker exist, including only three known complete skeletons. An overlooked woodpecker skeleton from the
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493:
appears to also belong to the species. The species is also known from a single amateur film from 1956 depicting one bird climbing, foraging and flying. The film has been restored and released by
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485:, there are major marijuana and opium poppy-growing regions that are patrolled by armed guards. The drug cartels often kill anyone who comes too close to their crops.
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Lammertink, Martjan; Gallagher, Tim W.; Rosenberg, Kenneth V.; Fitzpatrick, John W.; Liner, Eric; Rojas-Tomé, Jorge & Escalante, Patricia (2011).
1059:. Sixteenth Meeting of the Conference of Parties. Bangkok: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora or Fauna. March 2013
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Constable, Heather; Guralnick, Robert; Wieczorek, John; Spencer, Carol; Peterson, A. Townsend; The VertNet
Steering Committee (2010).
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678:"Status and conservation of old-growth forests and endemic birds in the pine-oak zone of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico"
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481:(2013), he discusses how difficult the search is for the imperial woodpecker due to its dangerous location. In Mexico's
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since 2001. However, its rediscovery or reintroduction would prompt immediate protection under the law.
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in 1956 and the species is very likely now extinct. If they have gone extinct, it would have been due to
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Verslagen en
Technische Gegevens Instituut voor Systematiek en Populatiebiologie (Zoologisch Museum)
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The imperial woodpecker is officially listed as "critically endangered (possibly extinct)" by the
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Tanner, James T. (1964): "The
Decline and Present Status of the Imperial Woodpecker of Mexico".
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Imperial Dreams: Tracking the
Imperial Woodpecker Through the Wild Sierra Madre
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Imperial Dreams: Tracking the
Imperial Woodpecker Through the Wild Sierra Madre
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The habitat in which the imperial woodpecker was located was predominantly in
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Lammertink, M.; Rojas-Tomé, J.A.; Casillas-Orona, F.M.; Otto, R.L. (1996).
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has released a film of the imperial woodpecker recorded in Mexico in 1956.
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950:"The conundrum of an overlooked skeleton referable to Imperial Woodpecker
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Casillas-Orona, Federico
Moctezuma (2005): "The Imperial Woodpecker,
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Videos from last known sighting in 1956 by Dr. William L. Rhein:
995:"Film Documentation of the Probably Extinct Imperial Woodpecker (
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PrĹ·s-Jones, Robert P.; Manegold, Albrecht; White, Judith (2021).
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The imperial woodpecker has been considered to be extinct by the
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127:
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Consideration of
Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I and II
292:
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https://www.oocities.org/mx/fritz1959mx/imperialwoodpecker.pdf
384:
329:
Turnaround video of a male study skin RMNH.AVES.110098, the
1085:" (Gould, 1832). Short paper published online; June, 2005.
954:
in the collection of the Natural History Museum at Tring"
907:
Revised world inventory of avian skeletal specimens, 1986
1091:
Dalton, Rex (2005): "Ornithology: A wing and a prayer".
796:
794:
282:
1538:
Species endangered by deliberate extirpation efforts
829:"VertNet: a new model for biodiversity data sharing"
1190:
561:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22681417A179185354.en
38:Female (left) and male (right) mounted specimens,
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669:
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396:for a group is 98 km (38 sq mi).
8:
958:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
646:Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club,
592:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
273:, but this name is also used for the extant
1513:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
879:"VertNet search for Campephilus imperialis"
584:"Type Specimens of the Imperial Woodpecker
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415:Adult male (front) and adult female (back)
206:
58:
29:
20:
1014:
969:
904:Wood, D. Scott; Schnell, Gary D. (1986).
854:
844:
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1171:http://macaulaylibrary.org/video/468601
1165:http://macaulaylibrary.org/video/468600
1159:http://macaulaylibrary.org/video/468599
1153:http://macaulaylibrary.org/video/461027
712:"A Riveting Glimpse of a Vanished Bird"
525:
449:, Berlin; note hand for size comparison
16:Possibly extinct species of woodpecker
817:, pp. 46, 54, 95, 139, 151, 225, 232.
746:, pp. 224–26. New York: Atria Books.
724:from the original on October 29, 2011
363:The imperial woodpecker prefers open
7:
710:Leslie Kaufman (October 28, 2011).
547:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
913:. American Ornithologists' Union.
885:from the original on March 3, 2022
477:In Gallagher's nonfiction account
14:
443:Female preserved specimen at the
84:
930:from the original on 2020-11-21
881:. National Science Foundation.
780:from the original on 2013-06-18
692:from the original on 2013-02-22
628:from the original on 2016-03-04
491:Natural History Museum at Tring
407:Decline and probable extinction
271:Mexican ivory-billed woodpecker
582:PrĹ·s-Jones, Robert P. (2011).
269:), it is sometimes called the
1:
1533:Species endangered by logging
1100:(8 September 2005): 188–190.
606:– via Internet Archive.
331:Naturalis Biodiversity Center
971:10.25226/bboc.v141i1.2021.a7
846:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000309
661:third edition (1990), p. 350
303:
293:
283:
1554:
1144:BirdLife Species Factsheet
624:. BirdLife International.
401:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1110:. New York: Atria Books.
764:Mendenhall, Matt (2005).
554:: e.T22681417A179185354.
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81:Scientific classification
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341:of Mexico, from western
1528:Birds described in 1832
1523:Endemic birds of Mexico
1106:Gallagher, Tim (2013):
620:Campephilus imperialis
540:Campephilus imperialis
514:Ivory-billed woodpecker
483:Sierra Madre Occidental
359:The Bird Life of Texas.
339:Sierra Madre Occidental
315:Description and ecology
263:ivory-billed woodpecker
1490:Campephilus-imperialis
1249:campephilus-imperialis
1236:Campephilus_imperialis
1222:Campephilus imperialis
1192:Campephilus imperialis
1083:Campephilus imperialis
1016:10.1525/auk.2011.10271
997:Campephilus imperialis
952:Campephilus imperialis
742:Tim Gallagher (2013):
586:Campephilus imperialis
534:BirdLife International
450:
425:BirdLife International
416:
333:
275:pale-billed woodpecker
242:Campephilus imperialis
190:Campephilus imperialis
618:"Imperial Woodpecker
446:Museum fĂĽr Naturkunde
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65:Critically endangered
766:"Old Friend Missing"
502:Government of Mexico
459:conservation biology
24:Imperial woodpecker
433:habitat destruction
237:imperial woodpecker
67:, possibly extinct
50:Conservation status
717:The New York Times
495:Cornell University
469:Field research by
455:coniferous forests
451:
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172:C. imperialis
1500:
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1472:Open Tree of Life
1184:Taxon identifiers
1116:978-1-4391-9152-1
752:978-1-4391-9152-1
394:old-growth forest
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1507:Categories
1485:Xeno-canto
1063:4 February
934:2021-03-14
784:2013-06-16
696:2012-02-22
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632:2011-02-28
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138:Piciformes
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