Battle of Imphal - Knowledge (XXG)

1467: 1904: 1833: 70: 260: 249: 1825: 1590:, the "box" being the supply area for the brigades of the 7th Division. The attack failed as Allied aircraft were able to parachute supplies to the cut-off troops, allowing them to stand firm, while the Japanese who had infiltrated behind them ran out of supplies. From this point onwards, the Allies were to rely increasingly on their transport aircraft. Also, the Japanese unexpectedly encountered tanks, to which the lightly equipped infiltrators had little counter. The planning of U-Go, however, was too far advanced to take account of these developments. 191: 2084: 2005: 1813:(detached from 20th Division). The Japanese advanced through the hills to the west of Bishenpur, almost isolating the British in the village, but suffered severely from British artillery fire. Their leading troops were halted by lack of supply only 10 miles (16 km) from Imphal. Other Japanese advancing directly up the Tiddim-Imphal road were halted in Potsangbam 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Bishenpur, as troops of 17th Indian Division rejoined the battle. 237: 226: 163: 176: 2031:

obeying his orders to attack, Mutaguchi finally ordered the offensive to be broken off on 3 July. The Japanese, reduced in many cases to a rabble, fell back to the Chindwin, abandoning their artillery, transport, and many soldiers too badly wounded or sick to walk. The Allies recovered Tamu at the end of July. It was found to contain 550 unburied Japanese corpses, with over 100 more severely-wounded Japanese soldiers slowly dying amongst them.

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positions on the reverse slopes, and the troops often stormed the summits of the ridges, only to be driven off by mortar fire and grenades from the reverse slope positions. IV Corps regrouped. The 23rd Indian Division took over the defence of the Shenam Saddle, while from the end of May, 5th Division concentrated on driving north from Sengmai up the main road through Kanglatongi, while the 20th Indian Division advanced along the tracks and the

271: 204: 3460: 2027:, an unspoken form of communication using gesture, expression and tone of voice, to convey their conviction that success was impossible, but neither of them wished to bear the responsibility of ordering a retreat. Kawabe subsequently became ill with dysentery and perhaps physically unfit for duty. He nevertheless ordered repeated attacks, stating later that Bose was the key to Japan's and India's future. 1475: 1667:(an irregular force of locally raised levies and guerrillas) warned Cowan of a Japanese force advancing against the rear of the division as early as 8 March, allowing Cowan to regroup the division to protect its rear. On 13 March, the Japanese 215th Regiment attacked a supply dump at milestone 109, twenty miles behind Cowan's leading outposts, while the Japanese 214th Regiment seized 1177: 1610: 2119:

million gallons of fuel, over a thousand bags of mail and 40 million cigarettes. Several thousand mules were used to supply outlying outposts, for example, 17th Indian Division on the Bishenpur trail, so animal fodder was also flown in during the siege. Allied aircraft parachuted ammunition, rations and drinking water to surrounded units.

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214th Regiment) captured hills close to 17th Division's headquarters on 20 May. Because of the incursion into their own rear, the Japanese were unable to reinforce their forward troops, and over the following week the isolated Japanese were driven from their positions in the middle of the Indian division, many parties being wiped out.

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also, until the onset of the monsoon rains), so, although cut off by land, the town had a lifeline. By the end of the battle, the Allied air forces had flown 19,000 tons of supplies and 12,000 men into Kohima and Imphal, and flown out 13,000 casualties and 43,000 non-combatants. They delivered over a

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was opposed to making any retreat, but on 25 March he was ordered to detach some of his division to provide a reserve for IV Corps. As this left the division too weak to hold Tamu and Moreh, they withdrew to the Shenam Saddle, a complex of hills through which the Imphal-Tamu road ran. The supply dump

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The Indian divisions were composed of both British and Indian personnel. In each brigade, there was generally one British, one Gurkha and one Indian battalion, although two brigades (37th Brigade in 23rd Division and 63rd Brigade in 17th Division) were composed entirely of Gurkha units. Each division

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Mutaguchi ordered the Japanese 31st Division, which had retreated from Kohima when threatened with starvation, to join the 15th Division in a renewed attack on Imphal from the north. Neither division obeyed the order, being in no condition to comply. When he realised that none of his formations were

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South of Imphal, 17th Indian Division had moved back into the line, facing the Japanese 33rd Division. During the first half of May, there were several Japanese air attacks on Bishenpur, and heavy fighting for the village of Potsangbam 2 miles (3.2 km) to the south, in which the British lost 12

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tanks of B Squadron of the 3rd Carabiniers. The Japanese had expected that the slopes were too steep for tanks to climb, and indeed Lee tanks had never been tried before on such gradients in action. The Japanese regiment had very few effective anti-tank weapons, and their troops were driven from the

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or 2nd Guerrilla Regiment, of two battalions led by Inayat Kiyani, took part in this attack. On 28 April, they attacked Palel. They tried to induce some Indian defenders to surrender, but the defenders rallied after initial hesitation. Another INA detachment carried out demolitions around Palel, but

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A Japanese attack up the road on 4 April was disjointed; the infantry were not ready to take part and twelve Japanese tanks were caught exposed on the road by British anti-tank guns. From 8 to 22 April, there was heavy fighting for five peaks which commanded the road east of the Saddle. The Japanese

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All of Mutaguchi's divisional commanders disagreed with the plan to some extent. Sato distrusted Mutaguchi's motives, and Yanagida openly derided his abrasive superior as a "blockhead." Yamauchi was already very ill and fatalistic. Their main reservations concerned supply. Mutaguchi had assumed that

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Lieutenant General Kawabe travelled north from Rangoon to see the situation for himself on 25 May. Several officers whom he interviewed expressed confidence in success if reinforcements could be provided, but actually concealed their losses and the seriousness of the situation. At a meeting between

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The Gurkhas of 48th Indian Brigade cut the road behind the Japanese on 18 May, but 63rd Indian Brigade were unable to break through to them, and 48th Brigade was forced to fight its way through the Japanese positions to rejoin the division, with heavy losses. Meanwhile, some of Tanaka's troops (the

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By this time, the Japanese were at the end of their endurance. Neither the 31st Division which was fighting at Kohima nor the 15th Division had received adequate supplies since the offensive began, and their troops were starving. Lieutenant General Sato, the commander of the Japanese 31st Division,

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on 15 March. The Japanese suffered heavy casualties and were forced away from the road. Further north, the Japanese captured the depot at Milestone 109 on 18 March, but Indian troops recovered it on 25 March. Cowan had taken steps to secure the most vulnerable point in the rear of his division, the

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There were other weaknesses in the plan, which were revealed as the campaign progressed. The Japanese assumed that the British would be unable to use tanks on the steep jungle-covered hills around Imphal. For ease of movement and supply, the Japanese left behind most of their field artillery, their

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IV Corps enjoyed close air support from fighter-bombers and dive bombers of 221 Group of the RAF. Allied fighter bombers and medium bombers shot up and bombed enemy concentrations, supply dumps, transport, roads and bridges all the way to the Chindwin river. The monsoon, which occurred every year

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The Japanese had also lost almost every one of the 12,000 pack horses and mules in their transport units and the 30,000 cattle used either as beasts of burden or as rations, and many trucks and other vehicles. The loss of pack animals was to cripple several of their divisions during the following

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and mules), by air from Arakan to the Central Front. The move was completed in only eleven days. One brigade and a mountain artillery regiment went to Dimapur in the Brahmaputra valley, but the other two brigades, the field artillery and the divisional HQ went to Imphal. The leading troops of the

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Both the Japanese and the Indian division had suffered heavy casualties. Yanagida, the Japanese 33rd Division's commander, was already pessimistic, and was apparently unnerved by a garbled radio message which suggested that one of his regiments had been destroyed at Tongzang. He therefore did not

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When they received intelligence that a major Japanese offensive was impending, Slim and Scoones planned to withdraw their forward divisions into the Imphal plain and force the Japanese to fight at the end of impossibly long and difficult lines of communication. However, they misjudged the date on

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rains, which usually descended from about the middle of May, would make the supply routes from the Chindwin almost impossible to traverse. Gambles such as Mutaguchi was making had worked in the past, but could no longer be relied upon, given nearly total Allied air superiority in the area and the

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The Japanese had realised that the operation ought to be broken off as early as May. Lieutenant General Hikosaburo Hata, the Vice-Chief of the General Staff, had made a tour of inspection of Southern Army's headquarters in late April. When he returned to Tokyo, he reported pessimistically on the

1940:(an independent detachment from the 31st Division) and the Japanese 60th Regiment from their delaying positions on the Dimapur-Imphal road, the leading troops of IV Corps and XXXIII Corps met at Milestone 109, 10 miles (16 km) north of Imphal, on 22 June, and the siege of Imphal was raised. 1843:

attacked the Shenam Saddle, defended by the main body of the Indian 20th Division, on the main road from Tamu into Imphal. This was the only metalled road the Japanese could use, and it was vital for them to break through to allow Yamamoto's tanks and heavy artillery to attack the main defences

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which was flown in to replace the brigade sent to Kohima) and 23rd Indian Division (later replaced by the 20th Division) tried capturing the steep ridges, such as the Mapao Spur, held by the Japanese, but found these to be almost impregnable. Allied artillery was usually unable to hit Japanese

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A battalion of the Japanese 51st Regiment (which was commanded by Colonel Kimio Omoto) seized the vital Nungshigum Ridge, which overlooked the main airstrip at Imphal. This was a major threat to IV Corps and on 13 April the 5th Indian Division counter-attacked, supported by air strikes, massed

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attacked them in front. The Japanese division's temporary commander (its Chief of Staff, Major General Tetsujiro Tanaka) planned at the same time to infiltrate through Indian 17th Division's front to seize vital objectives in the middle of the Indian positions. Both moves were launched almost

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By 1 May, all Japanese attacks had come to a halt. Slim and Scoones began a counter-offensive against the Japanese 15th Division. This division was the weakest of the Japanese formations, and if it was defeated, the siege would be broken (once Kohima was recaptured). The progress of the

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Scoones had nevertheless been forced to send the bulk of his only reserve, the 23rd Indian Infantry Division, to the aid of the 17th Division. The two divisions, supplied by parachute drops from Allied aircraft, made their way back to the Imphal plain, which they reached on 4 April.

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A new forceful commander, Lieutenant General Nobuo Tanaka, took command of the 33rd Division on 22 May, and ordered repeated attacks which reduced many of his division's battalions to mere handfuls of men. In June, he received reinforcements (a regiment from the Japanese

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The Japanese defeat at Kohima and Imphal was the largest up until that time. They had suffered 54,879 casualties, including 13,376 dead (plus 920 casualties in the preliminary battles in Assam). Most of these losses were the result of starvation, disease and exhaustion.

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early in 1943. The Allies had widely publicised the successful aspects of Wingate's expedition while concealing their losses to disease and exhaustion, possibly leading Mutaguchi and some of his staff to underestimate the difficulties they would later face.

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was appointed to command this army in March 1943. From the moment he took command, Mutaguchi forcefully advocated an invasion of India. His motives for doing so appear to be uncertain. He had played a major part in several Japanese victories, ever since the

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The troops of Japanese 15th Division were forced to abandon their defensive positions to scavenge for supplies in local villages or on the Japanese lines of communication. Mutaguchi dismissed the mortally ill Yamauchi (replacing him with Lieutenant General

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Mutaguchi intended to block the supply lines to the Allied units in their forward positions, to isolate and destroy them, drawing the Allied reserves into the battle and then capture Imphal. His plan was named U-Go, or Operation C. In detail:

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at Moreh was set ablaze, and 200 cattle there were slaughtered. The division fell back without difficulty, mainly because two of Yamamoto Force's battalions from the Japanese 15th Division (II/51 Regiment and III/60 Regiment) were delayed at

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The Japanese 15th Division encircled Imphal from the north. Its 60th Regiment captured a British supply dump at Kanglatongbi on the main Imphal-Dimapur road a few miles north of Imphal, but the depot had been emptied of food and ammunition.

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by a regiment from the Japanese 31st Division on its way to Kohima. The Japanese 60th Regiment cut the main road a few miles north of Imphal on 28 March, while the 51st Regiment advanced on Imphal from the north-east, down the valley of the

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which the Japanese were to attack, and the strength they would use against some objectives. The Japanese troops began to cross the Chindwin River on 8 March. Scoones gave his forward divisions orders to withdraw to Imphal only on 13 March.

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withdrew after they failed to rendezvous with Japanese units. The Gandhi Brigade was short of rations, having brought forward only one day's supplies, and also suffered 250 casualties to shellfire after they pulled back from Palel.

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At the start of 1944, the war was going against the Japanese on several fronts. They were being driven back in the central and southwest Pacific, and their merchant ships were under attack by Allied submarines and aircraft. In

2017:, but Tojo dismissed his concerns as their source was a junior staff officer (Major Masaru Ushiro, at Burma Area Army HQ). Messages were sent from Imperial Headquarters, urging that the operation was to be fought to the end. 1683:. The division's rearguard crossed safely on 26 March, demolishing the bridge behind them. The division removed most of the vehicles, food and ammunition from the depot at Milestone 109 before resuming their retreat. 1158:

and Imphal was the largest up until that time, with many of the Japanese deaths resulting from starvation, disease and exhaustion suffered during their retreat. According to voting in a contest run by the British

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Richard Collier; Douglas Botting; Rafael Steinberg; Barrie Pitt; Leonard Mosley; Martin Blumenson; Don Moser; Robert Wernick; Ronald H Bailey; Arthur Zic; Nicholas Bethell; Robert Wallace; Robert T Elson (1978).

2134:". Not even Admiral Louis Mountbatten, the Commander-in-Chief, had the authority to commandeer any of these aircraft, but at the crisis of the battle in the middle of March he nevertheless did so, acquiring 20 1769:, Mahboob "Boobie" Ahmed, attacked and captured the hilltop fortress of Klang Klang. The 3rd Battalion meanwhile moved to Fort White-Tongzang area in premature anticipation of the destruction of Major General 1808:

into the plain. A commando raid destroyed a suspension bridge, making the Silchar track unusable. The 17th and 23rd Indian Divisions were regrouping after their retreat, and Bishenpur was only held by the

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Meanwhile, Imphal had been left vulnerable to the Japanese 15th Division. The only force left covering the northern approaches to the base, the Indian 50th Parachute Brigade, was roughly handled in the

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in early 1942, Mutaguchi dismissed British and Indian troops as inherently inferior. The troops he had met on those occasions had generally been inadequately trained and led. The Allies, under general

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had broken, making movement very difficult. Also, IV Corps was suffering some shortages. Although rations and reinforcements were delivered to Imphal by air, artillery ammunition had to be conserved.

1466: 1903: 1996:, the Japanese had already begun to withdraw. They decided to attack Imphal instead. At Imphal, both units suffered some desertions, but not on the scale that the Commonwealth forces expected. 2114:

The most important contribution to the Allied victory was made by British and American transport aircraft. The Allies could fly men, equipment and supplies into the airstrips at Imphal (and

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had been over the Arakan in February and March, when they had suffered severe losses. During the Imphal and Kohima battles, they were able to make barely half a dozen significant raids.

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in Manipur on the frontier with Burma was built up to be a substantial Allied logistic base, with airfields, encampments and supply dumps. Imphal was linked to an even larger base at

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A Japanese infantry division had a separate Infantry Brigade, or Infantry Group, headquarters which, as in this case, could control any substantial detachment from the division

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Major General Cowan planned to break the deadlock on this front by sending the 48th Indian Infantry Brigade on a wide left hook into the Japanese division's rear while

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success would be achieved within three weeks, but adequate supplies after that period could be obtained only if the Japanese captured Allied supply dumps, as the

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The Indian division began to withdraw on 14 March. At Tuitum Saddle, the Japanese 214th Regiment were unable to dig in properly before they were attacked by the

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Having failed to break through using the road, Yamamoto sent some troops through the rough terrain to the north of the Saddle to raid Palel airfield. The INA's

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was in reserve in and around Imphal. It had served on the Imphal front for two years and was severely understrength as a result of endemic diseases such as

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Yanagida, the Japanese division's commander, had already infuriated Mutaguchi by his caution. He was finally relieved of command at the end of the month.

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at Tamu, then attack Imphal from the east. The force was supported by the 14th Tank Regiment, equipped with 66 assorted tanks, under Lieutenant Colonel

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guerrillas under the command of a British officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Oates, taking a number of prisoners. In the middle of May, a force under Khan's

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year. Mutaguchi had sacked all of his divisions' commanders during the battle. Both he and Kawabe were themselves subsequently relieved of command.

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captured a number of them, but Indian and British counter-attacks regained some of those initially lost. Casualties were heavy on both sides.

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ridge with heavy casualties. The attackers also lost heavily; every officer of the Carabiniers and the attacking infantry (1st Bn, the

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in 1937, and believed it was his destiny to win the decisive battle of the war for Japan. He may also have been goaded by the first

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British and Japanese Military Leadership in the Far Eastern War, 1941-1945 Volume 17 of Military History and Policy Series

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a short distance to the north, where a large supply dump had been established. On 20 March, there was a clash between six

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Further south, the 17th Indian Division was cut off by the Japanese 33rd Division. Patrols from the division and from

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made a substantial contribution. Originally, the Japanese intended using them only for reconnaissance and propaganda.

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on the road by which the encircled Allied forces at Imphal were relieved, the battle was the turning point of the

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General Montagu Stopford (right) confers with other British officers after the opening of the Imphal-Kohima road.

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tanks leading Yamamoto's advance from the south. The lighter Japanese tanks were destroyed. Acting major-general

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tanks. The surviving crews of the 3rd Carabiniers were later flown out of Imphal to be reconstituted in India.

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flew 24,000 sorties during the worst four months of the monsoon, nearly six times the previous year's record.

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By mid-1944, the Allied air forces enjoyed undisputed air supremacy over Burma. The last major effort by the

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Yamamoto Force had also suffered heavy casualties, but before withdrawing, they launched two modest raids on

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and a ridge named Tuitum Saddle across the road a few miles behind the 17th Indian Division's main position.

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was supported by two field artillery regiments (usually British) and one Indian mountain artillery regiment.

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press the pursuit against the 17th Division, and advanced cautiously in spite of reprimands from Mutaguchi.

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aircraft (equivalent to another 30 C-47s). He was supported by American officers at SEAC and the American

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Troops of Indian 5th Division and British 2nd Division meet at Milestone 109, to raise the siege of Imphal

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Yamamoto Force, formed from units detached from the Japanese 33rd and 15th Divisions under Major-General

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at the end of March. From this position, the 2nd Battalion sent companies to relieve Japanese forces at

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Scraggy Hill (known to the Japanese as Ito Hill) on the Shenam Pass, captured by the 4/10th Gurkhas.

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signaller operates wireless for British officers, listening to patrols reporting Japanese positions.

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would envelop Imphal from the north. This division was still arriving from road-building duties in

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under Brigadier Maxwell Hope-Thompson was north of Imphal, conducting advanced jungle training.

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airfield, one of the only two all-weather airfields in the plain, and vital to the defenders.

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Even as the Japanese prepared to launch their attack, the Allies launched the airborne phase (

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chief anti-tank weapon. As a result, their troops would have little protection against tanks.

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to link India and China by land, and to the airfields supplying the Nationalist Chinese under

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From the beginning of April, the Japanese attacked the Imphal Plain from several directions:

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Forgotten Voices of the Japan Laan: The Battle of Imphal and the Second World War in Manipur

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improvement in morale and training of British and Indian troops. Mutaguchi proposed to use "

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Towards the end of May, the INA's 1st and 2nd Guerrilla Regiments (the latter commanded by

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of the INA apparently achieved some success in inducing British Indian soldiers to desert.

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toward Litan and Ukhrul, threatening the Japanese 15th Division's lines of communication.

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to commemorate the British and the Indian soldiers who died during the Second World War.

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ordered a retreat at the end of May, so that his division could find food. This allowed

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valley by a road which wound for 100 miles (160 km) through the steep and forested

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In March 1943, the Japanese command in Burma had been reorganised. A new headquarters,

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At the start of the battle, South East Asia Command had 76 transport aircraft (mainly

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and widely separated, and were therefore vulnerable to being isolated and surrounded.

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Triumph at Imphal-Kohima: How the Indian Army Finally Stopped the Japanese Juggernaut

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Triumph at Imphal-Kohima: How the Indian Army Finally Stopped the Japanese Juggernaut

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Mutaguchi intended to exploit his planned capture of Imphal by advancing to the

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to clear the Japanese from Imphal-Kohima road in North Eastern British India

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India's forgotten battle of WWII: Kohima-Imphal, the Stalingrad of the East

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Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom

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Airfield in the first week of July, destroying several parked aircraft.

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expedition, a raid behind Japanese lines launched by the British under

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The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942–1945

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In late February, a local Japanese counterattack was launched against

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outcome of the operation at a large staff meeting to Prime Minister

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and a track from Litan, 23 miles (37 km) north-east of Imphal.

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armies attempted to destroy the Allied forces at Imphal and invade

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from May to September, in no way diminished their activity. The

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in northern Burma by the Chindits and were unable to intervene.

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Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan

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Ball of Fire: The Fifth Indian Division in the Second World War

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around Imphal itself. Only a few miles north of the saddle was

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The 2nd Guerrilla Regiment was attached later in the battle to

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In December, Slim and three of his corps commanders (Scoones,

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and the 3rd Heavy Artillery Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel

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On the Japanese left flank, the INA's Subhas Brigade, led by

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division were in action north and east of Imphal on 3 April.

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No. 1 Squadron, Royal Indian Air Force, Imphal, Assam, 1944

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in the Arakan, which would allow it to receive volunteers.

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Lieutenant General William Slim, commanding Fourteenth Army

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The 20th Indian Division held Tamu near the Chindwin, and

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Burma Victory: Imphal and Kohima, March 1944 to May 1945

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bilingual feature film based on the Battle of Imphal of

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or 1st Guerrilla Regiment, less a battalion sent to the

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on 28 June 2014. Notably, the film was screened in the

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Lieutenant General Geoffry Scoones, commanding IV Corps

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Battles and operations of World War II involving India

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to drive the Japanese from Kohima, and advance south.

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The Japanese 33rd Division attacked from the south at

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However, the earlier diversionary attack launched by

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and was understrength at the start of the operation.

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Lt. Gen. Renya Mutaguchi, commanding Fifteenth Army

1142:with heavy losses. Together with the simultaneous 27:Battle between Japanese and Allied forces in 1944 1836:Troops inspect captured Japanese ordnance, 1944. 1369:on the Imphal-Dimapur road, and then advance to 36: 2709: 2707: 2336: 2334: 3353: 2992:""Imphal 1944" Film Night and Lecture - 日印協会" 1442:Based on his experiences in the campaigns in 1411:The Special Services Group, redesignated the 591: 507:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan (1943–1945) 332: 8: 3334:. Ranjan Pal, CNN. Published 3 October 2020. 3327:British leaflet dropped post-Imphal in Burma 1780:During the early part of the offensive, the 3120:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 2568: 2566: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2091:Mark IV attacks a Japanese position on the 1393:Units of the First Division (initially the 3360: 3346: 3338: 2556: 2554: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2021:Mutaguchi and Kawabe on 6 June, both used 598: 584: 576: 339: 325: 317: 33: 4104:Tank battles involving the United Kingdom 3083:Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Tim (2004). 3064:Bond, Brian; Tachikawa, Kyoichi (2004). 2544: 2542: 1804:, where they cut a secondary track from 1357:In a separate subsidiary operation, the 1152:South-East Asian theatre of World War II 62:South-East Asian theatre of World War II 4084:Battles of World War II involving Japan 2716:"Chapter XXIV: Imphal, March–July 1944" 2330: 2310: 2043:The Allies suffered 12,603 casualties. 1911:The 5th Indian Division (joined by the 1720:, the commander in chief of the Allied 1226:into Burma. In particular, the town of 1188:, was created under Lieutenant-General 2647:, Lieutenant-Colonel Balfour Oates DSO 1716:in Arakan had already failed. Admiral 361:Japanese invasion of Burma (1941–1942) 2477:. Press Trust of India. 21 April 2013 7: 2870:. Commonwealth War Graves Commission 2414: 2412: 1490:. The corps was in turn part of the 1320:, then attack Imphal from the south. 3271:. Harper Collins. pp. 265–70. 3260:(University Press of Kansas, 2017) 3142:. London: William Kimber & Co. 2940:Sunada, Hirotaka (29 August 2014). 2447:. 25 December 2013. Archived from 2218:. It was directed and produced by 2152:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 1486:, commanded by Lieutenant General 1365:would isolate Imphal by capturing 25: 3251:Imphal: A Flower on Lofty Heights 2341:Kangjam, Yaiphaba Meetei (2019). 1296:gave their approval to the plan. 1286:Southern Expeditionary Army Group 3458: 3267:Costello, John (December 1982). 1272:was attempting to construct the 269: 258: 247: 235: 224: 202: 189: 174: 161: 68: 3428:Provisional Government of India 3383:Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI 3182:World War II: China-Burma-India 2063:) were knighted by the viceroy 1312:would surround and destroy the 4089:India–Japan military relations 3312:Engineers at Imphal and Kohima 2830:Bayly and Harper (2004), p.362 2548:Bayly and Harper (2004), p.382 1122:, the capital of the state of 1: 1896:counter-attack was slow. The 1553:50th Indian Parachute Brigade 1535:23rd Indian Infantry Division 1521:17th Indian Infantry Division 1507:20th Indian Infantry Division 1462:Allied defensive arrangements 1294:Imperial General Headquarters 4109:Tank battles of World War II 4099:Tank battles involving Japan 4094:Tank battles involving India 3966:Japanese occupation of Burma 2714:Brett-James, Antony (1951). 2130:bomber bases in China, via " 2109:RAF Third Tactical Air Force 1954:63rd Indian Infantry Brigade 1913:89th Indian Infantry Brigade 1811:32nd Indian Infantry Brigade 1775:7th Indian Infantry Division 1726:5th Indian Infantry Division 1676:48th Indian Infantry Brigade 1605:Opening phases of the battle 1270:Northern Combat Area Command 1138:, but were driven back into 1130:from March until July 1944. 1052:Manchuria and Northern Korea 3946:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 3749:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3249:& Evans, Sir Geoffrey. 2202: 1246:Japanese offensive planning 850:Dutch East Indies (1941–42) 807:Strategic bombing (1944–45) 4135: 4044:Burma campaign (1943–1944) 3961:Selarang Barracks incident 3269:The Pacific War: 1941-1945 2914:Service, Indo-Asian News. 2372:"Books | Battle of Imphal" 2260: 2249: 1745:, reached the edge of the 1452:Japanese conquest of Burma 1260:Imphal and Kohima campaign 1249: 1203:Marco Polo Bridge incident 1108: 999:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands 521:Burma campaign (1944–1945) 451:Burma campaign (1943–1944) 427:Burma campaign (1942–1943) 44: 3996:Malaysian Indian Congress 3456: 2191: 2140:China-Burma-India Theater 1988:) had been redirected to 1882:) was killed or wounded. 1559:254th Indian Tank Brigade 1494:under Lieutenant General 1361:under Lieutenant-General 1346:under Lieutenant-General 1308:under Lieutenant-General 1154:. The Japanese defeat at 615: 356: 311:54,879 killed and wounded 308:12,603 killed and wounded 302: 281: 217: 153: 82: 67: 51: 3951:Special Bureau for India 3586:Indian National Congress 3293:British Military History 3162:Burma: The Forgotten War 2079:Air operations at Imphal 1574:Prelude to the operation 1086:Second Sino-Japanese War 926:Estevan Point Lighthouse 681:Indian Ocean (1941–1945) 632:Marshalls–Gilberts raids 3744:Rani of Jhansi Regiment 3489:Indian National Council 3164:. London: John Murray. 2475:Business Standard India 2101:Japanese Army Air Force 2071:, the others were made 1986:Malik Munawar Khan Awan 1864:Kanglatongbi–Nungshigum 1722:South East Asia Command 1588:Battle of the Admin Box 1482:Imphal was held by the 688:Japanese merchant raids 74:Gurkhas advancing with 4119:World War II invasions 3697:First Arakan offensive 3310:Royal Engineers Museum 3304:Burma Star Association 3298:Burma Star Association 3197:Rooney, David (1992). 3116:Fay, Peter W. 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Lieutenant-General 1179: 897:Philippines (1944–45) 855:Philippines (1941–42) 528:Meiktila and Mandalay 303:Casualties and losses 90:8 March – 3 July 1944 4064:Indian National Army 3754:Mohammed Zaman Kiani 3524:Bidadary Resolutions 3369:Indian National Army 3316:National Army Museum 3140:Air Battle of Imphal 2240:Cannes Film Festival 2226:actor and filmmaker 1638:medium tanks of the 1537:under Major-General 1523:under Major-General 1509:under Major-General 1387:Indian National Army 1329:20th Indian Division 1314:17th Indian Division 1161:National Army Museum 698:Homfreyganj massacre 294:3 infantry divisions 287:4 infantry divisions 3828:Battle of Irrawaddy 3578:Subhas Chandra Bose 3469:Indian Independence 3318:War in the Far East 3256:Callahan, Raymond. 3247:Brett-James, Antony 3225:. London: Cassell. 3222:Defeat into Victory 3201:. London: Cassell. 3184:. Time-Life Books. 3049:. Dent Publishing. 2451:on 25 December 2013 2274:Imphal Peace Museum 2160:Kohima War Cemetery 2156:Imphal War Cemetery 2150:After the war, the 1926:Indian XXXIII Corps 1880:17th Dogra Regiment 1419:British Indian Army 1379:Subhas Chandra Bose 291:1 parachute brigade 126:24.8167°N 93.9500°E 122: / 4114:Invasions by Japan 4049:History of Manipur 3893:Kailash Nath Katju 3838:Surrender of Japan 3833:Battle of Meiktila 3544:Bangkok Conference 2758:Rooney, pp.102–103 2740:on 1 December 2008 2645:The Jungle in Arms 2252:Japan Landa Imphal 2246:Japan Landa Imphal 2181: 2166:In popular culture 2097: 2010: 1909: 1873:artillery and the 1838: 1830: 1702:Battle of Sangshak 1619: 1595:Operation Thursday 1480: 1472: 1266:Brahmaputra Valley 1262: 1182: 1045:Japanese surrender 1011:Naval bombardments 941:Fire balloon bombs 664:Volcano and Ryukyu 659:Marianas and Palau 298:2 Indian regiments 289:1 armoured brigade 4059:Conflicts in 1944 4031: 4030: 3903:Tej Bahadur Sapru 3779:Rasammah Bhupalan 3682:Fall of Singapore 3645:Death controversy 3608:Bengal Volunteers 3443:Greater East Asia 3253:(Macmillan, 1962) 3232:978-0-330-50997-8 3171:978-0-7195-6576-2 2803:Allen, pp.265–266 2794:Allen, pp.261-264 2726:Gale & Polden 2635:Allen, pp.199–204 2509:Allen, pp.221–224 2495:Allen, pp.165-166 2354:978-81-7305-618-5 2263:My Japanese Niece 2257:My Japanese Niece 2200: 2000:End of the battle 1749:below Tiddim and 1718:Louis Mountbatten 1613:On Imphal front, 1348:Masafumi Yamauchi 1236:Brahmaputra River 1117: 1094: 1093: 936:Lookout Air Raids 843:Southwest Pacific 573: 572: 388:Yunnan-Burma Road 315: 314: 149: 148: 37:Battle of Imphal 16:(Redirected from 4126: 3913:Jawaharlal Nehru 3823:Battle of Kohima 3818:Battle of Imphal 3672:Battle of Malaya 3529:Tokyo Conference 3519:Rash Behari Bose 3462: 3408:Berlin Committee 3362: 3355: 3348: 3339: 3282: 3236: 3212: 3193: 3175: 3153: 3131: 3098: 3079: 3060: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2736:. 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Bhonsle 3714:Azad Brigade 3706: 3649: 3632: 3618:Forward Bloc 3602:Purna Swaraj 3600: 3565: 3556:Hikari Kikan 3548: 3504:K.P.K. Menon 3479:Pritam Singh 3471:League (IIL) 3447: 3438:Pan Asianism 3268: 3257: 3250: 3220: 3198: 3181: 3161: 3158:Latimer, Jon 3139: 3117: 3102: 3084: 3065: 3046: 3039:Bibliography 3024:. Retrieved 3020: 3011: 2999:. Retrieved 2995: 2986: 2974:. Retrieved 2970: 2961: 2949:. Retrieved 2945: 2935: 2923:. Retrieved 2919: 2909: 2897:. Retrieved 2893: 2884: 2872:. Retrieved 2862: 2857:Allen, p.243 2853: 2848:Allen, p.244 2844: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2812:Allen, p.310 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2776:Allen, p.280 2772: 2763: 2754: 2742:. 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Retrieved 2375: 2343: 2313: 2216:World War II 2183: 2182: 2149: 2146:War cemetery 2121: 2113: 2105: 2098: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2029: 2022: 2019: 2011: 1983: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1930: 1922: 1910: 1894: 1871: 1867: 1854: 1850: 1840: 1839: 1820:Shenam–Palel 1815: 1799: 1791: 1781: 1779: 1740: 1711: 1698: 1689: 1685: 1673: 1662: 1629: 1620: 1599:Noburo Tazoe 1592: 1577: 1568: 1496:William Slim 1481: 1456:William Slim 1441: 1437: 1433:Genghis Khan 1424: 1412: 1405: 1376: 1337:Kazuo Mitsui 1298: 1263: 1216: 1211:Orde Wingate 1183: 1100: 1098: 1084: 1083: 1058: 1038: 1004: 951: 946:Project Hula 931:Fort Stevens 860: 800: 793: 786: 674:Ocean Island 637: 627:Pearl Harbor 565:Sittang Bend 553: 483:Tennis Court 472: 231:William Slim 187: 159: 154:Belligerents 52:Part of the 29: 4011:Joyce Lebra 3687:Farrer Park 3677:Mohan Singh 3418:Barkatullah 3413:Bagha Jatin 3388:Rash Behari 3087:. Penguin. 2996:公益財団法人日印協会 2874:8 September 2821:Slim, p.346 2767:Slim, p.325 2683:Slim, p.324 2626:Slim, p.296 2560:Slim, p.283 2184:Imphal 1944 2179:Imphal 1944 2171:Imphal 1944 2093:Tiddim Road 2065:Lord Wavell 2015:Hideki Tojo 1626:Tamu–Shenam 1450:and in the 1363:Kotoku Sato 1290:Hideki Tojo 1071:Mutanchiang 892:New Britain 608:Pacific War 420:Yenangyaung 368:Bilin River 129: / 76:Grant tanks 56:during the 18:Imphal 1944 4038:Categories 3878:Shah Nawaz 3789:John Thivy 3739:Tokyo Boys 3596:Sarat Bose 3509:A.M. Sahay 3494:I Fujiwara 3376:Historical 2785:Fay, p.287 2744:14 October 2665:Fay, p.296 2527:Fay, p.285 2347:. INTACH. 2206:) is 2014 2192:1944年インパール 2057:Christison 2035:Casualties 1918:Iril River 1751:Fort White 1747:Chin Hills 1737:Chin Hills 1707:Iril River 1421:to defect. 1333:Nobuo Ueda 1240:Naga Hills 1172:Background 1109:Japan Laan 1016:Sagami Bay 1005:Starvation 887:New Guinea 514:Mount Song 117:93°57′00″E 114:24°49′00″N 45:Japan Laan 4016:Hugh Toye 4006:Peter Fay 3986:14th Army 3805:Admin Box 3692:First INA 3634:Azad Hind 3550:Azad Hind 3534:H Iwakuro 3514:S.A. Ayer 3393:Har Dayal 3190:929391987 3021:e-pao.net 2971:e-pao.net 2894:e-pao.net 2325:Citations 2305:Footnotes 2242:in 2015. 2197:romanized 2047:Aftermath 1802:Bishenpur 1796:Bishenpur 1788:Stalemate 1527:occupied 1513:occupied 1448:Singapore 1383:Azad Hind 1274:Ledo Road 1167:Situation 1060:Kantokuen 967:Air raids 882:Australia 872:Coral Sea 766:Singapore 761:Hong Kong 495:Myitkyina 478:Shangshak 463:Admin Box 410:Shwedaung 210:Azad Hind 3898:Asaf Ali 3591:C.R. Das 3219:(1956). 3160:(2004). 3138:(1985). 2406:, p. 638 2268:See also 2224:Japanese 2208:Japanese 2188:Japanese 2132:the hump 2061:Stopford 1767:Adjutant 1669:Tongzang 1642:and six 1484:IV Corps 1352:Thailand 1282:The Hump 1132:Japanese 1078:Chongjin 1039:Downfall 977:Yokosuka 794:Tiderace 751:Thailand 538:Hill 170 444:Chindits 439:The Hump 383:Taukkyan 282:Strength 95:Location 3868:Dhillon 3794:Battles 3539:I Kikan 3499:F Kikan 3105:(2017) 3026:5 March 3001:5 March 2976:5 March 2951:5 March 2925:5 March 2899:5 March 2734:4275700 2481:5 March 2455:5 March 2424:. 1960. 2381:13 June 2284:Rüzazho 2212:English 2199:: 2154:set up 2024:haragei 1898:monsoon 1806:Silchar 1757:and to 1665:V Force 1543:malaria 1428:monsoon 1371:Dimapur 1234:in the 1232:Dimapur 1207:Chindit 1124:Manipur 1116: 1031:Shumshu 916:Ellwood 781:Vietnam 554:Dracula 533:Pakokku 500:Mogaung 403:Toungoo 393:Tachiao 106:, India 60:in the 4074:Imphal 3873:Sahgal 3403:Chatto 3275: 3229: 3205: 3188: 3168: 3146: 3124: 3109: 3091: 3072: 3053: 2732: 2351: 2236:Imphal 2222:based 2220:London 2116:Pallel 1994:Ukhrul 1990:Kohima 1875:M3 Lee 1584:Arakan 1547:typhus 1529:Tiddim 1444:Malaya 1399:Arakan 1367:Kohima 1318:Tiddim 1228:Imphal 1224:Yunnan 1156:Kohima 1120:Imphal 1105:Meitei 801:Zipper 787:Jurist 756:Malaya 715:Ceylon 649:Midway 488:Kohima 473:Imphal 434:Arakan 398:Oktwin 207: 142:Result 100:Imphal 41:Meitei 3863:CSDIC 3708:Jiffs 3628:U-180 3398:Ghadr 2300:Notes 2234:) in 2128:USAAF 1974:Palel 1944:South 1891:North 1846:Palel 1759:Hakha 1755:Falam 1730:jeeps 1653:Indaw 1632:Moreh 1140:Burma 1136:India 972:Tokyo 960:Japan 877:Timor 415:Prome 196:Japan 181:India 4022:more 3924:more 3844:more 3812:U-Go 3664:Army 3651:more 3567:more 3449:more 3273:ISBN 3227:ISBN 3203:ISBN 3186:OCLC 3166:ISBN 3144:ISBN 3122:ISBN 3107:ISBN 3089:ISBN 3070:ISBN 3051:ISBN 3028:2022 3003:2022 2978:2022 2953:2022 2927:2022 2901:2022 2876:2018 2746:2009 2730:OCLC 2483:2022 2457:2022 2383:2022 2349:ISBN 2232:WWII 2158:and 2073:KBEs 2059:and 1763:Chin 1615:Sikh 1545:and 1515:Tamu 1446:and 1342:The 1304:The 1292:and 1114:lit. 1099:The 982:Kure 669:Truk 468:U Go 378:Pegu 87:Date 3300:Map 2069:KCB 1773:'s 1636:Lee 1582:in 1316:at 1126:in 4040:: 3019:. 2994:. 2969:. 2944:. 2918:. 2892:. 2728:. 2718:. 2706:^ 2565:^ 2553:^ 2541:^ 2500:^ 2473:. 2411:^ 2391:^ 2374:. 2363:^ 2333:^ 2293:VC 2194:, 2190:: 2087:A 2075:. 1242:. 1111:, 1107:: 952:PX 861:RY 102:, 43:: 3361:e 3354:t 3347:v 3281:. 3235:. 3211:. 3192:. 3174:. 3152:. 3130:. 3097:. 3078:. 3059:. 3030:. 3005:. 2980:. 2955:. 2929:. 2903:. 2878:. 2748:. 2485:. 2459:. 2385:. 2357:. 2210:- 2186:( 2095:. 1549:. 1408:. 1373:. 1339:. 1103:( 638:K 599:e 592:t 585:v 340:e 333:t 326:v 47:) 39:( 20:)

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