440:. It passed the Senate on Sunday afternoon unanimously, 3-0, with 97 of 100 Senators not present. Meanwhile, in the House of Representatives, deliberation ran from 9pm EST to just past midnight during an unusual Sunday session. The bill was passed 203-58 (156 Republicans and 47 Democrats in favor, 5 Republicans and 53 Democrats against), with 174 Representatives (74 Republicans and 100 Democrats) not present on the floor at the time of the vote at 12:41 a.m. EST. President Bush returned from vacation in Crawford, Texas to sign the bill into law at 1:11 that morning.
183:
814:. Most other circuits have more flexible tests with sliding scales which allow the court to place more weight on allegations of extreme hardship for the plaintiff if the injunction or TRO is not granted. Plaintiffs' attorneys seeking preliminary injunctions prefer the plaintiff-friendly 2nd and 9th Circuits whenever possible, but that was not an option in this case; district courts in those circuits would have lacked
864:. Legislators are attempting to clarify the laws that govern the fate of a person in Schiavo's position, and in some cases make living wills more available. This could be partly because, as of 2005, it is estimated that only 33 percent of Americans have a living will (but all 50 states have laws that allow people to write an advance directive). States where new end of life legislation has been proposed includes:
137:
771:"Because the special legislation passed by Congress and signed by President Bush "constitutes legislative dictation of how a federal court should exercise its judicial functions (known as a 'rule of decision') the Act invades the province of the judiciary and violates the separation of powers principle." To hold otherwise, Judge Birch concluded, would be to act in a manner consistent with the label "
219:
523:, spoke in favor of keeping Schiavo on the feeding tube, as did President George W. Bush. Critics say that Frist's stance on this issue appears to indicate a reversal in his personal opinion, as he has previously argued for the definition of brain death to be extended to include anencephalic conditions of the type seen in this case. Democratic Senators
1600:
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issue of expressly directing the district court to order the reinsertion of the feeding tube pending litigation on the merits, and had refrained from including such a directive. Thus, Congress had left the 11th
Circuit's existing procedural law in place, and the district judge had applied the circuit's existing test correctly. Congress
500:
congressional attorneys over a conference call "I have had no cogent reason why the (congressional) committee should intervene." This was upheld by the
Florida Supreme Court. Although US Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, Sen. Rick Santorum, and Rep. Tom Delay, brought the possibility of sanctioning Florida Judge Greer on charges of
842:
were ordered to take custody of
Schiavo. As Greer had ordered all Florida law enforcement to enforce his orders, any attempt by other police forces to take Schiavo would likely have led to a confrontation between them and the members of the Pinellas Park Police Department at the hospice. If this had
830:
could take over
Schiavo's care, on the grounds that the organization has the legal right to gain custody of incapacitated adults in emergency situations. On March 24, 2005, Judge Greer issued an injunction stopping the state government from doing so. Bush then announced that he would take no action,
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on the morning of March 24 in an unsigned one-sentence order (as is typical for nearly all rejections of appeals). One reason the Court may not have accepted the case is that doing so might force the Court to develop a uniform nationwide test for the issuance of preliminary injunctions under Rule 65
909:
introduced a bill on the day Terri
Schiavo died. Like other bills, her legislation would bar anyone from withholding or withdrawing artificial life support without a written directive from the patient. In Michigan, a legislator is proposing a bill that would ban adulterers from making decisions for
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Early on March 22, Judge
Whittemore refused to order the feeding tube reinserted. In his opinion, he applied the mandatory four-prong test set out by the 11th Circuit for preliminary injunctions, and concluded that the Schindlers were "exceedingly unlikely to prevail on the merits of the case," one
726:
agreed with the district court that the
Schindlers had failed to prove one of the four required prongs: that they had "failed to demonstrate a substantial case on the merits of any of their claims." In affirming the district court's analysis, the panel pointed out that Congress had considered the
580:
said that those raising the 1999 bill were "uninformed" and that the "legislation that he signed into law actually "provided new protections for patients". Critics note that Bush did give his support to medical professionals making end-of-life decisions for patients unable to express their wishes,
385:
do not consider new evidence, they do examine the evidence of the lower court for defects and rule on whether a trial is conducted properly; none of these courts found legal grounds to overturn the initial ruling; and, in seeming agreement, Florida
Governor Bush, on October 17, 2003, admitted that
572:
of the patient). A doctor's recommendation must be approved by a hospital's ethics committee, and the family must be given 10 days from written notice of the decision to try to locate another facility for the patient. Many people felt that Bush's support for the law—one of only three in the
393:
On March 17, 2005, members of the
Florida House and Senate debated separate bills relating to artificially provided sustenance and hydration. The House passed its bill, which would have prohibited removal of artificially provided sustenance and hydration from a patient in a persistent vegetative
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workers. Because of her condition, Terri
Schiavo obviously would not have been able to testify; however, the subpoena gave her federal protection as a prospective witness, as it is a federal crime to prevent a person from testifying before Congress. Greer opted to ignore the subpoenas, telling
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on the test for preliminary injunctions, and did not do so in this case, even though it has the power to do so under the Rules Enabling Act. Unfortunately for the plaintiffs, Schiavo happened to be a resident of the 11th Circuit, which has the most difficult-to-overcome test of any
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reported that DeLay and his family decided in 1988 to allow his father to die after he was badly injured in a tram accident. "Extraordinary measures to prolong life were not initiated," said the medical report of DeLay's father, and cited "agreement with the family's wishes." The
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The Schindlers appealed again to the U.S. Supreme Court late on the night of March 23. They argued that Congress intended for the feeding tube to be reinserted when they passed the "Relief of the Parents of Theresa Marie Schiavo Act" (S 686 ES). The case first went to Justice
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The Alabama Starvation and Dehydration Prevention Act would forbid the removal of a feeding tube without express written instructions from the patient. A similar bill is found in Louisiana, where it is named the Human Dignity Act. In Missouri, Republican Representative
568:, that allowed medical professionals to remove life support from a patient, even over the objections of family members, if the hospital determined that there was no further hope for the patient (the bill allows the hospital to take into account inability to pay the
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state if that patient did not have an advance directive indicating that was his or her wish. Florida Senators debated the issue, but did not pass their version of the bill. On March 23, the Florida Senate again debated a similar proposed law, which failed to pass.
764:, rebuked President Bush and Congress: "In resolving the Schiavo controversy, it is my judgment that, despite sincere and altruistic motivation, the legislative and executive branches of our government have acted in a manner demonstrably at odds with our
374:. After considering the Governor's reply, the Florida Supreme Court, on September 23, 2004, reached a unanimous decision, ruling that the legislative and executive branches of government unconstitutionally intervened in a judicial matter (against the
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Several members of the United States Congress who are also physicians, including Senator Bill Frist (R-TN) on March 17, 2005 offered medical opinions about her medical condition without having conducted their own examinations. Congressman
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Terri Schiavo died on March 31, 2005, thirteen days after the removal of the feeding tube. Prior to and in the wake of Schiavo's death, end of life legislation has been proposed in at least ten states. These bills address the
658:, because he had refused to co-sponsor the Palm Sunday Compromise. Darling later resigned when he admitted to being its author 19 days after its disclosure, and that he wrote it without authorization from his superiors.
752:. On March 30, the Court agreed to consider a petition by the Schindlers parents to have a new hearing to decide whether the feeding tube should be reinserted. Later that day, the court denied the petition. Judge
370:(ACLJ), and on June 14, the Schindlers asked the appeals court for the right to participate in the "Terri's Law" case. Michael Schiavo opposed the Governor's intervention, and was represented, in part, by the
516:, expressed concern about the implications for federalism of a bill that involved the federal government in a matter traditionally left to the states. Many Democrats simply stayed away from the controversy.
426:
378:) and that Terri's Law was unconstitutionally retroactive legislation. The Schindlers immediately appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. On January 24, 2005, the Supreme Court refused to hear the case.
802:. The Court has consistently denied review in every case raising that possibility for the past few decades, which is why every circuit has its own test for when such injunctions should be issued.
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On October 10, 2003, the final remaining appeal filed by the Schindlers was dismissed. Five days later, on October 15, Schiavo's feeding tube was removed for the second time. On October 21, the
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in Tampa, FL on March 21. The claims were chiefly that the rulings of the state court judges were biased or unfair and that removal of the feeding tube constituted a risk that Schiavo, as a
375:
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In Nevada, a measure has been proposed that would let a guardian end life-sustaining measures against a patient's known wishes, as long as it is in the best interests of the patient.
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683:
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616:, stood by the Schindlers and urged the Florida legislature to reinsert Schiavo's feeding tube. He stated, "This is a moral issue and it transcends politics and family disputes."
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On May 19, 2004, Florida Judge W. Douglas Baird overturned the law saying that it "summarily deprived Florida citizens of their right to privacy." Bush appealed the ruling to the
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53:
1905:
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788:, who is responsible for all emergency appeals from the 11th Circuit. Although he could have acted alone, Kennedy chose to refer the case to the entire Supreme Court.
451:, who is trained in obstetrics and gynecology, stated that, "The tragedy of the situation is that with proper treatment, now denied, Terri's condition can improve".
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On March 21, Congress passed a bill, S.686, that allowed Schiavo's case to be moved into a federal court. The controversial law is colloquially known as the
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386:"there is no way that he can overturn a judge's decision to remove the feeding tube." The final ruling came on February 25, 2005, when Florida Judge
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of Iowa. Thence it became public knowledge. Several Democratic senators believed it represented a larger plan on the part of Republican leadership.
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Nineteen different Florida state court judges, at various times, considered the Schindlers' requests on appeal in six state appellate courts. While
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Following the Supreme Court's refusal to review the case, Florida Governor Jeb Bush announced that he was going to investigate whether the Florida
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339:. Her feeding tube was removed first on April 26, 2001, but was reinserted two days later on an appeal by her parents, Bob and Mary Schindler.
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Congress also considered another bill to prevent Schiavo's death, called the "Incapacitated Person's Legal Protection Act" (H.R. 1151).
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1013:"HB 35E - Authority for the Governor to Issue a One-time Stay to Prevent the Withholding of Nutrition and Hydration from a Patient"
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194:. The reason given is: State law status and retrospective analyses are needed, and the few sources here are primary from 2005.
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was against it. Especially outspoken Democratic members of Congress who have protested the federal intervention include
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Schiavo's feeding tube was removed again on March 18, 2005, at 1:45 p.m. EST. Around the previous midnight,
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17:
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1199:"Bush Signs Schiavo Bill - Politics | Republican Party | Democratic Party | Political Spectrum"
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1708:(Includes "Statement by Governor Jeb Bush Regarding Theresa Schiavo," dated Wednesday, November 19, 2003)
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642:. The memo suggested the Schiavo case offered "a great political issue" that would appeal to the party's
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1337:"Nation & World | GOP memo says issue offers political rewards | Seattle Times Newspaper"
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504:, Congress did not attempt to enforce the subpoenas or take any action against Florida Judge Greer.
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the authority to intervene in the case. Gov. Bush immediately ordered the feeding tube reinserted.
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because he had exhausted his legal options, and declined to appeal Judge Greer's injunction.
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also supported federal intervention in the Schiavo case, although Republican Representative
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366:, and was supported by Schiavo's parents. The Schindlers obtained the legal services of the
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in February 1990, and in February 2000 had been ruled by a Florida circuit court to be in a
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Constitutional Commentary, THE SCHIAVO CASE: A SYMPOSIUM (Volume 22, Winter 2005, Number 3)
323:, were involved in the case of Terri Schiavo. In November 1998 Michael Schiavo, husband of
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1361:"WashPost: Author of Schiavo memo steps forward - U.S. news - Washington Post - msnbc.com"
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have the power to override the 11th Circuit's mandatory four-prong test pursuant to the
196:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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27:
Florida case (2000-2005) on removal of life support. Became Separation of Powers issue.
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denied the request to reinsert the feeding tube. The three-judge panel ruled 2-1. The
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Republican Representative Tom DeLay of Texas and Senator Bill Frist of Tennessee, a
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Cunningham, Laurie, "Fla. Supreme Court Declares 'Terri's Law' Unconstitutional."
425:, also a Republican, announced that Schiavo would be called to testify before the
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Later that day, the 11th Circuit Court refused to rehear the case as a whole (
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At the time, there was a great deal of concern over what would happen if the
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Schiavo's parents, Bob and Mary Schindler, filed a request for an emergency
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2003:"Columns: Passion invested in Terri's Law must somehow give way to reason"
2018:"/ News / Boston Globe / Opinion / Editorials / Exploiting Terri Schiavo"
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Martinez said that he inadvertently gave the memo to Democratic Senator
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The judgment was appealed. In the early morning of March 23, 2005, the
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1242:"Viewing Videotape, Frist Disputes Fla. Doctors' Diagnosis of Schiavo"
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869:
768:' blueprint for the governance of a free people - our Constitution."
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nation—was inconsistent with his position in the Schiavo case.
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
925:. Arthur Caplan, James J. McCartney, Dominic Sisti, editors (2006)
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994:
Florida Supreme Court compilation of briefs in "Terri's Law" case
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contrasted this with DeLay's current stance on the Schiavo case.
1450:"No. 05-11628. - SCHIAVO SCHINDLER v. SCHIAVO - US 11th Circuit"
491:, which was to take place in Clearwater on March 25, and issued
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1988:"ACLU Online: Schiavo Case, Same-Sex Marriage Victory and more"
1714:(From "Abstract Appeal" legal blog of Attorney Matt Conigliaro)
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U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
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The legislative, executive, and judicial branches, of both the
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212:
176:
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As noted above, Congress has never stepped in to resolve the
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Selected Schiavo/PVS bibliography, Timeline, and other links
1551:"Fla. Supreme Court Declares 'Terri's Law' Unconstitutional"
390:
ordered Schiavo's feeding tube removed on March 18, 2005.
1974:
1712:
Selected Documents, Timeline, and Questions & Answers
1136:"HB 701 - Artificially Provided Sustenance and Hydration"
1083:"ORDER GRANTING PETITIONER'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT"
376:
separation of powers under the United States Constitution
989:
Documents specific to the State "Terri's Law" court case
433:. Frist served on the committee; Enzi was its chairman.
351:, in emergency session, passed "Terri's Law". This gave
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Roll call vote on S.686 in the House of Representatives
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1613:
may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
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Levesque William R., "Court strikes down Terri's Law."
1683:
HPA's Terri Schindler Schiavo Documents and Links Page
1512:"This story is no longer available - Washington Times"
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684:
U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida
1432:"Federal Judge Condemns Intervention in Schiavo Case"
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Goodnough, Abby; Yardley, William (March 31, 2005).
923:
The Case of Terri Schiavo: Ethics at the End of Life
698:
on the injunction was held on March 21 before Judge
1706:
Selected PDF files from Jeb Bush's official website
1701:
Related Stories and documents from Tampa Bay Online
1107:
https://www.supremecourt.gov/docketfiles/04-757.htm
1474:"Terri Schiavo's mom pleads: 'Give my child back'"
954:"House GOP files Supreme Court brief on Schiavo."
512:Some conservatives, such as former Representative
252:"Government involvement in the Terri Schiavo case"
1222:. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 2005-03-17
1697:(Links to docs near bottom right corner of page)
18:Incapacitated Person's Legal Protection Act
327:, first sought permission to remove his wife's
1178:"CS/SB 804 - Artificially Provided Sustenance"
1157:"SB 2128 - Withholding Nutrition or Hydration"
1667:Documents related to Schiavo case, in general
158:
8:
2067:Political controversies in the United States
2052:George W. Bush administration controversies
638:, legal counsel for junior Florida Senator
612:By contrast, former Presidential candidate
1975:Official website of Terri Schiavo's family
1720:(From University of Miami, Ethics Program)
1673:From Terri's family's official family site
1572:"Florida court strikes down 'Terri's Law'"
975:Florida court strikes down 'Terri's Law'.
495:for Terri and Michael Schiavo and several
165:
151:
29:
1649:Learn how and when to remove this message
843:happened, it may have very well caused a
597:over the objection of his mother, Wanda.
303:Learn how and when to remove this message
1220:"President's Statement on Terri Schiavo"
487:, opened a congressional inquiry of the
1990:. Legalminds.lp.findlaw.com. 2005-03-24
1530:"State: Court strikes down Terri's Law"
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1004:
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1821:S.653 Passed Senate, without amendment
1779:Legislation Addessing the Schiavo Case
1415:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1408:
239:Please improve this article by adding
1240:Babington, Charles (March 19, 2005).
836:Florida Department of Law Enforcement
646:and could be used against US Senator
7:
1860:Three Schiavo Extensions of Remarks
828:Department of Children and Families
654:who would go on to win his bid for
368:American Center for Law and Justice
1335:Washington, The (March 20, 2005).
744:). Two of the twelve judges wrote
25:
489:House Government Reform Committee
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1260:"Committee on Government Reform"
800:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
585:, a six-month-old boy born with
560:reported on then-Texas Governor
217:
181:
136:
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1833:Mr. Frist calls Senate to order
1797:3 versions of Bill Number S.653
564:'s signing of a 1999 bill, the
1736:(Eric Zorn, Tribune columnist)
1695:Tampa Bay Online's compilation
822:Florida governor and executive
690:, would face extended time in
1:
1916:Executive Order Number 03-201
1788:(in anticipation of March 18)
972:(Law.com), September 24, 2004
748:, but the actual vote is not
716:11th Circuit Court of Appeals
241:secondary or tertiary sources
1727:compilation of Schiavo links
791:The Court declined to grant
1339:. Seattletimes.nwsource.com
706:of the test's four prongs.
575:White House Press Secretary
404:U.S. Senate Majority Leader
337:persistent vegetative state
319:federal government and the
74:Persistent vegetative state
54:Public opinion and activism
2083:
2047:2000s in American politics
1896:Florida Legislative Record
1877:H.1824 Judicial Power Grab
735:, but chose not to do so.
623:
459:Republican leaders in the
1741:U.S. Congressional record
1201:. FOXNews.com. 2005-03-21
910:an incapacitated spouse.
595:Texas Children's Hospital
593:was removed that week at
190:This article needs to be
2020:. Boston.com. 2005-03-22
1322:January 9, 2006, at the
1047:"Briefs & Petitions"
570:health insurance carrier
549:Debbie Wasserman Schultz
461:House of Representatives
33:Articles relating to the
1964:Advocacy and commentary
1516:www.washingtontimes.com
1498:March 17, 2006, at the
1363:. MSNBC. Archived from
1305:April 13, 2005, at the
1288:April 12, 2005, at the
1122:April 16, 2005, at the
812:federal appellate court
600:On March 26, 2005, the
587:thanatophoric dysplasia
554:On March 22, 2005, the
331:. Schiavo had suffered
125:George Euripides Tragos
840:Florida National Guard
566:Advance Directives Act
438:Palm Sunday Compromise
228:relies excessively on
64:Palm Sunday Compromise
59:Government involvement
2057:Government of Florida
1946:Terri Schiavo Records
1455:. Caselaw.findlaw.com
970:Daily Business Review
845:constitutional crisis
816:personal jurisdiction
710:U.S. Court of Appeals
364:Florida Supreme Court
1906:Special Session call
1898:for starting point.
1678:Find Law compilation
1619:improve this article
1180:. Myfloridahouse.gov
1159:. Myfloridahouse.gov
1138:. Myfloridahouse.gov
1015:. Myfloridahouse.gov
754:Stanley F. Birch Jr.
634:memo was written by
502:Contempt of Congress
463:, including Speaker
1890:Florida legislature
1792:Thursday, March 17
1631:footnote references
1246:The Washington Post
746:dissenting opinions
700:James D. Whittemore
674:U.S. District Court
620:Talking points memo
349:Florida Legislature
343:Florida Legislature
115:James D. Whittemore
2042:Terri Schiavo case
1926:Jeb Bush statement
1882:2016-01-10 at the
1865:2008-09-23 at the
1838:2014-12-14 at the
1826:2016-01-10 at the
1814:2016-01-10 at the
1802:2006-09-21 at the
1784:2016-01-10 at the
1767:2016-01-10 at the
1755:2014-12-16 at the
1732:2005-03-23 at the
1688:2005-05-12 at the
1436:The New York Times
1087:abstractappeal.com
979:September 23, 2004
965:September 24, 2004
818:over the parties.
779:U.S. Supreme Court
762:concurring opinion
733:Rules Enabling Act
656:reelection in 2006
650:, a Democrat from
106:William Hammesfahr
39:Terri Schiavo case
1901:October 20, 2003
1845:Monday, March 21
1659:
1658:
1651:
1574:. CNN. 2004-09-23
1476:. CNN. 2005-03-30
956:Washington Times,
758:George H. W. Bush
607:Los Angeles Times
602:Los Angeles Times
557:Los Angeles Times
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16:(Redirected from
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1996:
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1981:Anti-Terri's Law
1936:Notice of Filing
1762:Schindler search
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669:U.S. Courts
648:Bill Nelson
529:Kent Conrad
508:Politicians
293:August 2024
202:August 2024
79:Living will
2036:Categories
2024:2011-03-19
2009:2011-03-19
1994:2011-03-19
1639:March 2021
1578:2011-03-19
1557:2011-03-19
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1093:2019-06-02
1065:"Opinions"
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999:References
794:certiorari
680:injunction
663:Tom Harkin
583:Sun Hudson
525:Tom Harkin
431:Washington
411:Republican
407:Bill Frist
263:newspapers
230:references
1623:excessive
1553:. Law.com
882:Minnesota
874:Louisiana
851:Aftermath
756:, a 1990
692:purgatory
682:with the
493:subpoenas
481:Tom Davis
473:Tom DeLay
455:Subpoenas
415:Tennessee
355:Governor
2062:Jeb Bush
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886:Missouri
878:Michigan
581:such as
514:Bob Barr
485:Virginia
469:Illinois
357:Jeb Bush
141:Category
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798:of the
741:en banc
720:Atlanta
696:hearing
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497:hospice
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277:scholar
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284:JSTOR
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