659:
604:
545:
478:
405:
350:
283:
465:. Castles of the motte-and-bailey were erected quickly all over the country to subdue the locals and prevent foreign invasions by rival claimants to the throne. Within a matter of years, England was fully castled. Most of these castles belonged to the king or one of his tenants-in-chief. The construction of numerous castles by minor lords was a feature, as in most places, of the reign of weaker kings.
253:
as one of the chief reasons for the decline in princely influence in
Benevento and Capua (especially the former) during the late tenth century. Historian Barbara Kreutz notes the encastellation of the monastic estates which dominated south Italian politics and contributed to the constant confiscation
98:) or keeps. The reason for this proliferation was to provide oneself with protection in times of war, primarily as a place of refuge, but also as a strategic headquarters: a place from which to sally forth to raid and plunder before retreating to safety (again, the castle). For example, in Normandy:
57:
The process was rather quick once the castle, as a distinct type of fortress, was introduced. However, it took different forms in different lands. The methods and reasons of encastellation differed based on law (who could legally build a castle), necessity (who needed a castle), and geography (where
205:
to dominate the roads leading to the
Eternal City and the Vatican. During the papal nadir of the tenth and eleventh centuries, their hilltop fortresses gave these minor lords far more power than their territories would otherwise permit. In Rome itself, encastellation often led to the fortifying of
532:, large stoneworks with multiple rings of defences, grew up at strategic locations throughout the north and the local populace was placed securely under English authority. In this case, encastellation was the result, not of weak central authority, but of a strong royal hand and direction.
523:
Motte-and-bailey castles existed from before the thirteenth century in those parts of Wales which fell under
English authority and they spread in south Wales after its conquest, but the most famous encastellation of Wales occurred in the north under
102:
Because were not all lords of castles, became more powerful than the rest of his peers. For he could do what he liked without fear, relying on the protection of the castle, while others, if they tried anything, were easily overcome as they had no
90:. Most of these castles were of the motte-and-bailey type, which could be constructed with ease in a few months. Stone castles, however, were built before the end of the tenth century in Anjou. These were originally nothing more than towers,
165:
In the north, the castles were originally the seats of the barons. They spread quickly after the disruption of royal authority in Italy in the mid-tenth century. By the eleventh century, the territorial magnates, like the
50:, from which local lords could dominate the countryside of their fiefs and their neighbours', and from which kings could command even the far-off corners of their realms. The ubiquity of the castle is iconic of the
579:, the spread of castles came with the Normans who, in the twelfth century, began constructing castles of the motte-and-bailey type in the south, where they received royal support, especially in
225:
and the
Italian city-states, which distanced themselves from any central authority, formed an opportune place for the proliferation of castles. Indeed, the nominally Byzantine duchies of
237:
grew around what were originally small coastal fortresses. The decline of ducal authority in these places has been blamed on the tendency to give outlying regions to younger sons (e.g.
138:
movements, to curb feudal warfare. But with the spread of heresy came the spread of castles as fortresses to which heretic barons could flee, such as the "five sons of
Carcassonne."
447:(1042–1066), definite strides were taken in spreading Norman ideas to England. Castles were first built in England in his reign under the direction especially of his Norman
720:. The construction of castles to control territories occurred at a late point in the development of the castle and these fortresses were large and complex. They were called
254:
and invasion of monastic estates as lay barons sought to increase their power against their foes during the war-filled eleventh and twelfth centuries. The arrival of the
693:
in
Germany and the resulting decline of the royal power, castle-building exploded as local warlords staked claims to formerly royal prerogatives in their petty states.
689:
As in France, so in
Germany: the impetus for encastellation was provided, not by a strong monarch, but by the weakening of royal authority. During the eleventh-century
638:, as in Britain and most of Europe, encastellation was primarily a Norman venture. The first castles were motte-and-baileys built on the expanding frontier of the
380:
True medieval castles were a somewhat later arrival in
Britain than in continental Europe. The process of encastellation in Britain is as inextricably linked to
115:, there were thirty nine castles by the eleventh century, the constructions primarily of local magnates. Fortification had briskly increased in Gaul during the
189:, the agents of encastellation were not large territorial magnates, but the petty nobles who belonged to various families and factions usually associated with
325:
because of its many castles. The castles first began to spread quickly in the tenth century, in light of the increasing power of the
Castilian counts
174:
power in the early twelfth century, the powerful merchant families began to construct fortress and towers as residences in the cities. Well-preserved
812:
512:
had been encastellated from an early date, beginning even before the
Conquest. However, the proliferation of castles in Wales dates only from
258:, adept castle-builders, in the early eleventh century only exacerbated the tendency toward fortification of every hilltop. Together with the
859:
Pierre Toubert: Les structures du Latium médiéval. Le Latium méridional et la Sabine du 9e siècle à la fin du 12e siècle, Rom 1973.
760:
Pierre Toubert: Les structures du Latium médiéval. Le Latium méridional et la Sabine du 9e siècle à la fin du 12e siècle, Rom 1973.
330:
877:
709:
513:
317:. That said, encastellation occurred mostly in the centre of the peninsula. This region, originally a county of the
385:
259:
154:
describes less the building of castles than the change towards fortified settlements, in which the castle proper (
167:
214:. These fortresses were usually in the hands of one of the powerful lay families, but sometimes of the popes.
690:
436:
179:
63:
249:), who then built their own fortresses and thus became independent in fact. Historian G. A. Loud considers
135:
458:
238:
170:, were supreme and castles dotted the landscape. With the rise of the city-states after the collapse of
850:
806:
444:
171:
525:
246:
207:
124:
66:
variety are probably older, though they were far more common until well into the twelfth century.
517:
462:
198:
318:
796:
705:
529:
234:
821:
726:
and they served as headquarters and training grounds for initiates into the knightly orders.
872:
713:
701:
440:
322:
120:
83:
435:
Normanisation began in England before the Conquest primarily through the Norman sojourn of
816:
643:
451:
230:
79:
58:
could castles be effectively built). The stone castle originated probably in the north of
831:
226:
218:
159:
87:
658:
603:
544:
477:
404:
349:
282:
866:
717:
509:
175:
448:
266:
and encastellated its mountainous territory, leading to the inevitable invasion of
186:
108:
646:. Stone castles were slow to develop, appearing in the late thirteenth century.
389:
314:
158:) is a separate part. The term 'incastellamento' for this process was coined by
51:
17:
841:
722:
708:
of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, encastellation was the result of the
194:
116:
35:
583:. At about the same time, the first stone castles appeared in the north, in
211:
131:
39:
639:
580:
576:
263:
222:
127:
declined in importance and regional control devolved to regional lords.
75:
162:. As in France, it was a different process in the north and the south.
697:
635:
588:
381:
255:
95:
800:
584:
267:
202:
112:
59:
47:
43:
854:
Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
242:
206:
the ancient monuments which had fallen into disuses, such as the
190:
91:
134:
and the south of France, there were more serious attempts, the
653:
598:
539:
472:
399:
344:
277:
642:
and within it to control the local population, according to
313:
The encastellation of Spain is inextricably linked to the
82:, under the direction both of local barons as well as the
856:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.
716:, who, among others, conquered the land from the pagan
670:
615:
556:
489:
416:
361:
294:
107:
From Normandy and Anjou, encastellation spread to the
516:, though a few stone castles date from the reign of
146:
In Italy, the process of encastellation is known as
62:in the tenth century. Older wooden castles, of the
74:In France, encastellation began in the north, in
100:
793:The Normans: Warrior Knights and their Castles
8:
123:) and this merely continued apace while the
847:, Vol. 98, No. 2. (Apr., 1993), pp 480–481.
388:) as the encastellation of Spain is to the
791:Gravett, Christopher, and Nicolle, David.
329:the king. During the long reign of Count
528:(1272–1307). His famous Edwardian
337:independent and its castles multiplied.
221:, the independent principalities of the
735:
461:in the years immediately following the
178:was the result of the struggle between
457:Encastellation began in earnest under
439:and the influence of his Norman queen
836:A History of the Middle Ages 284-1500
7:
384:(which is, of course, linked to the
185:In the centre of the peninsula, the
150:. It has a specific notion, as the
587:, built not by Normans but by the
201:constructed fortresses throughout
25:
657:
602:
543:
476:
403:
348:
281:
845:The American Historical Review
1:
38:) is the process whereby the
826:Gesta ecclesiae Centulensis
894:
710:Margraves of Brandenburg
321:, even adopted the name
691:Investiture Controversy
180:Guelphs and Ghibellines
443:. During the reign of
136:Peace and Truce of God
105:
34:, which can also mean
878:Medieval architecture
459:William the Conqueror
239:Docibilis II of Gaeta
514:its English conquest
445:Edward the Confessor
526:Edward I of England
208:Arch of Constantine
168:margrave of Tuscany
125:Carolingian dynasty
46:became dotted with
851:Kreutz, Barbara M.
815:2010-03-05 at the
742:Painter, p ?.
669:. You can help by
614:. You can help by
555:. You can help by
530:concentric castles
518:Llywelyn the Great
488:. You can help by
463:Battle of Hastings
415:. You can help by
360:. You can help by
293:. You can help by
838:. New York, 1953.
797:Osprey Publishing
778:Kreutz, pp 134-5.
706:Northern Crusades
687:
686:
632:
631:
573:
572:
506:
505:
433:
432:
378:
377:
333:, Castile became
311:
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260:Prince of Salerno
193:in some way. The
16:(Redirected from
885:
779:
776:
770:
767:
761:
758:
752:
749:
743:
740:
714:Teutonic Knights
702:Drang nach Osten
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121:Edict of Pistres
84:Duke of Normandy
64:motte-and-bailey
21:
893:
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832:Painter, Sidney
817:Wayback Machine
808:Incastellamento
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768:
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667:needs expansion
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612:needs expansion
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553:needs expansion
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486:needs expansion
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452:Ralph the Timid
429:
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413:needs expansion
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386:Norman Conquest
374:
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358:needs expansion
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331:Fernán González
319:Kingdom of León
307:
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291:needs expansion
276:
262:, they subdued
251:incastellamento
152:incastellamento
148:incastellamento
144:
72:
23:
22:
18:Incastellamento
15:
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5:
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160:Pierre Toubert
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88:Count of Anjou
71:
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28:Encastellation
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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703:
700:, during the
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672:
668:
665:This section
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660:
656:
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613:
610:This section
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605:
601:
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594:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
567:
558:
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551:This section
549:
546:
542:
541:
535:
533:
531:
527:
521:
519:
515:
511:
510:Welsh Marches
500:
491:
487:
484:This section
482:
479:
475:
474:
468:
466:
464:
460:
455:
453:
450:
446:
442:
438:
427:
418:
414:
411:This section
409:
406:
402:
401:
395:
393:
391:
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383:
382:Normanisation
372:
363:
359:
356:This section
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351:
347:
346:
340:
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328:
324:
320:
316:
305:
296:
292:
289:This section
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273:
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261:
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252:
248:
244:
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236:
232:
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224:
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188:
183:
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177:
176:San Gimignano
173:
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157:
153:
149:
141:
139:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
104:
99:
97:
94:(from whence
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
69:
67:
65:
61:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
853:
844:
835:
825:
807:
792:
774:
769:Loud, p 481.
765:
756:
747:
738:
723:Ordensburgen
721:
695:
688:
675:
671:adding to it
666:
640:English Pale
633:
620:
616:adding to it
611:
574:
561:
557:adding to it
552:
522:
507:
494:
490:adding to it
485:
456:
449:marcher lord
434:
421:
417:adding to it
412:
379:
366:
362:adding to it
357:
334:
326:
312:
299:
295:adding to it
290:
250:
216:
187:Papal States
184:
164:
155:
151:
147:
145:
129:
109:Loire Valley
106:
101:
73:
56:
42:kingdoms of
36:crenellation
32:castellation
31:
27:
26:
842:Loud, G. A.
437:Ethelred II
390:Reconquista
315:Reconquista
219:Mezzogiorno
52:Middle Ages
30:(sometimes
867:Categories
195:Crescentii
117:Viking Age
718:Prussians
678:June 2008
623:June 2008
564:June 2008
497:June 2008
424:June 2008
369:June 2008
327:vis-à-vis
302:June 2008
241:granting
212:Colosseum
199:Tusculani
132:Languedoc
813:Archived
751:Hariulf.
712:and the
704:and the
581:Galloway
577:Scotland
536:Scotland
335:de facto
264:Calabria
223:Lombards
210:and the
197:and the
86:and the
76:Normandy
873:Castles
822:Hariulf
803:, 2006.
786:Sources
698:Prussia
650:Germany
636:Ireland
595:Ireland
396:England
341:Britain
323:Castile
256:Normans
247:Marinus
217:In the
103:refuge.
96:dungeon
92:donjons
48:castles
801:Oxford
585:Orkney
268:Sicily
235:Amalfi
233:, and
231:Naples
203:Latium
172:Tuscan
113:Poitou
70:France
60:France
44:Europe
40:feudal
730:Notes
589:Norse
469:Wales
274:Spain
243:Fondi
227:Gaeta
156:rocca
142:Italy
119:(see
111:. In
80:Anjou
508:The
441:Emma
191:Rome
78:and
696:In
673:.
634:In
618:.
575:In
559:.
520:.
492:.
454:.
419:.
364:.
297:.
245:to
182:.
130:In
54:.
869::
834:.
824:.
799::
795:.
591:.
392:.
270:.
229:,
828:.
810:.
680:)
676:(
625:)
621:(
566:)
562:(
499:)
495:(
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422:(
371:)
367:(
304:)
300:(
20:)
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