625:, i.e., they are mosaicism in which individuals developing from these post-fertilized ova have cells that do and do not have the altered gene that is responsible for a immune disorder. Depending on the amount and type of cells that express the dysfunctional gene, individuals may not develop the disorder or develop it in varying degrees of severity and/or develop it at a later age than individuals that have the dysfunctional gene in all cells. Usually, individuals with this mosaicism do not pass the defective gene to their offspring.
945:
Shirkani A, Bagheri Z, Salami F, Shad TM, Marzbali MY, Mojtahedi H, Razavi A, Tavakolinia N, Cheraghi T, Tavakol M, Shafiei A, Behniafard N, Ebrahimi SS, Sepahi N, Ghaneimoghadam A, Rezaei A, Kalantari A, Abolhassani H, Rezaei N (February 2024). "Clinical heterogeneity in families with multiple cases of inborn errors of immunity".
334:. This mutation usually causes a complicated medical condition involving several human organ systems. When any one of the disorders in the PID, PIRDs, or IEM classifications is caused by a single gene mutation that disrupts the immune system, it is termed an IEI. Consequently, many IEIs are also termed a PID, PIRDs, and/or IEM.
345:(i.e., IUIS). This relationship was made official in 2008. The number of genes that when mutated to cause specific IEI disorders has steadily rose from less than 10 in the 1980s to the IUIS expert committee's 2022 classification of 485 mutated genes causing these disorders. These numbers are expected to increase further as
1571:
Bousfiha A, Moundir A, Tangye SG, Picard C, Jeddane L, Al-Herz W, Rundles CC, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Oksenhendler E, Puel A, Puck J, Seppänen MR, Somech R, Su HC, Sullivan KE, Torgerson TR, Meyts I (October 2022). "The 2022 Update of IUIS Phenotypical
Classification for Human Inborn
473:
Combined immunodeficiencies with associated or syndromic features consisting of 69 defective genes causing 68 diseases. These diseases are a set of signs and symptoms characteristic of a particular immune disorder and tend to occur together in people with the same disorder. These disorders include
436:, i.e., an IEI mutation arising after fertilization of an egg, has been shown to lead to offsspring with two different cell populations, one with and one without the IEI gene. Individuals with this mosaicism may develop a mild IEI disorder, an IEI disorder much later in life, or no IEI disorder.
1166:
Nishimura A, Uppuluri R, Raj R, Swaminathan VV, Cheng Y, Abu-Arja RF, Fu B, Laberko A, Albert MH, Hauck F, Bucciol G, Bigley V, Elcombe S, Kharya G, Pronk CJ, Wehr C, Neven B, Warnatz K, Meyts I, Morio T, Gennery AR, Kanegane H (November 2023). "An
International Survey of Allogeneic Hematopoietic
944:
Delavari S, Rasouli SE, Fekrvand S, Chavoshzade Z, Mahdaviani SA, Shirmast P, Sharafian S, Sherkat R, Momen T, Aleyasin S, Ahanchian H, Sadeghi-Shabestari M, Esmaeilzadeh H, Barzamini S, Tarighatmonfared F, Salehi H, Esmaeili M, Marzani Z, Fathi N, Abolnezhadian F, Rad MK, Saeedi-Boroujeni A,
1455:
Patterson AR, Needle GA, Sugiura A, Jennings EQ, Chi C, Steiner KK, Fisher EL, Robertson GL, Bodnya C, Markle JG, Sheldon RD, Jones RG, Gama V, Rathmell JC (August 2024). "Functional overlap of inborn errors of immunity and metabolism genes defines T cell metabolic vulnerabilities".
1251:
Tangye, Stuart G.; Al-Herz, Waleed; Bousfiha, Aziz; Chatila, Talal; Cunningham-Rundles, Charlotte; Etzioni, Amos; Franco, Jose Luis; Holland, Steven M.; Klein, Christoph; Morio, Tomohiro; Ochs, Hans D.; Oksenhendler, Eric; Picard, Capucine; Puck, Jennifer; Torgerson, Troy R. (2020).
341:(WHO) established the Inborn Errors of Immunity Committee for the purpose of classifying and identifying immune defects in humans. The committee focused on rare immune diseases. In the 1990s, the WHO decided to focus on more common diseases, and the committee was taken on by the
369:), is under expressed, is overexpressed, or directs the formation of a product with reduced, increased, or no activity. Furthermore, the defective IEI gene in parents may not be expressed in their offspring depending on the IEI gene's
248:. In the early 1950s, he examined an 8-year-old boy who had 19 episodes of pneumonia over a period of 4 years. Expecting that individuals with such a history of repeated infections would have high levels of infection-fighting
759:
Tangye SG, Al-Herz W, Bousfiha A, Cunningham-Rundles C, Franco JL, Holland SM, Klein C, Morio T, Oksenhendler E, Picard C, Puel A, Puck J, Seppänen MR, Somech R, Su HC, Sullivan KE, Torgerson TR, Meyts I (October 2022).
264:
and virus. That same year, Dr. Bruton and colleagues published on two other infection-prone patients who also lacked detectable levels of these serum antibodies This particular from of hypogammaglobulinemia, now termed
357:). Thus, the prevalence of IEIs in 2023 was estimated to be between 1 in 1,000 and 1 in 5,000 individuals but this may be an underestimate: its true prevalence may turn out to be as high as 1 in 500 individuals.
511:
809:
Moratti M, Conti F, Giannella M, Ferrari S, Borghesi A (November 2022). "How to: Diagnose inborn errors of intrinsic and innate immunity to viral, bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal infections".
538:
Defects in intrinsic and innate immunity consisting of 74 gene defects causing 63 diseases. These diseases include a predisposition to develop bacterial, fungal, parasite and/or viral infections.
566:(i.e., a system of proteins the increases the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear infecting microbes) and thereby increases an individual susceptibility to acquire
353:), further studies of less severe immune disorders, and analyses of multiple tissues in individuals that may have carry the dysfunctional gene in some but not their tissues (see
342:
1131:
Darmawan D, Raychaudhuri S, Lakshminrusimha S, Dimitriades VR (July 2024). "Hypogammaglobulinemia in neonates: illustrative cases and review of the literature".
467:(low levels of the circles indicate that the T cells have not matured); less severe forms of the combined immunodeficiencies are also included in this category.
112:
or other changes in any part of a gene that causes it to be dysfunctional.) Depending on the gene involved, this dysfunction may induce the development of an:
980:
Cheng J, Dávila Saldaña BJ, Chandrakasan S, Keller M (September 2024). "Pediatric lymphoproliferative disorders associated with inborn errors of immunity".
562:
Complement deficiencies consisting of 36 defective genes causing 30 diseases. These diseases involve decreases in the levels of a component protein in the
1736:
510:-induced immunity disorders. (About 50% of all five-year-old children and 90% of adults have evidence of previous infection with this virus; see
846:"Germline Pathogenic Variants in the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Gene are Associated with High and Moderate Risks for Multiple Cancers"
1254:"Human Inborn Errors of Immunity: 2019 Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee"
762:"Human Inborn Errors of Immunity: 2022 Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee"
811:
Clinical
Microbiology and Infection : The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
283:, gene. The product of this gene, the BTK protein, contributes indirectly to promoting the production of all the antibody subtypes, i.e.,
108:
causes increases in the susceptibility of individuals to develop a dysfunction in their immune system. (As used here, mutations include
635:
503:
311:
306:(PID), i.e., immune deficiencies that are present at birth and not caused by secondary factors such as other diseases or exposure to
610:
1363:
Palva T, Lehtinen T (December 1987). "Pneumococcal antigens and endotoxin in effusions from patients with secretory otitis media".
1769:
464:
452:
451:
Cellular and hormonal immunodeficiencies consisting of 66 defective genes causing 58 different diseases. These diseases include
269:
and characterized as an IEI, occurs in about 1 per 379,000 live births. It is also termed Bruton's agammaglobulinemia and the
326:(i.e., IEM) are a group of about 1700 disorders caused by a mutation in any one of about 1500 genes that causes a defect in a
1517:
Staels F, Collignon T, Betrains A, Gerbaux M, Willemsen M, Humblet-Baron S, Liston A, Vanderschueren S, Schrijvers R (2021).
520:
Congenital defects of phagocyte number or function consisting of 42 gene defects causing 35 diseases. These diseases include
1610:
Akalu YT, Bogunovic D (March 2024). "Inborn errors of immunity: an expanding universe of disease and genetic architecture".
1744:
219:
544:
Autoinflammatory disorders consisting of 56 defective genes causing 59 diseases. These diseases include various types of
444:
The
International Union of Immunological Societies (2022) has classified IEI disorders into the following 10 categories:
315:
549:
488:
Predominantly antibody disorders consisting of 45 defective genes causing 51 diseases. These antibody disorders include
1740:
640:
475:
350:
323:
266:
211:
190:
275:
397:) or not expressed (termed non-penetrance) in males or females (these different expression patterns are also termed
318:(PIRDs; i.e., disorders of immunity characterized as excessive proliferations of lymphocytes and the development of
303:
1764:
545:
338:
207:
895:"Clinical and Immunologic Characteristics of Non-Hematologic Cancers in Patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity"
606:
116:
1685:"Lethal Infectious Diseases as Inborn Errors of Immunity: Toward a Synthesis of the Germ and Genetic Theories"
502:
Diseases of immune dysregulation consisting of 52 defective genes causing 51 diseases. These diseases include
507:
238:
131:
844:
Hall MJ, Bernhisel R, Hughes E, Larson K, Rosenthal ET, Singh NA, Lancaster JM, Kurian AW (April 2021).
489:
425:
257:
893:
Delavari S, Wang Y, Moeini Shad T, Pashangzadeh S, Nazari F, Salami F, Abolhassani H (January 2023).
424:, i.e., caused by factors which regulate the expression of the IEI gene without changing this gene's
370:
120:
260:, i.e., his serum lacked detectible levels of circulating antibodies which attack infection-causing
581:
109:
145:
by causing a malfunction in one of the various components of the immune system that combat these
127:
596:
due to the failure of the bone marrow to produce sufficient level of one or more of these cells.
330:
that metabolizes proteins, fats, or carbohydrates or that impairs the function of a subcellular
1733:"About 90% of adults have antibodies that show that they have a current or past EBV infection"
1714:
1665:
1627:
1589:
1550:
1473:
1434:
1380:
1342:
1291:
1273:
1233:
1184:
1148:
1113:
1086:
1032:
997:
962:
926:
875:
826:
791:
736:
694:
589:
563:
433:
354:
327:
195:
58:
27:
413:
exposure to environmental factors with modify the activity of the inherited IEI gene (termed
1704:
1696:
1657:
1619:
1581:
1540:
1530:
1465:
1424:
1414:
1372:
1332:
1322:
1281:
1265:
1223:
1215:
1176:
1140:
1104:
BRUTON OC, APT L, GITLIN D, JANEWAY CA (November 1952). "Absence of serum gamma globulins".
1076:
1066:
1024:
989:
954:
916:
906:
865:
857:
818:
781:
773:
728:
684:
676:
618:
456:
1403:"Common metabolic disorder (inborn errors of metabolism) concerns in primary care practice"
585:
366:
199:
63:
1700:
365:
As with other human genes, an IEI gene may be defective because it is not expressed (see
1081:
1054:
405:
the presence of other genes which modify the activity of the inherited IEI gene (termed
188:
non-hematological cancers as well as hematological cancers by causing a mutation in the
1709:
1684:
1545:
1518:
1429:
1402:
1337:
1310:
1286:
1253:
1228:
1203:
1133:
Journal of
Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association
921:
894:
870:
845:
786:
761:
689:
664:
614:
346:
261:
203:
157:
580:
Bone marrow failure disorders consisting of 44 defective genes that cause 43 cases of
1758:
1376:
553:
253:
244:
A human immune disease that would later be classified as an IEI was first defined by
139:
105:
506:
and defects that cause an increases in the susceptibility of individuals to develop
861:
605:
of inborn errors of immunity consisting of 15 genes that cause 15 cases of various
389:). Individuals who do inherit an IEI gene may still not exhibit symptoms because:
378:
374:
319:
245:
1732:
719:
Gray PE, David C (June 2023). "Inborn Errors of
Immunity and Autoimmune Disease".
482:(i.e., gene defects that alter the development and function of the immune system).
1661:
602:
525:
521:
386:
234:
230:
169:
165:
1623:
1585:
1469:
1327:
1269:
1219:
1180:
1144:
1071:
993:
958:
777:
732:
680:
302:
Impairments in the immune system's protective actions have been referred to as
1535:
822:
429:
421:
414:
406:
398:
394:
249:
173:
32:
1277:
373:
activity or may not be present in offspring depending on its location in the
1419:
911:
593:
567:
529:
382:
331:
307:
153:
146:
142:
70:
1718:
1669:
1631:
1593:
1554:
1477:
1438:
1346:
1311:"Primary immune regulatory disorders: Undiagnosed needles in the haystack?"
1295:
1237:
1188:
1152:
1117:
1090:
1055:"Too much of a good thing: a review of primary immune regulatory disorders"
1036:
1001:
966:
930:
879:
830:
795:
740:
698:
1384:
1028:
493:
181:
97:
479:
460:
1648:
Yu JE (February 2024). "New primary immunodeficiencies 2023 update".
227:
223:
440:
International Union of
Immunological Societies classification of IEI
1491:
180:
hematological cancers by causing a mutation in any one of various
101:
51:
1401:
Agana M, Frueh J, Kamboj M, Patel DR, Kanungo S (December 2018).
1204:"Agammaglobulinemia: from X-linked to Autosomal Forms of Disease"
622:
270:
160:
immune system that overreacts to otherwise harmless substances;
571:
296:
292:
288:
284:
663:
Notarangelo LD, Bacchetta R, Casanova JL, Su HC (July 2020).
721:
The
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice
584:. These disorders are losses in the levels of circulating
512:
Epstein–Barr virus–associated lymphoproliferative diseases
322:), are immune disorders similar to those in IEI. Finally,
1202:
Cardenas-Morales M, Hernandez-Trujillo VP (August 2022).
665:"Human inborn errors of immunity: An expanding universe"
1167:
1365:
International
Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
381:, or one of 46 remaining non-sex chromosomes (termed
273:
that when mutated causes this disease is termed the
256:, Dr. Bruton was surprised to find that the boy had
184:(i.e., genes with the potential to cause a cancer);
96:) are a heterogenous group of disorders in which a
79:
69:
57:
46:
38:
26:
21:
496:classes, and other types of antibody deficiencies.
1519:"Monogenic Adult-Onset Inborn Errors of Immunity"
320:immune responses against one's own normal tissues
241:, liver, skin, or more than one of these organs.
455:diseases that are associated with low levels of
1643:
1641:
1605:
1603:
1566:
1564:
1450:
1448:
1396:
1394:
1106:A.M.A. American Journal of Diseases of Children
1048:
1046:
1496:International Union of Immunological Societies
1358:
1356:
850:Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.)
754:
752:
750:
714:
712:
710:
708:
658:
656:
492:, i.e., reductions in one or more of the four
343:International Union of Immunological Societies
1015:BRUTON OC (June 1952). "Agammaglobulinemia".
8:
1208:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
1492:"Inborn Errors of Immunity Committee (IEI)"
1053:Tsilifis C, Slatter MA, Gennery AR (2023).
42:Newborns, children, and, uncommonly, adults
524:not caused by antibodies directed against
222:by causing the excessive proliferation of
18:
1708:
1544:
1534:
1428:
1418:
1336:
1326:
1285:
1227:
1080:
1070:
920:
910:
869:
785:
688:
164:lose of one or more types of circulating
1737:National Center for Infectious Diseases
652:
621:that occur after fertilization of an
7:
1701:10.1146/annurev-pathol-031920-101429
1683:Casanova JL, Abel L (January 2021).
393:the gene is under expressed (termed
1309:Flinn AM, Gennery AR (March 2022).
982:Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.)
947:Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.)
617:. These phenocopy cases are due to
316:primary immune regulatory disorders
636:List of primary immunodeficiencies
504:hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
312:List of primary immunodeficiencies
83:Rare but becoming much more common
14:
1315:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
611:chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
609:diseases (i.e., PID) such as the
1747:from the original on 2016-08-08.
1407:Annals of Translational Medicine
465:T-cell receptor excision circles
453:severe combined immunodeficiency
130:by causing a malfunction in the
119:by causing a malfunction in the
349:using automated methods (e.g.,
310:agents. The PID disorders (see
194:gene (these cancers are mainly
1574:Journal of Clinical Immunology
1258:Journal of Clinical Immunology
1169:Journal of Clinical Immunology
862:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-20-0448
766:Journal of Clinical Immunology
574:-forming bacterial infections.
210:of the breast; see cancers in
1:
1650:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
220:lymphoproliferative disorders
138:viral, bacterial, fungal, or
1662:10.1097/MOP.0000000000001315
1377:10.1016/0165-5876(87)90022-x
550:familial Mediterranean fever
168:by causing a failure of the
641:Inborn errors of metabolism
476:combined immunodeficiencies
351:massive parallel sequencing
324:inborn errors of metabolism
267:X-linked agammaglobulinemia
212:ATM serine/threonine kinase
191:ATM serine/threonine kinase
172:to produce the circulating
1786:
1689:Annual Review of Pathology
1624:10.1038/s41576-023-00656-z
1586:10.1007/s10875-022-01352-z
1470:10.1126/sciimmunol.adh0368
1328:10.1186/s13023-022-02249-1
1270:10.1007/s10875-019-00737-x
1220:10.1007/s12016-021-08870-5
1181:10.1007/s10875-023-01551-2
1145:10.1038/s41372-023-01766-6
1072:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1279201
994:10.1016/j.clim.2024.110332
959:10.1016/j.clim.2024.109896
778:10.1007/s10875-022-01289-3
733:10.1016/j.jaip.2023.04.018
681:10.1126/sciimmunol.abb1662
528:and functional defects in
304:primary immunodeficiencies
1536:10.3389/fimmu.2021.753978
823:10.1016/j.cmi.2022.07.021
546:autoinflammatory diseases
399:gender-related penetrance
339:World Health Organization
208:invasive ductal carcinoma
90:Inborn errors of immunity
22:Inborn errors of immunity
1612:Nature Reviews. Genetics
607:primary immunodeficiency
314:) and its subgroup, the
276:Bruton's tyrosine kinase
117:autoinflammatory disease
1770:Immune system disorders
1523:Frontiers in Immunology
1420:10.21037/atm.2018.12.34
1059:Frontiers in Immunology
912:10.3390/cancers15030764
415:environmental modifiers
361:Expression of IEI genes
239:gastrointestinal tract
132:adaptive immune system
100:in any one of various
1743:. 28 September 2020.
1572:Errors of Immunity".
490:hypogammaglobulinemia
430:epigenetic regulation
426:nucleic acid sequence
371:dominant or recessive
258:hypogammaglobulinemia
33:Clinical immunologist
1029:10.1542/peds.9.6.722
121:innate immune system
50:Defects in specific
582:Bone marrow failure
463:plus low levels of
459:protein-expressing
395:reduced penetrrance
214:gene defects); and
1458:Science Immunology
669:Science Immunology
508:Epstein–Barr virus
128:autoimmune disease
104:that regulate the
817:(11): 1441–1448.
619:somatic mutations
590:white blood cells
564:complement system
407:genetic modifiers
196:pancreatic cancer
87:
86:
59:Diagnostic method
16:Medical condition
1777:
1765:Medical genetics
1749:
1748:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1580:(7): 1508–1520.
1568:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1464:(98): eadh0368.
1452:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1422:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1175:(8): 1827–1839.
1163:
1157:
1156:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1074:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1012:
1006:
1005:
977:
971:
970:
941:
935:
934:
924:
914:
890:
884:
883:
873:
841:
835:
834:
806:
800:
799:
789:
772:(7): 1473–1507.
756:
745:
744:
727:(6): 1602–1622.
716:
703:
702:
692:
660:
154:allergic disease
19:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1014:
1013:
1009:
979:
978:
974:
943:
942:
938:
892:
891:
887:
843:
842:
838:
808:
807:
803:
758:
757:
748:
718:
717:
706:
662:
661:
654:
649:
632:
586:red blood cells
478:of T cells and
442:
367:gene expression
363:
200:prostate cancer
64:Genetic testing
17:
12:
11:
5:
1783:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1724:
1675:
1656:(1): 112–123.
1637:
1618:(3): 184–195.
1599:
1560:
1509:
1498:. 22 July 2019
1483:
1444:
1390:
1371:(2–3): 123–8.
1352:
1301:
1243:
1194:
1158:
1139:(7): 929–934.
1123:
1096:
1042:
1007:
972:
936:
885:
856:(4): 433–440.
836:
801:
746:
704:
651:
650:
648:
645:
644:
643:
638:
631:
628:
627:
626:
615:VEXAS syndrome
597:
575:
557:
539:
533:
515:
497:
483:
468:
441:
438:
362:
359:
347:DNA sequencing
262:microorganisms
218:non-malignant
204:stomach cancer
158:hypersensitive
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1782:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
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554:Blau syndrome
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156:by causing a
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140:mycobacterial
137:
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106:immune system
103:
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1500:. Retrieved
1495:
1486:
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1457:
1410:
1406:
1368:
1364:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1264:(1): 24–64.
1261:
1257:
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1214:(1): 22–35.
1211:
1207:
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1112:(5): 632–6.
1109:
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418:
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402:
390:
379:Y chromosome
375:X chromosome
364:
336:
301:
280:
274:
246:Ogden Bruton
243:
215:
189:
185:
177:
161:
150:
135:
124:
113:
93:
89:
88:
1413:(24): 469.
1065:: 1279201.
603:Phenocopies
526:neutrophils
522:neutropenia
387:sex linkage
235:lymph nodes
231:lymphocytes
170:bone marrow
166:blood cells
39:Usual onset
1759:Categories
1529:: 753978.
1017:Pediatrics
988:: 110332.
953:: 109896.
905:(3): 764.
647:References
422:epigenetic
417:), and/or
250:antibodies
174:blood cell
1695:: 23–50.
1321:(1): 99.
1278:0271-9142
594:platelets
592:, and/or
568:Neisseria
532:function.
530:phagocyte
434:Mosaicism
383:autosomes
355:mosaicism
332:organelle
308:genotoxic
252:in their
182:oncogenes
176:type(s);
147:pathogens
143:infection
110:deletions
80:Frequency
71:Prognosis
28:Specialty
1745:Archived
1719:32289233
1670:38001560
1632:37863939
1594:36198931
1555:34867986
1478:39151020
1439:30740400
1347:35241125
1296:31953710
1238:34241796
1189:37454339
1153:37667006
1118:12984834
1091:38022498
1082:10645063
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1002:39069111
967:38184287
931:36765721
880:33509806
831:35934195
796:35748970
741:37119983
699:32651211
630:See also
613:and the
548:, e.g.,
494:antibody
428:(termed
279:, i.e.,
98:mutation
75:Variable
1710:7923385
1546:8635491
1502:11 July
1430:6331353
1385:3436716
1338:8895571
1287:7082301
1229:8269404
922:9913767
899:Cancers
871:8026745
787:9244088
690:7647049
480:B cells
461:T cells
328:pathway
233:in the
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687:
675:(49).
385:; see
295:, and
228:B-cell
224:T-cell
47:Causes
1739:. US
254:serum
102:genes
52:genes
1715:PMID
1666:PMID
1628:PMID
1590:PMID
1551:PMID
1504:2020
1474:PMID
1435:PMID
1381:PMID
1343:PMID
1292:PMID
1274:ISSN
1234:PMID
1185:PMID
1149:PMID
1114:PMID
1087:PMID
1033:PMID
998:PMID
963:PMID
927:PMID
876:PMID
827:PMID
792:PMID
737:PMID
695:PMID
623:ovum
600:10).
570:and
552:and
271:gene
206:and
1741:CDC
1705:PMC
1697:doi
1658:doi
1620:doi
1582:doi
1541:PMC
1531:doi
1466:doi
1425:PMC
1415:doi
1373:doi
1333:PMC
1323:doi
1282:PMC
1266:doi
1224:PMC
1216:doi
1177:doi
1141:doi
1077:PMC
1067:doi
1025:doi
990:doi
986:266
955:doi
951:259
917:PMC
907:doi
866:PMC
858:doi
819:doi
782:PMC
774:doi
729:doi
685:PMC
677:doi
578:9).
572:pus
560:8).
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536:6).
518:5).
500:4).
486:3).
471:2).
457:CD3
449:1).
432:).
409:),
401:),
299:.
297:IgE
293:IgM
289:IgA
285:IgG
281:BKT
226:or
94:IEI
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