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dispersed to
Australasia starting 33 million years ago as Australasia moved northwards, and dispersal increased 12 million years ago as the two continents approached their present positions. The exchange was asymmetric, with more Indomalayan species spreading to Australasia than Australasian species to Indomalaya.
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ranges bound the bioregion on the northwest, north, and northeast; these ranges were formed by the collision of the northward-drifting Indian subcontinent with Asia beginning 45 million years ago. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and
Himalaya are a major biogeographic boundary between the subtropical and
482:
The tropical forests of
Indomalaya and Australasia share many lineages of plants, which have managed over millions of years to disperse across the straits and islands between Sundaland and New Guinea. The two floras evolved in long isolation, and the fossil record suggests that Asian species
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262:(WWF) divides Indomalayan realm into three bio-regions, which it defines as "geographic clusters of eco-regions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)".
1984:
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Bain, R.H., Biju, S.D., Brown, R.M., Das, I., Diesmos, A.C., Dutta, S.K., Gower, D.J., Inger, R.F., Iskandar, D.T., Kaneko, Y., Neng, M.W., Lau, Meegaskumbura, M., Ohler, A., Papenfuss, T., Pethiyagoda, R., Stuart, B.L., & Wilkinson, M. (2008).
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differ greatly in land animal species; Sundaland shares its fauna with mainland Asia, while terrestrial fauna on the islands east of the
Wallace line are derived at least in part from species of Australian origin, such as
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473:) is characteristic of the seasonally dry forests of the Indomalaya, from India through Indochina, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Tropical pitcher plants (
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386:), the Philippines, the eastern Indonesian islands, and New Guinea. While the Malesia has much in common botanically, the portions east and west of the
1521:
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comprises characteristic tree species in
Indomalaya's moist and seasonally dry forests, with the greatest species diversity in the moist forests of
443:. Asian rainforest flora, including the dipterocarps, island-hopped across Wallacea to New Guinea, and several Gondwanian plant families, including
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in 81 genera, about 17 of global species. 800 Indomalayan species, or 80%, are endemic. Indomalaya has three endemic families of amphibians,
988:
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Wikramanayake, E., E. Dinerstein, C. J. Loucks, D. M. Olson, J. Morrison, J. L. Lamoreux, M. McKnight, and P. Hedao. 2002.
479:) are also characteristic of Indomalaya, and the greatest diversity of species is in Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines.
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609:. 329, or 33%, of Indomalayan amphibians are considered threatened or extinct, with habitat loss as the principal cause.
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of
Indomalaya are highly variable and diverse, with economically important trees, especially in the families
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is a botanical province which straddles the boundary between
Indomalaya and Australasia. It includes the
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drifted north, the collision of the
Australian and Asian plates pushed up the islands of
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tropical flora and fauna of the Indian subcontinent and the temperate-climate
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The flora of
Indomalaya blends elements from the ancient supercontinents of
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Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment
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Most of
Indomalaya was originally covered by forest, and includes
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Maldives–Lakshadweep–Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests
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predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia. The
25:
2762:
A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture.
2243:
tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2760:
Appanah, Simmathiri and Jennifer M. Turnbull, eds. (1998).
562:
Indomalaya has three endemic bird families, the Irenidae (
523:). Large mammals characteristic of Indomalaya include the
19:"Oriental region" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1658:
Tenasserim–South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests
628:
Ecoregions of the Indomalayan realm, color-coded by
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3016:
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
327:The Indochina bioregion includes most of mainland
2764:Center for International Forestry Research, 1998.
1450:South China–Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests
351:, as well as the subtropical forests of southern
680:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
642:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
503:to the realm, as are families Craseonycteridae (
232:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1273:Northern Khorat Plateau moist deciduous forests
1754:tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
1289:Northern Thailand-Laos moist deciduous forests
638:tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
236:tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
2815:
2547:
2439:
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2323:
2259:
2182:
2086:
1978:
1770:
1710:Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
1005:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
696:
382:and the western Indonesian islands (known as
8:
1910:Southeastern Indochina dry evergreen forests
1790:Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests
1181:Nansei Islands subtropical evergreen forests
861:Christmas and Cocos Islands tropical forests
2963:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
2222:Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
2202:Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
1962:tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
1478:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
1205:North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
833:Chao Phraya lowland moist deciduous forests
646:tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
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2800:
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1985:
1971:
1898:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests
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689:
1522:Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests
1353:Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests
873:Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests
789:Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2522:
2414:
2358:
2298:
2234:
2157:
2061:
1953:
1942:Sri Lanka dry-zone dry evergreen forests
1745:
1490:South Western Ghats montane rain forests
1217:North Western Ghats montane rain forests
671:
2731:
2603:Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves
1502:Southern Annamites montane rain forests
1369:Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests
977:Jiang Nan subtropical evergreen forests
933:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests
1245:Northern Indochina subtropical forests
885:Eastern Java–Bali montane rain forests
845:Chin Hills–Arakan Yoma montane forests
2775:Handbook of Australasian Biogeography
2718:. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA,
2070:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
1317:Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests
1305:Northern Triangle subtropical forests
1125:Mindanao–Eastern Visayas rain forests
650:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
7:
2947:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2909:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2034:Northeast India–Myanmar pine forests
1930:Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests
1874:Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests
1646:Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests
821:Chao Phraya freshwater swamp forests
612:More information is available under
54:adding citations to reliable sources
2789:Amphibians of the Indomalayan Realm
2138:Western Himalayan broadleaf forests
2126:Northern Triangle temperate forests
2106:Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests
1694:Tonle Sap–Mekong peat swamp forests
1630:Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests
1149:Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests
1998:Himalayan subtropical pine forests
1862:Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests
1826:Chota-Nagpur dry deciduous forests
1678:Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forests
1409:Red River freshwater swamp forests
1021:Luang Prabang montane rain forests
953:Irrawaddy freshwater swamp forests
921:Hainan Island monsoon rain forests
167:, Indomalaya spreads all over the
14:
2873:Montane grasslands and shrublands
2367:montane grasslands and shrublands
2343:Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh
2279:Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands
1838:East Deccan dry evergreen forests
1722:Western Java montane rain forests
1570:Sumatran freshwater swamp forests
1466:South Taiwan monsoon rain forests
1385:Peninsular Malaysian rain forests
965:Irrawaddy moist deciduous forests
909:Greater Negros–Panay rain forests
662:montane grasslands and shrublands
203:, the realm boundary named after
16:One of the Earth's eight ecozones
2491:Northwestern thorn scrub forests
989:Kayah–Karen montane rain forests
207:which separates Indomalaya from
30:
2989:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2403:Kinabalu montane alpine meadows
2307:flooded grasslands and savannas
1229:Northern Annamites rain forests
801:Cardamom Mountains rain forests
658:flooded grasslands and savannas
593:Indomalaya has 1000 species of
359:Sunda Shelf and the Philippines
211:. Indomalaya also includes the
152:and into the southern parts of
41:needs additional citations for
3302:Ecological land classification
2831:Biogeographic regionalisations
2050:Sumatran tropical pine forests
1886:Northern dry deciduous forests
1546:Sri Lanka montane rain forests
1534:Sri Lanka lowland rain forests
1074:British Indian Ocean Territory
897:Eastern Java–Bali rain forests
1:
2687:Ecoregions of the Philippines
1802:Central Indochina dry forests
1594:Sumatran montane rain forests
1582:Sumatran lowland rain forests
1558:Sulu Archipelago rain forests
1329:Orissa semi-evergreen forests
1113:Mindanao montane rain forests
1101:Mentawai Islands rain forests
1089:Meghalaya subtropical forests
371:Ecoregions of the Philippines
2968:Deserts and xeric shrublands
2423:deserts and xeric shrublands
2166:temperate coniferous forests
1193:Nicobar Islands rain forests
1169:Myanmar coastal rain forests
654:temperate coniferous forests
634:deserts and xeric shrublands
423:fish and the plant families
144:. It extends across most of
3209:Temperate Northern Atlantic
2899:Broadleaf and mixed forests
2694:(the Indochinese Peninsula)
2022:Luzon tropical pine forests
1606:Sumatran peat swamp forests
1057:Malabar Coast moist forests
749:Borneo montane rain forests
729:Borneo lowland rain forests
574:). Also characteristic are
491:Two orders of mammals, the
3421:
3312:Vegetation classifications
3214:Temperate Northern Pacific
2751:. Retrieved 29 August 2021
2567:Godavari–Krishna mangroves
2459:Deccan thorn scrub forests
1033:Luzon montane rain forests
368:
362:
18:
3224:Temperate Southern Africa
2777:. CRC Press, Jan 6, 2017.
2525:
2417:
2361:
2301:
2237:
2160:
2064:
1956:
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1734:Western Java rain forests
769:Borneo peat swamp forests
674:
274:bioregion covers most of
199:, east of which lies the
3234:Tropical Eastern Pacific
3184:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2773:Ebach, Malte C. (2017).
254:Major ecological regions
3400:Natural history of Asia
3255:Biogeographic provinces
3219:Temperate South America
2937:Moist broadleaf forests
2692:Mainland Southeast Asia
2615:Myanmar coast mangroves
1618:Sundaland heath forests
1421:South China Sea Islands
614:Indomalayan realm fauna
3395:Flora of tropical Asia
669:
620:Indomalayan ecoregions
133:
3317:Zoogeographic regions
3275:Global 200 ecoregions
3204:Temperate Australasia
2942:Dry broadleaf forests
2639:Sunda Shelf mangroves
1850:Irrawaddy dry forests
627:
570:and Rhabdornithidae (
505:Kitti's hog-nosed bat
294:and eastern parts of
205:Alfred Russel Wallace
132:The Indomalayan realm
131:
3375:Biogeographic realms
3297:Altitudinal zonation
3239:Western Indo-Pacific
3199:Eastern Indo-Pacific
3194:Central Indo-Pacific
2659:Sundarbans mangroves
1341:Palawan rain forests
1137:Mindoro rain forests
433:Australia-New Guinea
175:to lowland southern
142:biogeographic realms
140:is one of the eight
50:improve this article
3390:Environment of Asia
3342: /
3270:Lists of ecoregions
2927:Tropical rainforest
2682:Ecoregions of India
2579:Indochina mangroves
2475:Indus Valley desert
572:Philippine creepers
519:) and Hylobatidae (
272:Indian subcontinent
266:Indian subcontinent
260:World Wildlife Fund
169:Indian subcontinent
65:"Indomalayan realm"
3385:Ecoregions of Asia
3307:Floristic kingdoms
3071:Hydrothermal vents
2932:Coniferous forests
2894:Coniferous forests
2744:2022-10-06 at the
1045:Luzon rain forests
670:
584:Old World babblers
499:(Scandentia), are
134:
21:Oriental (Morocco)
3370:Indomalayan realm
3325:
3324:
3285:
3284:
3229:Tropical Atlantic
3105:
3104:
3012:
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2904:Deciduous forests
2749:biologyonline.com
2739:Indomalayan realm
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1952:
1951:
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1425:disputed between
599:Nasikabatrachidae
541:Indian rhinoceros
513:Platacanthomyidae
495:(Dermoptera) and
461:Dipterocarpoideae
138:Indomalayan realm
126:
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3346:7.000°N 97.000°E
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660:. Light purple:
644:. Bright green:
545:Javan rhinoceros
429:Dipterocarpaceae
244:Dipterocarpaceae
240:tropical forests
159:Also called the
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648:. light green:
636:. Light brown:
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564:fairy bluebirds
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425:Crypteroniaceae
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380:Malay Peninsula
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3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3115:
3111:Biogeographic
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2979:
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2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
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2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2850:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2779:
2766:
2753:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2526:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2454:
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2450:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2398:
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2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2302:
2295:
2294:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2226:India, Nepal,
2224:
2218:
2217:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2161:
2154:
2153:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1730:
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1724:
1718:
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1712:
1706:
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1654:
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1648:
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1608:
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1596:
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1566:
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1560:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1542:
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1536:
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1524:
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1504:
1498:
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1452:
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1423:
1417:
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1411:
1405:
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1387:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1365:
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1355:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1007:
1001:
1000:
991:
985:
984:
979:
973:
972:
967:
961:
960:
955:
949:
948:
935:
929:
928:
923:
917:
916:
911:
905:
904:
899:
893:
892:
887:
881:
880:
875:
869:
868:
863:
857:
856:
847:
841:
840:
835:
829:
828:
823:
817:
816:
803:
797:
796:
791:
785:
784:
771:
765:
764:
751:
745:
744:
731:
725:
724:
719:
712:
711:
708:
707:
700:
693:
685:
675:
656:. Light blue:
652:. Dark green:
621:
618:
607:Uraeotyphlidae
603:Ichthyophiidae
537:Asian elephant
533:water buffalos
488:
485:
459:The subfamily
456:
453:
404:
401:
369:Main article:
363:Main article:
360:
357:
329:Southeast Asia
324:
321:
267:
264:
255:
252:
225:Ryukyu Islands
179:, and through
173:Southeast Asia
165:biogeographers
161:Oriental realm
150:Southeast Asia
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3417:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3358:
3355:
3351:7.000; 97.000
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3081:Demersal zone
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2878:Alpine tundra
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:Polar/montane
2854:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2793:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
947:
943:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
855:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
815:
811:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
783:
779:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
763:
759:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
743:
739:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
723:
720:
718:rain forests
717:
714:
713:
706:
701:
699:
694:
692:
687:
686:
684:
681:
678:
673:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
619:
617:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
588:flowerpeckers
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
549:Malayan tapir
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:, Tarsiidae (
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
486:
484:
480:
478:
477:
472:
471:
466:
462:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:and possibly
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
402:
400:
398:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
366:
358:
356:
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350:
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334:
330:
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320:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
265:
263:
261:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
130:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3380:Biogeography
3327:
3248:Subdivisions
3147:
3138:Australasian
3128:Afrotropical
3090:Other biomes
3066:Benthic zone
3061:Pelagic zone
3056:Neritic zone
3046:Kelp forests
2918:Tropical and
2788:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2761:
2756:
2748:
2734:
2715:
2709:Bibliography
2527:
2419:
2363:
2303:
2239:
2162:
2066:
1958:
1750:
676:
611:
592:
568:Megalaimidae
561:
490:
481:
474:
468:
458:
406:
395:mammals and
388:Wallace Line
374:
331:, including
326:
269:
257:
229:
201:Wallace line
160:
158:
137:
135:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3349: /
3158:Neotropical
3148:Indomalayan
3121:Terrestrial
3051:Coral reefs
2920:subtropical
2847:Terrestrial
2528:Indomalayan
2507:Thar desert
2420:Indomalayan
2364:Indomalayan
2304:Indomalayan
2240:Indomalayan
2163:Indomalayan
2067:Indomalayan
2027:Philippines
1959:Indomalayan
1751:Indomalayan
1563:Philippines
1435:Philippines
1346:Philippines
1142:Philippines
1130:Philippines
1118:Philippines
1050:Philippines
1038:Philippines
914:Philippines
677:Indomalayan
664:. Magenta:
509:Diatomyidae
441:Australasia
213:Philippines
209:Australasia
3364:Categories
3265:Ecoregions
3260:Bioregions
3168:Palearctic
3076:Cold seeps
3036:Intertidal
2726:References
2664:Bangladesh
2534:ecoregions
2426:ecoregions
2370:ecoregions
2310:ecoregions
2246:ecoregions
2169:ecoregions
2073:ecoregions
1965:ecoregions
1757:ecoregions
1635:Bangladesh
1154:Bangladesh
1010:Bangladesh
683:ecoregions
595:amphibians
553:orangutans
497:treeshrews
449:araucarias
317:Palearctic
300:Hindu Kush
280:Bangladesh
215:, lowland
183:as far as
106:April 2012
76:newspapers
3143:Holarctic
3133:Antarctic
3041:Mangroves
2887:Temperate
2703:Sundaland
2648:Indonesia
2531:mangroves
2468:Sri Lanka
2055:Indonesia
1947:Sri Lanka
1739:Indonesia
1727:Indonesia
1623:Indonesia
1611:Indonesia
1599:Indonesia
1587:Indonesia
1575:Indonesia
1551:Sri Lanka
1539:Sri Lanka
1527:Indonesia
1398:Singapore
1390:Indonesia
1106:Indonesia
902:Indonesia
890:Indonesia
866:Australia
778:Indonesia
758:Indonesia
738:Indonesia
666:mangroves
640:. Green:
632:. Beige:
576:pheasants
476:Nepenthes
445:podocarps
393:marsupial
384:Sundaland
365:Sundaland
323:Indochina
304:Karakoram
292:Sri Lanka
181:Indonesia
154:East Asia
3290:See also
3163:Oceanian
3153:Nearctic
3031:Littoral
3004:Mangrove
2994:Riparian
2742:Archived
2676:See also
2652:Malaysia
2632:Thailand
2628:Malaysia
2608:Pakistan
2592:Thailand
2588:Malaysia
2584:Cambodia
2516:Pakistan
2500:Pakistan
2484:Pakistan
2408:Malaysia
2352:Pakistan
2228:Pakistan
2151:Pakistan
2015:Pakistan
1923:Thailand
1915:Cambodia
1815:Thailand
1807:Cambodia
1699:Cambodia
1683:Cambodia
1671:Thailand
1663:Malaysia
1507:Cambodia
1431:Malaysia
1402:Thailand
1394:Malaysia
1378:Thailand
1374:Malaysia
1362:Thailand
1358:Malaysia
1298:Thailand
1282:Thailand
1262:Thailand
1082:Maldives
998:Thailand
838:Thailand
826:Thailand
810:Thailand
806:Cambodia
782:Malaysia
762:Malaysia
742:Malaysia
517:tarsiers
467:. Teak (
437:Wallacea
413:Gondwana
409:Laurasia
349:Cambodia
337:Thailand
308:Himalaya
296:Pakistan
248:Fabaceae
3337:97°00′E
3017:Aquatic
2999:Wetland
2698:Malesia
2620:Myanmar
2596:Vietnam
2131:Myanmar
2039:Myanmar
1935:Vietnam
1855:Myanmar
1819:Vietnam
1703:Vietnam
1687:Vietnam
1667:Myanmar
1515:Vietnam
1459:Vietnam
1443:Vietnam
1414:Vietnam
1322:Vietnam
1310:Myanmar
1266:Vietnam
1258:Myanmar
1238:Vietnam
1174:Myanmar
1162:Myanmar
994:Myanmar
970:Myanmar
958:Myanmar
850:Myanmar
814:Vietnam
557:gibbons
525:leopard
521:gibbons
501:endemic
493:colugos
470:Tectona
421:cichlid
403:History
399:birds.
376:Malesia
345:Vietnam
333:Myanmar
319:realm.
234:, with
185:Sumatra
90:scholar
3334:7°00′N
3189:Arctic
3177:Marine
3113:realms
3019:biomes
2973:Steppe
2863:Tundra
2849:biomes
2839:Biomes
2644:Brunei
2284:Bhutan
2207:Bhutan
2111:Bhutan
2003:Bhutan
1651:Taiwan
1471:Taiwan
1439:Taiwan
938:Bhutan
774:Brunei
754:Brunei
734:Brunei
605:, and
586:, and
580:pittas
555:, and
529:tigers
465:Borneo
397:ratite
347:, and
312:Patkai
310:, and
298:. The
290:, and
288:Bhutan
219:, and
217:Taiwan
197:Borneo
195:, and
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2868:Taiga
2668:India
2624:India
2572:India
2512:India
2496:India
2480:India
2464:India
2348:India
2292:Nepal
2288:India
2215:Nepal
2211:India
2147:Nepal
2143:India
2119:Nepal
2115:India
2043:India
2011:Nepal
2007:India
1903:India
1891:India
1879:India
1867:India
1843:India
1831:India
1795:India
1715:India
1639:India
1495:India
1483:India
1455:China
1427:China
1334:India
1250:China
1222:India
1210:India
1198:India
1186:Japan
1158:India
1094:India
1078:India
1062:India
1014:India
982:China
946:Nepal
942:India
926:China
878:India
854:India
794:India
722:India
630:biome
487:Fauna
455:Flora
353:China
284:Nepal
276:India
221:Japan
177:China
146:South
97:JSTOR
83:books
3026:Pond
1919:Laos
1811:Laos
1511:Laos
1294:Laos
1278:Laos
1254:Laos
1234:Laos
1026:Laos
447:and
411:and
341:Laos
270:The
258:The
246:and
193:Bali
189:Java
171:and
148:and
136:The
69:news
2982:Wet
2956:Dry
566:),
507:),
417:MYA
223:'s
163:by
52:by
3366::
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2041:,
2013:,
2009:,
2005:,
1921:,
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