77:
260:) of psychological individual differences. This is distinguished from other aspects of psychology in that, although psychology is ostensibly a study of individuals, modern psychologists often study groups, or attempt to discover general psychological processes that apply to all individuals. This particular area of psychology was first named and still retains the name of "differential psychology" by
1236:
139:
36:
2014:
445:
traits and symptoms of psychiatric disorders). Other sets of methods include behavioural experiments, to see how different people behave in similar settings. Behavioural experiments are often used in personality and social psychology, and include lexical and self-report methods where people are asked
412:
To study individual differences, psychologists use a variety of methods. The method is to compare and analyze the psychology and behaviour of individuals or groups under different environmental conditions. By correlating observed psychological and behavioral differences with known accompanying
296:(or a well-known therapy) in a second, control group. In this context, differences between individuals in their reaction to the experimental and control manipulations are actually treated as errors rather than as interesting phenomena to study. This approach is applied because
368:(to name just a few). Although the United States has seen a decrease in individual differences research since the 1960s, researchers are found in a variety of applied and experimental fields. These fields include
413:
environments, the relative roles of different variables in psychological and behavioral development can be probed. Psychophysiological experiments on both humans and other mammals include
441:
and hormonal systems, caffeine and controlled drug challenges. These methods can be used for a search of biomarkers of consistent, biologically based behavioural patterns (
778:
401:
895:
277:
While prominent psychologists, including Stern, have been widely credited for the concept of differential psychology, historical records show that it was
256:
studies the ways in which individuals differ in their behavior and the processes that underlie it. It is a discipline that develops classifications (
1329:
381:
156:
49:
1933:
1424:
1024:
487:
98:
281:(1859) who first spurred the scientific interest in the study of individual differences. The interest was further pursued by half-cousin
1861:
1492:
308:
Importantly, individuals can also differ not only in their current state, but in the magnitude or even direction of response to a given
1487:
203:
701:
240:
222:
175:
120:
63:
2039:
1913:
182:
1908:
1359:
160:
2034:
1938:
1821:
1123:
946:
Kanai, R. & Rees, G. (2011). "The structural basis of inter-individual differences in human behaviour and cognition".
938:
353:
2004:
189:
1948:
1570:
903:
422:
289:
261:
55:
631:
Cohen, R., Swerdlik, M. and
Sturman, E., 2013. Psychological Testing And Assessment. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
948:
91:
85:
171:
1771:
1069:
506:
149:
1903:
1895:
1525:
1259:
1135:
1986:
102:
1145:
1113:
1049:
1017:
857:
397:
1966:
545:
1928:
1535:
1457:
1215:
1180:
1165:
1160:
1099:
418:
1943:
1746:
1585:
1462:
1442:
1389:
1299:
1254:
1225:
1200:
1130:
1118:
1084:
872:
470:
455:
385:
377:
329:
297:
288:
For example, in evaluating the effectiveness of a new therapy, the mean performance of the therapy in one
1976:
1971:
1923:
1918:
1603:
1545:
1497:
1324:
1289:
1264:
1155:
1044:
932:
317:
309:
846:
1530:
1467:
1369:
1279:
1109:
1094:
586:
196:
877:
1374:
1364:
1349:
1314:
1309:
1294:
1274:
1269:
1140:
1079:
1010:
475:
393:
369:
1841:
1721:
1555:
1502:
1414:
1409:
1344:
1284:
1244:
1170:
973:
920:
896:"Intellectual competence and the intelligent personality: A third way in differential psychology"
827:
772:
349:
2018:
1866:
1856:
1781:
1756:
1437:
1394:
1319:
1220:
1205:
1089:
1054:
965:
745:
697:
662:
614:
501:
389:
316:
response curves, place differential psychology at an important location in such endeavours as
313:
838:
1876:
1871:
1736:
1731:
1631:
1452:
1399:
1354:
1339:
1334:
1210:
1185:
957:
912:
882:
819:
737:
728:
689:
654:
604:
594:
525:
438:
373:
1846:
1811:
1751:
1701:
1190:
723:
590:
1886:
1806:
1801:
1766:
1741:
1711:
1706:
1691:
1686:
1666:
1661:
1641:
1432:
609:
574:
516:
Jarl, Vidkunn
Coucheron (1958). "Historical Note on the Term Differential Psychology".
434:
430:
282:
278:
1961:
642:
2028:
1791:
1776:
1761:
1716:
1681:
1646:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1590:
1550:
1482:
1384:
1379:
987:
924:
831:
658:
575:"Lack of group-to-individual generalizability is a threat to human subjects research"
361:
17:
1991:
1981:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1796:
1786:
1726:
1696:
1676:
1575:
1472:
1175:
1059:
977:
529:
460:
357:
341:
823:
1881:
1671:
1656:
1621:
1477:
1404:
1104:
808:"Incredible utility: The lost causes and causal debris of psychological science"
807:
465:
442:
365:
333:
138:
916:
681:
300:
depends upon statistical controls that are only defined upon groups of people.
1816:
1651:
1447:
1304:
1195:
1033:
693:
337:
749:
666:
1851:
1636:
1540:
886:
599:
446:
to complete paper-based and computer-based forms prepared by psychologists.
969:
618:
1235:
320:, in which diagnoses are customised for an individual's response profile.
1565:
1560:
1520:
257:
741:
643:"Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review"
293:
961:
794:
Principles of Neural
Science, fourth edition. McGraw-Hill Companies
1580:
285:
in his attempt to quantify individual differences among people.
1006:
997:
680:
Revelle, William; Wilt, Joshua; Condon, David M. (2013-03-12),
426:
414:
132:
70:
29:
1002:
559:
345:
686:
The Wiley-Blackwell
Handbook of Individual Differences
2002:
848:
682:"Individual Differences and Differential Psychology"
1894:
1601:
1511:
1423:
1243:
1068:
763:Brady, ST; Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Price DL. (2012).
328:Individual differences research typically includes
163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
986:
724:"The psychometric upgrade psychophysiology needs"
292:might be compared to the mean effectiveness of a
894:Chamorro-Premuzic, T. & Furnham, A. (2006).
845:Maltby, J.; Day, L. & Macaskill, A. (2007).
927:. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009.
402:neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
274:(On the Psychology of Individual Differences).
688:, Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 1β38,
312:. Such phenomena, often explained in terms of
269:Γber Psychologie der individuellen Differenzen
1018:
998:Timeline of researchers and brief biographies
792:Kandel, ER; Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. (2000).
336:(neuro-chemically based behavioural traits),
8:
777:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
641:Larsen, Randy J.; Diener, Ed (1987-03-01).
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1025:
1011:
1003:
876:
608:
598:
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
382:Industrial and organizational psychology
84:This article includes a list of general
2009:
537:
930:
856:Buss, D.M. & Greiling, H. (1999).
839:Introduction to Individual Differences
770:
7:
993:. New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
304:Importance of individual differences
161:adding citations to reliable sources
989:The psychology of human differences
812:Basic and Applied Social Psychology
765:Basic Neurochemistry. McGill Press
647:Journal of Research in Personality
573:Fisher, A.J.; et al. (2018).
90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
858:"Adaptive Individual Differences"
45:This article has multiple issues.
2012:
1234:
137:
75:
34:
148:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
530:10.1080/00291463.1958.10780375
1:
1330:Industrial and organizational
824:10.1080/01973533.2021.1979003
1571:Human factors and ergonomics
904:Review of General Psychology
851:. London: Pearson Education.
659:10.1016/0092-6566(87)90023-7
507:Resources in other libraries
949:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2056:
917:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.251
722:Clayson, Peter E. (2024).
1957:
1260:Applied behavior analysis
1232:
1040:
937:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
694:10.1002/9781444343120.ch1
502:Resources in your library
172:"Differential psychology"
806:Richters, J. E. (2021).
398:developmental psychology
2040:Differential psychology
1536:Behavioral neuroscience
1100:Behavioral neuroscience
887:10.1111/1467-6494.00053
600:10.1073/pnas.1711978115
493:Differential psychology
254:Differential psychology
105:more precise citations.
1586:Psychology of religion
1526:Behavioral engineering
1463:Human subject research
1119:Cognitive neuroscience
1085:Affective neuroscience
865:Journal of Personality
471:Personality psychology
456:Educational psychology
386:personality psychology
378:educational psychology
298:psychological research
1962:Wiktionary definition
1498:Self-report inventory
1493:Quantitative research
318:personalized medicine
18:Individual difference
2035:Behavioural sciences
1488:Qualitative research
1443:Behavior epigenetics
985:Tyler, L.E. (1965).
157:improve this article
27:Branch of psychology
1967:Wiktionary category
1531:Behavioral genetics
1503:Statistical surveys
1360:Occupational health
1095:Behavioral genetics
591:2018PNAS..115E6106F
476:Behavioral genetics
408:Methods of research
394:behavioral genetics
370:clinical psychology
1939:Schools of thought
1842:Richard E. Nisbett
1722:Donald T. Campbell
1400:Sport and exercise
742:10.1111/psyp.14522
2000:
1999:
1977:Wikimedia Commons
1904:Counseling topics
1867:Ronald C. Kessler
1857:Shelley E. Taylor
1782:Lawrence Kohlberg
1757:Stanley Schachter
1556:Consumer behavior
1438:Archival research
1206:Psycholinguistics
1090:Affective science
585:(27): 6106β6115.
518:Nordisk Psykologi
488:Library resources
437:experiments with
400:programs, in the
390:social psychology
264:in his 1900 book
251:
250:
243:
233:
232:
225:
207:
131:
130:
123:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2047:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2008:
1934:Research methods
1877:Richard Davidson
1872:Joseph E. LeDoux
1747:George A. Miller
1737:David McClelland
1732:Herbert A. Simon
1632:Edward Thorndike
1453:Content analysis
1238:
1211:Psychophysiology
1027:
1020:
1013:
1004:
994:
992:
981:
942:
936:
928:
900:
890:
880:
862:
852:
835:
798:
797:
789:
783:
782:
776:
768:
760:
754:
753:
729:Psychophysiology
719:
713:
712:
711:
710:
677:
671:
670:
638:
632:
629:
623:
622:
612:
602:
570:
564:
563:
556:
550:
549:
542:
533:
439:neurotransmitter
374:psychophysiology
246:
239:
228:
221:
217:
214:
208:
206:
165:
141:
133:
126:
119:
115:
112:
106:
101:this article by
92:inline citations
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1953:
1929:Psychotherapies
1890:
1847:Martin Seligman
1812:Daniel Kahneman
1752:Richard Lazarus
1702:Raymond Cattell
1606:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1507:
1419:
1246:
1239:
1230:
1191:Neuropsychology
1071:
1064:
1036:
1031:
984:
962:10.1038/nrn3000
945:
929:
898:
893:
878:10.1.1.387.3246
860:
855:
844:
805:
802:
801:
791:
790:
786:
769:
762:
761:
757:
721:
720:
716:
708:
706:
704:
679:
678:
674:
640:
639:
635:
630:
626:
572:
571:
567:
560:"Brief therapy"
558:
557:
553:
544:
543:
539:
515:
513:
512:
511:
496:
495:
491:
484:
452:
410:
404:in particular.
326:
306:
290:treatment group
247:
236:
235:
234:
229:
218:
212:
209:
166:
164:
154:
142:
127:
116:
110:
107:
97:Please help to
96:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:Roy Baumeister
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1822:Michael Posner
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Elliot Aronson
1804:
1802:Walter Mischel
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1767:Albert Bandura
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1742:Leon Festinger
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1712:Neal E. Miller
1709:
1707:Abraham Maslow
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:Ernest Hilgard
1689:
1687:Donald O. Hebb
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:J. P. Guilford
1664:
1662:Gordon Allport
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1642:John B. Watson
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1433:Animal testing
1429:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:Cross-cultural
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1001:
1000:
995:
982:
956:(4): 231β241.
943:
911:(3): 251β267.
891:
871:(2): 209β243.
853:
842:
836:
818:(6): 366β405.
800:
799:
784:
755:
714:
702:
672:
633:
624:
565:
551:
546:"Psicologa sp"
536:
535:
524:(2): 114β116.
510:
509:
504:
498:
497:
486:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
451:
448:
435:neurochemistry
431:functional MRI
409:
406:
325:
324:Areas of study
322:
305:
302:
283:Francis Galton
279:Charles Darwin
249:
248:
231:
230:
145:
143:
136:
129:
128:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2052:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2020:
2010:
2006:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Psychologists
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Organizations
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:John Anderson
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:Ulric Neisser
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Endel Tulving
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Robert Zajonc
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:Jerome Bruner
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:B. F. Skinner
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Clark L. Hull
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Sigmund Freud
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:William James
1615:
1613:
1612:Wilhelm Wundt
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:Psychologists
1600:
1592:
1591:Psychometrics
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:Consciousness
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Psychophysics
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1425:Methodologies
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Psychotherapy
1383:
1381:
1380:Psychometrics
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:Developmental
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
991:
990:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:
944:
940:
934:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:
897:
892:
888:
884:
879:
874:
870:
866:
859:
854:
850:
849:
843:
840:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
803:
795:
788:
785:
780:
774:
766:
759:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
725:
718:
715:
705:
703:9781444334388
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
634:
628:
625:
620:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
569:
566:
561:
555:
552:
547:
541:
538:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
494:
489:
481:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
449:
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
407:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:self-efficacy
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
303:
301:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
275:
273:
270:
267:
263:
262:William Stern
259:
255:
245:
242:
227:
224:
216:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174: β
173:
169:
168:Find sources:
162:
158:
152:
151:
146:This article
144:
140:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
111:February 2016
104:
100:
94:
93:
87:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1837:Larry Squire
1832:Bruce McEwen
1827:Amos Tversky
1797:Jerome Kagan
1787:Noam Chomsky
1727:Hans Eysenck
1697:Harry Harlow
1677:Erik Erikson
1576:Intelligence
1473:Neuroimaging
1216:Quantitative
1181:Mathematical
1176:Intelligence
1166:Experimental
1161:Evolutionary
1151:Differential
1150:
1060:Psychologist
988:
953:
947:
933:cite journal
908:
902:
868:
864:
847:
815:
811:
793:
787:
764:
758:
733:
727:
717:
707:, retrieved
685:
675:
650:
646:
636:
627:
582:
578:
568:
554:
540:
521:
517:
514:
492:
461:Intelligence
411:
358:self-concept
342:intelligence
327:
307:
287:
276:
271:
268:
265:
253:
252:
237:
219:
210:
200:
193:
186:
179:
167:
155:Please help
150:verification
147:
117:
108:
89:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
1909:Disciplines
1882:Susan Fiske
1772:Roger Brown
1672:Carl Rogers
1657:Jean Piaget
1622:Ivan Pavlov
1478:Observation
1458:Experiments
1405:Suicidology
1300:Educational
1255:Anomalistic
1226:Theoretical
1201:Personality
1131:Comparative
1114:Cognitivism
1105:Behaviorism
841:(Wilderdom)
653:(1): 1β39.
466:Temperament
443:temperament
366:self-esteem
344:, ability,
334:temperament
330:personality
213:August 2021
103:introducing
2029:Categories
2019:Psychology
1972:Wikisource
1817:Paul Ekman
1652:Kurt Lewin
1546:Competence
1468:Interviews
1448:Case study
1325:Humanistic
1305:Ergonomics
1290:Counseling
1265:Assessment
1247:psychology
1196:Perception
1156:Ecological
1072:psychology
1050:Philosophy
1034:Psychology
709:2023-02-15
482:References
338:motivation
314:inverted-U
258:taxonomies
183:newspapers
86:references
50:improve it
1992:Wikibooks
1982:Wikiquote
1852:Ed Diener
1637:Carl Jung
1541:Cognition
1370:Political
1280:Community
1110:Cognitive
925:146278640
873:CiteSeerX
832:236565514
773:cite book
750:0048-5772
667:0092-6566
350:interests
56:talk page
1987:Wikinews
1944:Timeline
1566:Feelings
1561:Emotions
1521:Behavior
1512:Concepts
1390:Religion
1375:Positive
1365:Pastoral
1350:Military
1315:Forensic
1310:Feminist
1295:Critical
1285:Consumer
1275:Coaching
1270:Clinical
1245:Applied
1141:Cultural
1080:Abnormal
970:21407245
619:29915059
450:See also
425:-scans,
310:stimulus
1919:Outline
1415:Traffic
1410:Systems
1345:Medical
1171:Gestalt
1045:History
978:7103414
610:6142277
587:Bibcode
294:placebo
197:scholar
99:improve
2005:Portal
1949:Topics
1395:School
1320:Health
1221:Social
1124:Social
1070:Basic
1055:Portal
976:
968:
923:
875:
830:
748:
700:
665:
617:
607:
490:about
396:, and
364:, and
354:values
199:
192:
185:
178:
170:
88:, but
1896:Lists
1355:Music
1340:Media
1335:Legal
1186:Moral
974:S2CID
921:S2CID
899:(PDF)
861:(PDF)
828:S2CID
736:(3).
204:JSTOR
190:books
1581:Mind
966:PMID
939:link
779:link
746:ISSN
698:ISBN
663:ISSN
615:PMID
579:PNAS
419:ERPs
417:and
176:news
958:doi
913:doi
883:doi
820:doi
738:doi
690:doi
655:doi
605:PMC
595:doi
583:115
526:doi
427:MRI
423:PET
415:EEG
159:by
2031::
972:.
964:.
954:12
952:.
935:}}
931:{{
919:.
909:10
907:.
901:.
881:.
869:67
867:.
863:.
826:.
816:43
814:.
810:.
775:}}
771:{{
744:.
734:61
732:.
726:.
696:,
684:,
661:.
651:21
649:.
645:.
613:.
603:.
593:.
581:.
577:.
522:10
520:.
433:,
429:,
421:,
392:,
388:,
384:,
380:,
376:,
372:,
360:,
356:,
352:,
348:,
346:IQ
340:,
332:,
59:.
2007::
1112:/
1026:e
1019:t
1012:v
980:.
960::
941:)
915::
889:.
885::
834:.
822::
796:.
781:)
767:.
752:.
740::
692::
669:.
657::
621:.
597::
589::
562:.
548:.
532:.
528::
272:"
266:"
244:)
238:(
226:)
220:(
215:)
211:(
201:Β·
194:Β·
187:Β·
180:Β·
153:.
124:)
118:(
113:)
109:(
95:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.