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treaties, statutes, and executive orders—generally identified as recognized title. In most cases, recognized title lands could be more easily demonstrated in litigation, while native territory depended upon Indian informants, explorers, trappers, military personnel, missionaries and early field ethnographers. Scholars sought to reconstruct native ecology in terms of food supply and other resources of the environment. In this way, some concept of original territory could be gained that could be mapped. As the
66:. Together with the law, the Commission created a process for tribes to address their grievances against the United States, and offered monetary compensation for territory lost as a result of broken federal treaties. However, by accepting the government's monetary offer, the aggrieved tribe abdicated any right to raise their claim again in the future. On occasion, a tribe gave up federal recognition as part of the settlement of a claim.
86:
to bring a cause of action without regard to their federal recognition status. Tribes such as the Poarch Band of Creek
Indians of Alabama trace their modern federal status to the efforts of Chief Calvin McGhee and his 1950s work with the Indian Claims Commission. Indian land claims were one of the key reasons the Bureau of Indian Affairs established its administrative Federal Acknowledgment Process in 1978.
78:(ASE). The research and historical reports compiled in evidence for Native American claims was first amassed in 1954 at the inaugural Ohio Valley Historic Indian Conference, the predecessor organization later renamed the ASE. A collection of the studies was published in the series "American Indian Ethnohistory" by Garland Publishing in 1974. The methodology and theory of
55:
States. In this it exercised primary jurisdiction that formerly rested with the United States Court of Claims. The Court of Claims had jurisdiction over claims arising after August 13, 1946 and subsequently after the ICC ended its operations on April 10, 1977 on any claims filed with the ICC and not yet fully resolved.
137:
The briefs, testimonies, quantum data, findings, and decisions were published in the 1970s in a multiple series of microfiche by
Clearwater Publishing, Co., NY, which publisher was sold to CIS, then to Nexis/Lexis. Garland Publishing, NY, also in the 1970s, published some two hundred books containing
129:
In preparing expert testimony for litigation brought by the tribes as plaintiffs or for the defense by the U.S. government, researchers explored all forms of data, including the earliest possible maps of original title—i.e., native or indigenous—territory and the cartographic presentations based upon
109:
Land was the dominant concern of the litigation by tribes before the Indian Claims
Commission (ICC). The statutory authority did not permit this tribunal to grant or restore land to the tribes, but only to award money based upon a net acreage figure of lost lands times the monetary market value of an
85:
With the chance to pursue claims against the government, many neglected Indian groups in the
Southeast, the Northeast, and California organized tribal governments in order to pursue their claims, particularly for land. In particular, the 1946 act allowed any "identifiable" group of native descendants
54:
The Indian Claims
Commission was created on August 13, 1946, after nearly 20 years of Congressional debates. Its purpose was to serve as a tribunal for hearing claims against the United States arising prior to that date by any Indian tribe or other identifiable group of Indians living in the United
69:
Anthropologists and ethnologists, historians and legalists, as well as government officials including lawyers, were the dominant researchers, advocates, and legal counsel for the plaintiff tribes and the defendant federal government. The greatly expanded amount of
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acre at the time of taking. This limitation on the authority of the ICC was resented by many tribal peoples, who wanted the return of their lands more than money—e.g., the Pit River
Indians of northern
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705:
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to hear any longstanding claims of Indian tribes against the United States. It took until the late 1970s to complete most of them, with the last case finished in the early 21st century.
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118:. In a few instances, by way of settlement acts, tribes gained some monetary funds to buy acreage when they had no communal land (as with the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy of
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MSS 2382; 20th century
Western & Mormon Manuscripts collection; L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University.
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157:
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858:
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The
Commission was adjourned in 1978 by Public Law 94-465, which terminated the Commission and transferred its pending docket of 170 cases to the
400:
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on
September 30, 1978. By the time of the Commission's final report, it had awarded $ 818,172,606.64 in judgments and had completed 546 dockets.
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of the ICC revealed, compromises over territorial parcels led to rejecting some acreage which had been used by more than one tribe over time.
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Map of Indian Land Areas
Judicially Established by 1978, as determined by the Indian Claims Commission, and American Indian Reservations
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and the Catawba of the Carolinas). Special congressional acts on occasion did restore some acreage, as with the Havasupai at the
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Indian Tribal Claims: Decided in the Court of Claims of the United States, Briefed and Compiled to June 30, 1947
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in general traces back to the work done by anthropologists and other scholars on claims before the Commission.
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The commission was conceived as way to thank Native Americans for their unprecedented service in
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232:"Indian Claims Commission decisions (digitized by the Oklahoma State University Library)"
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United States Indian Claims Commission, August 13, 1946-September 30, 1978: Final Report
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United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
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Ward Churchill, "Charades, Anyone? The Indian Claims Commission in Context," 24
62:
and as a way to relieve the anxiety and resentment caused by the United States'
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376:
Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process
1293:
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75:
367:
Glen A. Wilkinson, "Indian Tribal Claims Before the Court of Claims," 55
286:
Richard Hughes, "Can the Trustee Be Sued for Its Breach? The Sad Saga of
299:
Their Day in Court: A History of the Indian Claims Commission (1990).
353:, pp. 303-10 (Mary B. Davis ed., 1994) (NY: Garland Publishing Co.)
138:
some but not all of the materials pertaining to the claims cases.
119:
100:
1242:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
401:
Indian Claims Commissions Collection at Oklahoma State University
217:
892:
409:
313:
Clearing a Path: Theorizing the Past in Native American Studies
342:
From Judgment to Land Restoration: the Havasupai Claims Case.
389:-Final map: "Indian Land Areas Judicially Established, 1978
1123:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
706:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
74:
conducted for the Commission led to the foundation of the
1595:
United States federal boards, commissions, and committees
335:
Irredeemable America: The Indians’ Estate and Land Claims
351:
Native America in the Twentieth Century, An Encyclopedia
1384:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
1348:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
1195:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
1075:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
749:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
690:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
358:
The Continuing Saga of Indian Land Claims symposium,
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Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
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Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
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Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
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1147:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
1610:Federal sovereign immunity in the United States
1473:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
190:See "Introduction" to Shoemaker (2002), vii–ix.
35:) was a judicial relations arbiter between the
1027:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
644:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
281:American Indian Culture & Research Journal
181:Act of August 13, 1946, ch. 959, 60 Stat. 1049
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421:
64:history of colonization of indigenous peoples
8:
1131:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
257:ICC, 1978; visit online map, see link below
472:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783
1067:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
911:
897:
889:
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447:
428:
414:
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505:(1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834)
158:Land Buy-Back Program for Tribal Nations
18:Indian Claims Commission (United States)
1420:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
871:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
859:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
174:
714:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe
1605:Aboriginal title in the United States
1354:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
1171:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
924:Native Americans in the United States
733:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
437:Aboriginal title in the United States
395:Wilkinson, Cragun, and Barker Papers.
7:
1035:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
663:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
1590:United States federal Indian policy
1342:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
1003:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
864:List of federally recognized tribes
636:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
460:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
114:, and the Teton and Lakota of the
25:
1512:National Indian Gaming Commission
1107:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
971:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
617:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
76:American Society for Ethnohistory
1059:Menominee Tribe v. United States
480:
37:United States federal government
1266:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
43:. It was established under the
1496:In the Courts of the Conqueror
1099:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
543:Indian Land Claims Settlements
1:
1378:Native American Languages Act
549:Indian Claims Limitations Act
91:United States Court of Claims
1517:Native American civil rights
1372:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
1211:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
698:Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe
537:Indian Claims Commission Act
362:Indian Culture & Res. J.
346:Imre Sutton, "Land Claims,"
1532:Recognition of sacred sites
1527:Native American Rights Fund
1432:Federally recognized tribes
1312:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
266:Sutton, ed., 1985: 399–401
1626:
1390:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
947:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
588:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
466:Royal Proclamation of 1763
153:Off-reservation trust land
1306:Indian Reorganization Act
1233:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
1091:United States v. Antelope
478:
288:United States v. Mitchell
116:Black Hills, South Dakota
45:Indian Claims Act of 1946
1458:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1360:Indian Child Welfare Act
1163:South Dakota v. Bourland
80:ethnohistorical research
72:anthropological research
29:Indian Claims Commission
1507:Long Walk of the Navajo
1437:State recognized tribes
1336:Indian Civil Rights Act
468:(British North America)
1522:Native American gaming
1425:Legal status of Hawaii
1300:Indian Citizenship Act
1179:Idaho v. United States
1083:Bryan v. Itasca County
1019:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
979:Standing Bear v. Crook
876:Legal status of Hawaii
842:Indigenous land rights
741:Idaho v. United States
148:Checkerboarding (land)
106:
49:United States Congress
41:Native American tribes
1330:Indian Relocation Act
1187:United States v. Lara
963:Fellows v. Blacksmith
609:Fellows v. Blacksmith
462:(1629 New Netherland)
297:Harvey D. Rosenthal,
212:. 1979. p. 125.
104:
955:Worcester v. Georgia
1600:Native American law
1502:Indian reservations
1463:Cherokee Commission
939:Johnson v. McIntosh
580:Johnson v. McIntosh
497:Northwest Ordinance
374:Mark Edwin Miller,
356:Imre Sutton (ed.),
333:Imre Sutton (ed.),
1562:Self-determination
1557:Tribal sovereignty
1483:Eagle-bone whistle
1276:Indian Removal Act
1264:Nonintercourse Act
1258:Blood quantum laws
1225:McGirt v. Oklahoma
531:Reorganization Act
526:Curtis Act of 1898
503:Nonintercourse Act
107:
1577:
1576:
1478:Eagle feather law
1412:State recognition
1203:Cobell v. Salazar
1115:Solem v. Bartlett
987:Ex parte Crow Dog
886:
885:
759:
758:
558:
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391:, online edition.
311:Nancy Shoemaker,
16:(Redirected from
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1453:Aboriginal title
1270:Civilization Act
1206:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
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1139:Hodel v. Irving
1043:Williams v. Lee
1011:Talton v. Mayes
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490:United States
488:
483:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
455:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
431:
426:
424:
419:
417:
412:
411:
408:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:
382:
377:
373:
370:
366:
363:
359:
355:
352:
349:
345:
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
322:
321:0-415-92674-2
318:
314:
310:
307:
306:0-8240-0028-5
303:
300:
296:
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
277:
273:
263:
260:
254:
251:
245:
242:
237:
233:
227:
224:
219:
215:
211:
205:
202:
199:90 Stat. 1990
196:
193:
187:
184:
178:
175:
168:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
141:
139:
135:
133:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
103:
96:
94:
92:
87:
83:
81:
77:
73:
67:
65:
61:
56:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
1494:
1366:Diminishment
1231:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
977:
969:
961:
953:
945:
937:
852:in Australia
821:Rhode Island
747:
739:
731:
712:
704:
696:
688:
682:Burger Court
669:
661:
655:Warren Court
642:
634:
615:
607:
586:
578:
536:
521:Diminishment
452:Colonial era
375:
368:
361:
357:
350:
347:
341:
334:
327:
326:E.B. Smith,
312:
298:
292:S.D. L. Rev.
291:
287:
280:
262:
253:
248:Martin, 1985
244:
236:the original
226:
209:
204:
195:
186:
177:
163:Diminishment
136:
132:Final Report
131:
128:
124:Grand Canyon
108:
88:
84:
68:
60:World War II
57:
53:
44:
32:
28:
26:
1468:Dawes Rolls
1251:Legislation
600:Taney Court
545:(1978–2006)
509:Removal Act
371:511 (1966).
364:120 (2000).
294:447 (1981).
97:Land claims
1584:Categories
1542:Survivance
1288:Curtis Act
806:New Mexico
776:California
563:Precedents
283:43 (2000).
274:References
112:California
1294:Burke Act
1282:Dawes Act
791:Louisiana
515:Dawes Act
369:Geo. L.J.
315:(2002).
931:Case law
816:Oklahoma
811:New York
801:Michigan
764:By state
444:Statutes
337:( 1985).
218:79602155
142:See also
1446:Related
1407:Federal
835:Compare
826:Vermont
786:Indiana
378:(2004).
360:24 Am.
330:(1976).
47:by the
1398:(2008)
1392:(1990)
1386:(1990)
1380:(1990)
1374:(1988)
1368:(1984)
1362:(1978)
1356:(1978)
1350:(1975)
1344:(1971)
1338:(1968)
1332:(1956)
1326:(1953)
1320:(1940)
1314:(1936)
1308:(1934)
1302:(1924)
1296:(1906)
1290:(1898)
1284:(1887)
1278:(1830)
1272:(1819)
1236:(2022)
1228:(2020)
1214:(2013)
1198:(2005)
1190:(2004)
1182:(2001)
1174:(1997)
1166:(1993)
1158:(1990)
1150:(1989)
1142:(1987)
1134:(1986)
1126:(1985)
1118:(1984)
1110:(1982)
1102:(1978)
1094:(1977)
1086:(1976)
1078:(1974)
1070:(1973)
1062:(1968)
1054:(1960)
1046:(1959)
1038:(1955)
1030:(1941)
1022:(1903)
1014:(1896)
1006:(1896)
998:(1884)
990:(1883)
974:(1858)
966:(1857)
958:(1832)
950:(1831)
942:(1823)
920:Rights
781:Hawaii
771:Alaska
752:(2005)
744:(2001)
736:(1997)
717:(1986)
709:(1985)
701:(1979)
693:(1974)
674:(1960)
666:(1955)
647:(1941)
639:(1896)
620:(1858)
612:(1857)
591:(1831)
583:(1823)
551:(1982)
539:(1946)
533:(1934)
517:(1887)
511:(1830)
499:(1787)
319:
304:
290:," 26
216:
796:Maine
169:Notes
120:Maine
317:ISBN
302:ISBN
214:LCCN
39:and
27:The
1409:and
1222:and
922:of
33:ICC
1586::
348:in
126:.
912:e
905:t
898:v
429:e
422:t
415:v
323:.
308:.
220:.
31:(
20:)
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