578:
1080:
566:
62:
762:
678:
978:
1068:
49:
902:
714:
averages 285 days, but varies depending on the age and nutrition of the mother. The sex of the calf may also affect the carrying time, as male calves are carried for a longer period than females. Location, breed, body weight, and season affect the overall health of the animal and in return may also affect the gestation period.
1123:. In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65.7 million head. Zebu cows commonly have low production of milk. They do not produce milk until maturation later in their lives and do not produce much. When zebus are crossed with taurine cattle, milk production generally increases.
1989:
Pérez-Pardal, Lucía; Sánchez-Gracia, Alejandro; Álvarez, Isabel; Traoré, Amadou; Ferraz, J. Bento S.; Fernández, Iván; Costa, Vânia; Chen, Shanyuan; Tapio, Miika; Cantet, Rodolfo J. C.; Patel, Ajita; Meadow, Richard H.; Marshall, Fiona B.; Beja-Pereira, Albano; Goyache, Félix (21 December 2018).
776:
in
Nairobi, Kenya and in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia discovered that cattle had been domesticated in Africa independently of domestication in the Near East. They concluded that the southern African cattle populations derive originally from East Africa rather than from a southbound migration of taurine
713:
Zebu are generally mature enough to give birth when they are 29 months old. This is based on the development of their bodies to withstand the strain of carrying the calf and lactation. Early reproduction can place too much stress on the body and possibly shorten lifespans. The gestation period
1898:
Chen, S.; Lin, B.-Z.; Baig, M.; Mitra, B.; Lopes, R. J.; Santos, A. M.; Magee, D. A.; Azevedo, M.; Tarroso, P.; Sasazaki, S.; Ostrowski, S.; Mahgoub, O.; Chaudhuri, T. K.; Zhang, Y.-p.; Costa, V.; Royo, L. J.; Goyache, F.; Luikart, G.; Boivin, N.; Fuller, D. Q.; Mannen, H.; Bradley, D. G.;
704:
Studies on the natural weaning of zebu cattle have shown that cows wean their calves over a 2-week period, but after that, continue to show strong affiliatory behavior with their offspring and preferentially choose them for grooming and as grazing partners for at least 4–5 years.
965:. It has a better meat quality than the zebu and better heat resistance than European cattle. The zebu breeds used were primarily Indo-Brazilian with some Nelore and Guzerat. Another Charolais cross-breed with Brahmans is called
1702:
Pérez-Pardal, L.; Sánchez-Gracia, A.; Álvarez, I.; Traoré, A.; Ferraz, J. B. S.; Fernández, I.; Costa, V.; Chen, S.; Tapio, M.; Cantet, R. J. C.; Patel, A.; Meadow, R. H.; Marshall, F. B.; Beja-Pereira, A.; Goyache, F. (2018).
1050:
in Brazil because of its hardiness, heat-resistance, and because it thrives on poor-quality forage and breeds easily, with the calves rarely requiring human intervention to survive. Currently more than 80% of
2373:
Hanotte, Olivier; Bradley, Daniel G.; Ochieng, Joel W.; Verjee, Yasmin; Hill, Emmeline W.; Rege, J. Edward O. (12 April 2002). "African
Pastoralism: Genetic Imprints of Origins and Migrations".
2301:
Cai, Dawei; Sun, Yang; Tang, Zhuowei; Hu, Songmei; Li, Wenying; Zhao, Xingbo; Xiang, Hai; Zhou, Hui (January 2014). "The origins of
Chinese domestic cattle as revealed by ancient DNA analysis".
632:
likely due to habitat loss, caused by expanding pastoralism and interbreeding with domestic zebu. Its latest remains ever found were dated to 3,800 YBP, making it the first of the three
669:
groups are found in three different lineages: Y3A, the most predominant and cosmopolitan lineage; Y3B, only observed in West Africa; and Y3C, predominant in south and northeast India.
531:
2811:
1190:, they are to be treated with the same respect 'as one's mother'. In the middle of the first millennium, the consumption of beef began to be disfavoured by lawgivers.
2203:
Makina, S.O.; Whitacre, L.K.; Decker, J.E.; Taylor, J.F.; MacNeil, M.D.; Scholtz, M.M.; Van Marle-Köster, E.; Muchadeyi, F.C.; Makgahlela, M.L.; Maiwashe, A. (2016).
1295:
7970:
7802:
1134:
proverbs, common sayings, and expressions referring to zebu in parlance on the island. Zebu are wrestled by young men in a competitive ritual of courtship called
7996:
7854:
2838:"Effect of Malaysian Zebu Cattle (Kedah-Kelantan) and their European Crosses on the Tick Biological Parameters Following Repeated Experimental Infestations"
773:
7944:
7776:
1365:
Chen, S.; Lin, B.-Z.; Baig, M.; Mitra, B.; Lopes, R. J.; Santos, A. M.; Magee, D. A.; Azevedo, M.; Tarroso, P.; Sasazaki, S.; Ostrowski, S. (2010).
7983:
7815:
2918:
3197:
2256:
Utsunomiya, Y.T.; Milanesi, M.; Fortes, M.R.S.; Porto-Neto, L.R.; Utsunomiya, A.T.H.; Silva, M.V.G.B.; Garcia, J.F.; Ajmone-Marsan, P. (2019).
3132:
2952:
2349:
2097:
1832:
1627:
1602:
1565:
1480:
1448:
1255:
1251:"Opinion 75. Twenty-Seven Generic Names of Protozoa, Vermes, Pisces, Reptilia and Mammalia Included in the Official List of Zoological Names"
8078:
1504:
Gentry, Anthea; Clutton-Brock, Juliet; Groves, Colin P (May 2004). "The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives".
1193:
Milk and milk products were used in Vedic rituals. In the postvedic period products like milk, curd, ghee, but also cow dung and urine
8068:
7737:
247:
1322:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
950:
in the early 20th century. Their importation marked a change in cattle ranching in Brazil as they were considered "ecological" since
2943:
Wilcox, R.W. (2004). "Zebu's Elbows: Cattle
Breeding the Environment in Central Brazil, 1890-1960". In Brannstrom, Christian (ed.).
2902:
2877:
2799:
1025:
821:
2550:
534:
has not yet published a ruling on the classification of domestic derivatives and no scientific body advocates the abolition of the
7841:
1279:
509:
1849:
208:
3152:
1003:
758:. In China, taurine cattle are most common in northern breeds, zebu more common in southern breeds, with hybrids in between.
7988:
7820:
1283:
8073:
3549:
4338:
2209:
1431:
Madalena, F.E.; Toledo-Alvarado, H.; Cala-Moreno, N. (2019). "Bos indicus Breeds and Bos indicus × Bos taurus
Crosses".
1214:
2994:
2945:
Territories, Commodities and
Knowledges: Latin American Environmental History in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
1992:"Legacies of domestication, trade and herder mobility shape extant male zebu cattle diversity in South Asia and Africa"
1705:"Legacies of domestication, trade and herder mobility shape extant male zebu cattle diversity in South Asia and Africa"
639:
Archaeological evidence including depictions on pottery and rocks suggests that humped cattle likely imported from the
988:
7755:
1543:
3618:
3190:
2691:
Bahbahani, Hussain; Salim, Bashir; Almathen, Faisal; Al Enezi, Fahad; Mwacharo, Joram M.; Hanotte, Olivier (2018).
1219:
1007:
992:
8001:
7859:
7768:
6595:
3540:
3531:
1181:
1171:
629:
2205:"Insight into the genetic composition of South African Sanga cattle using SNP data from cattle breeds worldwide"
577:
869:
689:
271:
6382:
2146:"Microsatellite DNA Variation and the evolution, domestication and phylogeography of Taurine and Zebu Cattle (
893:
8040:
7031:
6544:
6424:
4320:
3980:
3461:
1539:
1184:
they were a symbol of plenty. In later times they gradually acquired their present status. According to the
1155:
777:
cattle. The results are inconclusive as to whether domestication occurred first in Africa or the Near East.
644:
502:
7662:
2851:
61:
7624:
4082:
3788:
3707:
1338:
885:
188:
8022:
7880:
4487:
3716:
3600:
3183:
3022:
Combeau-Mari, E. (2011). "Traditional
Fighting Practices: The Root and Expression of Malagasy Culture".
1224:
999:
825:
783:
breeds is considered to have originated from hybridization of zebu with taurine cattle leading to the
31:
7232:
6262:
2922:
7715:
7539:
7305:
7296:
7241:
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6803:
6211:
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5638:
4004:
3863:
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2704:
2382:
2310:
2003:
1946:
1864:
1773:
1716:
1656:
1513:
1464:
525:
482:
2453:"- Invited Review - African Indigenous Cattle: Unique Genetic Resources in a Rapidly Changing World"
889:
696:
environments. These adaptations result in higher tolerance for drought, heat and sunlight exposure.
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1971:
1963:
1880:
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216:
56:
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1555:
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1406:
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3128:
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2815:
2732:
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2185:
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2029:
1922:
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1742:
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1623:
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1476:
1444:
1388:
1131:
877:
865:
788:
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693:
640:
570:
1848:
Turvey, S. T.; Sathe, V.; Crees, J. J.; Jukar, A. M.; Chakraborty, P.; Lister, A. M. (2021).
1468:
685:
Zebu, but also many Sanga cattle have humps on the shoulders, large dewlaps and droopy ears.
8014:
7895:
7833:
7673:
7599:
7353:
7344:
7223:
7064:
7055:
6848:
6520:
6511:
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6298:
6271:
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5964:
5572:
4998:
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4673:
4542:
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3734:
3725:
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3434:
3361:
3352:
3070:
3062:
3031:
2722:
2712:
2480:
2464:
2425:
2390:
2318:
2273:
2228:
2218:
2175:
2167:
2126:
2083:
2019:
2011:
1955:
1912:
1872:
1791:
1781:
1732:
1724:
1674:
1664:
1590:
1521:
1436:
1378:
958:
829:
784:
727:
386:
293:
961:, a European taurine breed. The resulting breed, 63% Charolais and 37% zebu, is called the
7867:
7329:
7320:
7268:
7259:
7040:
5897:
5888:
5365:
4961:
4013:
3923:
3761:
3573:
3452:
3425:
3416:
916:
905:
881:
845:
792:
535:
452:
258:
1324:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 71.
2708:
2522:
2386:
2314:
2007:
1868:
1777:
1720:
1660:
1517:
806:
Some 75 breeds of zebu are known, split about evenly between
African and Indian breeds.
7763:
7750:
7529:
7467:
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7088:
6613:
6562:
6483:
6474:
6415:
6253:
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5777:
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5323:
5290:
5272:
4760:
4570:
4445:
4284:
3272:
3244:
3098:
3075:
3050:
2727:
2692:
2485:
2452:
2233:
2204:
2180:
2145:
2024:
1991:
1796:
1761:
1737:
1704:
1440:
1116:
1088:
932:
873:
861:
656:
648:
594:
429:
397:
266:
2852:"Distribution and production characteristics of Friesian crossbred cattle in Malaysia"
8057:
7828:
7154:
7136:
7022:
6959:
6950:
6009:
5744:
5717:
5488:
5398:
5389:
5374:
5239:
5203:
5158:
5095:
5086:
4603:
4561:
4454:
4420:
4410:
4311:
4293:
3956:
3905:
3815:
3379:
2750:
2578:
2564:
1975:
1884:
1679:
1644:
1551:
1136:
1092:
1056:
1043:
924:
857:
849:
833:
582:
463:
401:
204:
2837:
1876:
746:
and China. In Asia, taurine cattle are mainly found in the northern regions such as
8063:
7548:
7517:
7407:
7079:
6893:
6821:
6694:
6637:
6628:
6346:
6280:
6042:
6000:
5915:
5726:
5446:
5437:
5299:
5230:
5119:
5110:
4852:
4621:
4302:
4257:
4224:
3995:
3887:
3854:
3770:
1250:
1100:
928:
800:
796:
780:
663:
517:
498:
471:
405:
378:
7936:
7729:
3148:
3066:
2429:
2171:
677:
7922:
3035:
2717:
2693:"Signatures of positive selection in African Butana and Kenana dairy zebu cattle"
1786:
7957:
7846:
7789:
7709:
7656:
7169:
6917:
6079:
6033:
6024:
5973:
5925:
5786:
5628:
5221:
5212:
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4815:
4709:
4552:
4362:
4353:
4266:
4109:
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3830:
3207:
1229:
1198:
1186:
1096:
1052:
977:
618:
602:
413:
409:
381:
breeds, differs from taurine cattle by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large
165:
121:
2113:
Reinhardt, V.; Reinhardt, A. (1981). "Cohesive relationships in a cattle herd (
2015:
1728:
6776:
6676:
6501:
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5515:
5497:
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4928:
4919:
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4386:
4377:
4152:
4143:
4022:
3947:
3488:
3309:
3175:
2592:
2322:
2223:
1525:
1148:
1144:
1127:
1067:
817:
766:
743:
505:
in 2005. In 2011, Groves and Grubb classified it as a distinct species again.
486:
374:
370:
366:
234:
7700:
2919:"Food Ark - Cattle Breeds - Pictures, More From National Geographic Magazine"
2819:
2536:
2476:
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7121:
7112:
6586:
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6151:
6136:
6127:
5991:
5563:
5347:
5281:
5167:
4682:
4478:
4167:
4091:
3971:
3522:
3407:
3397:
3291:
3282:
2394:
2130:
1917:
1900:
1669:
1620:
Retracing the
Aurochs: History, Morphology and Ecology of an Extinct Wild Ox
1575:
1490:
1383:
1366:
1055:
in Brazil (approximately 167,000,000 animals) are either purebred or hybrid
936:
666:
652:
81:
48:
7647:
7443:
3084:
2736:
2494:
2437:
2402:
2287:
2242:
2033:
1926:
1805:
1746:
1392:
7872:
2781:
2764:
2674:
2657:
2640:
2623:
2606:
2468:
2189:
1688:
1475:(Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 85.
7916:
7694:
7641:
7385:
7013:
6685:
6397:
6235:
6175:
5840:
5539:
5071:
5016:
4904:
4733:
4209:
4200:
4176:
4064:
3938:
3688:
3564:
3260:
3238:
3226:
2416:
Stokstad, Erik (12 April 2002). "Early
Cowboys Herded Cattle in Africa".
1177:
755:
614:
610:
101:
2451:
Mwai, Okeyo; Hanotte, Olivier; Kwon, Young-Jun; Cho, Seoae (July 2015).
1645:"Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle"
17:
8035:
7949:
7781:
7590:
7425:
7286:
7145:
6535:
6322:
6313:
6226:
6112:
6103:
6075:
5831:
5735:
5699:
5614:
5610:
5581:
5506:
5194:
5067:
5028:
4612:
4529:
4435:
3698:
3648:
3343:
1967:
1850:"Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know?"
1194:
1159:
962:
943:
920:
901:
633:
598:
586:
478:
390:
362:
141:
131:
7962:
7794:
2278:
2257:
2088:
1643:
Bradley, D. G.; MacHugh, D. E.; Cunningham, P.; Loftus, R. T. (1996).
7434:
7003:
6908:
6731:
6721:
6337:
5849:
5689:
5671:
5662:
5548:
5470:
5422:
5413:
4871:
4862:
4797:
4788:
4778:
4700:
4233:
4046:
3896:
3232:
3220:
2508:
1112:
1072:
1047:
1039:
947:
853:
723:
490:
425:
385:, and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding
382:
111:
91:
7618:
1959:
7458:
7416:
6991:
6661:
6652:
5946:
5873:
5864:
5795:
5524:
5479:
5338:
5263:
5143:
5134:
4645:
4636:
4128:
4119:
3328:
3319:
2800:"Diversity of Chinese yellow cattle breeds and their conservation"
1824:
1560:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 645–646.
1104:
1078:
1066:
909:
900:
760:
751:
747:
739:
676:
576:
564:
417:
2751:"Phenotypic Characterization of Sudan Zebu Cattle (Baggara Type)"
1901:"Zebu Cattle Are an Exclusive Legacy of the South Asia Neolithic"
1557:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1367:"Zebu Cattle Are an Exclusive Legacy of the South Asia Neolithic"
738:
Zebu are very common in much of Asia, including Pakistan, India,
541:
Currently (2024s), it is not correct to describe Zebu animals as
6604:
5934:
5804:
5461:
5314:
4718:
4585:
4401:
3675:
3636:
2893:
Porter, V. (1991). "Rath — India: Alwar and eastern Rajasthan".
1108:
688:
Compared to taurine cattle, the zebu is well adapted to the hot
421:
7622:
7514:
7382:
6988:
6071:
5606:
5063:
4525:
3671:
3257:
3179:
2868:
Porter, V. (1991). "Hariana — India: Haryana, eastern Punjab".
7214:
5813:
5759:
4691:
4073:
1130:, zebu outnumber people, and there are an "astonishing" 6,813
1120:
971:
957:
In the early 20th century in Brazil, Zebu were crossbred with
606:
433:
302:
151:
2947:. Institute for the Study of the Americas. pp. 218–246.
335:
317:
3053:[Penile and scrotal avulsion caused by zebu horns].
1249:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1922).
1597:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 8–9.
329:
1059:
which is originated from Ongle region of Andhra Pradesh.
311:
2921:. Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 2013-04-25. Archived from
1115:, and horn for knife handles and the like. Zebu, mostly
1762:"The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia"
1083:
A villager with a decorated bull during Pongal festival
954:
and their meat was lean and without chemical residues.
428:. Some small breeds such as Nadudana also known as the
655:
is dated to after 700 AD and it was introduced to the
3149:"Mahabharata, Book 13-Anusasana Parva, Section LXXVI"
326:
299:
332:
305:
7906:
7684:
7631:
7589:
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7528:
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7134:
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7002:
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6509:
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6311:
6224:
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5914:
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3647:
3635:
3562:
3520:
3496:
3487:
3405:
3396:
3341:
3317:
3308:
3280:
3271:
3017:
3015:
1407:"Miniature Zebu Cattle - Oklahoma State University"
532:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
323:
296:
1201:began to assume an increasingly important role in
3024:The International Journal of the History of Sport
2344:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydaw. Naukowe PWN.
2076:A Review of a Reproductive Performance of Female
2069:
2067:
2065:
774:International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
662:Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the zebu
573:, dating to the 3rd century BCE, depicting a zebu
3051:"Avulsion péno-scrotale par encornement de zebu"
2812:Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
2579:"White Fulani cattle of West and Central Africa"
2336:Komosińska, Halina; Podsiadło, Elżbieta (2002).
1760:Gangal, K.; Sarson, G. R.; Shukurov, A. (2014).
1333:
1331:
969:and is recognised as a breed in some countries.
1649:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
915:Other breeds of zebu are quite local, like the
2258:"Genomic clues of the evolutionary history of
3191:
3049:Ratsimandresy, D.A.; Rakototiana, A. (2015).
2895:Cattle: A Handbook to the Breeds of the World
2870:Cattle: A Handbook to the Breeds of the World
2457:Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
1940:Marshall, F. (1989). "Rethinking the Role of
8:
553:, because they are a different species from
1103:, as well as for byproducts such as hides,
1006:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
730:. It is said to be resilient to parasites.
7619:
7534:
7525:
7511:
7402:
7393:
7379:
7291:
7008:
6999:
6985:
6726:
6506:
6445:
6098:
6089:
6068:
5920:
5694:
5633:
5624:
5603:
5081:
5060:
4984:
4857:
4820:
4783:
4668:
4547:
4538:
4522:
4114:
3693:
3684:
3668:
3493:
3402:
3314:
3277:
3268:
3254:
3198:
3184:
3176:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
2993:Phaniraja, K.L.; Panchasara, H.H. (2009).
1307:
1305:
808:
593:Zebu cattle were found to derive from the
47:
38:
3074:
2726:
2716:
2484:
2277:
2232:
2222:
2179:
2087:
2023:
1916:
1795:
1785:
1736:
1678:
1668:
1473:A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals
1382:
1026:Learn how and when to remove this message
1360:
1358:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1241:
812:List of widely distributed zebu breeds
624:Its wild ancestor, the Indian aurochs,
439:In some regions, zebu have significant
3099:"Cloning gives second chance for bull"
2523:"Breeds of livestock - Kankrej Cattle"
477:The zebu was classified as a distinct
69:
1827:, India: Permanent Black. p. 4.
1256:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
617:, by people linked to or coming from
223:
7:
8041:5D5D4049-D903-4873-9D6E-4B86ED3A8DFC
7769:7ab0b649-d87b-4758-85a3-4a2d21a3bf3b
3155:from the original on 12 October 2013
2798:Chen, Yu-Chun; Cao, Hong-He (2001).
1004:adding citations to reliable sources
412:, as well as for byproducts such as
349:), sometimes known in the plural as
2973:American Miniature Zebu Association
2782:"Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan"
2765:"Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan"
2675:"Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan"
2658:"Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan"
2641:"Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan"
2624:"Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan"
2607:"Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan"
2537:"Butler farms - Indu Brasil Cattle"
1197:, or the combination of these five
952:they could graze on natural grasses
1441:10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.00619-3
25:
2969:"One of the Oldest Cattle Breeds"
2303:Journal of Archaeological Science
1899:Beja-Pereira, A. (January 2010).
1506:Journal of Archaeological Science
1298:from the original on May 1, 2023.
512:considers it part of the species
466:in 1758, with the latter used to
1280:American Society of Mammalogists
976:
510:American Society of Mammalogists
292:
60:
3550:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
3055:The Pan African Medical Journal
1905:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1877:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106740
1371:Molecular Biology and Evolution
581:Zebu pictured on a coin of the
4339:Central American red brocket (
3127:. London: Verso. p. 130.
2995:"Indian draught animals power"
1589:Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011).
1433:Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences
651:. Its first appearance in the
389:and are farmed throughout the
1:
3067:10.11604/pamj.2015.20.91.5832
2897:. London: Helm. p. 246.
2872:. London: Helm. p. 245.
2430:10.1126/science.296.5566.236a
2082:. ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD).
1622:. Sofia: Pensoft Publishers.
1292:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
1071:Draft zebu pulling a cart in
908:of zebu type cattle in north
239:Linnaeus, 175 (heterotypic)
5046:Large subfamily listed below
5034:Large subfamily listed below
5022:Large subfamily listed below
3036:10.1080/09523367.2011.592749
2718:10.1371/journal.pone.0190446
2210:Genetics Selection Evolution
1787:10.1371/journal.pone.0095714
1215:List of Indian cattle breeds
1046:became the primary breed of
497:, by both Clutton-Brock and
8079:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3541:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
3532:Indian spotted chevrotain (
2509:"Butler farms - Gyr Cattle"
2172:10.1093/genetics/146.3.1071
2074:Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1989).
1143:Within the Indian state of
942:Zebu, which are adapted to
722:The zebu is susceptible to
27:South Asian domestic cattle
8095:
2016:10.1038/s41598-018-36444-7
1857:Quaternary Science Reviews
1729:10.1038/s41598-018-36444-7
1220:List of animals with humps
1169:
536:biological species concept
29:
8069:Mammals described in 1758
7524:
7510:
7477:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
7468:Domestic Bactrian camel (
7392:
7378:
7032:North Sulawesi babirusa (
6998:
6984:
6088:
6067:
5623:
5602:
5080:
5059:
4537:
4521:
4321:Amazonian brown brocket (
3683:
3667:
3654:Large family listed below
3642:Large family listed below
3619:Williamson's mouse-deer (
3267:
3253:
3215:
2565:"Beef breeds of Pakistan"
2338:Ssaki kopytne: przewodnik
2323:10.1016/j.jas.2013.09.003
2224:10.1186/s12711-016-0266-1
1526:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006
1182:historical Vedic religion
1172:Cattle slaughter in India
1042:which is an off breed of
630:Indus Valley civilisation
222:
215:
194:
187:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
41:
5718:Domestic water buffalo (
4083:Central Asian red deer (
3708:Bornean yellow muntjac (
3125:The myth of the holy cow
1821:India's Wildlife History
1156:Texas A&M University
1154:In 1999, researchers at
1038:From the 1960s onwards,
690:tropical savanna climate
681:Female zebu in Sri Lanka
605:between 7,000 and 6,000
70:§ Taxonomy and name
7633:Bos primigenius indicus
6596:Bates' pygmy antelope (
6383:Soemmerring's gazelle (
4488:Yucatan brown brocket (
3717:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
3601:Philippine mouse-deer (
2551:"Cattle Breeds-Brahman"
2395:10.1126/science.1069878
2342:Hoofed mammals: a guide
2131:10.1163/156853981X00194
1944:in Sub-Sahara Africa".
1819:Rangarajan, M. (2001).
1670:10.1073/pnas.93.10.5131
726:as it does not exhibit
589:, late first century BC
274:, 1844 (heterotypic)
250:, 1777 (heterotypic)
7306:White-lipped peccary (
7242:Philippine warty pig (
6867:Yellow-backed duiker (
6831:Black-fronted duiker (
6804:White-bellied duiker (
6425:Przewalski's gazelle (
5648:Four-horned antelope (
4446:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
4005:Visayan spotted deer (
3864:European fallow deer (
3807:Northern red muntjac (
3753:Southern red muntjac (
2144:MacHugh, D.E. (1997).
1618:Van Vuure, C. (2005).
1554:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1176:Zebu are venerated in
1084:
1076:
912:
769:
682:
590:
574:
538:for domestic animals.
8023:Paleobiology Database
7881:Paleobiology Database
7486:Wild Bactrian camel (
7188:Bornean bearded pig (
7179:Palawan bearded pig (
6768:White-legged duiker (
6194:Red-fronted gazelle (
3873:Persian fallow deer (
3789:Roosevelt's muntjac (
3462:Himalayan musk deer (
3371:Reticulated giraffe (
2469:10.5713/ajas.15.0002R
1918:10.1093/molbev/msp213
1384:10.1093/molbev/msp213
1312:Linnaeus, C. (1758).
1225:List of cattle breeds
1170:Further information:
1082:
1070:
946:, were imported into
904:
764:
754:, northern China and
700:Behaviour and ecology
680:
580:
568:
32:Zebu (disambiguation)
8074:Domesticated animals
7764:Fauna Europaea (new)
7573:Pygmy hippopotamus (
7233:Oliver's warty pig (
6858:Red-flanked duiker (
6263:Erlanger's gazelle (
5983:Harnessed bushbuck (
5709:Wild water buffalo (
5186:East Caucasian tur (
5177:West Caucasian tur (
4330:Little red brocket (
3798:Truong Son muntjac (
3610:Vietnam mouse-deer (
3592:Greater mouse-deer (
3471:Siberian musk deer (
3151:. Sacred-texts.com.
2804:Biodiversity Science
1947:Current Anthropology
1147:, zebu are used for
1000:improve this section
601:and have first been
522:Bos taurus africanus
483:Juliet Clutton-Brock
30:For other uses, see
7206:Celebes warty pig (
7197:Visayan warty pig (
6813:Red forest duiker (
6545:Günther's dik-dik (
6407:Mongolian gazelle (
6212:Heuglin's gazelle (
6203:Thomson's gazelle (
5357:Long-tailed goral (
4752:Mountain reedbuck (
4743:Southern reedbuck (
4595:East African oryx (
4497:White-tailed deer (
4276:Small red brocket (
4243:South Andean deer (
4186:Siberian roe deer (
4177:European roe deer (
4014:Philippine sambar (
3981:Père David's deer (
3583:Lesser mouse-deer (
3444:Kashmir musk deer (
3123:Jha, D. N. (2002).
3105:. 3 September 1999.
2709:2018PLoSO..1390446B
2593:"Cholistani Cattle"
2387:2002Sci...296..336H
2315:2014JArSc..41..423C
2008:2018NatSR...818027P
1869:2021QSRv..25206740T
1778:2014PLoSO...995714G
1721:2018NatSR...818027P
1661:1996PNAS...93.5131B
1518:2004JArSc..31..645G
1343:acir.aphis.usda.gov
1203:ritual purification
967:Australian Charbray
822:Kankrej and Guzerat
772:Geneticists at the
718:Health and diseases
462:were introduced by
7663:Bos taurus indicus
7354:Collared peccary (
7224:Flores warty pig (
7065:Giant forest hog (
6927:Maxwell's duiker (
6849:Ruwenzori duiker (
6795:Jentink's duiker (
6704:Sharpe's grysbok (
6460:Tibetan antelope (
6365:Bright's gazelle (
6299:Goitered gazelle (
6272:Mountain gazelle (
6245:Cuvier's gazelle (
6185:Mongalla gazelle (
5573:Pyrenean chamois (
4999:Tibetan antelope (
4953:Black wildebeest (
3780:Reeves's muntjac (
3744:Sumatran muntjac (
3735:Gongshan muntjac (
3508:Water chevrotain (
3435:Alpine musk deer (
3362:Southern giraffe (
3353:Northern giraffe (
2827:note: PDF download
2048:"Definition: Zebu"
1996:Scientific Reports
1709:Scientific Reports
1546:Bos taurus indicus
1435:. pp. 30–47.
1411:breeds.okstate.edu
1085:
1077:
913:
894:Local Indian Diary
770:
734:Breeds and hybrids
683:
634:aurochs subspecies
591:
575:
544:Bos taurus indicus
495:Bos taurus indicus
485:in 1999, but as a
377:. Zebu, like many
8051:
8050:
8010:Open Tree of Life
7625:Taxon identifiers
7616:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7585:
7584:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7374:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7330:Chacoan peccary (
7281:
7280:
7269:Javan warty pig (
7260:Timor warty pig (
7067:H. meinertzhageni
7041:Togian babirusa (
6980:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6936:Walter's duiker (
6876:Abbott's duiker (
6840:Ogilby's duiker (
6786:Harvey's duiker (
6750:Brooke's duiker (
6716:
6715:
6496:
6495:
6437:
6436:
6374:Peter's gazelle (
6356:Grant's gazelle (
6290:Speke's gazelle (
6063:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6054:
5940:
5910:
5909:
5898:African buffalo (
5729:B. depressicornis
5684:
5683:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5366:Himalayan goral (
5188:C. cylindricornis
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5011:
5010:
4974:
4973:
4962:Blue wildebeest (
4896:Common tsessebe (
4847:
4846:
4810:
4809:
4773:
4772:
4685:K. ellipsiprymnus
4658:
4657:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4457:P. mephistophiles
4413:P. mephistophiles
4104:
4103:
3800:M. truongsonensis
3762:Pu Hoat muntjac (
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3631:
3630:
3574:Java mouse-deer (
3483:
3482:
3453:Black musk deer (
3426:Dwarf musk deer (
3417:Anhui musk deer (
3392:
3391:
3355:G. camelopardalis
3304:
3303:
3134:978-1-85984-676-6
3030:(12): 1566–1585.
2954:978-1-900039-57-4
2381:(5566): 336–339.
2351:978-83-01-13806-6
2279:10.1111/age.12836
2099:978-92-9053-099-2
1834:978-81-7824-140-1
1655:(10): 5131–5135.
1629:978-954-642-235-4
1604:978-1-4214-0093-8
1595:Ungulate taxonomy
1567:978-0-8018-8221-0
1482:978-0-521-63495-3
1465:Clutton-Brock, J.
1450:978-0-12-818767-8
1180:of India. In the
1087:Zebu are used as
1036:
1035:
1028:
944:high temperatures
899:
898:
870:Butana and Kenana
470:humped cattle in
441:religious meaning
432:are also kept as
396:Zebu are used as
387:high temperatures
284:
283:
279:
278:(incomplete list)
275:
262:
251:
240:
230:
16:(Redirected from
8086:
8044:
8043:
8031:
8030:
8018:
8017:
8005:
8004:
7992:
7991:
7979:
7978:
7966:
7965:
7953:
7952:
7940:
7939:
7927:
7926:
7925:
7899:
7898:
7889:
7888:
7876:
7875:
7863:
7862:
7850:
7849:
7837:
7836:
7824:
7823:
7811:
7810:
7798:
7797:
7785:
7784:
7772:
7771:
7759:
7758:
7746:
7745:
7733:
7732:
7720:
7719:
7718:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7677:
7676:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7620:
7535:
7526:
7512:
7403:
7394:
7380:
7292:
7098:Common warthog (
7089:Desert warthog (
7009:
7000:
6986:
6885:Weyns's duiker (
6759:Peters' duiker (
6741:Aders's duiker (
6727:
6614:Royal antelope (
6572:Salt's dik-dik (
6563:Silver dik-dik (
6554:Kirk's dik-dik (
6507:
6484:Saiga antelope (
6446:
6385:N. soemmerringii
6254:Dorcas gazelle (
6099:
6090:
6083:
6069:
5956:Mountain nyala (
5939:
5938:
5930:
5921:
5876:P. nghetinhensis
5778:European bison (
5769:American bison (
5695:
5634:
5625:
5618:
5604:
5480:Domestic sheep (
5324:Himalayan tahr (
5291:Mainland serow (
5273:Japanese serow (
5082:
5075:
5061:
4985:
4858:
4821:
4784:
4761:Bohor reedbuck (
4669:
4648:A. nasomaculatus
4571:Sable antelope (
4548:
4539:
4532:
4523:
4285:Merida brocket (
4115:
4056:Thorold's deer (
3908:A. calamianensis
3791:M. rooseveltorum
3737:M. gongshanensis
3694:
3685:
3678:
3669:
3494:
3403:
3382:G. tippelskirchi
3315:
3278:
3269:
3255:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3120:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3002:Veterinary World
2999:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:on June 25, 2011
2915:
2909:
2908:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2720:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2525:. 28 April 2021.
2519:
2513:
2512:
2505:
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2498:
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2370:
2364:
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2333:
2327:
2326:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2226:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2166:(3): 1071–1086.
2141:
2135:
2134:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2091:
2071:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2044:
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1986:
1980:
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1937:
1931:
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1895:
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1699:
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1692:
1682:
1672:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1469:"Asiatic cattle"
1461:
1455:
1454:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1339:"ACIR Community"
1335:
1326:
1325:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1246:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1011:
980:
972:
959:Charolais cattle
953:
809:
728:trypanotolerance
571:Pillar of Ashoka
547:, but rather as
529:
489:of the domestic
453:scientific names
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
320:
319:
314:
313:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
277:
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257:
246:
238:
229:Linnaeus, 1758
228:
200:
73:
65:
64:
51:
39:
21:
8094:
8093:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8084:
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8053:
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8047:
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8034:
8026:
8021:
8013:
8008:
8000:
7995:
7987:
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7974:
7969:
7961:
7956:
7948:
7943:
7935:
7930:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7902:
7894:
7892:
7884:
7879:
7871:
7868:Observation.org
7866:
7858:
7853:
7845:
7840:
7832:
7827:
7819:
7814:
7806:
7801:
7793:
7788:
7780:
7775:
7767:
7762:
7754:
7749:
7741:
7736:
7728:
7723:
7716:Bos primigenius
7714:
7713:
7708:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7686:Bos primigenius
7680:
7672:
7670:
7661:
7660:
7655:
7646:
7645:
7640:
7627:
7617:
7604:
7581:
7557:
7520:
7494:
7452:
7388:
7362:
7338:
7314:
7277:
7244:S. philippensis
7181:S. ahoenobarbus
7163:
7155:Red river hog (
7130:
7106:
7073:
7049:
7023:Buru babirusa (
6994:
6968:
6960:Common duiker (
6944:
6902:
6712:
6670:
6646:
6622:
6580:
6529:
6492:
6468:
6433:
6418:P. picticaudata
6391:
6331:
6307:
6301:G. subgutturosa
6220:
6169:
6145:
6121:
6084:
6073:
6051:
6018:
6010:Cape bushbuck (
6003:T. strepsiceros
5932:
5931:
5929:
5906:
5882:
5858:
5753:
5745:Mountain anoa (
5680:
5674:B. tragocamelus
5656:
5650:T. quadricornis
5619:
5608:
5590:
5557:
5533:
5489:Bighorn sheep (
5455:
5431:
5407:
5399:Mountain goat (
5383:
5375:Chinese goral (
5332:
5308:
5293:C. sumatraensis
5257:
5240:Siberian ibex (
5204:Domestic goat (
5152:
5128:
5104:
5096:Barbary sheep (
5076:
5065:
5047:
5035:
5023:
5007:
4970:
4937:
4913:
4880:
4843:
4806:
4769:
4727:
4654:
4630:
4604:Scimitar oryx (
4579:
4562:Roan antelope (
4533:
4527:
4505:
4463:
4455:Northern pudu (
4429:
4421:Southern pudu (
4411:Northern pudu (
4395:
4371:
4347:
4312:Pygmy brocket (
4294:Dwarf brocket (
4251:
4218:
4194:
4161:
4137:
4100:
4040:
3989:
3965:
3932:
3906:Calamian deer (
3881:
3875:D. mesopotamica
3848:
3824:
3818:M. vuquangensis
3816:Giant muntjac (
3726:Fea's muntjac (
3679:
3673:
3655:
3643:
3627:
3558:
3516:
3479:
3437:M. chrysogaster
3388:
3380:Masai giraffe (
3337:
3300:
3263:
3249:
3211:
3204:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3122:
3121:
3110:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3021:
3020:
3013:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2703:(1): e0190446.
2690:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2352:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2266:Animal Genetics
2255:
2254:
2250:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2073:
2072:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2041:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1591:"Domestication"
1588:
1587:
1583:
1568:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1483:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1211:
1205:and expiation.
1174:
1168:
1166:Hindu tradition
1065:
1032:
1021:
1015:
1012:
997:
981:
951:
886:Southern Yellow
765:Zebu market in
736:
720:
711:
702:
675:
673:Characteristics
643:was present in
563:
524:
501:in 2004 and by
449:
373:originating in
371:domestic cattle
351:indicine cattle
322:
316:
310:
295:
291:
211:
202:
196:
183:
169:
166:B. indicus
68:(Disputed, see
67:
66:
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8092:
8090:
8082:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8056:
8055:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8045:
8032:
8019:
8006:
7993:
7980:
7967:
7954:
7941:
7928:
7912:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7890:
7877:
7864:
7851:
7838:
7825:
7812:
7799:
7786:
7773:
7760:
7751:Fauna Europaea
7747:
7734:
7721:
7706:
7690:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7668:
7653:
7637:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7602:
7595:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7575:C. liberiensis
7569:
7567:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7549:Hippopotamus (
7545:
7543:
7532:
7530:Hippopotamidae
7522:
7521:
7515:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7483:
7479:C. dromedarius
7474:
7464:
7462:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7441:
7432:
7423:
7413:
7411:
7400:
7390:
7389:
7383:
7376:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7350:
7348:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7326:
7324:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7302:
7300:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7275:
7266:
7262:S. timoriensis
7257:
7248:
7239:
7230:
7221:
7215:Domestic pig (
7212:
7203:
7194:
7185:
7175:
7173:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7152:
7142:
7140:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7118:
7116:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7095:
7091:P. aethiopicus
7085:
7083:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7071:
7061:
7059:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7043:B. togeanensis
7038:
7029:
7019:
7017:
7006:
6996:
6995:
6989:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6956:
6954:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6933:
6924:
6914:
6912:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6894:Zebra duiker (
6891:
6882:
6873:
6869:C. silvicultor
6864:
6855:
6846:
6837:
6828:
6822:Black duiker (
6819:
6810:
6806:C. leucogaster
6801:
6792:
6783:
6774:
6765:
6756:
6747:
6737:
6735:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6701:
6695:Cape grysbok (
6692:
6682:
6680:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6658:
6656:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6638:Klipspringer (
6634:
6632:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6611:
6602:
6592:
6590:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6569:
6565:M. piacentinii
6560:
6551:
6541:
6539:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6517:
6515:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6480:
6478:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6456:
6454:
6443:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6427:P. przewalskii
6422:
6413:
6403:
6401:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6380:
6371:
6362:
6353:
6347:Dama gazelle (
6343:
6341:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6319:
6317:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6296:
6287:
6281:Rhim gazelle (
6278:
6269:
6260:
6251:
6242:
6232:
6230:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6209:
6200:
6191:
6181:
6179:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6157:
6155:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6139:A. marsupialis
6133:
6131:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6109:
6107:
6096:
6086:
6085:
6072:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6043:Common eland (
6040:
6030:
6028:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6007:
6001:Greater kudu (
5998:
5989:
5980:
5971:
5962:
5953:
5943:
5941:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5894:
5892:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5870:
5868:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5847:
5838:
5829:
5820:
5814:Domestic yak (
5811:
5802:
5793:
5784:
5775:
5765:
5763:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5742:
5738:B. mindorensis
5733:
5727:Lowland anoa (
5724:
5715:
5705:
5703:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5668:
5666:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5644:
5642:
5631:
5621:
5620:
5607:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5579:
5569:
5567:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5545:
5543:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5522:
5513:
5504:
5495:
5486:
5477:
5467:
5465:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5447:Nilgiri tahr (
5443:
5441:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5419:
5417:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5395:
5393:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5372:
5363:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5300:Taiwan serow (
5297:
5288:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5246:
5237:
5231:Iberian ibex (
5228:
5219:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5183:
5174:
5164:
5162:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5120:Arabian tahr (
5116:
5114:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5078:
5077:
5064:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4959:
4949:
4947:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4902:
4892:
4890:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4792:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4758:
4754:R. fulvorufula
4749:
4739:
4737:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4716:
4707:
4698:
4689:
4679:
4677:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4622:Arabian oryx (
4619:
4610:
4601:
4591:
4589:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4545:
4535:
4534:
4526:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4499:O. virginianus
4494:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4452:
4442:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4418:
4407:
4405:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4381:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4365:O. bezoarticus
4359:
4357:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4305:M. gouazoubira
4303:Gray brocket (
4300:
4291:
4282:
4273:
4263:
4261:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4089:
4080:
4071:
4062:
4058:C. albirostris
4052:
4050:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:E. cephalophus
3836:
3834:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3813:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3771:Leaf muntjac (
3768:
3764:M. puhoatensis
3759:
3750:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3691:
3681:
3680:
3672:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:T. williamsoni
3616:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:M. moschiferus
3468:
3464:M. leucogaster
3459:
3450:
3441:
3432:
3428:M. berezovskii
3423:
3413:
3411:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3275:
3273:Antilocapridae
3265:
3264:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3245:Laurasiatheria
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3173:
3172:External links
3170:
3167:
3166:
3140:
3133:
3108:
3090:
3041:
3011:
3008:(10): 404–407.
2985:
2960:
2953:
2935:
2910:
2903:
2885:
2878:
2860:
2843:
2829:
2790:
2773:
2756:
2742:
2683:
2666:
2649:
2632:
2615:
2598:
2584:
2570:
2556:
2542:
2528:
2514:
2500:
2463:(7): 911–921.
2443:
2408:
2365:
2350:
2328:
2293:
2272:(6): 557–568.
2248:
2195:
2136:
2125:(3): 121–150.
2105:
2098:
2061:
2039:
1981:
1960:10.1086/203737
1954:(2): 235–240.
1932:
1890:
1840:
1833:
1811:
1752:
1694:
1635:
1628:
1610:
1603:
1581:
1566:
1531:
1512:(5): 645–651.
1496:
1481:
1456:
1449:
1423:
1398:
1354:
1327:
1301:
1266:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1167:
1164:
1119:, are kept as
1117:miniature zebu
1093:riding animals
1064:
1061:
1034:
1033:
984:
982:
975:
933:Alwar district
897:
896:
890:Kedah Kelantan
826:Indo-Brazilian
814:
813:
735:
732:
719:
716:
710:
707:
701:
698:
674:
671:
657:Horn of Africa
626:became extinct
613:, present-day
562:
559:
516:in analogy to
448:
445:
430:miniature zebu
402:riding animals
282:
281:
280:
276:
267:Bos longifrons
263:
252:
244:Bos domesticus
241:
231:
220:
219:
213:
212:
203:
192:
191:
189:Trinomial name
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
163:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8091:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8042:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7933:
7929:
7924:
7918:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7897:
7891:
7887:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7722:
7717:
7711:
7707:
7702:
7696:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7683:
7675:
7669:
7664:
7658:
7654:
7649:
7643:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7621:
7601:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7578:
7576:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7560:
7554:
7552:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7541:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7513:
7509:
7491:
7489:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7470:C. bactrianus
7466:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7449:
7447:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7381:
7377:
7359:
7357:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7335:
7333:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7311:
7309:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7274:
7272:
7271:S. verrucosus
7267:
7265:
7263:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7217:S. domesticus
7213:
7211:
7209:
7208:S. celebensis
7204:
7202:
7200:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7171:
7166:
7160:
7158:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7137:Potamochoerus
7133:
7127:
7125:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7103:
7101:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7070:
7068:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7046:
7044:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7034:B. celebensis
7030:
7028:
7026:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6987:
6983:
6965:
6963:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6941:
6939:
6934:
6932:
6930:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6918:Blue duiker (
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6899:
6897:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6833:C. nigrifrons
6829:
6827:
6825:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6815:C. natalensis
6811:
6809:
6807:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6761:C. callipygus
6757:
6755:
6753:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6709:
6707:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6688:R. campestris
6684:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6641:
6640:O. oreotragus
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6526:
6524:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6489:
6487:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6465:
6463:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6430:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6388:
6386:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6328:
6326:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6283:G. leptoceros
6279:
6277:
6275:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6217:
6215:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6187:E. albonotata
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6166:
6164:
6163:A. cervicapra
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6116:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6066:
6048:
6046:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6034:Giant eland (
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6012:T. sylvaticus
6008:
6006:
6004:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5974:Lesser kudu (
5972:
5970:
5968:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5936:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5903:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5789:B. domesticus
5787:Bali cattle (
5785:
5783:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5601:
5587:
5585:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5530:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5491:O. canadensis
5487:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5438:Nilgiritragus
5434:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5401:O. americanus
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5380:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5326:H. jemlahicus
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5303:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5222:Nubian ibex (
5220:
5218:
5216:
5213:Alpine ibex (
5211:
5209:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5058:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:Pantholopinae
4977:
4967:
4965:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4931:A. buselaphus
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4840:
4838:
4835:Grey rhebok (
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4803:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:Aepycerotinae
4776:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4710:Nile lechwe (
4708:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:Hippotraginae
4540:
4536:
4531:
4524:
4520:
4502:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4389:B. dichotomus
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4363:Pampas deer (
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4323:M. nemorivaga
4319:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4267:Red brocket (
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4236:H. antisensis
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4076:C. canadensis
4072:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4025:R. timorensis
4021:
4019:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3983:E. davidianus
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3950:R. duvaucelii
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3915:Bawean deer (
3913:
3911:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3840:Tufted deer (
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3773:M. putaoensis
3769:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3719:M. crinifrons
3715:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3666:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3612:T. versicolor
3608:
3606:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3419:M. anhuiensis
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3373:G. reticulata
3369:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3171:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3057:(in French).
3056:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2904:0-8160-2640-8
2900:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2879:0-8160-2640-8
2875:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2424:(5566): 236.
2423:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2080:(zebu) Cattle
2077:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:(5): e95714.
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1158:successfully
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1057:Ongole Cattle
1054:
1049:
1045:
1044:Ongole Cattle
1041:
1030:
1027:
1019:
1016:December 2021
1009:
1005:
1001:
995:
994:
990:
985:This section
983:
979:
974:
973:
970:
968:
964:
960:
955:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
907:
906:Hariana breed
903:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:Sibi Bhagnari
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:
815:
811:
810:
807:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
768:
763:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:
731:
729:
725:
717:
715:
708:
706:
699:
697:
695:
691:
686:
679:
672:
670:
668:
665:
660:
659:around 1000.
658:
654:
650:
647:around 4,000
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
588:
584:
583:Indo-Scythian
579:
572:
567:
560:
558:
556:
552:
551:
546:
545:
539:
537:
533:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
464:Carl Linnaeus
461:
457:
454:
446:
444:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:humped cattle
356:
352:
348:
347:
340:
289:
273:
269:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:
249:
245:
242:
237:
236:
232:
227:
224:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
193:
190:
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
168:
167:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
63:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7907:
7685:
7632:
7574:
7562:
7551:H. amphibius
7550:
7540:Hippopotamus
7538:
7518:Whippomorpha
7487:
7478:
7469:
7457:
7445:
7436:
7427:
7418:
7406:
7355:
7343:
7331:
7319:
7307:
7295:
7270:
7261:
7252:
7243:
7234:
7225:
7216:
7207:
7199:S. cebifrons
7198:
7189:
7180:
7168:
7156:
7147:
7135:
7123:
7111:
7100:P. africanus
7099:
7090:
7080:Phacochoerus
7078:
7066:
7054:
7042:
7033:
7025:B. babyrussa
7024:
7012:
6961:
6949:
6937:
6929:P. maxwellii
6928:
6920:P. monticola
6919:
6907:
6895:
6886:
6877:
6868:
6860:C. rufilatus
6859:
6850:
6841:
6832:
6823:
6814:
6805:
6796:
6787:
6778:
6777:Bay duiker (
6770:C. crusalbum
6769:
6760:
6751:
6742:
6730:
6722:Cephalophini
6705:
6697:R. melanotis
6696:
6687:
6675:
6663:
6651:
6639:
6627:
6615:
6607:N. moschatus
6606:
6597:
6585:
6573:
6564:
6555:
6547:M. guentheri
6546:
6534:
6523:D. megalotis
6522:
6510:
6485:
6473:
6462:P. hodgsonii
6461:
6449:
6426:
6417:
6409:P. gutturosa
6408:
6396:
6384:
6375:
6366:
6357:
6348:
6336:
6324:
6312:
6300:
6291:
6282:
6273:
6265:G. erlangeri
6264:
6255:
6246:
6238:G. bennettii
6237:
6225:
6213:
6205:E. thomsonii
6204:
6196:E. rufifrons
6195:
6186:
6174:
6162:
6150:
6138:
6126:
6114:
6102:
6044:
6036:T. derbianus
6035:
6023:
6011:
6002:
5993:
5984:
5975:
5967:T. eurycerus
5966:
5957:
5948:
5924:
5916:Tragelaphini
5899:
5887:
5875:
5863:
5851:
5842:
5834:B. javanicus
5833:
5824:
5822:
5816:B. grunniens
5815:
5806:
5798:B. frontalis
5797:
5788:
5779:
5770:
5758:
5746:
5737:
5728:
5719:
5710:
5698:
5673:
5661:
5649:
5637:
5584:R. rupicapra
5583:
5575:R. pyrenaica
5574:
5562:
5550:
5538:
5526:
5517:
5516:Snow sheep (
5508:
5499:
5498:Dall sheep (
5490:
5481:
5472:
5460:
5449:N. hylocrius
5448:
5436:
5425:O. moschatus
5424:
5412:
5400:
5388:
5376:
5367:
5358:
5349:
5337:
5325:
5313:
5301:
5292:
5283:
5274:
5262:
5250:
5249:Walia ibex (
5241:
5233:C. pyrenaica
5232:
5223:
5214:
5205:
5197:C. falconeri
5196:
5187:
5178:
5169:
5157:
5146:B. taxicolor
5145:
5133:
5121:
5109:
5097:
5085:
5001:P. hodgsonii
5000:
4988:
4963:
4954:
4944:Connochaetes
4942:
4930:
4929:Hartebeest (
4918:
4906:
4897:
4885:
4873:
4861:
4853:Alcelaphinae
4837:P. capreolus
4836:
4824:
4799:
4787:
4762:
4753:
4745:R. arundinum
4744:
4732:
4720:
4712:K. megaceros
4711:
4702:
4693:
4684:
4672:
4647:
4635:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4584:
4572:
4563:
4551:
4498:
4489:
4480:
4468:
4456:
4447:
4434:
4422:
4412:
4400:
4388:
4387:Marsh deer (
4376:
4364:
4352:
4340:
4331:
4322:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4286:
4277:
4269:M. americana
4268:
4256:
4244:
4235:
4225:Hippocamelus
4223:
4211:
4199:
4187:
4179:C. capreolus
4178:
4166:
4154:
4153:Water deer (
4142:
4130:
4118:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4066:
4057:
4045:
4033:
4024:
4016:R. mariannus
4015:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3958:
3957:Eld's deer (
3949:
3948:Barasingha (
3937:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3886:
3874:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3817:
3809:M. vaginalis
3808:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3710:M. atherodes
3709:
3697:
3620:
3611:
3603:T. nigricans
3602:
3593:
3584:
3576:T. javanicus
3575:
3563:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3521:
3510:H. aquaticus
3509:
3497:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3406:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3342:
3331:O. johnstoni
3330:
3318:
3294:A. americana
3293:
3281:
3243:Superorder:
3237:Infraclass:
3208:Artiodactyla
3157:. Retrieved
3143:
3124:
3102:
3093:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3027:
3023:
3005:
3001:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2972:
2963:
2944:
2938:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:the original
2913:
2894:
2888:
2869:
2863:
2846:
2832:
2824:zebu sinesis
2823:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2776:
2759:
2745:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2669:
2652:
2635:
2618:
2601:
2587:
2573:
2559:
2545:
2531:
2517:
2503:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2214:
2208:
2198:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2079:
2075:
2052:. Retrieved
2042:
2002:(1): 18027.
1999:
1995:
1984:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1908:
1904:
1893:
1860:
1856:
1843:
1820:
1814:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1715:(1): 18027.
1712:
1708:
1697:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1619:
1613:
1594:
1584:
1556:
1552:Wilson, D.E.
1545:
1544:"Subspecies
1534:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1472:
1459:
1432:
1426:
1415:. Retrieved
1413:. 2022-05-23
1410:
1401:
1374:
1370:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:
1321:
1315:
1291:
1285:
1260:
1254:
1244:
1192:
1185:
1175:
1153:
1142:
1135:
1125:
1101:dairy cattle
1086:
1037:
1022:
1013:
998:Please help
986:
956:
941:
914:
805:
781:Sanga cattle
779:
771:
737:
721:
712:
709:Reproduction
703:
687:
684:
664:Y chromosome
661:
638:
636:to die out.
623:
603:domesticated
592:
554:
549:
548:
543:
542:
540:
521:
518:Sanga cattle
513:
507:
499:Colin Groves
494:
476:
459:
455:
450:
438:
406:dairy cattle
395:
379:Sanga cattle
358:
354:
350:
345:
344:
287:
285:
265:
254:
243:
233:
225:
198:Bos indicus
197:
195:
179:
178:
174:Subspecies:
164:
152:
122:Artiodactyla
36:
7958:iNaturalist
7908:Bos indicus
7790:iNaturalist
7710:Wikispecies
7657:Wikispecies
7428:L. guanicoe
7287:Tayassuidae
7251:Wild boar (
7190:S. barbatus
7148:P. larvatus
7124:P. salvania
7122:Pygmy hog (
7056:Hylochoerus
6909:Philantomba
6797:C. jentinki
6779:C. dorsalis
6732:Cephalophus
6616:N. pygmaeus
6574:M. saltiana
6512:Dorcatragus
6486:S. tatarica
6376:N. petersii
6314:Litocranius
6214:E. tilonura
6161:Blackbuck (
6137:Springbok (
6080:Antilopinae
6078:(subfamily
6025:Taurotragus
5992:Sitatunga (
5985:T. scriptus
5976:T. imberbis
5933:(including
5926:Tragelaphus
5747:B. quarlesi
5629:Boselaphini
5613:(subfamily
5518:O. nivicola
5359:N. caudatus
5348:Red goral (
5339:Naemorhedus
5302:C. swinhoei
5282:Red serow (
5264:Capricornis
5242:C. sibirica
5179:C. caucasia
5170:C. aegagrus
5168:Wild goat (
5122:A. jayakari
5111:Arabitragus
5070:(subfamily
5041:Antilopinae
4964:C. taurinus
4907:D. pygargus
4800:A. melampus
4721:K. vardonii
4683:Waterbuck (
4624:O. leucoryx
4553:Hippotragus
4481:O. hemionus
4479:Mule deer (
4378:Blastocerus
4287:M. bricenii
4245:H. bisulcus
4212:R. tarandus
4188:C. pygargus
4110:Capreolinae
4092:Sika deer (
4034:R. unicolor
4023:Rusa deer (
3926:A. porcinus
3746:M. montanus
3543:M. kathygre
3292:Pronghorn (
3283:Antilocapra
2814:: 275–283.
2309:: 423–434.
2260:Bos indicus
2152:Bos indicus
2115:Bos indicus
2078:Bos Indicus
1942:Bos indicus
1316:Bos indicus
1263:(1): 35–37.
1230:Ubre Blanca
1199:panchagavya
1187:Mahabharata
1097:beef cattle
1053:beef cattle
838:White Nukra
628:during the
619:Mesopotamia
595:Indian form
550:Bos indicus
528:, 1792
503:Peter Grubb
460:Bos indicus
410:beef cattle
346:Bos indicus
226:Bos indicus
180:B. i.
138:Subfamily:
8058:Categories
7564:Choeropsis
7446:L. vicugna
7332:C. wagneri
7235:S. oliveri
7226:S. heureni
6962:S. grimmia
6951:Sylvicapra
6938:P. walteri
6851:C. rubidis
6842:C. ogilbyi
6788:C. harveyi
6752:C. brookei
6706:R. sharpei
6686:Steenbok (
6677:Raphicerus
6629:Oreotragus
6502:Neotragini
6451:Pantholops
6367:N. notatus
6325:L. walleri
6274:G. gazella
6247:G. cuvieri
6236:Chinkara (
6128:Antidorcas
6115:A. clarkei
6104:Ammodorcas
6094:Antilopini
5994:T. spekeii
5958:T. buxtoni
5949:T. angasii
5841:Wild yak (
5825:B. indicus
5780:B. bonasus
5720:B. bubalis
5663:Boselaphus
5639:Tetracerus
5509:O. gmelini
5377:N. griseus
5350:N. baileyi
5315:Hemitragus
5284:C. rubidus
5275:C. crispus
5224:C. nubiana
5087:Ammotragus
4990:Pantholops
4920:Alcelaphus
4905:Bontebok (
4898:D. lunatus
4887:Damaliscus
4874:B. hunteri
4763:R. redunca
4664:Reduncinae
4615:O. gazella
4564:H. equinus
4490:O. pandora
4470:Odocoileus
4354:Ozotoceros
4210:Reindeer (
4155:H. inermis
4144:Hydropotes
4067:C. elaphus
4065:Red deer (
4007:R. alfredi
3924:Hog deer (
3782:M. reevesi
3755:M. muntjak
3585:T. kanchil
3552:M. meminna
3499:Hyemoschus
3489:Tragulidae
3446:M. cupreus
3364:G. giraffa
3310:Giraffidae
3261:Ruminantia
3159:15 October
2978:2 December
2929:2013-05-30
2148:Bos taurus
2089:10568/4217
2054:2007-09-08
1911:(1): 1–6.
1863:: 106740.
1417:2024-07-12
1377:(1): 1–6.
1348:2024-07-04
1286:Bos taurus
1236:References
1149:jallikattu
1145:Tamil Nadu
1137:tolon'omby
1128:Madagascar
878:Tharparkar
866:Red Sindhi
842:Cholistani
801:many other
789:Red Fulani
767:Madagascar
744:Bangladesh
555:Bos taurus
514:Bos taurus
487:subspecies
456:Bos taurus
375:South Asia
367:subspecies
235:Bos taurus
7923:Q20747726
7516:Suborder
7426:Guanaco (
7398:Camelidae
7384:Suborder
7356:D. tajacu
7345:Dicotyles
7321:Catagonus
7308:T. pecari
7253:S. scrofa
7157:P. porcus
7146:Bushpig (
7014:Babyrousa
6990:Suborder
6887:C. weynsi
6878:C. spadix
6743:C. adersi
6664:O. ourebi
6598:N. batesi
6587:Neotragus
6556:M. kirkii
6358:N. granti
6323:Gerenuk (
6292:G. spekei
6256:G. dorcas
6113:Dibatag (
5900:S. caffer
5865:Pseudoryx
5852:B. taurus
5832:Banteng (
5807:B. gaurus
5736:Tamaraw (
5582:Chamois (
5564:Rupicapra
5551:P. nayaur
5527:O. vignei
5507:Mouflon (
5206:C. hircus
5195:Markhor (
5098:A. lervia
4863:Beatragus
4789:Aepyceros
4613:Gemsbok (
4606:O. dammah
4448:P. carlae
4341:M. temama
4332:M. rufina
4296:M. chunyi
4278:M. bororo
4168:Capreolus
4094:C. nippon
4085:C. hanglu
3972:Elaphurus
3917:A. kuhlii
3831:Elaphodus
3699:Muntiacus
3534:M. indica
3523:Moschiola
3455:M. fuscus
3398:Moschidae
3259:Suborder
3219:Kingdom:
2820:1005-0094
2477:1011-2367
2360:749423644
2217:(1): 88.
2119:Behaviour
1976:143063029
1885:234265221
1540:Grubb, P.
1467:(1999) .
987:does not
937:Rajasthan
785:Afrikaner
667:haplotype
653:Subsahara
641:Near East
355:Camel cow
160:Species:
88:Kingdom:
82:Eukaryota
7976:11439412
7917:Wikidata
7808:10790084
7695:Wikidata
7642:Wikidata
7488:C. ferus
7444:Vicuña (
7437:L. pacos
7435:Alpaca (
7419:L. glama
7386:Tylopoda
6896:C. zebra
6824:C. niger
6398:Procapra
6176:Eudorcas
6152:Antilope
5889:Syncerus
5850:Cattle (
5843:B. mutus
5771:B. bison
5711:B. arnee
5672:Nilgai (
5549:Bharal (
5540:Pseudois
5500:O. dalli
5482:O. aries
5473:O. ammon
5471:Argali (
5423:Muskox (
5390:Oreamnos
5368:N. goral
5251:C. walie
5135:Budorcas
5072:Caprinae
5017:Caprinae
4872:Hirola (
4816:Peleinae
4798:Impala (
4703:K. leche
4701:Lechwe (
4597:O. beisa
4573:H. niger
4234:Taruca (
4201:Rangifer
4131:A. alces
4032:Sambar (
3959:R. eldii
3939:Rucervus
3897:Chital (
3689:Cervinae
3676:Cervidae
3637:Cervidae
3565:Tragulus
3239:Eutheria
3233:Mammalia
3227:Chordata
3225:Phylum:
3221:Animalia
3153:Archived
3103:BBC News
3085:26213592
2737:29300786
2697:PLOS ONE
2495:26104394
2438:11951007
2403:11951043
2288:31475748
2243:27846793
2159:Genetics
2050:. IFIZCI
2034:30575786
1927:19770222
1806:24806472
1766:PLOS ONE
1747:30575786
1576:62265494
1542:(2005).
1491:39786571
1393:19770222
1296:Archived
1282:(2021).
1209:See also
1178:Hinduism
1162:a zebu.
1132:Malagasy
882:Kangayam
803:breeds.
756:Mongolia
615:Pakistan
611:Mehrgarh
468:describe
447:Taxonomy
261:, 1785
259:Boddaert
255:Bos zebu
248:Erxleben
217:Synonyms
205:Linnaeus
128:Family:
112:Mammalia
102:Chordata
98:Phylum:
92:Animalia
78:Domain:
18:Indicine
8036:ZooBank
7950:2441023
7847:1006265
7782:2441024
7701:Q168903
7600:Cetacea
7591:Cetacea
7459:Camelus
7417:Llama (
7297:Tayassu
7113:Porcula
6662:Oribi (
6653:Ourebia
6536:Madoqua
6521:Beira (
6442:Saigini
6349:N. dama
6227:Gazella
6076:Bovidae
6074:Family
6045:T. oryx
5965:Bongo (
5947:Nyala (
5874:Saola (
5796:Gayal (
5700:Bubalus
5615:Bovinae
5611:Bovidae
5609:Family
5525:Urial (
5215:C. ibex
5144:Takin (
5068:Bovidae
5066:Family
5029:Bovinae
4955:C. gnou
4734:Redunca
4646:Addax (
4530:Bovidae
4528:Family
4436:Pudella
4423:P. pudu
4314:M. nana
4129:Moose (
3899:A. axis
3866:D. dama
3728:M. feae
3674:Family
3649:Bovidae
3594:T. napu
3408:Moschus
3344:Giraffa
3329:Okapi (
3231:Class:
3210:species
3206:Extant
3076:4506798
2728:5754058
2705:Bibcode
2553:. 2024.
2486:4478499
2418:Science
2383:Bibcode
2375:Science
2311:Bibcode
2262:cattle"
2234:5111355
2190:9215909
2181:1208036
2025:6303292
2004:Bibcode
1968:2743556
1865:Bibcode
1797:4012948
1774:Bibcode
1738:6303292
1717:Bibcode
1689:8643540
1657:Bibcode
1514:Bibcode
1195:gomutra
1089:draught
1075:, India
1008:removed
993:sources
963:Canchim
927:or the
921:Haryana
917:Hariana
874:Baggara
862:Sahiwal
830:Brahman
599:aurochs
587:Azes II
530:). The
479:species
398:draught
391:tropics
363:species
361:, is a
272:R. Owen
148:Genus:
142:Bovinae
132:Bovidae
118:Order:
108:Class:
8028:104267
8015:490109
7989:183839
7963:334675
7896:655950
7893:uBio:
7886:367674
7873:200395
7834:136721
7821:183845
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7756:305223
7674:655948
7671:uBio:
7648:Q46889
7004:Suidae
6605:Suni (
6338:Nanger
5823:Zebu (
5805:Gaur (
5690:Bovini
5414:Ovibos
4719:Puku (
4694:K. kob
4258:Mazama
4047:Cervus
3320:Okapia
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1113:manure
1073:Mumbai
1048:cattle
1040:Nelore
948:Brazil
925:Punjab
858:Ongole
854:Nelore
850:Lohani
846:Dhanni
793:Ankole
724:nagana
694:steppe
561:Origin
491:cattle
426:manure
383:dewlap
7971:IRMNG
7803:IRMNG
7743:15686
7738:EUNIS
6992:Suina
6475:Saiga
6416:Goa (
5935:kudus
5159:Capra
4826:Pelea
4692:Kob (
4674:Kobus
4637:Addax
4120:Alces
4074:Elk (
2998:(PDF)
2855:(PDF)
2810:(3).
2785:(PDF)
2768:(PDF)
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2661:(PDF)
2644:(PDF)
2627:(PDF)
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1972:S2CID
1964:JSTOR
1881:S2CID
1853:(PDF)
1825:Delhi
1680:39419
1550:. In
931:from
919:from
910:India
797:Boran
752:Korea
748:Japan
740:Nepal
645:Egypt
585:king
472:China
451:Both
414:hides
42:Zebu
8002:9915
7997:NCBI
7984:ITIS
7945:GBIF
7937:MLPX
7860:9909
7855:NCBI
7829:IUCN
7816:ITIS
7777:GBIF
7730:MLQ3
7598:see
7408:Lama
5462:Ovis
4586:Oryx
4402:Pudu
3996:Rusa
3888:Axis
3855:Dama
3161:2013
3129:ISBN
3081:PMID
2980:2019
2949:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2874:ISBN
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1121:pets
1111:and
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1107:for
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991:any
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297:ˈ
294:/
290:(
72:)
34:.
20:)
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