Aurochs - Knowledge (XXG)

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suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Many primitive cattle breeds, particularly those from Southern Europe, display similar coat colours to the aurochs, including the black colour in bulls with a light eel stripe, a pale mouth, and similar sexual dimorphism in colour. A feature often attributed to the aurochs is blond forehead hairs. According to historical descriptions of the aurochs, it had long and curly forehead hair, but none mentions a certain colour. Although the colour is present in a variety of primitive cattle breeds, it is probably a discolouration that appeared after domestication.

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and more elongated than in most cattle breeds. As in other wild bovines, the body shape of the aurochs was athletic, and especially in bulls, showed a strongly expressed neck and shoulder musculature. Therefore, the fore hand was larger than the rear, similar to the wisent, but unlike many domesticated cattle. Even in carrying cows, the udder was small and hardly visible from the side; this feature is equal to that of other wild bovines.

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Glimmerveen, J.; Golovanova, L.V.; Groves, C.; Guerreschi, A.; Haak, W.; Higham, T.; Hofman-Kamińska, E.; Immel, A.; Julien, M.-A.; Krause, J.; Krotova, O.; Langbein, F.; Larson, G.; Rohrlach, A.; Scheu, A.; Schnabel, R.D.; Taylor, J.F.; Tokarska, M.; Tosello, G.; van der Plicht, J.; van Loenen, A.; Vigne, J.-D.; Wooley, O.; Orlando, L.; Kowalczyk, R.; Shapiro, B. & Cooper, A. (2016).

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Martínez-Navarro, B.; Karoui-Yaakoub, N.; Oms, O.; Amri, L.; López-García, J.M.; Zerai, K.; Blain, H.A.; Mtimet, M.S.; Espigares, M.P.; Ali, N.B.H.; Ros-Montoya, S.; Boughdiri, M.; Agustí J.; Khayati-Ammar, H.; Maalaoui K.; El Khir, M.O.; Sala, R.; Othmani, A.; Hawas, R.; Gómez-Merino, G.; Solè, À.;

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The proportions and body shape of the aurochs were strikingly different from many modern cattle breeds. For example, the legs were considerably longer and more slender, resulting in a shoulder height that nearly equalled the trunk length. The skull, carrying the large horns, was substantially larger

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running down the spine, while cows retained a reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle, but evidence for variation in coat colour does not exist. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these

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Europe. The size of an aurochs appears to have varied by region, with larger specimens in northern Europe than farther south. Aurochs in Denmark and Germany ranged in height at the shoulders between 155–180 cm (61–71 in) in bulls and 135–155 cm (53–61 in) in cows, while aurochs

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forest shows that they were fully capable of mortally wounding one another. In autumn, aurochs fed for the winter, gaining weight and possessing a shinier coat than during the rest of the year. Calves stayed with their mothers until they were strong enough to join and keep up with the herd on the

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The horns were massive, reaching 80 cm (31 in) in length and between 10 and 20 cm (3.9 and 7.9 in) in diameter. Its horns grew from the skull at a 60-degree angle to the muzzle facing forwards and were curved in three directions, namely upwards and outwards at the base, then

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Cubric-Curik, V.; Novosel, D.; Brajkovic, V.; Rota Stabelli, O.; Krebs, S.; Sölkner, J.; Šalamon, D.; Ristov, S.; Berger, B.; Trivizaki, S.; Bizelis, I.; Ferenčaković, M.; Rothammer, S.; Kunz, E.; Simčič, M.; Dovč, P.; Bunevski, G.; Bytyqi, H.; Marković, B.; Brka, M.; Kume, K.; Stojanović, S.;

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was extracted from the heart; this bone contributed to the mystique and magical powers that were attributed to it. In eastern Europe, the aurochs has left traces in expressions like "behaving like an aurochs" for a drunken person behaving badly, and "a bloke like an aurochs" for big and strong

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Beja-Pereira, A.; Caramelli, D.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Vernesi, C.; Ferrand, N.; Casoli, A.; Goyache, F.; Royo, L.J.; Conti, S.; Lari, M.; Martini, A.; Ouragh, L.; Magid, A.; Atash, A.; Zsolnai, A.; Boscato, P.; Triantaphylidis, C.; Ploumi, K.; Sineo, L.; Mallegni, F.; Taberlet, P.; Erhardt, G.;

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Chen, S.; Lin, B.-Z.; Baig, M.; Mitra, B.; Lopes, R. J.; Santos, A. M.; Magee, D. A.; Azevedo, M.; Tarroso, P.; Sasazaki, S.; Ostrowski, S.; Mahgoub, O.; Chaudhuri, T. K.; Zhang, Y.-p.; Costa, V.; Royo, L. J.; Goyache, F.; Luikart, G.; Boivin, N.; Fuller, D. Q.; Mannen, H.; Bradley, D. G.;

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Soubrier, J.; Gower, G.; Chen, K.; Richards, S.M.; Llamas, B.; Mitchell, K.J.; Ho, S.Y.W.; Kosintsev, P.; Lee, M.S.Y.; Baryshnikov, G.; Bollongino, R.; Bover, P.; Burger, J.; Chivall, D.; Crégut-Bonnoure, E.; Decker, J.E.; Doronichev, V.B.; Douka, K.; Fordham, D.A.; Fontana, F.; Fritz, C.;

1463:, which is thought to have been made in the early 16th century. This painting is thought to have shown an aurochs, although some authors suggested it may have shown a hybrid between an aurochs and domestic cattle, or a Polish steer. Contemporary reconstructions of the aurochs are based on 1928:

Aurochs formed small herds mainly in winter, but typically lived singly or in smaller groups during the summer. If aurochs had social behaviour similar to their descendants, social status would have been gained through displays and fights, in which both cows and bulls engaged. With its

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Park, S.D.E.; Magee, D.A.; McGettigan, P.A.; Teasdale, M.D.; Edwards, C.J.; Lohan, A.J.; Murphy, A.; Braud, M.; Donoghue, M.T.; Liu, Y.; Chamberlain, A.T.; Rue-Albrecht, K.; Schroeder, S.; Spillane, C.; Tai, S.; Bradley, D.G.; Sonstegard, T.S.; Loftus, B.J. & MacHugh, D.E. (2015).

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reached 44.5 cm (17.5 in) in the largest Chinese specimen and 48 cm (19 in) in a French specimen. Some cattle breeds still show horn shapes similar to that of the aurochs, such as the Spanish fighting bull, and occasionally also individuals of derived breeds.

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The body mass of aurochs appears to have shown some variability. Some individuals reached around 700 kg (1,540 lb), whereas those from the late Middle Pleistocene are estimated to have weighed up to 1,500 kg (3,310 lb). The aurochs exhibited considerable

1778:. It may have also lived in open grasslands. In the warm Atlantic period of the Holocene, it was restricted to remaining open country and forest margins, where competition with livestock and humans gradually increased leading to a successive decline of the aurochs. 2555:. Hybridisation between male aurochs and early domestic cattle occurred in central Europe between 9500 and 1000 BC. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences of Italian aurochs specimens dated to 17–7,000 years ago and 51 modern cattle breeds revealed some degree of 5173:

Prévost, M.; Groman-Yaroslavski, I.; Gershtein, K.M.C.; Tejero, J.M. & Zaidner, Y. (2021). "Early evidence for symbolic behavior in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic: A 120 ka old engraved aurochs bone shaft from the open-air site of Nesher Ramla, Israel".

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Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s. Depictions show that the North African aurochs may have had a light saddle marking on its back. Calves were probably born with a chestnut colour, and young bulls changed to black with a white

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Bro-Jørgensen, M.H.; Carøe, C.; Vieira, F.G.; Nestor, S.; Hallström, A.; Gregersen, K.M.; Etting, V.; Gilbert, M.T.P. & Sinding, M.H.S. (2018). "Ancient DNA analysis of Scandinavian medieval drinking horns and the horn of the last aurochs bull".

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Sinding, M.-H. S.; Ciucani, M. M.; Ramos-Madrigal, J.; Carmagnini, A.; Rasmussen, J. A.; Feng, S.; Chen, G.; Vieira, F. G.; Mattiangeli, V.; Ganjoo, R. K.; Larson, G.; Sicheritz-Pontén, T.; Petersen, B.; Frantz, L.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2021).

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was identified as being from an aurochs; the archaeological layer in which it was found was dated to the second half of the 17th or first half of the 18th century, suggesting that Aurochs may have survived in Bulgaria until that date.

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about 4,000 years ago. Some modern cattle breeds exhibit features reminiscent of the aurochs, such as the dark colour and light eel stripe along the back of bulls, the lighter colour of cows, or an aurochs-like horn shape.

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culture around 12,000 years BP, in which three aurochs were eaten. This appears to be an uncommon occurrence in the culture and was held in conjunction with the burial of an older woman, presumably of some social status.

1988:) were probable predators in prehistoric times. According to historical descriptions, the aurochs was swift despite its build, could be very aggressive if provoked, and was not generally fearful of humans. 5825:

Prummel, W. & Niekus, M.J.L.T. (2011). "Late Mesolithic hunting of a small female aurochs in the valley of the River Tjonger (the Netherlands) in the light of Mesolithic aurochs hunting in NW Europe".

4228:"Aurochs and potential crossbreeding with domestic cattle in Central Europe in the Eneolithic period. A metric analysis of bones from the archaeological site of Kutná Hora-Denemark (Czech Republic)" 3839:

Osypinska, M.; Osypinski, P.; Belka, Z.; Chlodnicki, M.; Wiktorowicz, P.; Ryndziewicz, R. & Kubiak, M. (2021). "Wild and Domestic Cattle in the Ancient Nile Valley: Marks of ecological change".

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in Pakistan are dated to around 8,000 years BP and represent some of the earliest evidence for its domestication on the Indian subcontinent. Female Indian aurochs contributed to the gene pool of

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The African aurochs was similar in size to the European aurochs in the Pleistocene, but declined in size during the transition to the Holocene; it may have also varied in size geographically.

3199:"Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia)" 3961: 2368:

shows a hunting scene, in which people try to capture an aurochs. One of the bulls throws one hunter on the ground while attacking the second with its horns. The cup seems to date to

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Aurochs were hunted with arrows, nets and hunting dogs, and its hair on the forehead was cut from the living animal; belts were made out of this hair and believed to increase the

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of aurochs genes into south European cattle, indicating that female aurochs had contact with free-ranging domestic cattle. Cattle bones of various sizes found at a

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hunting and butchering sites in France, Luxemburg, Germany, the Netherlands, England and Denmark. Aurochs bones were also found in Mesolithic settlements by the

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swinging forwards and inwards, then inwards and upwards. The curvature of bull horns was more strongly expressed than horns of cows. The basal circumference of

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in the Netherlands in the 1980s as aurochs surrogates for naturalistic grazing with the aim to restore prehistorical landscapes. Large numbers of them died of

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Verdugo, M.P.; Mullin, V.E.; Scheu, A.; Mattiangeli, V.; Daly, K.G.; Delser, P.M.; Hare, A.J.; Burger, J.; Collins, M.J.; Kehati, R. & Hesse, P. (2019).

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Forest. It decreased from around 50 individuals in the mid 16th century to four individuals by 1601. The last aurochs cow died in 1627 from natural causes.

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Shugart, H.H. (2014). "Taming the Unicorn, Yoking the Aurochs: Animal and Plant Domestication and the Consequent Alteration of the Surface of the Earth".

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Lorimer, J. & Driessen, C. (2016). "From "Nazi cows" to cosmopolitan "ecological engineers": specifying rewilding through a history of Heck cattle".

4498:]. Vol. Volume I. Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 539–549. 3356:

Siarabi, S.; Kostopoulos, D. S.; Bartsiokas, A.; Rozzi, R. (2023). "Insular aurochs (Mammalia, Bovidae) from the Pleistocene of Kythera Island, Greece".

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Nikolov, V.; Zinovieva, N.; Schönherz, A.A.; Guldbrandtsen, B.; Čačić, M.; Radović, S.; Miracle, P.; Vernesi, C.; Curik, I. & Medugorac, I. (2021).

5596: 4428:"Genome-wide microRNA binding site variation between extinct wild Aurochs and modern cattle identifies candidate microRNA-regulated domestication genes" 6711:

Mannen, H.; Kohno, M.; Nagata, Y.; Tsuji, S.; Bradley, D.G.; Yeo, J.S.; Nyamsamba, D.; Zagdsuren, Y.; Yokohama, M.; Nomura, K. & Amano, T. (2004).

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Carbonell, E. & Palmqvist, P. (2014). "The early Middle Pleistocene archeopaleontological site of Wadi Sarrat (Tunisia) and the earliest record of

1447:, the aurochs was pitch-black with a grey streak along the back; his wood carving made in 1556 was based on a culled aurochs, which he had received in 6287: 5034: 7094: 3981:

Gravlund, P.; Aaris-Sørensen, K.; Hofreiter, M.; Meyer, M.; Bollback, J.P. & Noe-Nygaard, N (2012). "Ancient DNA extracted from Danish aurochs (

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Bogaard, A.; Charles, M.; Twiss, K.C.; Fairbairn, A.; Yalman, N.; Filipović, D.; Demirergi, G.A.; Ertuğ, F.; Russell, N. & Henecke, J. (2009).

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dating to the sixth millennium BC, cattle remains are also smaller but more frequent, indicating that domesticated cattle were imported during the

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might have evolved in Africa and migrated to Eurasia during the Middle Pleistocene. Middle Pleistocene aurochs fossils were also excavated in a

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Craig, O.E.; Biazzo, M.; Colonese, A.C.; Di Giuseppe, Z.; Martinez-Labarga, C.; Vetro, D.L.; Lelli, R.; Martini, F. & Rickards, O. (2010).

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Reinhold, S.; Gresky, J.; Berezina, N.; Kantorovich, A.R.; Knipper, C.; Maslov, V.E.; Petrenko, V.G.; Alt, K.W. & Belinsky, A.B. (2017).

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Pitt, D.; Sevane, N.; Nicolazzi, E.L.; MacHugh, D.E.; Park, S.D.; Colli, L.; Martinez, R.; Bruford, M.W. & Orozco-terWengel, P. (2019).

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Landscapes in Europe probably consisted of dense forests throughout much of the last few thousand years. The aurochs is likely to have used

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Ajmone-Marsan, P.; Garcia, J.F. & Lenstra, J.A. (2010). "On the origin of cattle: How Aurochs became cattle and colonized the World".

6538:"Large-scale mitogenome sequencing reveals consecutive expansions of domestic taurine cattle and supports sporadic Aurochs introgression" 4607: 5146:

Sathe, V. & Paddayya, K. (2012). "The faunal background of the stone age cultures of Hunsgi and Baichbal Valleys, Southern Deccan".

4638:"First record of Late Pleistocene Bison from the fissure deposits of the Kuzuu Limestone, Yamasuge, Sano-shi, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan" 7271: 7256: 7246: 7055: 2380:

hunted aurochs and used their huge horns as trophies, cups for wine, and offerings to the gods and heroes. The ox mentioned by Samus,

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

7291: 6231: 6076: 6032: 5769: 5737: 5501: 5468: 5435: 3027: 2969: 2446: 1434: 514:. With a shoulder height of up to 180 cm (71 in) in bulls and 155 cm (61 in) in cows, it was one of the largest 6647: 4611: 7266: 7159: 2491:, where cattle hunted and kept by Neolithic farmers gradually decreased in size between 9800 and 7500 BC. Aurochs bones found at 4766: 2108:, Lebanon, dating to around 3,700 years BP; the aurochs was buried together with numerous animals, a few human bones and foods. 4061: 3276: 5523:"First evidence of Pleistocene rock art in North Africa: securing the age of the Qurta petroglyphs (Egypt) through OSL dating" 1933:

jaw, the aurochs was probably a grazer, with a food selection very similar to domesticated cattle feeding on grass, twigs and

7301: 6161:"The comparative study of the state of conservation of two medieval documents on parchment from different historical periods" 2576: 7138: 4327: 2598:

The Indian aurochs is thought to have been domesticated 10–8,000 years ago. Aurochs fossils found at the Neolithic site of

1964:), while the immense size and strength of healthy adult aurochs meant they likely did not need to fear most predators. The 7281: 5648:"The hunting of large mammals in the Upper Palaeolithic of southern Italy: A diachronic case study from Grotta del Romito" 4945:

Bejenaru, L.; Stanc, S.; Popovici, M.; Balasescu, A. & Cotiuga, V. (2013). "Holocene subfossil records of the auroch (

2396:, was actually an aurochs; Philip offered the horns, which were 105 cm (41 in) long and the skin to a temple of 2264: 4510: 6249:"Documenting the initial appearance of domestic cattle in the Eastern Fertile Crescent (northern Iraq and western Iran)" 2406: 2020: 30: 7306: 5566:

in Ancient Egyptian art – historical evidence for the continuity of occurrence and ecology of an extinct key species"

3876:"Stable isotope analysis of Late Upper Palaeolithic human and faunal remains from Grotta del Romito (Cosenza), Italy" 3512:

Zeyland, J.; Wolko, Ł.; Lipiński, D.; Woźniak, A.; Nowak, A.; Szalata, M.; Bocianowski, J. & Słomski, R. (2012).

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Excessive hunting began and continued until the aurochs was nearly extinct. The gradual extinction of the aurochs in

7073: 6220:"Identifying early domestic cattle from pre-pottery Neolithic sites on the Middle Euphrates using sexual dimorphism" 2449:

was engraved with the college's coat of arms in the 17th century. An aurochs head with a star between its horns and

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who described the skeletal differences between the aurochs and domestic cattle in 1825, published in 1827. The name

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Bartosiewicz, L. (2006). "Interdisciplinary analysis of an Iron Age Aurochs horn core from Hungary: a case study".

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indicate that the aurochs survived in the region until at least 5,000 years BP. Fossils were also excavated on the

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Cai, D.; Zhang, N.; Zhu, S.; Chen, Q.; Wang, L.; Zhao, X.; Ma, X.; Royle, T.C.; Zhou, H. & Yang, D.Y. (2018).

1629: 7316: 7177: 7086: 5687:"Palaeolithic art at Grotta di Cala dei Genovesi, Sicily: a new chronology for mobiliary and parietal depictions" 3921:

Mannino, M.A.; Di Salvo, R.; Schimmenti, V.; Di Patti, C.; Incarbona, A.; Sineo, L. & Richards, M.P. (2011).

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including the horn of the last bull; many aurochs horn sheaths are preserved today. The aurochs drinking horn at

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season was in September, and calves were born in spring. Rutting bulls had violent fights, and evidence from the

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Braud, M.; Magee, D.A.; Park, S.D.E.; Sonstegard, T.S.; Waters, S.M.; MacHugh, D.E. & Spillane, C. (2017).

2454: 1208: 5794:"Analysis of portable rock art from Foz do Medal (Northwest Iberia): Magdalenian images of horses and aurochs" 5561: 1467:

and the information derived from contemporaneous artistic depictions and historic descriptions of the animal.

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Götherström, A.; Anderung, C.; Hellborg, L.; Elburg, R.; Smith, C.; Bradley, D.G. & Ellegren, H. (2005).

5299:"Private pantries and celebrated surplus: storing and sharing food at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Central Anatolia" 4817:"Climate Change at the Holocene Thermal Maximum and Its Impact on Wild Game Populations in South Scandinavia" 4150: 6248: 2842: 2572: 2097: 812: 760: 213: 6995: 6909: 5061: 4487: 4301: 3994: 3152: 2907: 2872: 2846: 2642: 2575:

of a 6,750-year-old aurochs bone found in England was compared with genome sequence data of 81 cattle and

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provide further evidence for hybridisation of aurochs and domestic cattle between 3000 and 2800 BC in the

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dating to the Middle Pleistocene. This lead Van Vuure to conclude that it possibly migrated west into the

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cattle breed also exhibits sporadic introgression of female European aurochs into domestic cattle in the

7198: 3463:"Incomplete lineage sorting rather than hybridization explains the inconsistent phylogeny of the wisent" 3198: 2903: 2722: 2332:. Upper Paleolithic rock engravings and paintings depicting the aurochs were also found in caves on the 2230: 1266: 837: 550: 526: 319: 6713:"Independent mitochondrial origin and historical genetic differentiation in North Eastern Asian cattle" 5726:"Representations of the Aurochs in the Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic on the Iberian Peninsula" 1596:. Further studies using the aurochs whole genome sequence have identified candidate microRNA-regulated 553:. As indicated by fossil remains in Northern Europe, it reached Denmark and southern Sweden during the 2278: 2006: 400: 7033: 6983: 6821: 6727: 6662: 6600: 6433: 6322: 6263: 6172: 6102: 5835: 5659: 5518: 5265: 5218: 4958: 4781: 4529: 4380: 4197: 3937: 3887: 3768: 3698: 3640: 3576: 3412: 3365: 3241: 3221: 2997: 2504: 2484: 1740: 1324: 818: 795: 779: 613: 6914: 5371: 4306: 3999: 2063:

about 120,000 years ago. An archaeological excavation in Israel found traces of a feast held by the

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in Sudan dating to 50,000 years ago when the climate in this region was more humid than during the

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between aurochs and early domestic cattle occurred during the early Holocene. Domestication of the

177: 6370:"Cattle domestication in the Near East was followed by hybridization with aurochs bulls in Europe" 4097: 1516: 6971: 6837: 6686: 6279: 6118: 6005: 5943: 5905: 5706: 5588: 5542: 5318: 5187: 5155: 5128: 4974: 4927: 4797: 4545: 3903: 3856: 3381: 3052: 2781: 2683: 2669: 2627: 2415: 2142: 2052: 1332: 1234: 923: 670: 546: 208: 7203: 4673:

Beutler, A. (1996). "Die Großtierfauna Europas und ihr Einfluss auf Vegetation und Landschaft".

4648: 7125: 3728:. Paris: Memoires du centre de recherches anthlropologiques, prehistoriques et ethnographiques. 3270:

Bollongino, R.; Burger, J.; Powell, A.; Mashkour, M.; Vigne, J.-D. & Thomas, M. G. (2012).

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from the central Fertile Crescent region. Results of genetic research indicate that the modern

7042: 6743: 6678: 6628: 6569: 6517: 6461: 6401: 6350: 6227: 6200: 6072: 6049: 6028: 5765: 5733: 5497: 5464: 5431: 5424:"Contextualising Innovation: Cattle Owners and Wagon Drivers in the North Caucasus and Beyond" 5402: 5390: 5246: 4832: 4816: 4765:

Turvey, S.T.; Sathe, V.; Crees, J.J.; Jukar, A.M.; Chakraborty, P. & Lister, A.M. (2021).

4742: 4719: 4575: 4459: 4408: 4129: 4012: 3794: 3666: 3604: 3545: 3494: 3440: 3338: 3328: 3295: 3064: 3023: 2965: 2880: 2649:, introgression and migration patterns of 3,196 domestic cattle representing 180 populations. 2646: 2583:

with the aurochs specimen; early herders in Britain might have been responsible for the local

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Soares De Figueiredo, S.; Botica, N.; Bueno Ramirez, P.; Tsoupra, A. & Mirao, J. (2020).

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caves in southern France dating to 36,000 and 21,000 years BP, respectively. Two Paleolithic

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and are the oldest engravings found to date in Africa. Aurochs are part of hunting scenes in

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during the cold winters of 2005 and 2010, and the project of no interference ended in 2018.

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Géologie et paléontologie du gisement acheuléen de l'erg Tihodaïne, Ahaggar Sahara Algérien

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in the upper Nile valley were dated to the Late Pleistocene about 19–15,000 years BP using

522:; it had massive elongated and broad horns that reached 80 cm (31 in) in length. 7185: 6069:

Das Nibelungenlied und die Klage: Nach der Handschrift 857 der Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallen

2595:. Domestic cattle continued to diminish in both body and horn size until the Middle Ages. 2289: 2222: 2150: 2027: 1747: 1732: 1696: 1656: 1641: 1637: 1608: 1230: 950: 919: 889: 787: 741: 678: 594: 388: 6420:

Sampietro, L.; Bertranpetit, J.; Barbujani, G.; Luikart, G. & Bertorelle, G. (2006).

5631: 3099:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 71. 2725:

in the hope of creating a more aurochs-like animal. The resulting crossbreeds are called

2496: 2093: 1664: 6825: 6731: 6666: 6604: 6437: 6326: 6267: 6176: 6106: 5839: 5764:. British Archaeological Reports. Vol. 1818. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 85–92. 5663: 5222: 4962: 4823:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 123–135. 4785: 4596: 4533: 4384: 4201: 3941: 3891: 3772: 3702: 3644: 3580: 3416: 3369: 3245: 2996:. Harper's New Classical Library. Translated by Bohn, W. S. (First ed.). New York: 2713:

Starting in 1996, Heck cattle were crossed with southern European cattle breeds such as

7081: 7068: 6564: 6537: 6512: 6481: 6456: 6421: 6396: 6369: 6345: 6310: 6195: 6160: 5241: 5206: 4865: 4454: 4427: 4403: 4364: 4062:"Sigmund von Herberstein (1486–1566) und die historischen Konfusionen um Ur und Wisent" 3825: 3789: 3756: 3661: 3624: 3599: 3564: 3540: 3513: 3489: 3462: 3435: 3400: 2868: 2803: 2726: 2687: 2615: 2579:

data of 1,225 cattle. Results revealed that British and Irish cattle breeds share some

2528: 2512: 2428: 2314: 2174: 2127: 2089: 2044: 1875: 1864: 1849: 1845: 1688: 1655:

deposits at an elevation of 3,400 m (11,200 ft) on the eastern margin of the

1286: 1270: 1255: 1203: 848: 645: 59: 7230: 7146: 6931:"The draft genome of extinct European Aurochs and its implications for de-extinction" 6841: 6690: 6623: 6588: 6219: 6122: 5909: 5885: 5862: 5725: 5710: 5686: 5647: 5546: 5423: 5322: 5298: 5191: 5132: 5080:"Subfossil vertebrate fauna from Forum Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria), 16–18th Century AD" 5079: 4978: 4931: 4907: 4801: 4549: 4363:

Edwards, C.J.; Magee, D.A.; Park, S.D.E.; McGettigan, P.A. & Lohan, A.J. (2010).

4253: 4227: 4209: 4034: 3907: 3875: 3860: 3385: 3229: 3084: 3044: 3011: 2812: 2691: 2556: 2524: 2480: 2442: 2401: 2349: 2302: 2234: 2218: 2126:

show an animal with curved horns like an aurochs. Aurochs figurines were made by the

2111: 1981: 1857: 1340: 1212: 1110: 1067: 938: 768: 748: 609: 602: 579: 568: 376: 198: 111: 6283: 5947: 5592: 4793: 3710: 3377: 413: 7251: 5974: 5461:

Ritual, Religion, and Reason. Studies in the Ancient World in Honour of Paolo Xella

3225: 2734: 2560: 2306: 2226: 2123: 1890: 1868: 1814: 1680: 1676: 1621: 1612:

Life restoration of aurochs in a temperate forested landscape in Europe during the

1456: 1367: 1278: 558: 542: 530: 160: 7047: 6833: 3852: 2851:

Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosum

2499:

are larger in size than cattle bones from later Neolithic settlements in northern

2324:

depict an aurochs. Palaeolithic engravings showing aurochs were also found in the

2047:

yielded aurochs bones with cut marks. An aurochs bone with cut marks induced with

1878:, and hunting it became a privilege of nobles and later royals. The population in 5671: 5183: 4892: 4393: 4254:"Size and size change of the African aurochs during the Pleistocene and Holocene" 2989: 1882:

was declining from at least the 9th century and was extinct in the 13th century.

7164: 7107: 7027: 6739: 5810: 5793: 4992:

Németh, A.; Bárány, A.; Csorba, G.; Magyari, E.; Pazonyi, P.; Pálfy, J. (2017).

4828: 4346: 4008: 3461:

Wang, K.; Lenstra, J.A.; Liu, L.; Hu, Q.; Ma, T.; Qiu, Q. & Liu, J. (2018).

3060: 2776: 2695: 2631: 2611: 2536: 2508: 2450: 2438: 2361: 2341: 2321: 2299: 2190: 2166: 1957: 1949: 1944: 1905: 1795: 1728: 1716: 1660: 1645: 1625: 1328: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1146: 1049: 942: 791: 702: 565: 265: 86: 6978: 6593:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6426:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5211:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3812:

Pilgrim, G.E. (1947). "The evolution of the buffaloes, oxen, sheep and goats".

3652: 2250: 51:

Extinct species of large cattle that inhabited Asia, Europe and Northern Africa

6794: 6777: 6648:"Ancient cattle genomics, origins, and rapid turnover in the Fertile Crescent" 6502: 6275: 6114: 5901: 5847: 5538: 5314: 5057: 4923: 4541: 4170: 3949: 3899: 3530: 3479: 3253: 3136: 3111: 2752: 2707: 2679: 2353: 2345: 2337: 2101: 2069: 1852:

about 8,000–7,500 years BP, and the last documented aurochs lived in southern

1826: 1593: 1494: 1477: 1128: 825: 586: 575: 192: 131: 96: 7018: 6218:

Helmer, D.; Gourichon, L.; Monchot, H.; Peters, J. & Segui, M.S. (2005).

4970: 4444: 3589: 3425: 2233:

dating to around 1175 BC. The latter is the youngest depiction of aurochs in

7060: 6674: 6613: 6446: 5231: 4714: 4697: 4269: 3290: 3272:"Modern Taurine Cattle descended from small number of Near-Eastern founders" 3271: 2962:

Retracing the Aurochs: History, Morphology and Ecology of an extinct wild Ox

2771: 2738: 2619: 2584: 2461: 2419: 2385: 2377: 2178: 2170: 2081: 2036: 1930: 1886: 1771: 1684: 1572: 1539: 1505: 1375: 1363: 1198: 1194: 1024: 934: 657: 629: 572: 515: 225: 136: 6747: 6682: 6573: 6521: 6465: 6405: 6386: 6354: 6204: 5250: 5123: 5102: 4723: 4463: 4412: 4016: 3798: 3670: 3608: 3549: 3498: 3444: 3342: 3299: 2662: 1948:

feeding grounds. Aurochs calves would have been vulnerable to predation by

7190: 6966: 6632: 5702: 5493: 5459:. In Loretz, O.; Ribichini, S.; Watson, W.G.E. & Zamora, J.Á. (eds.). 5207:"Early evidence (ca. 12,000 B.P.) for feasting at a burial cave in Israel" 4365:"A complete mitochondrial genome sequence from a mesolithic wild Aurochs ( 2543:

and northern Syria about 10,500 years ago. Taurine cattle spread into the

928: 7012: 6056:. Vol. (Volume III). London: Little, Brown and Co. pp. 367–371. 4852:

Clutton-Brock, J. (1989). "Five thousand years of livestock in Britain".

2742: 2718: 2635: 2599: 2588: 2540: 2492: 2397: 2318: 2285: 2141:

words rīmu and rēmu, both used in the context of hunts by rulers such as

2085: 2064: 2040: 1912: 1860:

dates to 3,245 years BP, and it was probably extinct by 3,000 years ago.

1775: 1763: 1633: 1543: 1464: 1460: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1320: 963: 776: 598: 554: 519: 245: 126: 121: 106: 101: 91: 6589:"Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle" 6587:

Bradley, D.G.; MacHugh, D.E.; Cunningham, P. & Loftus, R.T. (1996).

5685:

Di Maida, G.; García-Diez, M.; Pastoors, A. & Terberger, T. (2018).

5584: 5517:

Huyge, D.; Vandenberghe, D.A.; De Dapper, M.; Mees, F.; Claes, W. &

5159: 3780: 2364:

at several Neolithic sites in England. A cup found in the Greek site of

732:

may stand for both the singular and the plural term; both are attested.

7099: 6185: 5939: 5428:

Appropriating Innovations. Entangled Knowledge in Eurasia, 5000-150 BCE

4767:"Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know?" 4288:

Van Vuure, T. (2002). "History, morphology and ecology of the Aurochs (

3957: 2623: 2568: 2544: 2411: 2393: 2357: 2329: 2310: 2186: 2162: 2154: 2119: 1911:

A 2021 study argued that the aurochs possibly survived in northeastern

1889:

records indicate that wild aurochs might have survived in northwestern

1879: 1853: 1751: 1724: 1708: 1692: 1548: 1448: 1430: 1247:

is the oldest-known fossil specimen to date, indicating that the genus

877: 841: 633: 504: 338: 285: 275: 141: 116: 7112: 6554: 6335: 6009: 5961:

Davis, E.N. (1974). "The Vapheio Cups: One Minoan and One Mycenean?".

5012: 2618:. Hybridisation between zebu and early taurine cattle occurred in the 2344:

cultures. Aurochs bones with chop and cut marks were found at various

1242: 902: 529:. It probably evolved in Asia and migrated west and north during warm 6422:"The origin of European cattle: Evidence from modern and ancient DNA" 6224:

The first steps of animal domestication: new archeological approaches

5863:"Settlements of coastal Estonia and maritime hunter-gatherer economy" 2703: 2548: 2434: 2373: 2365: 2214: 1940: 1822: 1755: 1712: 1704: 1400:

Urus sum, polonis Tur, germanis Aurox; ignari Bisontis nomen dederant

1252: 1237: 897: 893: 867: 772: 617: 582: 534: 511: 255: 235: 55: 6989: 4151:"Update to: "Some late sixteenth-century depictions of the aurochs ( 3757:"Early cave art and ancient DNA record the origin of European bison" 6873: 6856: 6001: 5522: 5452: 4155:

Bojanus, extinct 1627): New evidence from Vatican MS Urb. Lat. 276"

3323: 1221: 1207:

is a possible ancestor of the aurochs, of which a fossil skull was

6947: 6930: 3230:"The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives" 2500: 2206: 2158: 2105: 2048: 1973: 1934: 1916: 1915:

until at least the 17th century. A horn-core excavated in 2020 in

1901: 1874:

By the 13th century, the aurochs existed only in small numbers in

1806:, making it the first of the three aurochs subspecies to die out. 1759: 1720: 1700: 1672: 1607: 1335:

to 20,210 and 19,351 years BP. Aurochs bones found in a cave near

915: 752: 720:

and recreates the same distinction by analogy as English singular

698: 538: 6888:

Bunzel-Drüke, M. (2001). "Ecological substitutes for Wild Horse (

6159:

Boutiuc, M.; Florescu, O.; Vasilache, V. & Sandu, I. (2020).

5988:

De Grummond, W.W. (1980). "Hands and Tails on the Vapheio Cups".

4698:"Zebu Cattle are an exclusive legacy of the South Asia Neolithic" 2587:

from aurochs into the ancestors of British and Irish cattle. The

2153:; in Mesopotamia, it symbolised power and sexual potency, was an 5372:"Steatite pectoral, once mounted in metal and filled with inlay" 2603: 2592: 2520: 2516: 2182: 1965: 1818: 1799: 1501: 649: 63: 6993: 6247:

Arbuckle, B.S.; Price, M.D.; Hongo, H. & Öksüz, B. (2016).

4994:"Holocene mammal extinctions in the Carpathian Basin: a review" 510:

species, considered to be the wild ancestor of modern domestic

4486:

Heptner, V.G.; Nasimovich, A.A. & Bannikov, A.G. (1988) .

2694:

the aurochs using several cattle breeds; the result is called

2084:

periods. Aurochs bones and skulls found at the settlements of

1803: 977: 909: 589:

figurines. It symbolised power, sexual potency and prowess in

507: 295: 4184:

Ryder, M.L. (1984). "The first hair remains from an aurochs (

3045:"Three Case Studies: Aurochs, Mammoths and Passenger Pigeons" 1265:

The earliest aurochs fossils excavated in Europe date to the

475: 446: 5378:. London: Lovat Dickson & Thompson Ltd. p. Plate J. 4908:"A horn worth blowing? A stray find of Aurochs from Hungary" 3197:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003).

2422:. Aurochs horns were often used by Romans as hunting horns. 876:, an insular dwarf subspecies, lived on the Greek island of 2610:) between 5,500 and 4,000 years BP during the expansion of 1871:

of large forest tracts between the 9th and 12th centuries.

1840:

until at least 7,800 years BP. In Denmark, the first-known

1675:

were found in plains below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in

5886:"Where the wild things are: Aurochs and Cattle in England" 2877:

Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English

2614:

in northern India. The zebu initially spread eastwards to

2270:

A cup from Vaphio showing an aurochs hunt, 15th century BC

1856:

around 3,000 years BP. The latest-known aurochs fossil in

1346:

Fossils found at various locations in Denmark date to the

481: 452: 6486:, illuminates the phylogeography and evolution of cattle" 6482:"Genome sequencing of the extinct Eurasian wild aurochs, 4332:

from the Quaternary of the Aba Tibetan Autonomous Region"

2737:. However, approaches aiming at breeding an aurochs-like 1766:

with aurochs remains in China indicate that it preferred

561:

and hunting, and became extinct around the 17th century.

5399:

Animals in stone: Indian mammals sculptured through time

4492:

Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola

2641:

A third domestication event thought to have occurred in

6374:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5884:

Lynch, A.H.; Hamilton, J. & Hedges, R.E.M. (2008).

2360:. Aurochs and human bones were uncovered from pits and 557:. The aurochs declined during the late Holocene due to 34: 6222:. In Vigne, J.D.; Peters, J. & Helmer, D. (eds.). 4636:

Hasegawa, Y.; Okumura, Y. & Tatsukawa, H. (2009).

3743:. London: Aldine Publishing Company. pp. 171–190. 3514:"Tracking of wisent–bison–yak mitochondrial evolution" 2410:. Aurochs were occasionally captured and exhibited in 1455:

published an image of an aurochs that was based on an

4345:(3). Translated by Dehut, J.: 239–245. Archived from 1651:

Fossil horns attributed to the aurochs were found in

1397:

Illustration by Sigismund von Herberstein captioned:

790:

in 1881 who described fossils found in deposits near

716:

in English is a direct parallel of the German plural

487: 484: 458: 455: 5619:

Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia

4570:

Jo, Y.-S.; Baccus, J.T. & Koprowski, J. (2018).

3629:) genomes unveil polytomic origin of wild Asian Bos" 3265: 3263: 3112:"Corrected date of the first description of aurochs 2100:

culture. Remains of an aurochs were also found in a

1415:

in German; the ignorant ones gave me the name Bison"

478: 449: 7002: 5615:"From Chauvet to Lascaux: 15,000 years of cave art" 4881:

Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae

4511:"Ancient DNA reveals evidence of abundant aurochs ( 2096:indicate that people stored and shared food in the 803:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

656:) that hybridised with early taurine cattle in the 472: 443: 3976: 3974: 3176:"Recherches sur les bovidés fossiles de l'Algérie" 3016:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language 1592:, which showed that its genome consists of 16,338 941:relationships of the aurochs based on analysis of 6814:Annals of the American Association of Geographers 5148:Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 3153:"Notice of the various species of bovine animals" 1794:, likely due to habitat loss caused by expanding 1584:A well-preserved aurochs bone yielded sufficient 5921: 5919: 5107:survived in Bulgaria (Cetartiodactyla: Bovidae)" 4760: 4758: 2464:of women. When the aurochs was slaughtered, the 6929:Sinding, M.-H.S. & Gilbert, M.T.P. (2016). 6311:"Domestication of cattle: Two or three events?" 4247: 4245: 4104:. London: Methuen &Co. Ltd. pp. 37–67. 1802:. The latest-known remains were dated to 3,800 1500:Drawing based on an aurochs bull skeleton from 1319:Late Pleistocene aurochs fossils were found in 1273:(BP). A mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that 6304: 6302: 6300: 5732:. Bonn: Neanderthal Museum. pp. 133–140. 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 2847:"De Uro nostrate eiusque sceleto commentation" 2645:is not supported by results of an analysis of 5488:. Columbia University Press. pp. 35–70. 5426:. In Maran, J. & Stockhammer, P. (eds.). 4221: 4219: 4028: 4026: 2837: 2835: 1508:, with characteristic features of the aurochs 710: 8: 6807: 6805: 6054:The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge 5463:. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. pp. 417–450. 4741:. Delhi, India: Permanent Black. p. 4. 2983: 2981: 2426: 2165:, denoted prowess as an epithet of the king 2026:Relief on the Ishtar Gate on display at the 1836:) was present in southern Sweden during the 1410: 1404: 6071:. Deutscher Klassiker Verlag. p. 300. 4690: 4688: 4645:Bulletin of Gunma Museum of Natural History 4188:) and some medieval domestic cattle hair". 4039:Bojanus, 1827 from the Holocene of Denmark" 3456: 3454: 3180:Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 3110:Daszkiewicz, P. & Samojlik, T. (2019). 3043:Campbell, D.I. & Whittle, P.M. (2017). 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2173:. Wild bulls are frequently referred to in 1443:According to a 16th-century description by 1398: 168:Mounted skeleton of an aurochs bull at the 18: 6990: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2879:. New York: Greenwich House. p. 523. 2221:dating to the 20th century BC, and in the 1813:) may have survived until at least to the 701:word "urus" was used for wild ox from the 412: 186: 159: 72: 6946: 6913: 6872: 6793: 6622: 6612: 6563: 6553: 6511: 6501: 6455: 6445: 6395: 6385: 6344: 6334: 6194: 6184: 5809: 5630: 5240: 5230: 5122: 4854:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4713: 4453: 4443: 4402: 4392: 4305: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 3998: 3814:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3788: 3739:Kurten, B. (1968). "Order Artiodactyla". 3660: 3598: 3588: 3539: 3529: 3488: 3478: 3434: 3424: 3322: 3289: 3135: 2698:. Herds of these cattle were released to 2634:about 3,500–2,500 years ago, and reached 2622:after 4,000 years BP coinciding with the 1459:that he had purchased from a merchant in 7312:Species made extinct by human activities 4321: 4319: 4317: 4283: 4281: 4279: 3985:): genetic diversity and preservation". 2914:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1936. 1522:Speculative profile of an Indian aurochs 1358:teeth indicates that it changed from an 1285:) occurred about 120,000 years ago; the 1229:An aurochs skull excavated in Tunisia's 896:of 16 Bovidae species indicate that the 24:This is an accepted version of this page 6226:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 86–95. 6025:Birds and Beasts of the Greek Anthology 5430:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 78–97. 5266:"Gobustan: Rock Art Cultural Landscape" 4128:. Starnberg: Lipp Graphische Betriebe. 3203:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 2898: 2896: 2794: 2729:. Other breeding-back projects are the 2205:Petroglyphs depicting aurochs found in 1900:The last-known aurochs herd lived in a 1897:until probably the early 17th century. 1293:) contains up to 10% aurochs ancestry. 358: 20: 5762:Aesthetics and Rock Art III: Symposium 5730:Archäologie und Biologie des Aurochsen 5205:Munro, N.D. & Grosman, L. (2010). 4043:Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 4033:Schulz, E. & Kaiser, T.M. (2007). 3313:Avise, J.C. & Ayala, F.J. (2009). 1620:The aurochs was widely distributed in 755:cattle in Poland. The scientific name 632:that was introduced to Europe via the 6720:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 5046:Animal Genetics Resources Information 3317:. Vol. 106. pp. 9933–9938. 2298:The aurochs is widely represented in 2256:Aurochs in a cave painting in Lascaux 7: 7087:7ab0b649-d87b-4758-85a3-4a2d21a3bf3b 6700:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6293:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5781:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5632:10.17746/1563-0110.2017.45.3.029-040 5602:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5286:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5022:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4559:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4082:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3967:from the original on 9 October 2022. 1798:and interbreeding with the domestic 1433:island in Denmark on display in the 5401:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 111–114. 5344:(in French). Beirut. Archived from 4617:from the original on 9 October 2022 4098:"The wild Ox and its extermination" 2813:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1893:until the 14th to 16th century, in 1817:, as indicated by fossils found in 1538:The aurochs was one of the largest 1102: 1041: 1016: 1009: 984: 956: 421:Former distribution of the aurochs 6778:"The breeding-back of the Aurochs" 5451:Wyatt, S. & Wyatt, N. (2013). 4866:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1989.tb01560.x 4821:Climate Change and Human Responses 4126:Der Auerochs: Das europäische Rind 3826:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1940.tb02077.x 1844:of the aurochs occurred after the 1562:in the size of males and females. 1551:reached 160 cm (63 in). 1296:Fossils of the Indian subspecies ( 591:religions of the ancient Near East 533:periods. The oldest-known aurochs 49: 6256:Journal of Archaeological Science 6095:Journal of Archaeological Science 5828:Journal of Archaeological Science 5760:. In Heyd, T.; Clegg, J. (eds.). 4522:Journal of Archaeological Science 4190:Journal of Archaeological Science 3930:Journal of Archaeological Science 3880:Journal of Archaeological Science 3234:Journal of Archaeological Science 3116:(Bojanus, 1827) and steppe bison 2741:do not equate to an aurochs-like 2453:elements represents the official 2447:Corpus Christi College, Cambridge 2193:, constructed in the 6th century 1435:Natural History Museum of Denmark 1327:. Two aurochs bones found in the 821:of this name for a wild species. 6977: 6965: 6857:"The Oostvaardersplassen Fiasco" 5338:"Et si Europe était sidonienne?" 4069:Säugetierkundliche Informationen 2994:The Gallic Wars by Julius Caesar 2755: 2661: 2638:in the 13th and 14th centuries. 2277: 2263: 2249: 2059:site in Israel; it was dated to 2019: 2005: 1515: 1493: 1422: 1390: 1362:-dominated grazer in the Danish 759:was proposed for the aurochs by 693:, which became the early modern 616:. One gave rise to the domestic 468: 439: 212: 5990:American Journal of Archaeology 4794:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106740 4702:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4515:) in Neolithic Northeast China" 3711:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.02.016 3378:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108342 3277:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2653:Breeding of aurochs-like cattle 2437:kills four aurochs. During the 2400:. The aurochs was described in 1671:±600 years BP. Most fossils in 1628:, and throughout Europe to the 6896:, Poljakov 1881) and Aurochs ( 6138:"Cambridge and Cornelimünster" 5975:10.1080/00043079.1974.10789932 4258:Journal of African Archaeology 4035:"Feeding strategy of the Urus 2577:single-nucleotide polymorphism 2137:The aurochs is denoted in the 1: 7297:Pleistocene first appearances 7287:Mammal extinctions since 1500 7277:Fossil taxa described in 1827 7237:IUCN Red List extinct species 6834:10.1080/00045608.2015.1115332 3853:10.1080/00934690.2021.1924491 3741:Pleistocene Mammals of Europe 3018:(Third ed.). Cambridge: 2964:. Sofia: Pensoft Publishers. 2630:. The zebu was introduced to 2547:and northern Italy along the 2441:, aurochs horns were used as 2392:on the foothills of mountain 6050:"European bison, or Aurochs" 5672:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.054 5184:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.002 4893:10.1556/AArch.57.2006.1-3.10 4394:10.1371/journal.pone.0009255 4210:10.1016/0305-4403(84)90045-1 3841:Journal of Field Archaeology 3049:Resurrecting Extinct Species 2483:of the aurochs dates to the 2407:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2185:. An aurochs is depicted on 1790:) became extinct during the 1731:in aurochs fossils found in 1277:between the aurochs and the 1193:caused an extension of open 784:Bos primigenius mauritanicus 677:words meaning "wild ox". In 525:The aurochs was part of the 385:Bos primigenius mauritanicus 6902:Natur- und Kulturlandschaft 6740:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.01.010 5811:10.5852/cr-palevol2020v19a4 4829:10.1007/978-94-024-1106-5_7 4647:(13): 47–52. Archived from 4496:Mammals of the Soviet Union 4488:"Aurochs, primitive cattle" 4159:Archives of Natural History 4009:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.10.011 3518:Journal of Applied Genetics 3061:10.1007/978-3-319-69578-5_2 2551:River and the coast of the 2457:perpetuated for centuries. 1215:in India that dates to the 862:The North African aurochs ( 817:and thereby recognized the 708:The use of the plural form 612:events occurred during the 564:The aurochs is depicted in 397:Bos primigenius thrinacius 362:Bos primigenius primigenius 7333: 5753:Fernandes, A.P.B. (2008). 5728:. In Weniger, G.C. (ed.). 5560:Beierkuhnlein, C. (2015). 4774:Quaternary Science Reviews 4675:Natur und Kulturlandschaft 3691:Quaternary Science Reviews 3653:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103226 3358:Quaternary Science Reviews 3020:Cambridge University Press 2076:in Azerbaijan date to the 1403:; translated: "I am Urus, 1312:during the Middle or Late 170:National Museum of Denmark 53: 7272:Extinct mammals of Africa 7257:Extinct mammals of Europe 7247:Mammals described in 1827 6795:10.1017/S0030605300035286 6542:Evolutionary Applications 6503:10.1186/s13059-015-0790-2 6315:Evolutionary Applications 6276:10.1016/j.jas.2016.05.008 6115:10.1016/j.jas.2018.09.001 6067:Heinzle, J., ed. (2013). 5928:Evolutionary Anthropology 5902:10.1017/S0003598X00097751 5848:10.1016/j.jas.2011.02.009 5573:Frontiers of Biogeography 5539:10.1017/S0003598X00061998 5315:10.1017/S0003598X00098896 5058:10.1017/S1014233900004582 5035:"History of the Aurochs ( 4924:10.1017/S0003598X00085902 4906:Bartosiewicz, L. (1997). 4696:Beja-Pereira, A. (2010). 4597:"モノが語る牛と人間の文化 - ② 岩手の牛たち" 4574:. Seoul: Magnolia Press. 4542:10.1016/j.jas.2018.08.003 4171:10.3366/anh.1995.22.3.437 3950:10.1016/j.jas.2011.07.009 3900:10.1016/j.jas.2010.05.010 3531:10.1007/s13353-012-0090-4 3480:10.1038/s42003-018-0176-6 3315:In the Light of Evolution 3254:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006 3137:10.1007/s13364-018-0389-6 2988:McDevitte, W. A. (1869). 2382:Philippus of Thessalonica 2328:on the Italian island of 2116:Indus Valley civilisation 1838:Holocene climatic optimum 1792:Indus Valley Civilisation 1667:that date to about 26,620 1445:Sigismund von Herberstein 1378:periods of the Holocene. 1366:to a mixed feeder in the 1298:Bos primigenius namadicus 1143: 1125: 1107: 1100: 1064: 1046: 1039: 1021: 1014: 1007: 989: 982: 961: 711: 593:. Its horns were used in 420: 411: 372:Bos primigenius namadicus 351: 346: 325: 318: 209:Scientific classification 207: 184: 175: 167: 158: 75: 7292:Pleistocene Artiodactyla 5652:Quaternary International 5486:Foundations of the Earth 5176:Quaternary International 5084:Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 4971:10.1177/0959683612465448 4819:. In Monks, G.G. (ed.). 4739:India's Wildlife History 4445:10.3389/fgene.2017.00003 3590:10.1186/1471-2148-13-166 3569:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3426:10.1186/1471-2148-13-166 3405:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2906:& Short, C. (1879). 2535:) arose from 80 aurochs 2455:coat of arms of Moldavia 1867:was concurrent with the 1616:(130–115,000 years ago). 1604:Distribution and habitat 1504:and a cow skeleton from 1343:14,785–14,781 years BP. 1071:(European bison/wisent) 669:Both "aur" and "ur" are 82:Early Pleistocene–Recent 54:Not to be confused with 31:latest accepted revision 7267:Extinct mammals of Asia 6855:Theunissen, B. (2019). 6675:10.1126/science.aav1002 6614:10.1073/pnas.93.10.5131 6447:10.1073/pnas.0509210103 5232:10.1073/pnas.1001809107 4737:Rangarajan, M. (2001). 4608:Oshu city Cattle Museum 4270:10.3213/1612-1651-10026 2721:and to a lesser extent 2573:Whole genome sequencing 2098:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 1762:found in fossiliferous 1640:in the west and to the 1245: million years ago 1224: million years ago 905: million years ago 761:Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus 6387:10.1098/rspb.2005.3243 5798:Comptes Rendus Palevol 5724:Weniger, G.C. (1999). 5613:Geneste, J.M. (2017). 5376:The Indus civilization 5124:10.37520/lynx.2021.010 5037:Bos taurus primigenius 4339:Vertebrata PalAsiatica 4102:The ox and its kindred 3467:Communications Biology 2960:Van Vuure, C. (2005). 2723:Spanish Fighting Bulls 2643:Egypt's Western Desert 2451:Christian iconographic 2427: 2061:Marine Isotope Stage 5 2012:Seal from Mohenjo-daro 1832:The Eurasian aurochs ( 1617: 1453:Charles Hamilton Smith 1429:Aurochs skeleton from 1411: 1405: 1399: 1350:9,925–2,865 years BP. 949:genomes in the Bovini 926:from the Bovini about 922:are estimated to have 832:The Eurasian aurochs ( 736:Taxonomy and evolution 7302:Pliocene Artiodactyla 7199:Paleobiology Database 6142:Aachener Kunstblätter 6027:. Florence: B. Blom. 5867:Lietuvos Archeologija 5703:10.15184/aqy.2017.209 5494:10.7312/shug16908-003 5457:in the beef business" 5389:Geer, A.A.E. (2008). 5336:Makarem, May (2012). 5264:Farajova, M. (2011). 5178:. early view: 80–93. 4715:10.1093/molbev/msp213 4432:Frontiers in Genetics 4352:on 27 September 2007. 4252:Linseele, V. (2004). 4060:Senglaub, K. (2002). 3761:Nature Communications 3291:10.1093/molbev/mss092 3151:Falconer, H. (1859). 2998:Harper & Brothers 2820:: e.T136721A237471616 2802:Mallon, D.P. (2023). 2072:depicting aurochs in 1992:Cultural significance 1924:Behaviour and ecology 1904:woodland in Poland's 1809:The African aurochs ( 1630:Pontic–Caspian steppe 1611: 1267:Holstein interglacial 929:2.5 to 1.65 866:) lived north of the 838:Pleistocene megafauna 636:and the coast of the 551:Holstein interglacial 549:and in Europe to the 527:Pleistocene megafauna 7282:Holocene extinctions 7082:Fauna Europaea (new) 6974:at Wikimedia Commons 6023:Douglas, N. (1927). 5861:Kriiska, A. (2000). 5646:Vacca, B.B. (2012). 4815:Magnell, O. (2017). 4654:on 24 September 2015 2990:"Book 6, Chapter 28" 2678:In the early 1920s, 2485:Neolithic Revolution 2043:on India's southern 1848:on the newly formed 1786:The Indian aurochs ( 1741:Japanese archipelago 1354:analysis of aurochs 1325:African humid period 1300:) were excavated in 1197:, which enabled the 924:genetically diverged 900:tribe evolved about 796:Constantine, Algeria 614:Neolithic Revolution 6826:2016AAAG..106..631L 6732:2004MolPE..32..539M 6667:2019Sci...365..173V 6605:1996PNAS...93.5131B 6438:2006PNAS..103.8113B 6380:(1579): 2345–2351. 6327:2019EvApp..12..123P 6268:2016JArSc..72....1A 6177:2020Mate...13.4766H 6107:2018JArSc..99...47B 6048:Knight, C. (1847). 5840:2011JArSc..38.1456P 5664:2012QuInt.252..155V 5585:10.21425/F5FBG21527 5223:2010PNAS..10715362M 5217:(35): 15362–15366. 5067:on 14 January 2013. 5033:Rokosz, M. (1995). 4963:2013Holoc..23..603B 4786:2021QSRv..25206740T 4534:2018JArSc..98...72C 4385:2010PLoSO...5.9255E 4226:Kysely, R. (2008). 4202:1984JArSc..11...99R 4149:Pyle, C.M. (1995). 4124:Frisch, W. (2010). 3942:2011JArSc..38.3094M 3892:2010JArSc..37.2504C 3781:10.1038/ncomms13158 3773:2016NatCo...713158S 3724:Thomas, H. (1977). 3703:2014QSRv...90...37M 3645:2021iSci...24j3226S 3581:2013BMCEE..13..166B 3417:2013BMCEE..13..166B 3370:2023QSRv..31908342S 3246:2004JArSc..31..645G 3174:Thomas, P. (1881). 2873:"Urus, Uri gallica" 2763:Paleontology portal 2700:Oostvaardersplassen 2565:Kutná Hora District 2479:The earliest-known 2416:Roman amphitheatres 2390:Philip V of Macedon 2326:Grotta del Genovese 2211:luminescence dating 1614:Eemian interglacial 1598:domestication genes 1337:San Teodoro, Sicily 857:Indian subcontinent 771:in 1859 for cattle 311:B. primigenius 178:Conservation status 21:Page version status 7307:Prehistoric bovids 6900:, Bojanus 1827)". 6892:, Boddaert 1785 = 6186:10.3390/ma13214766 5940:10.1002/evan.20267 5896:(318): 1025–1039. 5533:(330): 1184–1193. 4918:(274): 1007–1010. 3055:. pp. 29–48. 3053:Palgrave Macmillan 2912:A Latin Dictionary 2782:Chillingham cattle 2684:selective breeding 2670:Lainzer Tiergarten 2628:4.2-kiloyear event 2626:period during the 2563:settlement in the 2515:sites of northern 2143:Naram-Sin of Akkad 2053:Middle Paleolithic 1811:B. p. mauritanicus 1618: 1235:Middle Pleistocene 1201:of large grazers. 864:B. p. mauritanicus 836:) was part of the 747:was introduced by 547:Middle Pleistocene 27: 7224: 7223: 6996:Taxon identifiers 6970:Media related to 6776:Heck, H. (1951). 6661:(6449): 173–176. 6599:(10): 5131–5135. 6555:10.1111/eva.13315 6432:(21): 8113–8118. 6336:10.1111/eva.12674 6136:Oman, C. (1972). 5408:978-90-04-16819-0 5101:Boev, Z. (2021). 5078:Boev, Z. (2016). 5013:10.1111/mam.12075 4838:978-94-024-1105-8 4748:978-81-7824-140-1 4581:978-89-6811-369-7 4326:Zong, G. (1984). 4232:Anthropozoologica 4135:978-3-00-026764-2 3987:Annals of Anatomy 3936:(11): 3094–3100. 3886:(10): 2504–2512. 3563:Bibi, F. (2013). 3399:Bibi, F. (2013). 3334:978-0-309-13986-1 3222:Clutton-Brock, J. 3070:978-3-319-69578-5 2886:978-0-517-41425-5 2647:genetic admixture 2553:Mediterranean Sea 2505:Dja'de el-Mughara 2334:Iberian Peninsula 2177:as hunted by and 2147:Tiglath-Pileser I 2078:Upper Paleolithic 2074:Gobustan Rock Art 2057:Nesher Ramla Homo 1834:B. p. primigenius 1770:grassy plains or 1590:sequence analysis 1586:mitochondrial DNA 1560:sexual dimorphism 1339:date to the Late 1333:radiocarbon dated 1302:alluvial deposits 1217:Early Pleistocene 1186: 1185: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1167: 1159: 1158: 1089: 1088: 1080: 1079: 1053:(American bison) 931:million years ago 834:B. p. primigenius 811:Official List of 638:Mediterranean Sea 425: 424: 404: 392: 380: 366: 202: 39:20 September 2024 7324: 7317:Bovids of Africa 7217: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7194: 7193: 7181: 7180: 7168: 7167: 7155: 7154: 7142: 7141: 7129: 7128: 7116: 7115: 7103: 7102: 7090: 7089: 7077: 7076: 7064: 7063: 7051: 7050: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7023: 7022: 7021: 6991: 6982:Data related to 6981: 6969: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6809: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6756: 6750:. Archived from 6717: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6652: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6626: 6616: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6567: 6557: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6515: 6505: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6459: 6449: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6389: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6338: 6306: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6253: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6198: 6188: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6020: 6014: 6013: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5963:The Art Bulletin 5958: 5952: 5951: 5923: 5914: 5913: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5834:(7): 1456–1467. 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5759: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5570: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5342:L'Orient Le Jour 5333: 5327: 5326: 5309:(321): 649–668. 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5270: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5244: 5234: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5126: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5060:. Archived from 5043: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 4998: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4887:(1–3): 153–163. 4876: 4870: 4869: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4771: 4762: 4753: 4752: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4717: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4653: 4642: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4616: 4601: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4572:Mammals of Korea 4567: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4519: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4483: 4468: 4467: 4457: 4447: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4406: 4396: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4336: 4323: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4285: 4274: 4273: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4121: 4106: 4105: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4066: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4002: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3927: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3820:(279): 272–286. 3809: 3803: 3802: 3792: 3767:(13158): 13158. 3751: 3745: 3744: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3664: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3602: 3592: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3543: 3533: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3492: 3482: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3438: 3428: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3326: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3293: 3284:(9): 2101–2104. 3267: 3258: 3257: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3186:(Avril): 92–136. 3171: 3165: 3164: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3120:(Bojanus, 1827)" 3107: 3101: 3100: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2957: 2916: 2915: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2839: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2799: 2765: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2731:Tauros Programme 2715:Sayaguesa Cattle 2665: 2581:genetic variants 2539:in southeastern 2489:Fertile Crescent 2432: 2370:Mycenaean Greece 2336:dating from the 2284:Coat of arms of 2281: 2267: 2253: 2235:Ancient Egyptian 2132:Western Caucasus 2023: 2009: 1895:western Moldavia 1842:local extinction 1758:of mostly small 1748:riparian forests 1737:Korean Peninsula 1670: 1653:Late Pleistocene 1519: 1497: 1426: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1394: 1260:Hoggar Mountains 1246: 1225: 1191:Pliocene climate 1103: 1042: 1017: 1010: 985: 957: 933:. The following 932: 920:genetic lineages 906: 874:B. p. thrinacius 828:are recognised: 714: 713: 681:, this word was 626:Fertile Crescent 595:votive offerings 580:Ancient Egyptian 494: 493: 490: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 465: 464: 461: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 416: 399: 387: 375: 364: 334: 330: 217: 216: 196: 190: 189: 163: 153: 83: 79:Temporal range: 73: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7262:Extinct mammals 7227: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7212: 7210: 7202: 7197: 7189: 7186:Observation.org 7184: 7176: 7171: 7163: 7158: 7150: 7145: 7137: 7132: 7124: 7119: 7111: 7106: 7098: 7093: 7085: 7080: 7072: 7067: 7059: 7054: 7046: 7041: 7034:Bos primigenius 7032: 7031: 7026: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7004:Bos primigenius 6998: 6972:Bos primigenius 6962: 6957: 6956: 6935:Open Quaternary 6928: 6927: 6923: 6915:10.1.1.403.8349 6898:Bos primigenius 6887: 6886: 6882: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6811: 6810: 6803: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6760: 6758: 6757:on 5 March 2023 6754: 6715: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6650: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6484:Bos primigenius 6478: 6477: 6473: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6308: 6307: 6298: 6290: 6251: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6022: 6021: 6017: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5778: 5772: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5568: 5564:Bos primigenius 5559: 5558: 5554: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5471: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5393:Bos primigenius 5388: 5387: 5383: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5268: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5105:Bos primigenius 5100: 5099: 5095: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5041: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5019: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4949:) in Romania". 4947:Bos primigenius 4944: 4943: 4939: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4769: 4764: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4694: 4693: 4686: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4517: 4513:Bos primigenius 4508: 4507: 4503: 4485: 4484: 4471: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4367:Bos primigenius 4362: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4334: 4330:Bos primigenius 4325: 4324: 4315: 4307:10.1.1.534.6285 4290:Bos primigenius 4287: 4286: 4277: 4251: 4250: 4243: 4225: 4224: 4217: 4186:Bos primigenius 4183: 4182: 4178: 4153:Bos primigenius 4148: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4123: 4122: 4109: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075:(26): 253–266. 4064: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4037:Bos primigenius 4032: 4031: 4024: 4000:10.1.1.392.4989 3983:Bos primigenius 3980: 3979: 3972: 3964: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3687:Bos primigenius 3683: 3682: 3678: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3335: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3269: 3268: 3261: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3124:Mammal Research 3114:Bos primigenius 3109: 3108: 3104: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3022:. p. 213. 3010: 3009: 3005: 2987: 2986: 2979: 2972: 2959: 2958: 2919: 2902: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2806:Bos primigenius 2801: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2668:Heck cattle in 2666: 2655: 2477: 2315:rock engravings 2296: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2290:Putna Monastery 2282: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2243: 2223:mortuary temple 2203: 2151:Shalmaneser III 2051:was found in a 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2028:Pergamon Museum 2024: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2010: 1999: 1994: 1986:Crocuta crocuta 1978:Panthera tigris 1926: 1788:B. p. namadicus 1784: 1733:Northeast China 1697:Yangyuan County 1683:, northeastern 1668: 1657:Tibetan plateau 1642:Gulf of Finland 1638:Western Siberia 1606: 1582: 1568: 1536: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1498: 1487: 1473: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1427: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1395: 1384: 1241: 1231:Kef Governorate 1220: 1187: 1178: 1169: 1160: 1090: 1081: 993:Bos primigenius 927: 901: 887: 855:) lived on the 853:B. p. namadicus 807:Bos primigenius 788:Philippe Thomas 757:Bos primigenius 742:scientific name 738: 679:Old High German 667: 471: 467: 442: 438: 434:Bos primigenius 407: 357: 356: 342: 336: 332:Bos primigenius 328: 327: 314: 211: 203: 191: 187: 180: 154: 152: 151: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 81: 80: 77: 67: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 7330: 7328: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7229: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7208: 7195: 7182: 7169: 7156: 7143: 7130: 7117: 7104: 7091: 7078: 7069:Fauna Europaea 7065: 7052: 7039: 7024: 7008: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6986:at Wikispecies 6975: 6961: 6960:External links 6958: 6955: 6954: 6921: 6894:E. przewalskii 6880: 6874:10.1086/703338 6867:(2): 341–345. 6847: 6820:(3): 631–652. 6801: 6788:(3): 117–122. 6768: 6726:(2): 539–544. 6703: 6638: 6579: 6548:(4): 663–678. 6527: 6490:Genome Biology 6471: 6411: 6360: 6321:(1): 123–136. 6296: 6239: 6232: 6210: 6151: 6128: 6084: 6077: 6059: 6040: 6033: 6015: 6002:10.2307/504710 5996:(3): 335–337. 5980: 5969:(4): 472–487. 5953: 5934:(4): 148–157. 5915: 5876: 5853: 5817: 5784: 5770: 5745: 5738: 5716: 5697:(361): 38–55. 5677: 5638: 5605: 5579:(3): 107–118. 5552: 5509: 5502: 5476: 5469: 5443: 5436: 5414: 5407: 5395:. The Aurochs" 5381: 5368:Mackay, E.J.H. 5359: 5348:on 25 May 2013 5328: 5289: 5256: 5197: 5165: 5138: 5113:. New Series. 5093: 5070: 5025: 4984: 4957:(4): 603–614. 4937: 4898: 4871: 4844: 4837: 4807: 4754: 4747: 4729: 4684: 4665: 4628: 4587: 4580: 4562: 4501: 4469: 4418: 4355: 4313: 4275: 4264:(2): 165–185. 4241: 4215: 4176: 4165:(3): 437–438. 4141: 4134: 4107: 4085: 4052: 4022: 3993:(1): 103–111. 3970: 3913: 3866: 3847:(7): 429–447. 3831: 3804: 3746: 3731: 3716: 3676: 3639:(11): 103226. 3614: 3555: 3524:(3): 317–322. 3504: 3450: 3391: 3348: 3333: 3324:10.17226/12692 3305: 3259: 3240:(5): 645–651. 3212: 3189: 3166: 3143: 3130:(2): 299–300. 3102: 3076: 3069: 3035: 3028: 3012:Crystal, David 3003: 2977: 2970: 2917: 2892: 2885: 2860: 2831: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2750: 2747: 2690:attempting to 2688:Hellabrunn Zoo 2667: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2616:Southeast Asia 2529:taurine cattle 2513:Late Neolithic 2476: 2473: 2443:drinking horns 2429:Nibelungenlied 2303:cave paintings 2283: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2202: 2199: 2175:Ugaritic texts 2128:Maykop culture 2114:dating to the 2045:Deccan Plateau 2025: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1925: 1922: 1885:Findings from 1876:Eastern Europe 1865:Central Europe 1850:Danish islands 1846:sea level rise 1783: 1780: 1689:Inner Mongolia 1648:in the north. 1605: 1602: 1581: 1578: 1567: 1564: 1535: 1532: 1521: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1499: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1472: 1469: 1428: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1396: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1331:in Italy were 1287:European bison 1271:Before Present 1269:230,000 years 1204:Bos acutifrons 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 988: 983: 981: 973: 972: 969: 968: 960: 955: 886: 883: 882: 881: 871: 860: 849:Indian aurochs 845: 813:Specific Names 786:was coined by 737: 734: 666: 663: 646:Indian aurochs 603:drinking horns 569:cave paintings 423: 422: 418: 417: 409: 408: 406: 405: 393: 381: 367: 354: 353: 352: 349: 348: 344: 343: 337: 323: 322: 316: 315: 307: 305: 301: 300: 293: 289: 288: 283: 279: 278: 273: 269: 268: 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 248: 243: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 205: 204: 185: 182: 181: 176: 173: 172: 165: 164: 156: 155: 147: 146: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 84: 78: 60:European bison 50: 48: 28: 22: 19: 17: 16: 15: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7329: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7215: 7209: 7205: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7025: 7020: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6959: 6949: 6948:10.5334/oq.25 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6922: 6916: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6881: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6851: 6848: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6769: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6704: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6639: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6580: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6531: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6485: 6475: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6240: 6235: 6233:1-84217-121-6 6229: 6225: 6221: 6214: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6088: 6085: 6080: 6078:9783618661207 6074: 6070: 6063: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6044: 6041: 6036: 6034:9780405084614 6030: 6026: 6019: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5821: 5818: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5771:9781407303048 5767: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5746: 5741: 5739:9783980583961 5735: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5639: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5565: 5556: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5519:Darnell, J.C. 5513: 5510: 5505: 5503:9780231537698 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5477: 5472: 5470:9783868350876 5466: 5462: 5458: 5456: 5447: 5444: 5439: 5437:9781785707247 5433: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5394: 5385: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5106: 5097: 5094: 5090:(3): 415–424. 5089: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5038: 5029: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 5001:Mammal Review 4995: 4988: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4666: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4629: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4514: 4505: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4368: 4359: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4331: 4328:"A record of 4322: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4196:(1): 99–101. 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4154: 4145: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4038: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3157:The Zoologist 3154: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3119: 3118:Bison priscus 3115: 3106: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3029:9781108437738 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971:954-642-235-5 2967: 2963: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:Partridge, E. 2864: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2843:Bojanus, L.H. 2838: 2836: 2832: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2798: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727:Taurus cattle 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2664: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557:introgression 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525:Halaf culture 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481:domestication 2475:Domestication 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2402:Julius Caesar 2399: 2395: 2391: 2388:as killed by 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2291: 2288:from 1481 at 2287: 2280: 2266: 2252: 2240: 2238: 2237:art to date. 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219:Thebes, Egypt 2217:in a tomb at 2216: 2212: 2208: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2169:and the hero 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2055:layer at the 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2029: 2022: 2008: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1982:spotted hyena 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1858:Great Britain 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1754:along lakes. 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1739:, and in the 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1666: 1662: 1659:close to the 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1610: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1531: 1518: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1436: 1432: 1425: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1393: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1341:Epigravettian 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275:hybridisation 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1240:dating about 1239: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1213:Sivalik Hills 1210: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1182: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1112: 1111:Bos javanicus 1105: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1085: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1068:Bison bonasus 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1019: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 995: 994: 987: 986: 980: 979: 975: 974: 971: 970: 967: 965: 959: 958: 954: 952: 948: 947:mitochondrial 944: 940: 936: 930: 925: 921: 918: 917: 912: 911: 904: 899: 895: 891: 884: 879: 875: 872: 869: 865: 861: 858: 854: 850: 846: 843: 839: 835: 831: 830: 829: 827: 824:Four aurochs 822: 820: 816: 814: 808: 804: 801:In 2003, the 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 778: 774: 770: 769:Hugh Falconer 766: 765:Bos namadicus 762: 758: 754: 750: 749:Carl Linnaeus 746: 743: 735: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 664: 662: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 642:Hybridisation 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 610:domestication 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 581: 577: 574: 570: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 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