20:
529:
169:
389:
450:
469:
In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This occurs typically in the manufacturing sector. A labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and other working conditions. The trade union,
314:
Measurements of manufacturing industries outputs and economic effect are not historically stable. Traditionally, success has been measured in the number of jobs created. The reduced number of employees in the manufacturing sector has been assumed to result from a decline in the competitiveness of the
1283:
As the
Industrial Revolution proceeded, the main focus of economic attention shifted to the new industries created by Britain's technological prominence. These industries looked not for protection but for an opening of export markets. As the political economy shifted, the West Indian interest became
258:
226:
With the
Industrial Revolution, the manufacturing sector became a major part of European and North American economies, both in terms of labor and production, contributing possibly a third of all economic activity. Along with rapid advances in technology, such as
691:, who gave the most developed definition to the concept of “industrial society” in the 1950s, used the term as a comparative method to identify common features of the Western capitalist and Soviet-style communist societies. Other sociologists, including
272:
Historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors, including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage. An example of the former is the decline in
628:, also contributed to the impression that they might be evolving beyond capitalism, or toward some sort of “convergence” common to all “types” of industrial societies, whether capitalist or communist. State management,
306:
of knowledge and information-based services. For these and other reasons, in a post-industrial society, manufacturers can and often do relocate their industrial operations to lower-cost regions in a process known as
647:
The “industrial society” paradigm of the 1950s and 1960s was strongly marked by the unprecedented economic growth in Europe and the United States after World War II, and drew heavily on the work of economists like
326:
of the product being manufactured. While it is possible to produce a low-technology product with low-skill labour, the ability to manufacture high-technology products well is dependent on a highly skilled staff.
136:
can provide labor to workers and those that benefit financially from them, in exchange for a piece of production profits with which they can buy goods. This leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding
715:, used similar ideas in their own work, though with sometimes very different definitions and emphases. The principal notions of industrial-society theory were also commonly expressed in the ideas of
160:, associated transportation and storage costs, and are otherwise unsustainable. This makes the reliable availability of the needed energy resources high priority in industrial government policies.
1125:
The empirical findings cast doubt on views that guilds existed because they were efficient institutional solutions to market failures relating to product quality, training, and innovation.
341:
Today, as industry is an important part of most societies and nations, many governments will have at least some role in planning and regulating industry. This can include issues such as
1138:
211:
has suggested the guilds further restrained the quality and productivity of manufacturing. There is some evidence, however, that even in ancient times, large economies such as the
192:
throughout the world in the 20th century, most economies were largely agrarian. Basics were often made within the household and most other manufacturing was carried out in smaller
1305:
Some argue that slavery died out due to the rise of industrial production modes, involving a larger number of work tasks, thus making slavery more costly in terms of supervision.
624:
required updating. The transformation of capitalist societies in Europe and the United States to state-managed, regulated welfare capitalism, often with significant sectors of
1433:
Scot-Smith, Giles (2002). "The
Congress for Cultural Freedom, the End of Ideology and the 1955 Milan Conference: 'Defining the Parameters of Discourse'".
1020:
105:, are used to decrease required human labor while increasing production. No longer needed for the production of food, excess labor is moved into these
1496:
370:
97:, to increase the rate and scale of production. The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as
1257:
1072:
Before the advent of the
Industrial Revolution, ost manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines.
19:
1158:
930:
873:
410:
1353:
Chirat, Alexandre (2019). "La société industrielle d'Aron et
Galbraith : des regards croisés pour une vision convergente ?".
620:’s position as a world power inspired reflection on whether the sociological association of highly-developed industrial economies with
1227:
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942:
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ideology that aimed to justify the postwar status quo and undermine opposition to capitalism. However, some left-wing thinkers like
436:
494:
largely supplanted the practice in Europe during the Middle Ages, several
European powers reintroduced slavery extensively in the
265:
1491:
641:
414:
1216:
Pujolar, Joan (2018). "Post-Nationalism and
Language Commodification". In Tollefson, James W.; PĂ©rez-Milans, Miguel (eds.).
298:. Additionally, since the late 20th century, rapid changes in communication and information technology (sometimes called an
1182:
The Third Sector as a Job
Machine?: Conditions, Potentials, and Policies for Job Creation in German Nonprofit Organizations
739:
893:
1204:'Tertiarization', the quantitative shift of economic relevance from agricultural and especially industrial production .
581:
561:
399:
1511:
1501:
1185:. European University Studies: Economics and Management – ISSN 0531-7339. Vol. 2805. Peter Lang. p. 52.
418:
403:
533:
243:
economies. Even today, industrial manufacturing is significant to many developed and semi-developed economies.
1284:
vulnerable to their opponents. The slave trade was abolished in 1807 and slavery eventually abolished in 1833.
768:
878:
649:
285:
261:
653:
299:
72:
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1311:
888:
708:
677:
665:
637:
185:
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528:
988:
669:
613:
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537:
503:
366:
350:
979:
817:
657:
495:
374:
288:. This has come with a major shift in labor and production away from manufacturing and towards the
252:
207:
to self-regulate their trades and collectively pursue their business interests. Economic historian
153:
84:
80:
742:, “industrial society” theory was often criticized by left-wing sociologists and Communists as a
1450:
1370:
1116:
1039:
573:
565:
523:
507:
323:
316:
122:
98:
52:
1223:
1186:
1154:
926:
868:
858:
704:
661:
604:“Industrial society” took on a more specific meaning after World War II in the context of the
589:
511:
336:
303:
189:
142:
90:
48:
921:
S. Langlois, Traditions: Social, In: Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, Editor(s)-in-Chief,
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1100:
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996:
934:
903:
755:
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208:
133:
64:
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506:, partly because domestic manufacturing's new economic dominance undercut interests in the
1324:
751:
700:
696:
681:
625:
475:
378:
44:
1244:
refers to the dominance of so-called third- or tertiary-sector production in the economy.
992:
1057:
735:
712:
673:
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257:
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68:
1000:
471:
284:
A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations towards a
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264:'s sector model of an economy undergoing technological change. In later stages, the
688:
617:
553:
236:
212:
168:
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desirable, in part so that workers can be closer to centers of production, and the
129:
94:
76:
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with less worker supervision, which may have been incompatible with forced labor.
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through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (
743:
734:
Because of its association with non-Marxist modernization theory and
American
629:
621:
577:
354:
278:
149:
118:
36:
1420:
A Hundred Years of
Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century
1086:"Guilds, efficiency, and social capital: evidence from German proto-industry"
672:, which achieved major influence in social science in the context of postwar
1340:
Transcending Capitalism: Visions of a New Society in Modern American Thought
758:
used aspects of industrial society theory in their critiques of capitalism.
716:
557:
346:
342:
240:
220:
106:
40:
28:
839:
One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society
1366:
790:
The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties.
605:
462:
458:
274:
193:
1143:
Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce AD 300–900
1112:
724:
491:
487:
197:
235:
production, the new manufacturing drastically reconfigured previously
152:
require the input of external energy sources in order to overcome the
1258:"Slavery, the British Atlantic Economy and the Industrial Revolution"
955:"Chapter 1: Energy Fundamentals, Energy Use in an Industrial Society"
783:
La lutte des classes: nouvelles leçons sur les sociétés industrielles
609:
454:
203:
In Europe during the late Middle Ages, artisans in many towns formed
173:
138:
113:
is utilized to further increase efficiency. As populations grow, and
23:
Chicago and Northwestern railroad locomotive shop in the 20th century
977:
Arthur, Brian (February 1990). "Positive Feedbacks in the Economy".
449:
608:, the internationalization of sociology through organizations like
156:
of agricultural consolidation, due partially to the lack of nearby
923:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
527:
448:
256:
232:
204:
167:
18:
1390:
Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America
172:
A factory, a traditional symbol of the industrial development (a
16:
Society driven by the use of technology to enable mass production
502:. The Industrial revolution played a central role in the later
510:. Additionally, the new industrial methods required a complex
474:
members) and negotiates labour contracts with employers. This
382:
302:) have allowed sections of some economies to specialize in a
668:
gave the industrial society paradigm strong resemblances to
1058:"Industrial Revolution - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com"
1014:
McGranahan, Gordon; Satterthwaite, David (November 2003).
1145:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 42–63,
552:
weaponry and supplies, machine-powered transportation,
223:
for more centralized production in certain industries.
644:
were taken as common markers of industrial society.
1219:
The Oxford Handbook of Language Policy and Planning
1222:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 487.
762:Selected bibliography of industrial society theory
188:in Europe and North America, followed by further
1016:"URBAN CENTERS: An Assessment of Sustainability"
548:The Industrial Revolution changed warfare, with
600:Use in 20th century social science and politics
498:, particularly for the harshest labor in their
457:amidst heavy steel components (KINEX BEARINGS,
322:Related to this change is the upgrading of the
93:societies use external energy sources, such as
1472:. London: Macmillan Education. pp. 31–40.
1139:"Late Roman industry: case studies in decline"
797:Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society
1422:. New York: Free Press. pp. chapter ten.
925:, Pergamon, Oxford, 2001, pages 15829-15833,
8:
1470:Sociology: A Short But Critical Introduction
1392:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
832:Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics.
799:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959.
1405:Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle
776:Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle
576:, but its full potential showed during the
417:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1021:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
200:with limited specialization or machinery.
117:is further refined, often to the level of
1033:
820:". Berkeley, CA: Jolly Roger Press, 1995.
486:Ancient Mediterranean cultures relied on
437:Learn how and when to remove this message
371:industrial and organizational psychology
75:age. Industrial societies are generally
1342:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1035:10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105541
914:
723:parties who advocated a turn away from
1320:
1309:
827:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960.
804:Stratégie ouvrière et néo-capitalisme
769:Late Capitalism or Industrial Society
478:first rose among industrial workers.
7:
1296:Lagerlöf, Nils-Petter (2006-08-30).
415:adding citations to reliable sources
59:in the period of time following the
55:. Such a structure developed in the
1298:"Slavery and other property rights"
315:sector, or the introduction of the
1256:Harley, Charles (September 2011).
616:to Europe. The cementation of the
121:, many workers shift to expanding
35:is a society driven by the use of
14:
1001:10.1038/scientificamerican0290-92
834:Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1959.
825:Industrialism and Industrial Man.
818:Industrial Society and its Future
540:, United States, 1944) producing
83:. They are often contrasted with
1137:McCormick, Michael, ed. (2002),
1105:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00279.x
490:throughout their economy. While
387:
266:Quaternary sector of the economy
1497:Secondary sector of the economy
1435:Journal of Contemporary History
664:. The fusion of sociology with
1084:Ogilvie, Sheilagh (May 2004).
939:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02028-3
1:
841:. Boston: Beacon Press, 1964.
740:Congress for Cultural Freedom
612:, and the spread of American
79:, and may be succeeded by an
1447:10.1177/00220094020370030601
1355:Cahiers d'Ă©conomie politique
1151:10.1017/CBO9781107050693.004
894:Newly industrialized country
792:New York: Free Press, 1960.
582:military-industrial complex
562:weapons of mass destruction
1530:
532:The assembly plant of the
521:
364:
334:
250:
141:areas with a high rate of
1468:Giddens, Anthony (1982).
785:. Paris: Gallimard, 1964.
778:. Paris: Gallimard, 1961.
534:Bell Aircraft Corporation
128:Industrial society makes
51:with a high capacity for
1418:Sassoon, Donald (1996).
1179:Betzelt, Sigrid (2001).
830:Lipset, Seymour Martin.
816:Kaczynski, Theodore J. "
1093:Economic History Review
879:Post-industrial society
813:Paris: Gallimard, 1956.
738:organizations like the
687:The French sociologist
286:post-industrial society
277:manufacturing when the
1403:Aron, Raymond (1961).
1338:Brick, Howard (2006).
1319:Cite journal requires
846:Sociologie de l'action
811:Le Travail en miettes.
654:John Kenneth Galbraith
640:, and the rise of the
545:
466:
300:information revolution
269:
181:
164:Industrial development
101:and fossil fuel-based
24:
1492:Sociological theories
1388:Gilman, Nils (2003).
1267:: 7–8. Archived from
889:Industrial Revolution
848:. Paris: Seuil, 1965.
806:. Paris: Seuil, 1964.
709:Seymour Martin Lipset
666:development economics
638:collective bargaining
626:nationalized industry
564:. Early instances of
531:
452:
365:Further information:
260:
186:Industrial Revolution
171:
85:traditional societies
61:Industrial Revolution
22:
1367:10.3917/cep.076.0047
823:Kerr, Clark, et al.
809:Friedmann, Georges.
670:modernization theory
636:, institutionalized
614:industrial relations
538:Wheatfield, New York
504:abolition of slavery
411:improve this section
367:industrial sociology
351:vocational education
343:industrial pollution
1407:. Paris: Gallimard.
993:1990SciAm.262b..92A
980:Scientific American
496:early modern period
375:industrial district
292:, a process dubbed
281:was mass-produced.
253:Deindustrialisation
247:Deindustrialisation
154:diminishing returns
81:information society
63:, and replaced the
874:North–South divide
837:Marcuse, Herbert.
795:Dahrendorf, Ralf.
767:Adorno, Theodor. "
574:American Civil War
566:industrial warfare
546:
524:Industrial warfare
482:Effects on slavery
467:
317:lean manufacturing
270:
182:
123:service industries
99:combine harvesters
65:agrarian societies
53:division of labour
33:industrial society
25:
1512:Stages of history
1502:Industrialisation
1160:978-0-521-66102-7
931:978-0-08-043076-8
869:Industrialization
859:Developed country
844:Touraine, Alain.
721:social-democratic
705:Georges Friedmann
590:military industry
512:division of labor
447:
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361:Industrial labour
337:Industrial policy
331:Industrial policy
304:quaternary sector
190:industrialization
143:economic activity
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781:Aron, Raymond.
774:Aron, Raymond.
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752:Herbert Marcuse
701:Ralf Dahrendorf
697:Reinhard Bendix
642:tertiary sector
602:
586:arms industries
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779:
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727:and an end to
713:Alain Touraine
674:decolonization
662:Jean Fourastié
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1062:HISTORY.com
1028:: 243–274.
693:Daniel Bell
678:development
658:W.W. Rostow
650:Colin Clark
634:bureaucracy
580:. See also
570:Crimean War
508:slave trade
309:off-shoring
262:Colin Clark
229:steam power
217:Han dynasty
215:or Chinese
176:factory in
158:arable land
103:fertilizers
1486:Categories
1278:2020-08-11
1235:6 November
1198:6 November
1166:2024-02-14
1067:2018-07-04
963:2007-12-18
910:References
754:, and the
748:André Gorz
731:politics.
717:reformists
630:automation
622:capitalism
578:world wars
355:labour law
279:automobile
237:mercantile
119:automation
91:Industrial
69:pre-modern
43:to enable
37:technology
1455:153804847
1375:199311563
1121:154328341
771:?" (1968)
568:were the
558:total war
398:does not
347:financing
319:process.
231:and mass
221:factories
194:workshops
107:factories
41:machinery
29:sociology
1044:54683871
853:See also
684:states.
676:and the
606:Cold War
572:and the
544:fighters
500:colonies
476:movement
463:Slovakia
275:carriage
198:artisans
1507:Society
989:Bibcode
744:liberal
725:Marxism
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488:slavery
419:removed
404:sources
324:quality
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610:UNESCO
556:, the
455:worker
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268:grows.
241:feudal
205:guilds
174:cement
148:These
139:suburb
109:where
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1371:S2CID
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459:BytÄŤa
233:steel
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1325:help
1237:2019
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