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seen increases in female representation in the last century, motion picture participation has increased the gender gap. A study suggests that gender participation in the movie industry is highly correlated with audience expectations of characters in preferred genres such as comedy or drama. Because these characters have remained generally consistent over time since the era of
Shakespearean plays, audience preferences have been fixed on certain gender and age mixes. This has also worked both ways on gender age disparity. Although there are less roles for women as their ages increase, there are less roles for young male actors. These roles are often stereotyped based on age. Public outcry related to typecasting and age has come from a range of sources, including celebrities. At the 2006 Venice Film Festival, actress Meryl Streep remarked, “What films have you seen lately with serious roles for 50 year old women in the lead? These are roles they write for women my age, usually they are sort of gorgons or dragons or in some way grotesque.”
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Although
Hispanics make up 17% of the total population and are the largest population of non-whites in the US, their representation within the industry is nowhere near that. "Latinas/os were severely underrepresented in film and television in 2013. Specifically, Latinas/os represented only 5% of film speaking roles, 3% of cable television regulars, and 2% of broadcast television regulars. Latinas/os were underrepresented by a factor of more than eight to one in broadcast television. In 2014–2015, Latinas/os played only 5.8% of all speaking/named characters in film, TV, and streaming services. Chris Rock wrote, “But forget whether Hollywood is black enough. A better question is: Is Hollywood Mexican enough? You’re in L.A, you’ve got to try not to hire Mexicans."
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725:. It recalled jarring memories of David Carradine from “Kung Fu,” the 1970s television series that, coincidentally, was itself a whitewashed version of a Bruce Lee concept”. There is still reportedly hidden instances where the erasure of Asians is an acceptable practice in Hollywood. Asians make up 5.7% of characters in Hollywood. Of the top 100 films from 2015, 70 of the films had cast no female Asian actresses, and 49 of the films cast no Asian American actors at all. In addition, Asian characters have 3%-4% of roles in scripted broadcast and cable shows in the 2014–15 season. Notable celebrities have spoken on this issue.
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from the public because there was only one nominee out of the main Oscar categories who was ethnically diverse and not
Caucasian. The academy received backlash from online communities, such as Twitter, along with Hollywood celebrities of every ethnicity. The hashtag has encouraged reconstruction in Academy membership, casting decisions, and behind-the-scenes staff diversity. In a research article, Caty Chattoo noted that before responding to the pushback against racial inequality, academy membership was 92% white and 75% male in 2016. In 2017, this changed to include 41% people of color and 46% female.
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789:“Puerto Rican American actor Gina Rodriguez says: I want Latinas to look at the TV and get confirmation that, yes, we are the doctors, the lawyers, the investment bankers—we encompass every facet of life. And the reason that’s important is because little kids look at the screen, as we did when we were growing up, and wonder, where do I fit in? And when you see that you fit in everywhere, you know anything is possible."
402:: 7%." Although the two women were nominated for more Academy Awards than the men put together, Lawrence was originally presented with five “points” while the leading actress, Adams, was presented with seven. The hack also brought forth data which showed that, “Of 6,000 employees, 17 of those employees were raking in $ 1 million or more, but only one of those $ 1 million-plus employees is a woman.”
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collectively made a median of $ 118,293 and non-white writers even less: $ 100,649. Although the Guild declined to provide specific data for women of color, Asian writers collectively earned a median of $ 115,817; black writers $ 99,440 and Latino writers $ 84,200. The median earnings for Native
American writers was $ 152,500, but there were only five employed Native scribes in 2014.
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470:, being more commonly represented in the romance genre. The New York Film Academy 2014 poll cited above also assessed gender differences in revealing clothing on screen. The poll found that while only 30.8% of speaking characters are women, 28.8% of those women wore sexually revealing clothes compared to 7% of male speaking characters.
438:, a union for film and television writers in Hollywood, was analyzed by Denise D. Bielby in “Sociologie du Travail.” She states that “from 1999 through 2005, the gender gap in earnings increased… with women’s earnings declining by 6% (from $ 53,200 to $ 50,000) and men’s growing by 16% (from $ 77,500 to $ 90,000).”
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research study found that films with a female director exhibited a 10.6% increase in female characters on screen and an 8.7% increase when a female screenwriter was part of the project. The same study found that, "Visual effects, usually the largest department for big feature films, had an average of
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who has expressed his support for the need of diverse
Hollywood entertainment by claiming he doesn't see himself casting any white males as the lead of any of his future films. The Evolve Entertainment Fund was created in January 2018 to provide a resource for people from under-served communities to
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This movement was generated by men in
Hollywood who want to show support for women in the industry by speaking up. The movement was created in response to the #MeToo movement. The men behind the movement have the goal of speaking up more about sexual harassment when it happens and holding themselves
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in the
American media industry. There are many branches of the media industry, such as news, television, film, music, agencies, studios, to name some of the major players. In each one of these branches, there are many instances of inequality since Hollywood formed as the entertainment hub of America
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found a correlation between age, gender, and pay. The data show that “Average earnings per film of female movie stars increase until the age of 34, but decrease rapidly after that. For male movie stars, average earnings per film are highest when they are 51 years of age.” These studies show a clear
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The FIA finds that 63.8% of women in the performance industry and 51.2% of men have a career that lasts between 11 and 15 years. This difference of 12.6% depicts the number of women who have ended their careers earlier than their male counterparts. Unlike other male-dominated industries, which have
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movement began in 2015 as a push to make the
Academy Awards more inclusive and racially diverse but has since sparked a critical reexamination for representation across the media industry, which includes TV, film, broadway, music, and news. The 88th Oscar nominations released in 2015 faced backlash
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Yuen also highlights the lack of variation of the roles written and selected for Latino actors and actresses. This is due to
Hollywood’s tendency to create, fund and promote roles that only reflect conventionalized images of Latino people. Latino actors and actresses tend to get only roles that are
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stated that "from June 1st to August 31st of that year...only 0.5% to 8.1% of roles were available for actors of color, compared to 69% of roles 'reserved' for white actors. Moreover, only 8.5% of roles did not designate race or ethnicity, pitting white actors against actors of color". Furthermore,
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gained popularity. These shows cast white actors to represent other ethnicities. By the 1940s and 1950s, many ethnically white actors and actresses got into the spotlight by swapping out their culturally ethnic names for more widely used industry names. Oppositely this left non-white actors out of
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The Time's Up movement was a direct response to the #MeToo controversies in
Hollywood, specifically to the allegations against Weinstein. The movement was notable for being galvanized and funded by other Hollywood celebrities, simultaneously establishing legal frameworks while raising awareness by
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Investigations into Weinstein's and other high level executives’ harassment cases revealed that women actresses were threatened to perform sexual favors or be subjected to lewd, gender-based comments. Tight control over networks of power and uses of silence agreements discouraged women to speak up
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After the #OscarsSoWhite movement, The academy set goals to change its composition of members by 2020. The first goal was to double the number of women. As of 2019, the 91st Academy Awards had about 49% female voters. The other goal that the academy set out to achieve was to double the number of
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According to the Writers Guild of America's 2016 Hollywood Writer's Report, race is a bigger factor in pay disparity than gender, putting minority women-even at the top levels- at the greatest disadvantage. The report also states that white men earned a median of $ 133,500 in 2014, whereas women
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People of different gender, race, and age have faced discrimination and differing opportunities since Hollywood's installation. The industry has evolved over time, but efforts are still being made today to highlight these issues and work towards making changes. Some of these responses are social
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in her book, Reel Inequality: Hollywood Actors and Racism, the population of Latino people in the US does not reflect their representation within Hollywood. There is a huge disproportion when looking at their population in the US versus their population in major motion films and programs on TV.
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in Hollywood and the media is a long-established issue. It commonly refers to the difference in pay between men and women in the industry. Women have often been paid less than men. There is also a difference in opportunities available between genders and representation of each gender within the
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is the practice of discrimination against one's age. Historically, female actresses have often faced pressure from casting directors for their ages relative to their male counterparts. Young women have often been cast with significantly older men for years. For example, “In the 1942 classic
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to encourage other sexual harassment victims to speak up. Several film, TV, and media production figures beyond Weinstein soon became involved in a number of latent sexual harassment accusations, including news anchor Matt Lauer, comedian Louis CK, and Disney producer John Lasseter.
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sourced from stereotypes of who they are typically known to be yet there’s so much more to them than these few stereotypical roles reserved for them. As a result Latino audiences don’t get to see themselves represented wholly and as broadly as they truly are outside of Hollywood.
782:"Blanca Valdez, who runs a Latina/o casting agency in Los Angeles, said that Latinas/os have a difficult time auditioning for roles unless the call specifically asks for “diversity” or “multiethnic”; in any case, most are secondary roles, such as a neighbor or a bank teller."
583:”, no interracial marriage or relationship like statutes could be portrayed on camera. This helped exclude actors of color from getting lead roles, even if their female counterpart was a character of color because it would typically be a white actress in blackface.
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Another study from the International Federation of Actors focusing on the opportunity of employment shows that 22% more men than women reported that they feel that they have a large choice of employment opportunities and feel that they can work regularly.
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Recognition for African American performances throughout the history of motion pictures is awarded less often. Hattie McDaniel was the first ever African American to win an Oscar, which was in 1939 for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for the film
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A 2017 study found that directors linked with the top 100 movies of that year were made up of 7.3% female compared to their male counterparts at 92.7%. Across an 11-year study that included 1,100 top movies, only 4.3% of the directors were female.
779:. In her acceptance speech, Rodriguez said her win “represents a culture that wants to see themselves as heroes.” Even with Rodriguez's win, Latinas/os remain the lowest represented racial group compared with their percentage in the population.
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Once people of color made it onto the big screens of Hollywood by the early twentieth century, they were only granted small background roles or forced to stereotype their character to get the role. Through self-imposed restrictive laws, like
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The first films to come out of Hollywood that included non-white characters were played by white actors through blackface, brown-face, and yellow face in a derogatory, intellectually demeaning manner. In America, during the 1830s and 1840s,
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also stated in an interview with Steve Harvey that, “For the last 20 years I’m looking for some other things, but in the U.S it’s difficult. Always police from Hong Kong, police from China”. Constance Wu reflected on the importance of
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is another example of a TV drama series that showcases diversity. It's the longest-running scripted primetime show to ever air on ABC, and has been one of the highest rated shows on the ABC Network consistently during that time.
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of Modern Critical Race Perspectives published an article stating that “typically, breakdowns reserve leading roles for white actors, leaving only a small number of remaining roles for non-white actors.” A 2006 study by
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only 17.5% of women (employees), while music had just 16%, and camera and electrical were, on average, 95% male". Few film directors are women. Among the top 250 grossing films in 2016, only 7% of directors were female.
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626:, which was released in 1927, is another example of white actors using blackface, instead of films hiring black actors and actresses These early films influenced the early growth of racism in Hollywood.
378:. Each actor in the film received a certain number of points that represented how much they earned from the movie. An email from a Columbia Pictures executive stated that, "The current talent deals are:
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about their treatment. Since October 2018, the hashtag has been retweeted 19 million times and has accompanied notable company boycotts and accused figures to resign or step out of the public eye.
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described this as a "plan to require that Best Picture contenders meet at least two of four inclusion standards aimed at increasing screen depictions or employment of underrepresented groups —
666:, which was in 2018. There is also a disparity in the budgets and box office grosses between films with white and non-white directors, with white director's budgets being higher on average.
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having celebrities wear black to major Awards shows in 2018. This movement stretches outside of Hollywood and works to reach people around the world in whatever workplace they work in.
523:, highlighting the sexual harassment accounts from many of the women actresses he worked with. Following the outbreak of this story, Alyssa Milano started the now viral Twitter hashtag
740:, the first Hollywood Studio film centered on an Asian American Character's story in over 25 years: “Our amazing director Jon M. Chu says…this is more than a movie, it’s a movement”.
500:. Despite being significantly represented in studio executive and producer ranks, women in the industry were intensely aware that other women on the stage had been vastly underpaid.
363:(FIA) found that the number of women who have an income under ÂŁ6,000 is 14% more than men, and the number of women who have an income of ÂŁ20,000 or higher is 13% less than men.
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Bajpai, Kartikeya (2018-04-16). "Reel Inequality: Hollywood Actors and Racism by Nancy Wang Yuen. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2016. 208 pp. $ 22.95, paper".
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was released, which has become known as "the most controversial film ever made in the United States." The film featured white actors in blackface, and it also portrayed the
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are also in the works. Emma Stone reported that her male costars have volunteered to cut their salaries in the past because they felt it was fair to be paid equally.
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recalls that someone said, "If we cast an African-American lead, there’s no way we can cast you because we can’t have two minorities”. Famous action star
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Inequality in the film industry is also evident in the types of characters women portray. While men can be seen playing characters within a number of different
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The academy is not the only entity making changes in Hollywood inclusion. Many actors and actresses have set goals to diversify the industry through projects.
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Lawrence, Amy. Echo and Narcissus: Women's Voices in Classical Hollywood Cinema. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1991 1991.
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Fleck, Robert K.; Hanssen, F. Andrew (2009-03-20). ""Rulers ruled by women": an economic analysis of the rise and fall of women's rights in ancient Sparta".
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in 2014 found that the top ten male actors collectively made $ 419 million compared to the top ten actresses who made roughly $ 226 million collectively. A
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Fleck, Robert K.; Hanssen, F. Andrew (October 2016). "Persistence and change in age-specific gender gaps: Hollywood actors from the silent era onward".
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In reaction to these developments prominent entertainment individuals have made an effort to cast and create more diversely inclusive films. Producer
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became the most successful Marvel movie of all time, breaking many records for diverse films in the industry. Other successful diverse films include
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Borum Chattoo, Caty (2018-01-10). "Oscars So White: Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Diversity and Social Issues in U.S. Documentary Films (2008–2017)".
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As Hollywood grew slowly at the beginning of the twentieth century, few roles were available for African-American actors. In 1915, the film
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Lincoln, Anne E; Allen, Michael Patrick (2004). "Double Jeopardy in Hollywood: Age and Gender in the Careers of Film Actors, 1926–1999".
710:, a white actress, was cast to play the role of “the Ancient One”, a character that is presented as a Tibetan male mystic in the comics.
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are the only black men to have Oscars for in the Best Writing categories, respectively. In 2010, Fletcher won for Adapted Screenplay for
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When it comes to opportunities available for both men and women in the industry, there are mixed reports regarding opportunities. A
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Erigha, Maryann (2015). "Race, Gender, Hollywood: Representation in Cultural Production and Digital Media's Potential for Change".
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There are other examples of racial inequality for African Americans in Hollywood beyond actors, actresses, and directors. In 2009,
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In some instances, male co-stars have offered to give up part of their salaries in order to ensure equal pay. During an interview,
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1398:"The #MeToo hashtag has been used roughly 19 million times on Twitter in the past year, and usage often surges around news events"
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also received major backlash after playing the role of cyborg Motoko Kusanagi in the adaptation of the Japanese anime classic
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became the highest rated TV drama series in 2017, featuring a diverse cast working to tell the stories of all people.
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In 2015, Gina Rodriguez became only the second Latina actor to win a lead actress Golden Globe Award when she won for
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offered to give her part of his salary after learning that the actress was being paid less than he was. In 2018,
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movements that have been created in an effort to make changes with diversity and inclusion across the industry.
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article in August 2017 listed the 30 highest-paid actors and actresses of that year. The highest-paid actor,
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There have been many instances where white actors are used in place of Asian actors. In the Marvel movie
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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bias against older actresses while the salaries of men remain fairly consistent even in their old age.
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1612:"Race/Ethnicity in 600 Popular Films: Examining On Screen Portrayals and Behind the Camera Diversity"
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declared that he would not take on a role if his female co-star was not being paid the same rate.
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Direct discrimination to Asian Americans is also present in notable movies and TV shows such as
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quit because their contracts offered 10% to 15% less pay than those of their white co-stars.
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1346:"1 year since Alyssa Milano's first #MeToo tweet: Have things actually changed for women?"
1144:"Hollywood's hiring freeze: Female, Black and Asian directors rarely worked in 2017 films"
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1653:"Oscar's First Black Winner Accepted Her Honor in a Segregated 'No Blacks' Hotel in L.A."
1614:. Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism, University of Southern California.
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1171:"Gender inequality in culture industries: Women and men writers in film and television"
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also exists between white actors and actors of color, seen in the potential reboot of "
646:. Only 4 African American actors have won Oscars for Best Actor in a Leading Role, and
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351:, who ranked at 15th highest paid with $ 26 million. The fourth highest-paid actress,
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2004:
1823:"Opinion | Stars are getting militant about inequality in Hollywood. It's about time"
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diverse members. Currently, that number is at about 38% of the population of voters.
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347:, made $ 68 million, more than 2.5 times that of the highest-paid actress that year,
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1119:"Benedict Cumberbatch Says He'll Refuse Any Project Where Women Don't Get Equal Pay"
1070:"Exclusive: Sony Hack Reveals Jennifer Lawrence is Paid Less Than Her Male Co-Stars"
2317:"Emma Stone Says Her Male Co-Stars Took Salary Cuts so She Could Receive Equal Pay"
1766:"'We're the geeks, the prostitutes': Asian American actors on Hollywood's barriers"
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is the only black actress to have won an Oscar for Best Actress in a Leading Role.
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is an organization that lobbies the industry to expand the roles of women in film.
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Television has also felt the effects of social movements with its programming.
2342:"Ava DuVernay, Dan Lin, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti Launch Inclusion Fund"
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in New York, addressing gender roles and issues in film (24 September 2013)
1804:"Constance Wu calls 'Crazy Rich Asians' 'historic': 'We all have a story'"
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New Diversity Standards For Best Picture Oscar Nominees, Starting In 2024
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introduced the first ever African American Princess, Tiana, in the movie
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media. This is a list of how gender inequality is commonly manifested.
2291:"Grey's Anatomy ABC TV Show: season 15 ratings (cancel or season 16?)"
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Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot
2242:"2018 belonged to Black Panther. And it could change Marvel's future"
1230:"Gender bias in the film industry: 75% of blockbuster crews are male"
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492:” made $ 80 a day in per diem for the film's reshoots, while co-star
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355:, earned $ 18 million, which ties with the 21st highest-paid actor,
1785:"Crazy Rich Asians' Michelle Yeoh Has Kicked Ass for Three Decades"
1204:"Gender Inequality Persists in Hollywood, Study Says (Infographic)"
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1586:"Lights, Camera, Race: Racial Inequality in Hollywood Castings"
1021:"Full List: The World's Highest-Paid Actors And Actresses 2017"
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In October 2017, the New York Times published an article about
1054:. Industrial Relations Research Unit, Warwick Business School.
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39:
2267:"The Triumph In Tears: 'This Is Us' Dominates Tuesday Nights"
2018:
Whitton, Linda (1997). "Ageism: Paternalism and Prejudice".
1908:"Oscars 2016: Here's why the nominees are so white -- again"
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Georgetown Law Journal of Modern Critical Race Perspectives
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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Coming Soon: The Film Academy’s “Inclusion Standards” Form
1094:"Susan Sarandon Says Paul Newman Helped Her Get Equal Pay"
462:, women are typically under-represented in genres such as
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Reading Race: Hollywood and the Cinema of Racial Violence
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Traub, Amy J.; Van Hoose Garofalo, Amanda (Spring 2019).
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Smith, Stacy; Choueiti, Marc; Pieper, Katherine (2013).
1150:. USC ANNENBERG SCHOOL FOR COMMUNICATION AND JOURNALISM
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997:"Has Female Equality Progressed in Hollywood in 2014?"
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accountable to make women more equal in the industry.
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were paid less than their male co-stars for the movie
1254:"NewsCenter | SDSU | Gender Inequality in Hollywood"
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between actors and actresses. A survey conducted by
2209:"Latest Class of Oscar Voters Is Nearly Half Women"
1628:
American Racist: The Life and Films of Thomas Dixon
1747:"Hollywood discriminates against Asian Americans"
1451:"TIME'S UP Legal Defense Fund Annual Report 2018"
662:; Peele won for Original Screenplay for the film
1906:Zeitchik, Rebecca Keegan, Steven (2016-01-15).
1970:
1968:
1324:"The Legal Implications of the MeToo Movement"
1048:Age, Gender and Performer Employment in Europe
793:Social Movements Surrounding Racial Inequality
504:Social Movements Surrounding Gender Inequality
581:The Motion Picture Production Code, Hays code
366:The Sony Pictures hack in 2014 revealed that
8:
1932:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1504:Reel Inequality: Hollywood Actors and Racism
610:African American Representation in Hollywood
945:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
74:Learn how and when to remove these messages
110:. Please do not remove this message until
2175:
2113:International Review of Law and Economics
1677:"Disney Unveils Its First Black Princess"
929:find work in the entertainment industry.
642:for Best Picture, which was for the film
565:History of Racial Inequality in Hollywood
258:Learn how and when to remove this message
188:Learn how and when to remove this message
130:Learn how and when to remove this message
2399:Economic inequality in the United States
2042:"Sexism and Ageism in the film industry"
1706:"Why Won'T Hollywood Cast Asian Actors?"
1305:"The aftermath of the Weinstein scandal"
475:Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media
219:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
106:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2379:, Deadline Hollywood, February 22, 2021
1322:Tippett, Elizabeth C. (November 2018).
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1228:Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (2014-07-22).
638:is the only black director to win an
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2295:canceled TV shows - TV Series Finale
1802:Henderson, Cydney (August 2, 2018).
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1783:Lhooq, Michelle (August 17, 2018).
1142:Communication and Marketing Staff.
855:Reception of Movements in Hollywood
32:is an iconic representation of the
1947:Brandon Griggs (14 January 2016).
1561:. University of California Press.
361:International Federation of Actors
14:
1725:"Inequality in 900 Popular Films"
1148:UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
331:Such problems can be seen in the
55:This article has multiple issues.
2240:Abad-Santos, Alex (2018-12-11).
1821:Rosenberg, Alyssa (2017-07-05).
1631:. University Press of Kentucky.
1528:Denzin, Norman K. (2001-12-14).
1475:"Men of Hollywood #AskMoreOfHim"
442:Representation and Opportunities
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85:
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273:refers to the various forms of
63:or discuss these issues on the
1977:Mass Communication and Society
1745:Shaw, Daniel (June 29, 2018).
1704:Chow, Keith (April 22, 2018).
1380:Employee Relations Law Journal
947:that is set to begin in 2024.
436:Writers Guild of America, West
1:
2207:Barnes, Brooks (2018-06-25).
1989:10.1080/15205436.2017.1409356
1764:Levin, Sam (April 11, 2017).
1625:Slide, Anthony (2004-09-10).
1555:Rogin, Michael (1998-05-29).
848:Journal of Management Inquiry
839:, 16 years older than her.”
1507:. Rutgers University Press.
1352:. 2018-10-15. Archived from
1187:10.1016/j.soctra.2009.03.006
1068:Boot, William (2014-12-12).
304:Millennium Development Goals
2340:McNary, Dave (2018-02-12).
622:as the saviors of society.
604:African-American Inequality
112:conditions to do so are met
2415:
2315:Nyren, Erin (2017-07-07).
2125:10.1016/j.irle.2016.08.002
1723:Smith, Stacy (July 2017).
1479:The Representation Project
801:
607:
539:
512:
490:All The Money In the World
231:Such statements should be
2186:10.1007/s11206-004-0698-1
2079:10.1007/s10101-009-0059-x
1376:"#MeToo - A Brief Review"
1169:Bielby, Denise D (2009).
967:individuals, people with
687:at the World Premiere of
675:The Princess and the Frog
337:The New York Film Academy
2367:, NPR, September 8, 2020
943:nominees created by the
308:Ford Foundation Building
2067:Economics of Governance
1949:"Again, #OscarsSoWhite"
496:got $ 1.5 million from
306:Countdown event in the
271:Inequality in Hollywood
1656:The Hollywood Reporter
835:, 27, played opposite
694:
588:Georgetown Law Journal
311:
168:by rewriting it in an
37:
34:American film industry
1350:www.irishexaminer.com
1175:Sociologie du Travail
973:physical disabilities
933:Academy Aperture 2025
683:
575:work and cast aside.
448:New York Film Academy
297:
19:
1863:Sociological Inquiry
1328:Minnesota Law Review
917:Improvements in the
593:UCLA Chicano Studies
415:Benedict Cumberbatch
359:.. A study from the
327:Actors vs. Actresses
282:in the early 1900s.
233:clarified or removed
2143:uk.movies.yahoo.com
1827:The Washington Post
1402:Pew Research Center
804:88th Academy Awards
302:in a speech at the
99:of this article is
2213:The New York Times
2164:Sociological Forum
1875:10.1111/soin.12217
1710:The New York Times
1658:. 19 February 2015
1291:10.1111/soc4.12237
949:Deadline Hollywood
716:Ghost in the Shell
712:Scarlett Johansson
695:
690:Ghost in the Shell
685:Scarlett Johansson
632:Gone with the Wind
486:Michelle William's
480:A 2018 study from
312:
298:Hollywood actress
170:encyclopedic style
157:is written like a
38:
2265:Lerner, Rebecca.
2139:"Yahoo Movies UK"
2020:DePaul Law Review
1913:Los Angeles Times
1422:"About TIME'S UP"
1279:Sociology Compass
1256:. 13 January 2017
872:Crazy Rich Asians
763:Latino Inequality
737:Crazy Rich Asians
656:Geoffrey Fletcher
616:Birth of a Nation
560:Racial inequality
368:Jennifer Lawrence
315:Gender inequality
290:Gender inequality
279:social inequality
268:
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2015:
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1751:Iowa State Daily
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1681:Black Enterprise
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1499:Yuen, Nancy Wang
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1471:
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1428:. Archived from
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1035:
1033:
1032:
1025:Business Insider
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
993:
751:" where actors
698:Asian Inequality
644:12 Years a Slave
521:Harvey Weinstein
488:performance of “
353:Melissa McCarthy
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1074:The Daily Beast
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1045:Dean, Deborah.
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1005:
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977:hard of hearing
857:
846:A study in the
837:Humphrey Bogart
819:
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795:
777:Jane the Virgin
769:Nancy Wang Yuen
765:
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624:The Jazz Singer
612:
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515:Me Too movement
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376:American Hustle
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2100:
2073:(3): 221–245.
2057:
2033:
2010:
1983:(3): 368–394.
1964:
1939:
1898:
1884:978-0813586298
1883:
1869:(2): 370–372.
1846:
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1501:(2016-12-12).
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1134:
1109:
1085:
1057:
1037:
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987:
986:
984:
981:
919:gender pay gap
911:Grey's Anatomy
878:Hidden Figures
856:
853:
833:Ingrid Bergman
818:
817:Age Inequality
815:
810:#OscarsSoWhite
802:Main article:
799:
798:#OscarsSoWhite
796:
794:
791:
764:
761:
753:Daniel Dae Kim
704:Doctor Strange
699:
696:
608:Main article:
605:
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572:Minstrel Shows
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558:
552:
549:
540:Main article:
537:
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513:Main article:
510:
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443:
440:
434:Data from The
431:
428:
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419:
407:Susan Sarandon
328:
325:
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291:
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275:discrimination
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22:Hollywood Sign
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2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2170:(4): 611–31.
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2029:
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2014:
2011:
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1971:
1969:
1965:
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1943:
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1638:9780813123288
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1568:9780520213807
1564:
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1541:9781847876324
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1514:9780813586328
1510:
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1491:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1432:on 2018-12-21
1431:
1427:
1426:TIME'S UP Now
1423:
1417:
1414:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1356:on 2019-03-06
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1311:. 2018-03-03.
1310:
1309:The Economist
1306:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
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1235:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1181:(2): 237–52.
1180:
1176:
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1149:
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1138:
1135:
1124:
1120:
1113:
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989:
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950:
946:
942:
939:standard for
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903:
902:
901:
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868:
867:
866:Black Panther
861:
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829:
823:
816:
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811:
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787:
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780:
778:
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770:
767:According to
762:
760:
758:
754:
750:
749:Hawaii Five-0
746:
741:
739:
738:
732:
728:
727:Michelle Yeoh
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
708:Tilda Swinton
705:
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692:
691:
686:
682:
678:
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661:
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649:
645:
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640:Academy Award
637:
636:Steve McQueen
633:
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611:
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597:
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589:
584:
582:
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551:#AskMoreOfHim
550:
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516:
508:
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494:Mark Wahlberg
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241:December 2017
234:
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226:
222:
218:
213:This article
211:
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181:
178:December 2017
171:
167:
161:
160:
155:This article
153:
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143:
134:
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123:
120:December 2017
113:
109:
103:
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98:
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83:
82:
77:
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68:
67:
62:
61:
56:
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42:
41:
35:
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23:
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2385:
2372:
2360:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:
2335:
2324:. Retrieved
2320:
2310:
2299:. Retrieved
2297:. 2019-04-05
2294:
2285:
2274:. Retrieved
2270:
2260:
2249:. Retrieved
2245:
2235:
2224:. Retrieved
2212:
2202:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:
2133:
2116:
2112:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:
2036:
2028:10822/899630
2019:
2013:
1980:
1976:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:
1942:
1917:. Retrieved
1911:
1901:
1866:
1862:
1838:. Retrieved
1826:
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1797:
1788:
1778:
1770:The Guardian
1769:
1759:
1750:
1740:
1731:
1718:
1709:
1685:. Retrieved
1683:. 2009-02-17
1680:
1671:
1660:. Retrieved
1655:
1647:
1627:
1620:
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
1592:. 2014-04-03
1589:
1557:
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1530:
1523:
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1493:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:
1445:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:the original
1425:
1416:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:the original
1349:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1282:
1278:
1258:. Retrieved
1248:
1237:. Retrieved
1234:The Guardian
1233:
1223:
1212:. Retrieved
1210:. 2013-12-09
1207:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1152:. Retrieved
1147:
1137:
1126:. Retrieved
1122:
1112:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:
1088:
1077:. Retrieved
1073:
1047:
1040:
1029:. Retrieved
1027:. 2017-08-27
1024:
1015:
1004:. Retrieved
1001:www.nyfa.edu
1000:
991:
975:, and those
955:, specified
941:best picture
931:
926:Jordan Peele
923:
916:
904:
900:Wonder Woman
898:
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784:
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766:
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652:Jordan Peele
628:
620:Ku Klux Klan
613:
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238:
225:unverifiable
217:weasel words
214:
184:
175:
156:
126:
117:
95:
71:
64:
58:
57:Please help
54:
1154:20 February
888:Love, Simon
731:Jackie Chan
648:Halle Berry
484:found that
411:Paul Newman
357:Chris Evans
300:Geena Davis
227:information
36:as a whole.
26:Los Angeles
2351:2018-02-13
2326:2019-04-10
2301:2019-04-10
2276:2019-04-10
2251:2019-04-03
2226:2019-04-03
2148:2019-04-09
2051:2015-12-15
1958:2019-03-06
1919:2019-03-06
1840:2017-12-13
1687:2019-05-01
1662:2019-05-01
1596:2015-12-15
1484:2019-05-01
1460:2019-05-01
1436:2019-05-01
1407:2019-04-03
1360:2019-04-03
1334:: 229–302.
1260:2017-12-13
1239:2015-10-13
1214:2015-10-13
1128:2018-05-18
1103:2018-03-30
1079:2018-03-30
1031:2018-03-17
1006:2015-10-13
983:References
907:This is Us
828:Casablanca
757:Grace Park
409:said that
349:Emma Stone
97:neutrality
60:improve it
30:California
2221:0362-4331
2172:CiteSeerX
2119:: 36–49.
2095:195581441
2087:1435-6104
2005:220389740
1997:1520-5436
1893:0038-0245
1835:0190-8286
1808:USA Today
1732:Annenberg
1386:(4): 4–7.
1285:: 78–89.
969:cognitive
937:diversity
935:is a new
894:Moonlight
542:Time's Up
482:IndieWire
421:Directors
380:O'Russell
372:Amy Adams
215:contains
108:talk page
66:talk page
2393:Category
2194:35797717
1928:cite web
1534:. SAGE.
963:groups,
745:wage gap
660:Precious
536:#TimesUp
396:Lawrence
333:wage gap
101:disputed
2346:Variety
2321:Variety
1208:TheWrap
882:Get Out
723:Kung Fu
664:Get Out
430:Writers
322:Pay Gap
164:Please
2271:Forbes
2219:
2192:
2174:
2093:
2085:
2003:
1995:
1891:
1881:
1833:
1635:
1565:
1538:
1511:
965:LGBTQ+
961:ethnic
957:racial
822:Ageism
671:Disney
525:#MeToo
509:#MeToo
468:sci-fi
464:action
460:genres
398:: 7%;
394:: 9%;
392:Renner
390:: 9%;
386:: 9%;
384:Cooper
382:: 9%;
341:Forbes
221:biased
2190:S2CID
2091:S2CID
2046:Pluto
2001:S2CID
1728:(PDF)
1052:(PDF)
953:women
400:Adams
2217:ISSN
2083:ISSN
1993:ISSN
1934:link
1889:ISSN
1879:ISBN
1831:ISSN
1633:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1455:NWLC
1156:2019
1098:Time
971:and
959:and
897:and
808:The
755:and
677:.
654:and
586:The
498:Sony
473:The
466:and
388:Bale
370:and
277:and
94:The
20:The
2246:Vox
2182:doi
2121:doi
2075:doi
2024:hdl
1985:doi
1953:CNN
1871:doi
1332:103
1287:doi
1183:doi
1123:HWD
979:."
706:,
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