1957:, ballot measures may originate by several different processes: Overall, 26 US states have initiative and/or veto referendum processes at the statewide level, and all states have at least one form of legislatively referred processes: 49 states have at least a legislatively referred process to amend their constitutions, and one state, Delaware, has a possibility of legislatively referred ballot measures to pass new statutes only. In all of these states except Delaware, to modify the state constitution, at least one form of ballot measure is mandatory, under sometimes greatly different processes from state to state, either for directly voting on a proposed modification, or voting on a ballot measure for choosing to call or not for the election of a
1844:
2054:. In the majority decision, Justice Josiah Coleman wrote, "Whether with intent, by oversight, or for some other reason, the drafters of section 273(3) wrote a ballot-initiative process that cannot work in a world where Mississippi has fewer than five representatives in Congress. To work in today's reality, it will need amending—something that lies beyond the power of the Supreme Court." Coleman added that from 2003 to 2015, the legislature had attempted six times to place an amendment on the ballot that would have changed the process to reflect Mississippi's current (and presumably future) House apportionment, but all attempts died in committee.
2041:, if enough signatures were collected and submitted, the legislature had to either: approve the measure; ignore the measure (but it does not annul the measure, it still goes to the ballot); voting against the measure without providing for an alternative (but it does not annul the measure, it still goes to the ballot); or approve an alternative amendment to appear on the ballot alongside the original citizen proposal as a competing measure. In the cases when both of the contradicting measures were approved by voters, the measure with the most votes was the one that became law.
3514:. To prevent such occurrences, initiatives are sometimes used to amend the state constitution and thus prevent the legislature from changing it without sending a referendum to the voters; however, this produces the problems of inflexibility mentioned above. Accordingly, some states are seeking a middle route. For example, Colorado's Referendum O would require a two-thirds vote for the legislature to change statutes passed by the voters through initiatives, until five years after such passage. This would allow the legislature to easily make uncontroversial changes.
435:
502:
1991:
opportunity, the initiative must then be placed on the ballot. The details of the process vary by state. For example, in some states, another round of signatures is required to qualify an initiative for the ballot if the legislature does not approve it. In others, if the legislature passes a law determined to be substantially similar to the initiative, it precludes an election on the original initiative proposal, while in others the legislature must pass the initiative unaltered or it goes to the voters.
3502:" (Prop. 4, parental notification on abortion). Prepare to spend a bundle on soft-focus television advertising and hope voters don't notice the fine print or the independent analyses of good-government groups or newspaper editorial boards ... Today, the initiative process is no longer the antidote to special interests and the moneyed class; it is their vehicle of choice to attempt to get their way without having to endure the scrutiny and compromise of the legislative process.
507:
1651:
49:
1663:
371:
3522:
2034:, if enough signatures are submitted for an initiated constitutional amendment, the initiative first goes to the legislature where it must garner approval in two successive legislative sessions from one-quarter of state senators and representatives voting together in a joint session. Massachusetts is the only state to have such a requirement for initiated constitutional amendments.
3549:
reported in May 2021 that so far that year, Republicans had introduced 144 bills to restrict initiatives in 32 states, 19 of which had been signed into law by nine
Republican governors. Although initiatives had historically been used by both parties, Democrats had been especially successful using the
2010:
In the United States, while no court or legislature needs to approve a proposal or the resultant initiated constitutional amendment, such amendments may be overturned if they are challenged and a court confirms that they are unconstitutional. Most states that permit the process require a 2/3 majority
1819:
Because US states with direct democracy require each signature to be witnessed and notarized by a circulator, gathering the required signatures usually costs millions of dollars in the larger states, to hire circulators. This means that the process, as with state legislatures described above, is also
3639:
process. This brings together a representative cross-section of voters as a citizens' jury to question and hear from advocates and experts regarding a ballot measure; then deliberate and reflect together to come up with statements that support and/or oppose the measure. The state would organize such
3558:
Some proposed reforms include paying signature gatherers by the hour, rather than by the signature (to reduce incentives for fraud) and increasing transparency by requiring major financial backers of initiatives to be disclosed to potential signatories. Other proposals include having a "cooling-off"
3517:
An objection not so much to the initial concept, but to its present implementations, is that signature challenges are becoming a political tool, with state officials and opposing groups litigating the process, rather than simply taking the issue fight to voters. Signatures can be declared void based
3643:
In 2011, the Oregon
Legislature approved House Bill 2634, legislation making the Citizens' Initiative Review a permanent part of Oregon elections. This marked the first time a legislature has made voter deliberation a formalized part of the election process. The CIR is a benchmark in the initiative
3485:
There is no big secret to the formula for manipulating
California's initiative process. Find a billionaire benefactor with the ideological motivation or crass self-interest to spend the $ 1-million plus to get something on the ballot with mercenary signature gatherers. Stretch as far as required to
3476:
Other criticisms are that competing initiatives with conflicting provisions can create legal difficulties when both pass; and that when the initiatives are proposed before the end of the legislative session, the legislature can make statutory changes that weaken the case for passing the initiative.
1815:
were part of this problem and that they were essentially "in the pocket" of certain wealthy interests. They sought a method to counter this—a way in which average persons could become directly involved in the political process. One of the methods they came up with was the initiative and referendum.
3537:
in 2013 however increased the geographical requirements for putting an initiative on the ballot after a trio of unpopular education laws ("Students Come First") were repealed by the voters. Despite the new requirement of the signatures of 6% of the registered voters in 18 of Idaho's 35 legislative
2068:
Called
Popular referendum, or alternatively Veto Referendum, Citizen referendum, Statute referendum, Statute remand, People's veto, or Citizen's veto, in which a predetermined number of signatures (typically lower than the number required for an initiative) qualifies a ballot measure for voting on
2049:
in the 1990s as
Article 15, Section 273(3), requires that over a 1-year period, the sponsors obtain a total number of signatures equal to at least 12% of the total number of votes cast for governor in the state's last election for that office. Additionally, it requires that no more than 20% of the
3477:
Yet another criticism is that as the number of required signatures has risen in tandem with populations, "initiatives have moved away from empowering the average citizen" and toward becoming a tool for well-heeled special interests to advance their agendas. John Diaz wrote in an editorial for the
3542:
before the voters on the
November ballot (by way of their amending the state constitution, yea or nay) was well on its way to gathering the prerequisite number of signatures in the prerequisite number of legislative districts, much to the surprise of pundits. Ultimately the organizers had by the
2104:
Nevada is the only state to allow for statute affirmation. The statute affirmation allows the voters to collect signatures to place on ballot a question asking the state citizens to affirm a standing state law. If a majority of state citizens vote to affirm the law, the state legislature will be
2050:
signatures required to place an initiative on the ballot come from any single congressional (i.e., U.S. House) district. At the time the indirect initiative process passed, Mississippi had five congressional districts, but the state lost one House seat in the reapportionment that followed the
2044:
A May 2021 decision by the
Mississippi Supreme Court nullified a voter-passed initiative that permitted medical marijuana in the state, with the 6–3 majority citing a fundamental flaw in the state's constitutional process that was viewed by media as effectively banning future use of indirect
2026:
The initiative process, for proposing constitutional amendments, may also, like for state statutes, be "direct" or "indirect". Among the 18 states that provide for citizen-initiated constitutional amendments, Massachusetts and
Mississippi are the only two states with indirect initiated state
1990:
Initiatives can also be indirect, which means that after sufficient signatures to place a measure on the ballot are collected, the measure is first considered by a state or local legislative body. If the legislative body elects not to pass the proposed new law within a prescribed window of
2091:
Legislative referral (aka "legislative referendum", or "referendum bill" in the state of
Washington for legislatively referred state statute), in which the legislature puts proposed legislation up for popular vote (either voluntarily or, in the case of a constitutional amendment, as an
1834:
The voters of the city of
Boulder approved a charter amendment allowing online petitioning by a vote of 71% to 29% in 2018. The proposal was developed by members of the city's Campaign Finance and Elections Working Group, spearheaded by Evan Ravitz and Steve Pomerance.
5311:
1965:
also exists at the local level, including in some states that otherwise do not have these forms of direct democracy at the state level, the availability of direct democracy measures at the local level varying by jurisdiction depending on state and local laws.
3640:
a review of each ballot measure, and include the panelists' statements in the voters' pamphlet. Since 2009, Healthy Democracy has led efforts to develop and refine the Citizens' Initiative Review process for use by Oregon voters.
3550:
process in recent years in states where they do not control the state government. In three states, Republican legislators asked voters to approve initiatives that would restrict their right to bring and pass future initiatives.
1978:
is a means through which any citizen or organization may gather a predetermined number of signatures to qualify a measure to be placed on a ballot, and to be voted upon in a future election (These may be further divided into
3445:**Citizen Initiated Amendments in Mississippi cannot qualify for the ballot so long as the state has four Congressional Districts due to a signature distribution provision requiring votes from five Congressional Districts
2069:
repealing or not a specific state law. 23 states allow for citizens to initiate popular referendums, and one territory, the U.S. Virgin Islands. The popular referendum was first introduced in the United States by
3518:
on technical omissions, and initiatives can be thrown out based on statistical samplings of signatures. Supporters lacking necessary funds to sustain legal battles can find their initiative taken off the ballot.
5345:
1903: States that allow indirect initiative statutes, or legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and referendums. (Alaska, Maine, and Wyoming. Maine also allows legislatively-referred state statutes)
5577:
568:
831:
1860: States that allow legislatively referred and indirect initiative statutes, or legislatively referred and direct initiated constitutional amendments, and referendums. (Michigan, Nevada, and Ohio)
5567:
1946:
Initiatives and referendums—collectively known as "ballot measures", "propositions", or simply "questions"—differ from most legislation passed by representative democracies; ordinarily, an elected
5140:
3559:
period after an initiative qualifies, in which the legislature can make the initiative unnecessary by passing legislation acceptable to the initiative's sponsors. It has also been proposed that
1881: Massachusetts allows legislatively referred and indirect initiative statutes, legislatively referred and indirect initiated constitutional amendments, and referendums, with the specific
545:
534:
5284:
5224:
3765:
4478:
5318:
5229:
5219:
1566:
816:
5209:
3648:
3506:
In some cases, voters have passed initiatives that were subsequently repealed or drastically changed by the legislature. For instance, legislation passed by the voters as an Arizonan
1694:
5791:
5214:
5187:
1891: States that allow legislatively referred, indirect, and direct initiative statutes, or legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and referendums. (Utah and Washington)
703:
5204:
826:
805:
523:
5603:
2119:
An automatic referral is question that is legally required to automatically be placed on the ballot. Many states have laws in their constitution requiring a question to hold a
2003:
that results from petitioning by a state's citizens. By utilizing this initiative process, citizens can propose and vote on constitutional amendments directly, without need of
5532:
5323:
4455:
5182:
1854: States that allow legislatively referred and direct initiative statutes, or legislatively referred and direct initiated constitutional amendments, and referendums.
596:
5657:
5133:
1794:
1525:
1521:
1302:
304:
788:
5593:
5522:
5456:
3910:
1252:
5796:
5598:
5175:
5170:
5165:
2120:
1958:
1177:
698:
560:
1918: States that allow legislatively referred state statutes, or legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and referendums. (Maryland and New Mexico)
5071:
4786:
4737:
3439:
2404:
1543:
1384:
1277:
5695:
5333:
5306:
5126:
1687:
1399:
821:
1624:
1619:
5557:
5040:
3305:
1482:
811:
399:
1843:
1629:
4503:
5735:
5527:
4731:
4250:
Hajnal, Zoltan; Gerber, Elisabeth R.; Louch, Hugh (2002). "Minorities and Direct Legislation: Evidence from California Ballot Proposition Elections".
1265:
1167:
618:
607:
263:
5517:
5279:
3790:
1442:
1297:
1961:
charged of modifying the state constitution. Washington, D.C., also has initiative and veto referendum processes. Additionally, multiple forms of
5410:
5340:
3624:
1433:
446:
3848:
3769:
5461:
4830:
2156:
1680:
1495:
1464:
1420:
1394:
1334:
1314:
1212:
1197:
840:
716:
515:
5725:
5678:
1455:
1339:
1186:
635:
5801:
5628:
5623:
5572:
5431:
3677:
2014:
Not all amendments proposed will receive sufficient support to be placed on the ballot. Of the 26 proposed petitions filed in the state of
1556:
556:
2007:. When a sufficient number of citizens have signed a petition requesting it, a proposed constitutional amendment is then put to the vote.
5652:
5542:
5482:
5247:
4820:
4284:
4170:
3868:
3846:
Citizen Initiative in Florida: An Analysis of Florida's Constitutional Initiative Process, Issues, and Statutory Initiative Alternatives
3828:
2105:
barred from ever amending the law, and it can be amended or repealed only if approved by a majority of state citizens in a direct vote.
1472:
1349:
869:
660:
585:
1765:
The technical name of these types of votes used internationally is referendum, but within the United States they are commonly known as
1614:
1594:
5395:
5149:
5097:
3751:
1866: Illinois allows legislatively referred state statutes, or legislatively referred and direct initiated constitutional amendments.
1751:
1369:
1364:
1319:
1007:
889:
732:
724:
472:
1609:
1604:
1599:
5328:
4915:
3993:
3969:
3594:
1812:
1502:
1477:
1438:
1329:
1272:
1237:
952:
454:
210:
120:
4675:
2096:
part of the procedure). With the exception of Delaware, 49 US states allow legislatively referred state constitutional amendments.
1727:
or popular vote, either enacting new legislation, or voting down existing legislation. Citizens, or an organization, might start a
3543:
April 30 deadline delivered 60,000 signatures to county clerks' offices, which if verified are far more than the 56,192 required.
1731:
to gather a predetermined number of signatures to qualify the measure for the ballot. The measure is placed on the ballot for the
5683:
5107:
4985:
4930:
4835:
4779:
4447:
1548:
1533:
1509:
1424:
1242:
1224:
1219:
347:
195:
125:
5720:
5446:
5197:
5055:
4850:
3719:
3499:
3495:
3376:
2239:
2045:
initiatives in the amendment process, barring a future constitutional amendment. The indirect initiative process, added to the
1561:
1412:
1354:
1309:
1137:
796:
4578:
3997:
3973:
5715:
5487:
5355:
4990:
4860:
4815:
4425:
1909: Washington, D.C., allows legislatively referred amendments to its charter, direct initiative statutes, and referendums.
1781:
in the United States normally refers specifically to questions about striking down enacted law, known internationally as the
1379:
1374:
874:
854:
677:
643:
392:
180:
165:
5087:
5005:
4970:
3529:
Legislatures themselves may tighten already arduous requirements. E.g., while California or Oregon typically have dozens of
1750:(1896–1917) when people sought to moderate the power of parties and political bosses. These powers are written into several
5045:
4950:
4910:
5740:
5547:
5010:
5000:
4995:
4975:
4723:
4712:
2310:
1942:
Mississippi technically would allow indirect initiated constitutional amendments, but this process is currently obsolete.
1708:
1359:
1344:
1062:
467:
422:
5102:
4925:
4840:
4641:
1827:, the first official online petition system was used to get an initiative on the ballot, with no circulators involved at
4960:
4955:
4404:
3689:
801:
693:
5050:
5015:
4920:
4895:
1634:
5647:
5552:
5035:
4965:
4940:
4905:
4890:
4870:
4845:
4825:
4772:
2046:
1448:
1232:
1157:
1102:
1067:
5030:
4935:
4875:
4855:
4810:
4380:
4945:
4885:
1950:
develops and passes laws. Initiatives and referendums, by contrast, allow citizens to vote directly on legislation.
1897: Idaho allows direct initiative statutes, or legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and referendums.
5512:
5477:
5020:
4900:
4865:
3616:
3073:
1142:
1047:
170:
5092:
5025:
4980:
4880:
3745:
5786:
5613:
5301:
4747:
4321:
3454:
2114:
2051:
1927: Kentucky allows legislatively referred state statutes and legislatively-referred constitutional amendments.
1107:
1097:
1092:
1072:
385:
3647:
Each state has individual requirements to qualify initiatives for the ballot. Generally, all 24 states and the
434:
5296:
5291:
5274:
3694:
3564:
1980:
1172:
1022:
937:
462:
160:
110:
4358:
4332:
5257:
5192:
3466:
1762:. As of 2024, these processes are only available at state levels, and do not exist for federal legislation.
1057:
1052:
927:
342:
258:
238:
190:
3794:
3453:
The initiative and referendums process have critics. Some argue that initiatives and referendums undermine
5688:
5262:
4034:
3683:
1538:
1147:
1112:
1017:
992:
493:
485:
215:
135:
103:
4553:
4528:
1987:. Statutory initiatives typically require fewer signatures to qualify to be placed on a future ballot.).
5350:
1816:
Through 2006, 2,231 statewide initiatives were held in the United States, of which 887 were successful.
1755:
1132:
1082:
1037:
1027:
1012:
1002:
987:
967:
942:
932:
922:
779:
501:
281:
205:
200:
185:
175:
150:
130:
115:
4301:
3636:
327:
3885:
3845:
2093:
2086:
2004:
1655:
1152:
1127:
1032:
972:
947:
917:
907:
577:
243:
155:
140:
90:
70:
3747:
Law, Politics, and Preferences: An Economic Analysis of Direct Democracy and the Single Subject Rule
3667:
Petition submitted to state election officials to verify the signatures and qualify the ballot entry
3494:, Props. 7 and 10). If it's a tough sell on the facts, give it a sympathetic face and name such as "
3457:
by circumventing the elected representatives of the people and allowing the people to directly make
3438:*The District of Columbia does not have a Constitution, however it does have a Charter which can be
3610:
3511:
1087:
1042:
982:
957:
912:
145:
65:
17:
5760:
5636:
5436:
5400:
4267:
4232:
4152:
4113:
2132:
2063:
1975:
1782:
1728:
1282:
1117:
997:
962:
299:
85:
75:
4764:
1799:
The Progressive Era was a period marked by reforms aimed at breaking the concentrated power, or
4009:
3815:
5492:
4144:
4105:
3989:
3965:
3620:
3534:
1824:
1292:
1162:
1122:
1077:
977:
879:
774:
337:
248:
80:
33:
3658:
State review of the proposal and, in several states, a review of the language of the proposal
5730:
5700:
5618:
5267:
5252:
4529:"Luke Mayville and his Medicaid for Idaho campaign are proving us political 'experts' wrong"
4259:
4224:
4097:
3576:
3507:
2018:
in its 1994 general election, only three garnered sufficient support to be put to the vote.
1962:
1759:
1743:
884:
506:
332:
40:
2159:, and eligibility to vote is limited to producers of the agricultural product in question.
1872: Florida allows legislatively referred and direct initiated constitutional amendments.
5415:
5405:
5380:
4727:
4716:
4680:
4554:"60,000 signatures & counting: How did the upstart Medicaid expansion campaign do it?"
3852:
3462:
1747:
1739:
1667:
1287:
769:
752:
742:
685:
621:
548:
375:
322:
4687:
4479:"Medicaid expansion petition 6,000 away from target, still need to wrap up 11 districts"
5642:
5608:
5562:
5537:
4596:
3699:
3590:
3530:
3470:
2163:
2136:
1586:
1513:
253:
4620:
1662:
370:
48:
5780:
5750:
5745:
5673:
5441:
5118:
4194:
4133:"The Referendum Process in the Agricultural Adjustment Programs of the United States"
3932:
2031:
1808:
668:
610:
588:
537:
4271:
3723:
3563:
be combined with initiative and referendum to form a hybrid of direct democracy and
5710:
5451:
5385:
4700:
3598:
3593:. It reached its peak public approval rating in the 1930s in an effort to maintain
3586:
3560:
3539:
3521:
2070:
2000:
764:
747:
735:
599:
526:
352:
3911:"Mississippi Supreme Court overturns voter-approved medical marijuana initiative"
4704:
4405:"The Pueblo Chieftain Online :: Referendum O limits constitutional changes"
2038:
1954:
1947:
1804:
1720:
757:
58:
4720:
4709:
4649:
4504:"Medicaid expansion initiative in final push, just 5,000 signatures from goal"
4059:
3635:
Healthy Democracy, and a similar organization in Washington State, proposed a
1933: States that allow legislatively referred constitutional amendments only.
1732:
1724:
1716:
4148:
4109:
4263:
651:
357:
5755:
5705:
4759:
4676:"Courts Are Taking Away One of Americans' Best Options for Fixing Voting"
3533:
each year, Idaho has had 28 since the 1930s, of which twelve passed. The
2077:, two years after the first initiative was used in 1904, also in Oregon.
1800:
4741:
3581:
The Ludlow Amendment was a proposed constitutional amendment drafted by
4579:"Republicans Move to Limit a Grass-Roots Tradition of Direct Democracy"
4236:
4156:
4132:
3582:
2015:
1984:
4117:
4085:
5765:
4215:
Gamble, Barbara S. (1997). "Putting Civil Rights to a Popular Vote".
3458:
2074:
4228:
5346:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
4381:"Medical Use of Marijuana To Stay Illegal in Arizona - NYTimes.com"
4171:"New England and Gulf of Mexico Individual Fishing Quota Referenda"
4101:
1999:
An initiated constitutional amendment is an amendment to a state's
4336:
2144:
2140:
1842:
2155:. The responsibility of conducting these referendums is with the
1939: Delaware allows legislatively referred state statutes only.
4302:"Was the Price Too High for Colorado Initiative Deal? - WSJ.com"
3664:
Petition circulation to obtain the required number of signatures
3538:
districts before May, as of mid-April 2018 the drive to put the
2152:
2148:
1576:
5122:
4768:
4597:"The California Initiative Process: Background and Perspective"
2166:
in both the New England and Gulf fishery management councils.
2123:
to appear before the voters after a scheduled amount of time.
1581:
3886:"Constitutional Initiative in Mississippi: A Citizen's Guide"
433:
4752:
Statewide initiatives adopted by voters...1904 through 2018
2135:
requires national referendums before the authorization of
4642:"State of Oregon: Citizens' Initiative Review Commission"
3655:
File a proposed petition with a designated state official
1875:
States and federal district that allow initiated statutes
5319:
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
3891:. Secretary of State, Mississippi. 2009-01-14. p. 2
4448:"Idaho governor signs bill tightening initiative rules"
3440:
amended by Referral to the Ballot by the City Council
2175:
Direct democracy in U.S. states and Washington, D.C.
1848:
States that allow initiated constitutional amendments
3816:"States with initiative or referendum - Ballotpedia"
5666:
5586:
5505:
5470:
5424:
5373:
5366:
5324:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
5238:
5156:
5080:
5064:
4803:
3615:The national initiative is a proposal to amend the
1758:. Initiatives and referendums constitute a form of
3490:, Prop. 3) or the cause of the day (this is about
4035:"Legislatively referred constitutional amendment"
2022:Indirect initiated state constitutional amendment
832:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
5285:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
4721:Initiative & Referendum Legislation Database
3589:allowing for a referendum after a congressional
1795:History of direct democracy in the United States
4291:. 9 ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008. p. 141.
3875:. 9 ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008. p. 141.
3835:. 9 ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008. p. 141.
3720:"State by state listing of where they are used"
3483:
3766:"Boulder County 2018 General Election Results"
1820:"in the pocket" of certain wealthy interests.
5792:History of voting rights in the United States
5599:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
5134:
4780:
1885:term used for all directly voted initiatives.
1688:
393:
8:
4738:Rose Institute of State and Local Government
3942:. Supreme Court of Mississippi. May 14, 2021
3498:" (Prop. 9, victims' rights and parole) or "
2162:A similar referendum system is in place for
2139:for certain agricultural products including
5696:Democratic backsliding in the United States
5334:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act
3492:energy independence and renewable resources
1921:States that allow legislative referral only
5370:
5141:
5127:
5119:
4787:
4773:
4765:
3510:initiative was subsequently gutted by the
3486:link it to the issue of the ages (this is
2173:
1695:
1681:
411:
400:
386:
28:
4732:National Conference of State Legislatures
3844:Jameson, P.K. and Marsha Hosack. (1996) "
4333:"Vote NO on Prop 105 » In The News"
3520:
1995:Initiated state constitutional amendment
1738:Initiatives and referendums, along with
5341:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
5297:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
4688:Direct Democracy in the States (Report)
3711:
827:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
817:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel
421:
416:This article is part of a series on the
39:
5578:United States Virgin Islands residents
4010:"Legislatively referred state statute"
4690:(2023) by statedemocracy.law.wisc.edu
4217:American Journal of Political Science
3986:State Government in the United States
3962:State Government in the United States
3644:reform and public engagement fields.
1187:Elections in the District of Columbia
7:
5797:Ballot measures in the United States
5171:House Electors Qualifications Clause
4796:Ballot measures in the United States
3855:." pp. 1-2. Originally published in
3793:. Iandrinstitute.org. Archived from
3722:. Iandrinstitute.org. Archived from
3678:Comparison of U.S. state governments
1839:Types of initiatives and referendums
1557:United States and the United Nations
789:Inferior Courts of the United States
4335:. Thevotersofaz.com. Archived from
3857:Florida State University Law Review
3442:followed by Congressional approval
2073:in 1898, and first used in 1906 in
661:Vice President of the United States
5568:Northern Mariana Islands residents
5150:Voting rights in the United States
3752:University of California, Berkeley
1811:. Many Progressives believed that
1746:, were signature reforms from the
725:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
18:Initiated constitutional amendment
5329:Federal Voting Assistance Program
4477:PFANNENSTIEL, KYLE (2018-04-14).
4458:from the original on 21 July 2021
3909:Gregorian, Dareh (May 14, 2021).
455:Constitution of the United States
5736:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.
5653:Women's poll tax repeal movement
4359:"A long way from the grassroots"
3661:Prepare ballot title and summary
3630:
1661:
1649:
900:Elections by State and Territory
505:
500:
369:
348:List of direct democracy parties
47:
5280:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
5198:Privileges or Immunities Clause
4743:Miller-Rose Initiative Database
4674:David Daley (October 7, 2020),
4446:Betsy Z. Russell (3 Apr 2013).
4289:Politics in the American States
3935:In Re Initiative Measure No. 65
3873:Politics in the American States
3833:Politics in the American States
1562:United Nations Security Council
1465:District of Columbia Government
5558:District of Columbia residents
5488:Multiple non-transferable vote
5411:Voter registration in the U.S.
5356:Election Assistance Commission
5176:Congressional Elections Clause
4577:Epstein, Reid (May 22, 2021).
3469:) as a result, believing that
678:United States Attorney General
644:President of the United States
1:
5741:National Voting Rights Museum
5351:Help America Vote Act of 2002
4502:Russell, Betsy (2018-04-19).
4086:"The Agricultural Referendum"
1912:States that allow referendums
1829:petitions.bouldercolorado.gov
1709:politics of the United States
822:Alien Terrorist Removal Court
5604:Timeline of women's suffrage
4304:. Online.wsj.com. 2008-10-13
4202:Supreme Court of Mississippi
4090:Public Administration Review
3744:Gilbert, Michael D. (2008).
812:Court of International Trade
5802:Voting in the United States
5658:History of direct democracy
5648:Selma to Montgomery marches
5391:Initiatives and referendums
3637:Citizens' Initiative Review
3631:Citizens' Initiative Review
1713:initiatives and referendums
294:History of direct democracy
5818:
5478:First-past-the-post voting
5248:U.S. Department of Justice
4552:Manny, Bill (2018-05-01).
4527:Manny, Bill (2018-04-13).
4426:"mansfieldnewsjournal.com"
4379:Golden, Tim (1997-04-17).
4131:Martin, Robert E. (1951).
3617:United States Constitution
3608:
3574:
2112:
2084:
2061:
2027:constitutional amendment.
1792:
5614:Woman Suffrage Procession
5302:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4748:Claremont McKenna College
4287:& Russell L. Hanson.
3871:& Russell L. Hanson.
3831:& Russell L. Hanson.
3651:follow steps similar to:
3455:representative government
3431:
3424:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2121:constitutional convention
2115:Automatic ballot referral
2052:2000 United States Census
1981:constitutional amendments
1253:List of political parties
5553:American Samoa residents
5292:Civil Rights Act of 1960
5275:Civil Rights Act of 1957
5098:Northern Mariana Islands
4710:Ballot Measures Database
4701:Ballot Measures overview
4357:John Diaz (2008-10-12).
3695:Elections in Puerto Rico
3597:in the years before the
3565:representative democracy
3449:Objections to the system
2157:Secretary of Agriculture
2127:Agricultural referendums
1656:United States portal
1168:Northern Mariana Islands
516:House of Representatives
5258:Enforcement Act of 1870
5193:Equal Protection Clause
4264:10.1111/1468-2508.00122
4195:"Mayor Butler v Watson"
3479:San Francisco Chronicle
3467:tyranny of the majority
2170:Referendum law by state
1715:allow citizens of many
1385:Individualist anarchism
557:Congressional districts
343:Participatory budgeting
5263:Second Enforcement Act
4084:Howard, L. V. (1942).
3684:Hollingsworth v. Perry
3526:
3504:
3461:: they fear excessive
1943:
1754:, particularly in the
1522:Diplomatic missions of
1400:Political polarization
870:Presidential elections
494:United States Congress
438:
104:Referendums by country
5716:Elections in the U.S.
5573:Puerto Rico residents
5312:covered jurisdictions
4060:"Statute affirmation"
3595:American isolationism
3524:
3432:Legislative referral
2198:Legislative referral
1985:statutory initiatives
1846:
597:President Pro Tempore
437:
276:Referendums by method
5072:District of Columbia
4508:The Spokesman-Review
4452:The Spokesman-Review
4137:Agricultural History
3988:, Read Books, 2007,
3984:Arthur N. Holcombe,
3964:, Read Books, 2007,
3960:Arthur N. Holcombe,
3649:District of Columbia
2405:District of Columbia
2087:Legislative referral
2081:Legislative referral
2047:state's constitution
2005:legislative referral
1723:on the ballot for a
1526:in the United States
1266:Political ideologies
890:Presidential primary
233:Referendums by issue
91:Mandatory referendum
71:Legislative referral
5108:U.S. Virgin Islands
4558:The Idaho Statesman
4483:Idaho-Press Tribune
4252:Journal of Politics
3998:Google Print, p.529
3974:Google Print, p.141
3611:National initiative
3605:National initiative
3512:Arizona legislature
2176:
2109:Automatic referrals
2100:Statute affirmation
1883:initiative petition
1752:state constitutions
1668:Politics portal
1503:Department of State
1178:U.S. Virgin Islands
376:Politics portal
66:Optional referendum
5761:Voter registration
5637:Give Us the Ballot
5533:Transgender people
5437:Grandfather clause
5401:Provisional ballot
4726:2011-06-30 at the
4715:2011-07-01 at the
4583:The New York Times
3851:2012-03-02 at the
3791:"What is I&R?"
3621:ballot initiatives
3591:declaration of war
3547:The New York Times
3527:
3525:Medicaid for Idaho
2174:
2133:United States code
2064:Popular referendum
1944:
1813:state legislatures
1783:popular referendum
1735:, or actual vote.
1729:popular initiative
1510:Secretary of State
880:Off-year elections
862:National Elections
569:Non-voting members
447:Federal government
439:
328:Citizens' assembly
300:Athenian democracy
86:Popular referendum
76:Popular initiative
5774:
5773:
5721:Electoral College
5543:African Americans
5501:
5500:
5493:One man, one vote
5462:Voter suppression
5116:
5115:
4746:, Claremont, CA:
3535:Idaho Legislature
3436:
3435:
1825:Boulder, Colorado
1744:primary elections
1711:, the process of
1705:
1704:
1544:Visa requirements
1496:Foreign relations
1395:Political culture
1335:Constitutionalism
1213:Political parties
1198:List of Elections
885:Primary elections
875:Midterm elections
797:Courts of appeals
425:
410:
409:
81:Recall referendum
16:(Redirected from
5809:
5787:Activism by type
5731:Electoral system
5726:Electoral reform
5701:Disfranchisement
5689:Native Americans
5679:Campaign finance
5624:U.S. suffragists
5619:Silent Sentinels
5548:Native Americans
5371:
5268:Ku Klux Klan Act
5253:Enforcement Acts
5143:
5136:
5129:
5120:
5065:Federal district
4789:
4782:
4775:
4766:
4754:
4684:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4648:. Archived from
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4298:
4292:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4199:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4006:
4000:
3982:
3976:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3941:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3882:
3876:
3866:
3860:
3842:
3836:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3768:. Archived from
3762:
3756:
3755:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3716:
3690:Fairness Project
3599:Second World War
3577:Ludlow Amendment
3571:Ludlow Amendment
3554:Proposed reforms
3508:medical cannabis
3488:for the children
2177:
2137:marketing quotas
1963:direct democracy
1959:state convention
1948:legislative body
1938:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1775:ballot questions
1760:direct democracy
1740:recall elections
1697:
1690:
1683:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1473:District Council
1456:Local government
1340:Environmentalism
704:Executive Office
699:Federal agencies
509:
504:
424:Politics of the
423:
412:
402:
395:
388:
374:
373:
333:Popular assembly
59:Referendum types
51:
41:Direct democracy
29:
21:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5662:
5582:
5497:
5466:
5432:Electoral fraud
5420:
5416:Voting in space
5406:Recall election
5381:Absentee ballot
5362:
5240:
5234:
5158:
5152:
5147:
5117:
5112:
5076:
5060:
4799:
4793:
4736:
4728:Wayback Machine
4717:Wayback Machine
4697:
4681:Theatlantic.com
4673:
4670:
4668:Further reading
4665:
4664:
4655:
4653:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4562:
4560:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4537:
4535:
4533:Idaho Statesman
4526:
4525:
4521:
4512:
4510:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4487:
4485:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4410:
4408:
4407:. Chieftain.com
4403:
4402:
4398:
4389:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4342:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4283:
4279:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4229:10.2307/2111715
4214:
4213:
4209:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4179:
4177:
4175:www.govinfo.gov
4169:
4168:
4164:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3983:
3979:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3867:
3863:
3853:Wayback Machine
3843:
3839:
3827:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3800:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3729:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3674:
3633:
3613:
3607:
3579:
3573:
3556:
3531:ballot measures
3473:may be harmed.
3471:minority groups
3463:majoritarianism
3451:
3426:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3144:South Carolina
2981:North Carolina
2202:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2172:
2129:
2117:
2111:
2102:
2089:
2083:
2066:
2060:
2037:Before 2021 in
2024:
1997:
1972:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1797:
1791:
1767:ballot measures
1748:Progressive Era
1701:
1672:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1591:
1573:
1553:
1534:Nationality law
1530:
1518:
1498:
1488:
1487:
1460:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1391:
1326:
1268:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1229:
1215:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1182:
904:
896:
866:
857:
847:
846:
841:Other tribunals
836:
802:District courts
784:
719:
709:
708:
690:
686:Merrick Garland
638:
628:
627:
622:Mitch McConnell
619:Minority Leader
608:Majority Leader
573:
549:Hakeem Jeffries
546:Minority Leader
535:Majority Leader
511:
488:
478:
477:
449:
426:
406:
368:
363:
362:
323:Direct election
318:
310:
309:
295:
287:
286:
277:
269:
268:
234:
226:
225:
106:
96:
95:
61:
34:Politics series
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5815:
5813:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5779:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5643:Freedom Summer
5640:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5609:Suffrage Hikes
5606:
5601:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5563:Guam residents
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5483:Gerrymandering
5480:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5230:26th Amendment
5227:
5225:24th Amendment
5222:
5220:23rd Amendment
5217:
5215:19th Amendment
5212:
5210:17th Amendment
5207:
5205:15th Amendment
5202:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5188:14th Amendment
5185:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5162:
5160:
5157:Constitutional
5154:
5153:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5088:American Samoa
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5006:South Carolina
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4971:North Carolina
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4734:
4707:
4696:
4695:External links
4693:
4692:
4691:
4685:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4633:
4621:"Proxy voting"
4612:
4588:
4569:
4544:
4519:
4494:
4469:
4438:
4417:
4396:
4385:New York Times
4371:
4349:
4324:
4314:
4293:
4285:Gray, Virginia
4277:
4242:
4223:(1): 245–269.
4207:
4186:
4162:
4123:
4102:10.2307/973041
4076:
4051:
4026:
4001:
3977:
3953:
3924:
3901:
3877:
3869:Gray, Virginia
3861:
3837:
3829:Gray, Virginia
3821:
3807:
3782:
3757:
3736:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3700:Meyer v. Grant
3697:
3692:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3632:
3629:
3609:Main article:
3606:
3603:
3575:Main article:
3572:
3569:
3555:
3552:
3450:
3447:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:Constitutional
3409:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3373:
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3334:
3331:
3330:West Virginia
3327:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:New Hampshire
2886:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:Massachusetts
2702:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:Constitutional
2188:
2183:
2171:
2168:
2164:fishing quotas
2128:
2125:
2113:Main article:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2085:Main article:
2082:
2079:
2062:Main article:
2059:
2056:
2023:
2020:
1996:
1993:
1971:
1968:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1840:
1837:
1793:Main article:
1790:
1787:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:European Union
1622:
1620:United Kingdom
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1528:
1517:
1516:
1514:Antony Blinken
1506:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:Superior Court
1480:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1350:Libertarianism
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1303:Traditionalist
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:American Samoa
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:South Carolina
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:North Carolina
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
903:
902:
895:
894:
893:
892:
882:
877:
872:
865:
864:
858:
853:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
835:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
799:
793:
792:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
739:
738:
729:
728:
720:
715:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
701:
696:
689:
688:
682:
681:
673:
672:
665:
664:
656:
655:
648:
647:
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
615:
614:
604:
603:
593:
592:
582:
581:
572:
571:
565:
564:
553:
552:
542:
541:
531:
530:
520:
519:
498:
497:
489:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
470:
465:
459:
458:
450:
445:
444:
441:
440:
430:
429:
419:
418:
408:
407:
405:
404:
397:
390:
382:
379:
378:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
338:Citizen's jury
335:
330:
325:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
302:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
107:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
57:
56:
53:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5814:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5751:Secret ballot
5749:
5747:
5746:Redistricting
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5674:Ballot access
5672:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:Vote dilution
5469:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:Voter ID laws
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5442:Literacy test
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5396:Postal voting
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5183:1st Amendment
5181:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5139:
5137:
5132:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:West Virginia
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:New Hampshire
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:Massachusetts
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4652:on 2014-07-14
4651:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4570:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4545:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4520:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4495:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4470:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4439:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4372:
4360:
4353:
4350:
4339:on 2011-07-17
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3994:1-4067-7154-6
3991:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3970:1-4067-7154-6
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3938:
3936:
3928:
3925:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3797:on 2010-07-25
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3772:on 2022-05-17
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3754:. p. 13.
3753:
3749:
3748:
3740:
3737:
3726:on 2016-02-11
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3625:federal level
3622:
3618:
3612:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3430:
3421:
3418:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3167:South Dakota
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3121:Rhode Island
3120:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3098:Pennsylvania
3097:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3004:North Dakota
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
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2940:
2937:
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2926:
2923:
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2917:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
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2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2032:Massachusetts
2028:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1922:
1913:
1884:
1876:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:, of certain
1802:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Latin America
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Republicanism
1368:
1366:
1365:Protectionism
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1320:Progressivism
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:Third parties
1231:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:West Virginia
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1048:New Hampshire
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:Massachusetts
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
897:
891:
888:
887:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
863:
860:
859:
856:
851:
850:
843:
842:
838:
837:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
807:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
786:
785:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
737:
734:
733:Chief Justice
731:
730:
727:
726:
722:
721:
718:
713:
712:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
675:
674:
670:
669:Kamala Harris
667:
666:
663:
662:
658:
657:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
641:
640:
637:
632:
631:
623:
620:
617:
616:
612:
611:Chuck Schumer
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
595:
594:
590:
589:Kamala Harris
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
575:
574:
570:
567:
566:
562:
558:
555:
554:
550:
547:
544:
543:
539:
538:Steve Scalise
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
513:
512:
510:
508:
503:
496:
495:
491:
490:
487:
482:
481:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
457:
456:
452:
451:
448:
443:
442:
436:
432:
431:
428:
427:United States
420:
417:
414:
413:
403:
398:
396:
391:
389:
384:
383:
381:
380:
377:
372:
367:
366:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
314:
313:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
291:
290:
283:
280:
279:
273:
272:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
230:
229:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
105:
100:
99:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
60:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
5711:Election law
5629:Publications
5538:Young adults
5452:Voter caging
5390:
5386:Early voting
5374:Voter access
5241:and agencies
5239:Federal laws
5011:South Dakota
5001:Rhode Island
4996:Pennsylvania
4976:North Dakota
4795:
4751:
4742:
4679:
4654:. Retrieved
4650:the original
4645:
4636:
4624:. Retrieved
4615:
4603:. Retrieved
4591:
4582:
4572:
4561:. Retrieved
4557:
4547:
4536:. Retrieved
4532:
4522:
4511:. Retrieved
4507:
4497:
4486:. Retrieved
4482:
4472:
4460:. Retrieved
4451:
4441:
4429:. Retrieved
4420:
4409:. Retrieved
4399:
4388:. Retrieved
4384:
4374:
4363:. Retrieved
4361:. Sfgate.com
4352:
4341:. Retrieved
4337:the original
4327:
4317:
4306:. Retrieved
4296:
4288:
4280:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4201:
4189:
4178:. Retrieved
4174:
4165:
4143:(1): 34–47.
4140:
4136:
4126:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4067:. Retrieved
4063:
4054:
4042:. Retrieved
4038:
4029:
4017:. Retrieved
4013:
4004:
3985:
3980:
3961:
3956:
3944:. Retrieved
3934:
3927:
3915:. Retrieved
3904:
3893:. Retrieved
3880:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3810:
3799:. Retrieved
3795:the original
3785:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:the original
3760:
3746:
3739:
3728:. Retrieved
3724:the original
3714:
3682:
3646:
3642:
3634:
3614:
3587:Louis Ludlow
3585:congressman
3580:
3561:proxy voting
3557:
3546:
3545:
3540:Medicaid gap
3528:
3516:
3505:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3452:
3444:
3437:
3427:affirmation
2774:Mississippi
2358:Connecticut
2203:affirmation
2161:
2130:
2118:
2103:
2090:
2071:South Dakota
2067:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2013:
2009:
2001:constitution
1998:
1989:
1973:
1952:
1945:
1920:
1911:
1882:
1874:
1847:
1833:
1828:
1823:In 2021, in
1822:
1818:
1805:corporations
1798:
1778:
1774:
1771:propositions
1770:
1766:
1764:
1742:and popular
1737:
1712:
1706:
1463:
1439:Legislatures
1419:
1330:Abolitionism
1273:Conservatism
1195:
1185:
1108:South Dakota
1098:Rhode Island
1093:Pennsylvania
1073:North Dakota
899:
861:
839:
787:
736:John Roberts
723:
676:
659:
642:
600:Patty Murray
576:
527:Mike Johnson
514:
499:
492:
453:
415:
353:Ballot title
282:E-referendum
259:Independence
239:Civil rights
220:
32:Part of the
26:
5684:Citizenship
5425:Vote denial
5103:Puerto Rico
5081:Territories
4926:Mississippi
4841:Connecticut
4705:Ballotpedia
4626:October 21,
4431:October 20,
4258:: 154–177.
4096:(1): 9–26.
4064:Ballotpedia
4039:Ballotpedia
4014:Ballotpedia
3500:Sarah's Law
3496:Marsy's Law
3416:Referendum
3413:initiative
3408:initiative
2935:New Mexico
2912:New Jersey
2780:Obsolete**
2195:Referendum
2192:initiative
2187:initiative
2039:Mississippi
1970:Initiatives
1955:U.S. states
1777:. The term
1721:legislation
1717:U.S. states
1635:Arab League
1549:Visa policy
1425:Territorial
1238:Libertarian
1173:Puerto Rico
1023:Mississippi
938:Connecticut
486:Legislature
196:Switzerland
181:Philippines
171:New Zealand
166:Netherlands
5781:Categories
5528:Foreigners
5367:State laws
5307:amendments
5159:provisions
5041:Washington
4961:New Mexico
4956:New Jersey
4831:California
4656:2014-06-13
4646:oregon.gov
4563:2018-05-01
4538:2018-04-14
4513:2018-04-19
4488:2018-04-15
4411:2010-06-17
4390:2010-06-17
4365:2010-06-17
4343:2010-06-17
4308:2010-06-17
4180:2022-08-25
3913:. NBC News
3895:2010-04-29
3801:2010-06-17
3776:2022-12-27
3730:2010-06-17
3706:References
3422:Amendment
3406:Statute or
3403:territory
3353:Wisconsin
3306:Washington
3190:Tennessee
2751:Minnesota
2636:Louisiana
2311:California
2211:Amendment
2182:territory
2094:obligatory
2058:Referendum
1976:initiative
1779:referendum
1733:referendum
1725:referendum
1427:government
1413:Federalism
1355:Monarchism
1310:Liberalism
1225:Republican
1220:Democratic
1138:Washington
1058:New Mexico
1053:New Jersey
928:California
5166:Article I
5051:Wisconsin
5016:Tennessee
4921:Minnesota
4896:Louisiana
4149:0002-1482
4110:0033-3352
3619:to allow
3481:in 2008:
3381:Indirect
3282:Virginia
3050:Oklahoma
3030:Indirect
2958:New York
2869:Indirect
2843:Nebraska
2797:Missouri
2731:Indirect
2728:Michigan
2711:Indirect
2708:Indirect
2682:Maryland
2662:Indirect
2613:Kentucky
2521:Illinois
2381:Delaware
2335:Colorado
2287:Arkansas
2244:Indirect
1719:to place
1539:Passports
1434:Governors
1380:Anarchism
1375:Socialism
1148:Wisconsin
1113:Tennessee
1018:Minnesota
993:Louisiana
855:Elections
770:Kavanaugh
753:Sotomayor
717:Judiciary
652:Joe Biden
636:Executive
586:President
358:Sortition
161:Lithuania
111:Australia
5756:Suffrage
5706:Election
5594:Timeline
5506:By group
5447:Poll tax
5036:Virginia
4986:Oklahoma
4966:New York
4941:Nebraska
4931:Missouri
4916:Michigan
4906:Maryland
4891:Kentucky
4871:Illinois
4846:Delaware
4836:Colorado
4826:Arkansas
4798:by state
4760:Vote.org
4724:Archived
4713:Archived
4456:Archived
4272:27773706
3849:Archived
3672:See also
3419:Statute
3401:State or
3259:Vermont
2820:Montana
2544:Indiana
2452:Georgia
2429:Florida
2264:Arizona
2216:Alabama
2208:Statute
2180:State or
1953:In many
1801:monopoly
1360:Populism
1345:Feminism
1133:Virginia
1083:Oklahoma
1063:New York
1038:Nebraska
1028:Missouri
1013:Michigan
1003:Maryland
988:Kentucky
968:Illinois
943:Delaware
933:Colorado
923:Arkansas
468:Taxation
191:Slovakia
5667:Related
5587:History
5056:Wyoming
5031:Vermont
4936:Montana
4876:Indiana
4856:Georgia
4851:Florida
4821:Arizona
4811:Alabama
4605:23 July
4462:23 July
4237:2111715
4204:. 2021.
4157:3740296
4069:23 July
4044:23 July
4019:23 July
3946:May 15,
3917:May 15,
3859:23:417.
3623:at the
3583:Indiana
3425:Statute
3377:Wyoming
3173:Direct
3170:Direct
3081:Direct
3078:Direct
3056:Direct
3053:Direct
3033:Direct
3010:Direct
3007:Direct
2872:Direct
2866:Nevada
2849:Direct
2846:Direct
2826:Direct
2823:Direct
2803:Direct
2800:Direct
2734:Direct
2590:Kansas
2527:Direct
2501:Direct
2475:Hawaii
2435:Direct
2409:Direct
2341:Direct
2338:Direct
2318:Direct
2315:Direct
2293:Direct
2290:Direct
2270:Direct
2267:Direct
2201:Statute
2185:Statute
2016:Florida
1789:History
1707:In the
1278:history
1153:Wyoming
1128:Vermont
1033:Montana
973:Indiana
953:Georgia
948:Florida
918:Arizona
908:Alabama
780:Jackson
775:Barrett
765:Gorsuch
694:Cabinet
524:Speaker
317:Related
244:Finance
216:Ukraine
136:Germany
121:Czechia
5766:Voting
5523:Felons
4991:Oregon
4946:Nevada
4886:Kansas
4861:Hawaii
4816:Alaska
4804:States
4270:
4235:
4155:
4147:
4118:973041
4116:
4108:
3992:
3968:
3459:policy
3213:Texas
3074:Oregon
2659:Maine
2498:Idaho
2412:None*
2240:Alaska
2151:, and
2075:Oregon
2011:vote.
1937:
1931:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1809:trusts
1615:Canada
1595:Russia
1449:Courts
1315:Modern
1298:Social
1293:Paleo-
1088:Oregon
1043:Nevada
983:Kansas
958:Hawaii
913:Alaska
743:Thomas
578:Senate
473:Policy
305:in USA
249:Mining
206:Taiwan
201:Turkey
186:Sweden
176:Poland
151:Israel
131:France
116:Canada
5518:Women
5021:Texas
4901:Maine
4866:Idaho
4600:(PDF)
4268:S2CID
4233:JSTOR
4198:(PDF)
4153:JSTOR
4114:JSTOR
3940:(PDF)
3889:(PDF)
3384:None
3359:None
3356:None
3336:None
3333:None
3313:None
3310:Both
3288:None
3285:None
3265:None
3262:None
3242:None
3239:Both
3236:Utah
3219:None
3216:None
3196:None
3193:None
3150:None
3147:None
3127:None
3124:None
3104:None
3101:None
3027:Ohio
2987:None
2984:None
2964:None
2961:None
2941:None
2938:None
2918:None
2915:None
2895:None
2892:None
2777:None
2757:None
2754:None
2688:None
2685:None
2665:None
2642:None
2639:None
2619:None
2616:None
2596:None
2593:None
2573:None
2570:None
2567:Iowa
2550:None
2547:None
2524:None
2504:None
2481:None
2478:None
2458:None
2455:None
2432:None
2421:Yes*
2387:None
2384:None
2364:None
2361:None
2247:None
2222:None
2219:None
2145:maize
2141:wheat
1610:Japan
1605:India
1600:China
1478:Mayor
1421:State
1283:Black
1243:Green
1118:Texas
998:Maine
963:Idaho
758:Kagan
748:Alito
156:Kenya
141:Italy
5093:Guam
5026:Utah
4981:Ohio
4881:Iowa
4719:and
4628:2008
4607:2021
4464:2021
4433:2008
4145:ISSN
4106:ISSN
4071:2021
4046:2021
4021:2021
3990:ISBN
3966:ISBN
3948:2021
3919:2021
3393:Yes
3387:Yes
3368:Yes
3345:Yes
3322:Yes
3319:Yes
3316:Yes
3297:Yes
3274:Yes
3251:Yes
3248:Yes
3245:Yes
3228:Yes
3205:Yes
3182:Yes
3179:Yes
3176:Yes
3159:Yes
3136:Yes
3113:Yes
3090:Yes
3087:Yes
3084:Yes
3065:Yes
3062:Yes
3059:Yes
3042:Yes
3039:Yes
3036:Yes
3019:Yes
3016:Yes
3013:Yes
2996:Yes
2973:Yes
2950:Yes
2947:Yes
2944:Yes
2927:Yes
2904:Yes
2884:Yes
2881:Yes
2878:Yes
2875:Yes
2858:Yes
2855:Yes
2852:Yes
2835:Yes
2832:Yes
2829:Yes
2812:Yes
2809:Yes
2806:Yes
2789:Yes
2766:Yes
2743:Yes
2740:Yes
2737:Yes
2720:Yes
2717:Yes
2714:Yes
2697:Yes
2694:Yes
2691:Yes
2674:Yes
2671:Yes
2668:Yes
2651:Yes
2628:Yes
2625:Yes
2605:Yes
2582:Yes
2559:Yes
2536:Yes
2533:Yes
2513:Yes
2507:Yes
2490:Yes
2467:Yes
2444:Yes
2415:Yes
2393:Yes
2373:Yes
2350:Yes
2347:Yes
2344:Yes
2327:Yes
2324:Yes
2321:Yes
2302:Yes
2299:Yes
2296:Yes
2279:Yes
2276:Yes
2273:Yes
2256:Yes
2250:Yes
2231:Yes
2153:rice
2149:milk
2131:The
1983:and
1807:and
1756:West
1577:NATO
1443:list
1423:and
1288:Neo-
1163:Guam
1123:Utah
1078:Ohio
978:Iowa
806:list
561:list
146:Iran
5513:Men
4730:by
4703:at
4260:doi
4225:doi
4098:doi
3396:No
3390:No
3371:No
3365:No
3362:No
3348:No
3342:No
3339:No
3325:No
3300:No
3294:No
3291:No
3277:No
3271:No
3268:No
3254:No
3231:No
3225:No
3222:No
3208:No
3202:No
3199:No
3185:No
3162:No
3156:No
3153:No
3139:No
3133:No
3130:No
3116:No
3110:No
3107:No
3093:No
3068:No
3045:No
3022:No
2999:No
2993:No
2990:No
2976:No
2970:No
2967:No
2953:No
2930:No
2924:No
2921:No
2907:No
2901:No
2898:No
2861:No
2838:No
2815:No
2792:No
2786:No
2783:No
2769:No
2763:No
2760:No
2746:No
2723:No
2700:No
2677:No
2654:No
2648:No
2645:No
2631:No
2622:No
2608:No
2602:No
2599:No
2585:No
2579:No
2576:No
2562:No
2556:No
2553:No
2539:No
2530:No
2516:No
2510:No
2493:No
2487:No
2484:No
2470:No
2464:No
2461:No
2447:No
2441:No
2438:No
2424:No
2418:No
2399:No
2396:No
2390:No
2376:No
2370:No
2367:No
2353:No
2330:No
2305:No
2282:No
2259:No
2253:No
2234:No
2228:No
2225:No
2030:In
1974:An
1773:or
1582:G20
671:(D)
654:(D)
624:(R)
613:(D)
602:(D)
591:(D)
551:(D)
540:(R)
529:(R)
463:Law
254:War
221:USA
5783::
4750:,
4740:,
4678:,
4644:.
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1587:G7
1567:P5
1524:/
1512::
264:EU
211:UK
126:EU
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20:)
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