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disk image file, for which the file format is published; it is similar to the ZIP format except that it supports hard links, deduplicated chunks, and uses chunk-by-chunk compression. In this case, the whole WIM is initially loaded into RAM, followed by the kernel initialisation. Next, the loaded WIM
218:
The bootloader will load the kernel and initial root file system image into memory and then start the kernel, passing in the memory address of the image. At the end of its boot sequence, the kernel tries to determine the format of the image from its first few blocks of data, which can lead either to
603:
It is also possible to install
Windows so that it will always boot from a WIM or VHD file placed on a physical drive. However, this is rarely used since the Windows boot loader is capable of loading the .sys files for boot-time kernel modules itself, which is the task that requires initrd in Linux.
99:
because statically compiling many drivers into one kernel causes the kernel image to be much larger, perhaps too large to boot on computers with limited memory, or in some cases to cause boot-time crashes or other problems due to probing for nonexistent or conflicting hardware. This static-compiled
442:, which invokes helper programs as hardware devices, disk partitions and storage volumes matching certain rules come online. This allows discovery to run in parallel, and to progressively cascade into arbitrary nestings of LVM, RAID or encryption to get at the root file system.
100:
kernel approach also leaves modules in kernel memory which are no longer used or needed, and raises the problem of detecting and loading the modules necessary to mount the root file system at boot time, or for that matter, deducing where or what the root file system is.
445:
When the root file system finally becomes visible, any maintenance tasks that cannot run on a mounted root file system are done, the root file system is mounted read-only, and any processes that must continue running (such as the splash screen helper and its command
593:
is available as a SystemRoot with an assigned drive letter. The
Windows installer uses this so it boots from BOOT.WIM, and then uses INSTALL.WIM as the collection of the Windows files to be installed.
246:
in order to boot on memory-limited systems, since the cramfs image can be mounted in-place without requiring extra space for decompression. Once the initial root file system is up, the kernel executes
796:
Dracut uses kernel parameters listed on the GRUB kernel command line to configure the initramfs RAM file system on the fly, providing more flexibiltity and furthercutting down on RAM file system code.
512:
Installers for Linux distributions typically run entirely from an initramfs, as they must be able to host the installer interface and supporting tools before any persistent storage has been set up.
1020:
269:
that becomes the initial root file system. This scheme has the advantage of not requiring an intermediate file system or block drivers to be compiled into the kernel. Some systems use the
418:
If the root file system is on an encrypted block device, the software needs to invoke a helper script to prompt the user to type in a passphrase and/or insert a hardware token (such as a
133:– is used. This root file-system can contain user-space helpers which do the hardware detection, module loading and device discovery necessary to get the real root file-system mounted.
234:) that is then mounted as the initial root file system. The driver for that file system must be compiled statically into the kernel. Many distributions originally used compressed
375:
Any hardware drivers that the boot process depends on must be loaded. A common arrangement is to pack kernel modules for common storage devices onto the initrd and then invoke a
2318:
1177:
1607:
1182:
644:
2407:
1207:
492:
toolkit). To further save space, the shell, utilities and their supporting libraries are typically compiled with space optimizations enabled (such as with
397:
client, with which it can obtain a DHCP lease, extract the name of the NFS share and the address of the NFS server from the lease, and mount the NFS share.
371:) and must discover everything else at boot time. In this case, the software must perform a complex cascade of tasks to get the root file system mounted:
2402:
1024:
472:
On an initramfs, the initial root file system cannot be rotated away. Instead, it is simply emptied and the final root file system mounted over the top.
129:
To avoid having to hardcode handling for so many special cases into the kernel, an initial boot stage with a temporary root file-system – now dubbed
1428:
386:, the video hardware must be initialized and a user-space helper started to paint animations onto the display in lockstep with the boot process.
1532:
742:
400:
If the root file system appears to be on a software RAID device, there is no way of knowing which devices the RAID volume spans; the standard
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67:(from INITial RAM File System) refer to two different methods of achieving this. Both are commonly used to make preparations before the real
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or a regular file, then powering off. On next boot, this image has to be made accessible before it can be loaded back into memory.
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716:
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Depending on which algorithms were compiled statically into it, the kernel can unpack initrd/initramfs images compressed with
91:
image – one that the distribution's developers create specifically to boot on a wide variety of hardware. The
2249:
600:(Windows PE) uses the same, being a base for separate-boot versions of some antivirus and backup/disaster recovery software.
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345:
208:
112:
108:
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will generate a customized initrd image which contains only whatever is necessary to boot some particular computer, such as
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2683:
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368:
465:(which was introduced specifically for this purpose). This leaves the initial root file system at a mount point (such as
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1612:
1139:
457:, since that would make the scripts and tools on the initial root file system inaccessible for any final cleanup tasks:
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as its first process; when it exits, the kernel assumes that the real root file system has been mounted and executes
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of this initial root file system (along with the kernel image) must be stored somewhere accessible by the Linux
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367:) generate a more generic initrd image. These start only with the device name of the root file system (or its
115:(on diskless workstations), or on an encrypted partition. All of these require special preparations to mount.
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2011:
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scheme, the image may be a file system image (optionally compressed), which is made available in a special
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archive (optionally compressed). The archive is unpacked by the kernel into a special instance of a
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1980:
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84:
743:"linux/do_mounts_initrd.c at 4f671fe2f9523a1ea206f63fe60a7c7b3a56d5c7 · torvalds/linux · GitHub"
277:
as its first process that is not expected to exit. For some applications, initramfs can use the
122:, which suspends the computer to disk by dumping an image of the entire contents of memory to a
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On an initrd, the new root is mounted at a temporary mount point and rotated into place with
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must be invoked to scan all available block devices and bring the required ones online.
123:
68:
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469:) where normal boot scripts can later unmount it to free up memory held by the initrd.
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427:
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over a read-only root filesystem image. For example, overlay data can be stored on a
92:
982:"Download Windows Imaging File Format (WIM) from Official Microsoft Download Center"
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1339:
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1007:
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package to create an initramfs image. In the initramfs scheme, the kernel executes
227:
192:
88:
72:
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1002:
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679:
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or the boot firmware of the computer. This can be the root file system itself, a
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27:
Temporary root file system loaded during early boot of Linux operating system
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1884:
1755:
1712:
1367:
1333:
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329:
809:"Ubuntu Manpage: casper - a hook for initramfs-tools to boot live systems"
2539:
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2349:
2269:
2213:
2208:
2154:
2102:
1991:
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294:
212:
103:
To further complicate matters, the root file system may be on a software
17:
462:
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2516:
2506:
2446:
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2264:
2188:
2129:
2043:
2006:
1937:
1879:
1874:
1778:
1735:
1399:
560: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
489:
376:
356:. These typically embed the location and type of the root file system.
298:
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142:
43:
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2001:
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908:
423:
389:
If the root file system is on NFS, it must then bring up the primary
341:
261:
scheme (available since the Linux kernel 2.6.13), the image may be a
243:
239:
634:
886:"pivot_root from initramfs causes circular reference in mount tree"
379:
agent to pull in modules matching the computer's detected hardware.
175:, another program to generate initramfs on some Linux distributions
2741:
2431:
2294:
2228:
2183:
2144:
2112:
2080:
2038:
2033:
1996:
1864:
1859:
1819:
1814:
1467:
1065:
615:
497:
401:
309:
266:
167:
152:
31:
411:, the LVM utilities must be invoked to scan for and activate the
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2117:
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439:
349:
313:
305:
262:
235:
200:
104:
1514:
1510:
1038:
2591:
2569:
529:
488:) along with some essential user-space utilities (usually the
484:
as a shell script and thus include a minimal shell (usually
650:
EFISTUB booting allows EFI firmware to load a Linux kernel
784:. Alameda, California: Surfing Turtle Press. p. 76.
453:
The final root file system cannot simply be mounted over
1034:
699:
Introducing initramfs, a new model for initial RAM disks
450:) are hoisted into the newly mounted root file system.
2714:
2654:
2645:
2550:
2455:
2171:
2064:
1974:
1965:
1898:
1803:
1796:
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1764:
1726:
1685:
1678:
1626:
1555:
1548:
1427:
1307:
1259:
1218:
1158:
1122:
1072:
1021:"Motivation for switch from initrd to initramfs"
426:), and then create a decryption target with the
238:file system images, while the others (including
781:Fedora 13: Administration, Networking, Security
281:utility to create a writable environment using
95:for this generic kernel image are included as
1526:
1050:
842:"Casper, the Friendly (and Persistent) Ghost"
710:
708:
645:List of Linux distributions that run from RAM
588:Since Windows Vista, Windows can boot from a
254:to begin the normal user-space boot process.
8:
765:"ramfs, rootfs, and initramfs docs, take 2"
672:"Booting linux: the history and the future"
407:If the root file system appears to be on a
118:Another complication is kernel support for
47:) is a scheme for loading a temporary root
2651:
2547:
1971:
1800:
1793:
1682:
1552:
1533:
1519:
1511:
1057:
1043:
1035:
715:Almesberger, Werner; Lermen, Hans (2000).
691:
689:
856:"LZ4 Compression and Improving Boot Time"
758:
756:
676:Proceedings of the Ottawa Linux Symposium
576:Learn how and when to remove this message
476:Most initial root file systems implement
2761:Free and open-source software portal
2319:Earliest eligible virtual deadline first
1487:Free and open-source software portal
662:
526:Similarities in other operating systems
504:written specifically for this purpose.
195:, a small partition on a local disk (a
211:server (on systems that can boot from
717:"Using the initial RAM disk (initrd)"
160:, a program to generate initramfs on
7:
558:adding citations to reliable sources
1429:Professional related certifications
964:"Windows Imaging File Format (WIM)"
598:Windows Preinstallation Environment
359:Other Linux distributions (such as
946:"Puppy Linux Release Announcement"
496:'s "-Os" flag) and linked against
25:
1208:List of software package managers
1193:Security-focused operating system
778:Petersen, Richard Leland (2010).
340:Some Linux distributions such as
2767:
2766:
2754:
2740:
1608:Supported computer architectures
1493:
1492:
1480:
1466:
907:Garzik, Jeff (2 November 2002).
763:Landley, Rob (17 October 2005).
614:
534:
219:the initrd or initramfs scheme.
1638:The Linux Programming Interface
1183:Distributions that run from RAM
545:needs additional citations for
909:"initramfs merge, part 1 of N"
696:Landley, Rob (15 March 2005),
522:can run entirely from initrd.
1:
1010:of initrd-generating toolkits
884:Fish, Richard (6 July 2005).
1140:GNU/Linux naming controversy
927:"Tiny Core Linux - Concepts"
854:Kyungsik Lee (30 May 2013).
670:Almesberger, Werner (2000),
297:read-only image stored on a
55:, to be used as part of the
1236:Linux Documentation Project
1178:Netbook-specific comparison
767:. Linux kernel source tree.
635:booster initramfs generator
500:, a minimal version of the
382:On systems which display a
301:acts as a root filesystem.
2816:
2480:High-performance computing
2302:Process and I/O schedulers
1135:Criticism of desktop Linux
1016:on early userspace support
888:. Linux Kernel Bug Tracker
863:events.linuxfoundation.org
434:Some distributions use an
146:
140:
2734:
2313:Completely Fair Scheduler
1578:Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate
1460:
1145:Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate
913:Linux kernel mailing list
164:and related distributions
2234:Kernel same-page merging
2577:OS-level virtualization
97:loadable kernel modules
87:ship a single, generic
2722:List of Linux adopters
1664:Linux User Group (LUG)
1321:Free Software Magazine
1251:Linux User Group (LUG)
1003:Debian initramfs-tools
844:. Linux Journal. 2012.
438:hotplug agent such as
176:
165:
640:Linux startup process
293:, while a compressed
171:
156:
149:Linux startup process
57:Linux startup process
2308:Brain Fuck Scheduler
1568:Linux Mark Institute
1246:Linux Mark Institute
1014:Kernel documentation
554:improve this article
207:file systems), or a
2502:Real-time computing
1774:Linux Standard Base
1008:Detailed comparison
813:manpages.ubuntu.com
85:Linux distributions
71:file system can be
2490:Compute Node Linux
2076:C standard library
1173:Distributions list
1168:General comparison
1130:Criticism of Linux
1027:on 4 January 2013.
422:or a USB security
384:boot splash screen
336:Mount preparations
177:
166:
2782:
2781:
2730:
2729:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2275:Network scheduler
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
1961:
1960:
1708:Linux kernel oops
1674:
1673:
1654:Linux conferences
1508:
1507:
791:978-1-936280-02-5
652:(Arch Linux Wiki)
586:
585:
578:
391:network interface
287:persistence layer
16:(Redirected from
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2770:
2769:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2747:Linux portal
2745:
2744:
2652:
2548:
2357:Security Modules
1972:
1801:
1794:
1683:
1563:Linux Foundation
1553:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1473:Linux portal
1471:
1470:
1442:Linux Foundation
1241:Linux Foundation
1059:
1052:
1045:
1036:
1028:
1023:. Archived from
990:
989:
978:
972:
971:
960:
954:
953:
941:
935:
934:
923:
917:
916:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
860:
851:
845:
835:
829:
828:
826:
824:
819:on 4 August 2017
815:. Archived from
805:
799:
798:
775:
769:
768:
760:
751:
750:
739:
733:
732:
730:
728:
719:. Archived from
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703:
702:
693:
684:
683:
678:, archived from
667:
624:
619:
618:
581:
574:
570:
567:
561:
538:
530:
483:
479:
468:
456:
276:
253:
249:
233:
199:, usually using
174:
159:
131:early user space
66:
62:
38:
21:
2815:
2814:
2810:
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2808:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2755:
2753:
2739:
2726:
2710:
2657:
2633:
2617:User-mode Linux
2546:
2451:
2159:
2067:
2060:
1979:
1957:
1894:
1806:
1783:
1760:
1722:
1670:
1622:
1613:Version history
1544:
1539:
1509:
1504:
1481:
1479:
1465:
1456:
1423:
1303:
1255:
1214:
1198:Package manager
1154:
1118:
1097:Booting process
1068:
1063:
1019:
999:
994:
993:
980:
979:
975:
962:
961:
957:
943:
942:
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924:
920:
906:
905:
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878:
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836:
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806:
802:
792:
777:
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762:
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754:
741:
740:
736:
726:
724:
723:on 2 April 2015
714:
713:
706:
695:
694:
687:
682:on 24 July 2008
669:
668:
664:
659:
620:
613:
610:
582:
571:
565:
562:
551:
539:
528:
516:Tiny Core Linux
510:
481:
477:
466:
454:
352:and filesystem
338:
291:USB flash drive
274:
251:
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231:
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157:
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81:
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36:
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5:
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2600:
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2552:Virtualization
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2405:
2398:Device drivers
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2393:
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2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:SCHED_DEADLINE
2337:
2335:O(1) scheduler
2332:
2330:O(n) scheduler
2327:
2325:Noop scheduler
2322:
2316:
2310:
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2196:
2191:
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2181:
2179:Kernel modules
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2168:
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2017:
2014:
2009:
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1999:
1994:
1989:
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1983:
1969:
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1959:
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1945:
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1935:
1933:Memory barrier
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137:Implementation
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1411:Revolution OS
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1383:Linux Outlaws
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1354:Linux Journal
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1299:Linux malware
1297:
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1231:Linux Counter
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1160:Distributions
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1150:SCO and Linux
1148:
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1123:Controversies
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543:This section
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491:
487:
471:
464:
463:pivot_root(8)
460:
459:
458:
451:
449:
443:
441:
437:
429:
428:device mapper
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
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392:
388:
385:
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378:
374:
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335:
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331:
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319:
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311:
307:
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296:
292:
288:
285:to overlay a
284:
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39:
33:
19:
2800:Linux kernel
2771:
2752:
2738:
2468:Linux kernel
2386:Tomoyo Linux
1981:File systems
1636:
1588:SCO disputes
1549:Organization
1542:Linux kernel
1497:
1478:
1464:
1417:
1409:
1387:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1340:Linux Format
1338:
1326:
1319:
1294:Range of use
1111:
1074:Linux kernel
1025:the original
988:. Microsoft.
985:
976:
970:. Microsoft.
967:
958:
949:
939:
930:
921:
902:
890:. Retrieved
879:
867:. Retrieved
865:. p. 18
862:
849:
838:Shawn Powers
833:
821:. Retrieved
817:the original
812:
803:
795:
780:
773:
746:
737:
725:. Retrieved
721:the original
698:
680:the original
675:
665:
622:Linux portal
602:
595:
587:
572:
563:
552:Please help
547:verification
544:
514:
511:
475:
452:
444:
436:event-driven
433:
413:volume group
402:MD utilities
358:
339:
303:
278:
258:
256:
228:block device
223:
221:
217:
196:
193:optical disc
178:
128:
117:
102:
89:Linux kernel
82:
41:
35:
29:
2473:Linux-libre
2366:Exec Shield
2245:Framebuffer
1948:Video4Linux
1805:System Call
1633:Developers
1573:Linus's law
1389:Linux Voice
1375:Ubuntu User
1328:Full Circle
1315:DistroWatch
1188:Lightweight
1102:Kernel oops
1092:Linux-libre
1087:Linus's law
950:ibiblio.org
931:ibiblio.org
892:28 February
566:August 2015
520:Puppy Linux
393:, invoke a
120:hibernation
49:file system
2789:Categories
2560:Hypervisor
2522:PREEMPT_RT
2427:KernelCare
2415:Raw device
2345:SCHED_FIFO
2255:KMS driver
2172:Components
2027:securityfs
1913:Crypto API
1855:Linux-only
1741:System.map
1644:kernel.org
1603:menuconfig
1598:GNU GPL v2
657:References
508:Other uses
420:smart card
252:/sbin/init
242:3.1) used
189:boot image
185:bootloader
162:Arch Linux
158:mkinitcpio
147:See also:
141:See also:
2699:LYME-LYCE
2422:initramfs
2391:Linux PAM
2260:Netfilter
2130:libcgroup
2096:libhybris
2068:libraries
2016:hugetlbfs
1967:Userspace
1900:In-kernel
1885:readahead
1807:Interface
1756:initramfs
1713:SystemTap
1686:Debugging
1679:Technical
1618:Criticism
1368:LinuxUser
1334:Linux.com
1226:LinuxChix
502:C library
259:initramfs
79:Rationale
65:initramfs
34:systems,
18:Initramfs
2773:Category
2715:Adopters
2690:Server:
2671:Embedded
2647:Adoption
2540:PSXLinux
2463:Mainline
2456:Variants
2408:graphics
2361:AppArmor
2350:SCHED_RR
2270:nftables
2214:dm-crypt
2209:dm-cache
2155:liburing
2145:libevdev
2103:dietlibc
1992:configfs
1918:io uring
1499:Category
1418:The Code
1405:Phoronix
1395:LugRadio
1279:Embedded
1269:Adopters
1261:Adoption
823:7 August
727:14 March
608:See also
486:/bin/ash
478:/linuxrc
295:SquashFS
248:/linuxrc
232:/dev/ram
213:Ethernet
107:volume,
42:initial
2795:Booting
2706:Devices
2666:Desktop
2627:coLinux
2622:MkLinux
2607:L4Linux
2535:ÎĽClinux
2517:Xenomai
2507:RTLinux
2447:Ksplice
2376:SELinux
2371:seccomp
2321:(EEVDF)
2265:Netlink
2194:Console
2189:cgroups
2140:libalsa
2066:Wrapper
2044:systemd
2007:debugfs
1976:Daemons
1938:New API
1880:inotify
1875:dnotify
1779:x32 ABI
1736:vmlinux
1728:Startup
1627:Support
1447:Red Hat
1400:LWN.net
1274:Desktop
1082:History
1030:Alt URL
490:BusyBox
467:/initrd
377:hotplug
299:live CD
283:unionfs
257:In the
222:In the
143:Booting
73:mounted
44:ramdisk
2676:Gaming
2658:of use
2612:ELinOS
2603:Other
2597:OpenVZ
2587:Lguest
2531:-less
2442:kpatch
2437:kGraft
2403:802.11
2199:bcache
2150:libusb
2135:libdrm
2123:Newlib
2108:EGLIBC
2091:Bionic
2086:uClibc
2056:Kmscon
2030:sockfs
2023:procfs
2019:pipefs
2002:devpts
1928:kernfs
1870:splice
1825:select
1797:Kernel
1751:initrd
1746:dracut
1698:ftrace
1660:Users
1593:Linaro
1556:Kernel
1452:Ubuntu
1289:Mobile
1284:Gaming
869:29 May
788:
747:GitHub
630:dracut
596:Also,
424:dongle
365:Ubuntu
361:Fedora
342:Debian
328:, and
279:casper
271:dracut
244:cramfs
240:Debian
224:initrd
191:on an
173:dracut
61:initrd
53:memory
37:initrd
2656:Range
2495:SLURM
2432:kexec
2381:Smack
2315:(CFS)
2295:zswap
2236:(KSM)
2229:evdev
2184:BlueZ
2113:klibc
2081:glibc
2039:tmpfs
2034:sysfs
1997:devfs
1988:bpffs
1865:epoll
1860:futex
1840:close
1820:ioctl
1815:POSIX
1703:kdump
1308:Media
1113:more…
1066:Linux
859:(PDF)
498:klibc
482:/init
310:bzip2
275:/init
267:tmpfs
181:image
83:Many
51:into
32:Linux
2694:LAMP
2684:LTSP
2512:RTAI
2290:zram
2285:SLUB
2280:perf
2224:EDAC
2118:musl
2049:udev
2012:FUSE
1908:ALSA
1845:sync
1835:read
1830:open
1789:APIs
1766:ABIs
1693:CRIU
1649:LKML
894:2009
871:2015
825:2017
786:ISBN
729:2015
518:and
448:FIFO
440:udev
395:DHCP
369:UUID
363:and
350:SCSI
330:zstd
314:LZMA
306:gzip
263:cpio
236:ext2
209:TFTP
201:ext2
105:RAID
69:root
63:and
2592:LXC
2570:Xen
2565:KVM
2529:MMU
2485:INK
2250:LVM
2240:LIO
2219:DRM
1953:IIO
1943:RCU
1923:DRM
1718:BPF
1583:Tux
1107:Tux
590:WIM
556:by
494:gcc
480:or
346:ATA
326:LZ4
322:LZO
215:).
205:FAT
203:or
179:An
113:NFS
109:LVM
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