Solubility - Knowledge (XXG)

1000: 2879:

transportation functions played by water. In addition, to this clear scientific interest in water solubility and solvent effects; accurate predictions of solubility are important industrially. The ability to accurately predict a molecule's solubility represents potentially large financial savings in many chemical product development processes, such as pharmaceuticals. In the pharmaceutical industry, solubility predictions form part of the early stage lead optimisation process of drug candidates. Solubility remains a concern all the way to formulation. A number of methods have been applied to such predictions including

44: 2925:, to create parametric equations and QSPR models and combinations of the two. The use of these cycles enables the calculation of the solvation free energy indirectly via either gas (in the sublimation cycle) or a melt (fusion cycle). This is helpful as calculating the free energy of solvation directly is extremely difficult. The free energy of solvation can be converted to a solubility value using various formulae, the most general case being shown below, where the numerator is the free energy of solvation, 1721: 52: 2906: 2914: 2265:) and silica may be separated by dissolving the salt in water, and filtering off the undissolved silica. The synthesis of chemical compounds, by the milligram in a laboratory, or by the ton in industry, both make use of the relative solubilities of the desired product, as well as unreacted starting materials, byproducts, and side products to achieve separation. 803:. For highly defective crystals, solubility may increase with the increasing degree of disorder. Both of these effects occur because of the dependence of solubility constant on the Gibbs energy of the crystal. The last two effects, although often difficult to measure, are of practical importance. For example, they provide the driving force for 2810:, whereby the composition of the solute in solution does not match that of the solid. This solubilization is accompanied by alteration of the "primary solid" and possibly formation of a secondary solid phase. However, in general, some primary solid also remains and a complex solubility equilibrium establishes. For example, dissolution of 2887:. These models provide efficient predictions of solubility and represent the current standard. The draw back such models is that they can lack physical insight. A method founded in physical theory, capable of achieving similar levels of accuracy at an sensible cost, would be a powerful tool scientifically and industrially. 757:

For a solid that dissolves in a redox reaction, solubility is expected to depend on the potential (within the range of potentials under which the solid remains the thermodynamically stable phase). For example, solubility of gold in high-temperature water is observed to be almost an order of magnitude

376:

Conversion between these various ways of measuring solubility may not be trivial, since it may require knowing the density of the solution — which is often not measured, and cannot be predicted. While the total mass is conserved by dissolution, the final volume may be different from both the volume

367:

For solutions of liquids or gases in liquids, the quantities of both substances may be given volume rather than mass or mole amount; such as litre of solute per litre of solvent, or litre of solute per litre of solution. The value may be given as a percentage, and the abbreviation "v/v" for "volume

649:

are said to be "soluble in hydrochloric acid", although in fact the aqueous acid irreversibly degrades the solid to give soluble products. Most ionic solids dissociate when dissolved in polar solvents. In those cases where the solute is not recovered upon evaporation of the solvent, the process is

396:

with the molecules or ions of the solute. In those cases, the sum of the moles of molecules of solute and solvent is not really the total moles of independent particles solution. To sidestep that problem, the solubility per mole of solution is usually computed and quoted as if the solute does not

2312:

For example, relatively low solubility compounds are found to be soluble in more extreme environments, resulting in geochemical and geological effects of the activity of hydrothermal fluids in the Earth's crust. These are often the source of high quality economic mineral deposits and precious or

2137:

is equal to the solubility of the substance. When the dissolution rate of a pure substance is normalized to the surface area of the solid (which usually changes with time during the dissolution process), then it is expressed in kg/ms and referred to as "intrinsic dissolution rate". The intrinsic

2249:

Solubility is often said to be one of the "characteristic properties of a substance", which means that solubility is commonly used to describe the substance, to indicate a substance's polarity, to help to distinguish it from other substances, and as a guide to applications of the substance. For

888:

solutes exhibit more complex behavior with temperature. As the temperature is raised, gases usually become less soluble in water (exothermic dissolution reaction related to their hydration) (to a minimum, which is below 120 °C for most permanent gases), but more soluble in organic solvents

2308:

In flowing systems, differences in solubility often determine the dissolution-precipitation driven transport of species. This happens when different parts of the system experience different conditions. Even slightly different conditions can result in significant effects, given sufficient time.

2789:

during synthesis. Each combination produces a different solubility of Sn in ZnSb. Hence solubility studies in compounds, concluded upon the first instance of observing secondary phases separating out might underestimate solubility. While the maximum number of phases separating out at once in

2766:. In the solid's crystalline structure, the 'solute' element can either take the place of the matrix within the lattice (a substitutional position; for example, chromium in iron) or take a place in a space between the lattice points (an interstitial position; for example, carbon in iron). 2878:

Solubility is a property of interest in many aspects of science, including but not limited to: environmental predictions, biochemistry, pharmacy, drug-design, agrochemical design, and protein ligand binding. Aqueous solubility is of fundamental interest owing to the vital biological and

128:, while the solvent is usually solid or liquid. Both may be pure substances, or may themselves be solutions. Gases are always miscible in all proportions, except in very extreme situations, and a solid or liquid can be "dissolved" in a gas only by passing into the gaseous state first. 2772:

In solid compounds (as opposed to elements), the solubility of a solute element can also depend on the phases separating out in equilibrium. For example, amount of Sn soluble in the ZnSb phase can depend significantly on whether the phases separating out in equilibrium are

634:). A stable state of the solubility equilibrium occurs when the rates of dissolution and re-joining are equal, meaning the relative amounts of dissolved and non-dissolved materials are equal. If the solvent is removed, all of the substance that had dissolved is recovered. 789: 2798:(mostly interstitial or substitutional point defects) involved in the solid-solution can be chemically intuited beforehand, then using some simple thermodynamic guidelines can considerably reduce the number of samples required to establish maximum solubility. 2794:, for chemical compounds there is no limit on the number of such phase separating combinations itself. Hence, establishing the "maximum solubility" in solid compounds experimentally can be difficult, requiring equilibration of many samples. If the dominant 1810:

Dissolution is not an instantaneous process. The rate of solubilization (in kg/s) is related to the solubility product and the surface area of the material. The speed at which a solid dissolves may depend on its crystallinity or lack thereof in the case of

2145:

Dissolution rates vary by orders of magnitude between different systems. Typically, very low dissolution rates parallel low solubilities, and substances with high solubilities exhibit high dissolution rates, as suggested by the Noyes-Whitney equation.

308:

of solvent (g/kg). The number may be expressed as a percentage in this case, and the abbreviation "w/w" may be used to indicate "weight per weight". (The values in g/L and g/kg are similar for water, but that may not be the case for other solvents.)

1157: 1921: 1591:, the solubility of the gas does not depend on the bubble radius in any other way than through the effect of the radius on pressure (i.e. the solubility of gas in the liquid in contact with small bubbles is increased due to pressure increase by Δ 613:

The thresholds to describe something as insoluble, or similar terms, may depend on the application. For example, one source states that substances are described as "insoluble" when their solubility is less than 0.1 g per 100 mL of solvent.

2292:, will preferentially dissolve in the organic layer. The other reaction products, including the magnesium bromide, will remain in the aqueous layer, clearly showing that separation based on solubility is achieved. This process, known as 263:

The solubility of a specific solute in a specific solvent is generally expressed as the concentration of a saturated solution of the two. Any of the several ways of expressing concentration of solutions can be used, such as the

3916:

Wood, Maxwell; Toriyama, Michael; Dugar, Shristi; Male, James; Anand, Shashwat; Stevanović, Vladan; Snyder, Jeff (2020). "Phase Boundary Mapping of Tin-Doped ZnSb Reveals Thermodynamic Route to High Thermoelectric Efficiency".

2245:

Solubility is of fundamental importance in a large number of scientific disciplines and practical applications, ranging from ore processing and nuclear reprocessing to the use of medicines, and the transport of pollutants.

3219: 3123: 3020: 2182:

can affect the numerical value of solubility constant. While the solubility constant is not as simple as solubility, the value of this constant is generally independent of the presence of other species in the solvent.

2721:

or water, since the polarity of these solvents is too high. Sugar will not dissolve in gasoline, since sugar is too polar in comparison with gasoline. A mixture of gasoline and sugar can therefore be separated by

2313:

semi-precious gems. In the same way, compounds with low solubility will dissolve over extended time (geological time), resulting in significant effects such as extensive cave systems or Karstic land surfaces.

964:. Portlandite solubility increases at low temperature. This temperature dependence is sometimes referred to as "retrograde" or "inverse" solubility. Occasionally, a more complex pattern is observed, as with 193:, which is how fast a solid solute dissolves in a liquid solvent. This property depends on many other variables, such as the physical form of the two substances and the manner and intensity of mixing. 3873:

El-Mansy, Mohamed & Yahia, Ibrahim S. & Alfaify, Sa. (2015). Conformational and Vibrational Properties of Indigo Dye: DFT Approach. Organo Opto-Electronics An International Journal. 3. 1-9.

4257:

Palmer, D. S.; McDonagh, J. L.; Mitchell, J. B. O.; van Mourik, T.; Fedorov, M. V. (2012). "First-Principles Calculation of the Intrinsic Aqueous Solubility of Crystalline Druglike Molecules".

304:

of solvent (g/L). The quantity of solvent can instead be expressed in mass, as grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent (g/(100 g), often written as g/100 g), or as grams of solute per

2852:

In this case, the solubility of albite is expected to depend on the solid-to-solvent ratio. This kind of solubility is of great importance in geology, where it results in formation of

1625:

buffer. The decrease of solubility of carbon dioxide in seawater when temperature increases is also an important retroaction factor (positive feedback) exacerbating past and future

4848: 2785:+Sn(L)). Besides these, the ZnSb compound with Sn as a solute can separate out into other combinations of phases after the solubility limit is reached depending on the initial 1036: 1836: 1479: 135:

and the presence of other dissolved substances) as well as on temperature and pressure. The dependency can often be explained in terms of interactions between the particles (

1511: 3367: 2880: 1823:. In some cases, solubility equilibria can take a long time to establish (hours, days, months, or many years; depending on the nature of the solute and other factors). 1363: 1303: 795:

Solubility (metastable, at concentrations approaching saturation) also depends on the physical size of the crystal or droplet of solute (or, strictly speaking, on the

2135: 2096: 2067: 1207: 2806:

Many substances dissolve congruently (i.e. the composition of the solid and the dissolved solute stoichiometrically match). However, some substances may dissolve

2038: 2013: 1991: 1969: 1947: 1571: 1551: 1403: 1383: 1327: 1267: 1247: 1227: 1180: 4550: 999: 3542: 4194:

Abramov, Y. A. (2015). "Major Source of Error in QSPR Prediction of Intrinsic Thermodynamic Solubility of Drugs: Solid vs Nonsolid State Contributions?".

2762:

that give the limits of solute addition. That is, the lines show the maximum amount of a component that can be added to another component and still be in

948:), whose solubility at 70 °C is about half of its value at 25 °C. The dissolution of calcium hydroxide in water is also an exothermic process (Δ 2921:

These cycles have been used for attempts at first principles predictions (solving using the fundamental physical equations) using physically motivated

3131: 3035: 3510:

I. Lee and J. Lee (2012): "Measurement of mixing ratio and volume change of ethanol-water binary mixtures using suspended microchannel resonators".

2174:. It describes the balance between dissolved ions from the salt and undissolved salt. The solubility constant is also "applicable" (i.e. useful) to 2947: 1026:

For condensed phases (solids and liquids), the pressure dependence of solubility is typically weak and usually neglected in practice. Assuming an

2859:

In principle, both congruent and incongruent dissolution can lead to the formation of secondary solid phases in equilibrium. So, in the field of

1014:, used for purification of solids, depends on a solute's different solubilities in hot and cold solvent. A few exceptions exist, such as certain 2384:

However, there is a limit to how much salt can be dissolved in a given volume of water. This concentration is the solubility and related to the

1645:

at the Earth surface, temperature starts to increase. When a deglaciation period is initiated, the progressive warming of the oceans releases CO

3239: 4053: 3900: 3805: 3608: 3583: 3477:

Claudius Kormann, Detlef W. Bahnemann, and Michael R. Hoffmann (1988): "Preparation and characterization of quantum-size titanium dioxide".

3029:. The original formula is given first, followed by a revised formula which takes a different assumption of complete miscibility in octanol. 3025:

Well known fitted equations for solubility prediction are the general solubility equations. These equations stem from the work of Yalkowsky

2203:

are empirical methods for the prediction of solubility. It is also possible to predict solubility from other physical constants such as the

843: < 0) character of the dissolution reaction, the solubility of a given compound may increase or decrease with temperature. The 4413:

Ran, Y.; N. Jain; S.H. Yalkowsky (2001). "Prediction of Aqueous Solubility of Organic Compounds by the General Solubility Equation (GSE)".

2902:(solid to a molten phase) and the free energy of mixing (molten to solution). These two process are represented in the following diagrams. 397:

dissociate or form complexes—that is, by pretending that the mole amount of solution is the sum of the mole amounts of the two substances.

312:

Alternatively, the solubility of a solute can be expressed in moles instead of mass. For example, if the quantity of solvent is given in

2211: 731:

change that accompanies the solvation. Factors such as temperature and pressure will alter this balance, thus changing the solubility.

4924: 417:

in water. A number of other descriptive terms are also used to qualify the extent of solubility for a given application. For example,

4595: 2769:

In microelectronic fabrication, solid solubility refers to the maximum concentration of impurities one can place into the substrate.

2192: 862:

change. For most solids and liquids, their solubility increases with temperature because their dissolution reaction is endothermic (Δ

1794:

Chemists often exploit differences in solubilities to separate and purify compounds from reaction mixtures, using the technique of

2898:(solid to gas without going through a liquid state) and the free energy of solvating a gaseous molecule (gas to solution), or the 2230:

solvent (water). The logarithm of these two values enables compounds to be ranked in terms of hydrophilicity (or hydrophobicity).

1689:. This view is simplistic, but it is a useful rule of thumb. The overall solvation capacity of a solvent depends primarily on its 4543: 1816: 1626: 742:) in liquids. Solubility will also depend on the excess or deficiency of a common ion in the solution, a phenomenon known as the 709: 622:

Solubility occurs under dynamic equilibrium, which means that solubility results from the simultaneous and opposing processes of

255:

of very fine solid particles in a liquid. The quantitative solubility of such substances is generally not well-defined, however.

3251: 2200: 3696:

Salvatore Filippone, Frank Heimanna and André Rassat (2002). "A highly water-soluble 2+1 b-cyclodextrin–fullerene conjugate".

1431:

is used to quantify the solubility of gases in solvents. The solubility of a gas in a solvent is directly proportional to the

870:), the solubility of ionic solutes tends to decrease due to the change of properties and structure of liquid water; the lower 4685: 2895: 2467:= 36 and is, therefore, more soluble. The following table gives an overview of solubility rules for various ionic compounds. 4504: 4487: 4317:"Uniting Cheminformatics and Chemical Theory To Predict the Intrinsic Aqueous Solubility of Crystalline Druglike Molecules" 3531:"Pharmacopeia of the United States of America, 32nd revision, and the National Formulary, 27th edition", 2009, pp.1 to 12. 1581: 1011: 2293: 4914: 4909: 4838: 4366:"Deep Architectures and Deep Learning in Chemoinformatics: The Prediction of Aqueous Solubility for Drug-Like Molecules" 2196: 4768: 4536: 4070: 1827: 1740:

solvent (with some separation of positive (δ+) and negative (δ-) charges in the covalent molecule) such as

1600: 957: 189:; even though one might say, informally, that one "dissolved" the other. The solubility is also not the same as the 4823: 2139: 909: 650:

referred to as solvolysis. The thermodynamic concept of solubility does not apply straightforwardly to solvolysis.

2717:

because both petroleum jelly and gasoline are non-polar hydrocarbons. It will not, on the other hand, dissolve in

4715: 4156:

Cramer, C. J.; Truhlar, D. G. (1999). "Implicit Solvation Models: Equilibria, Structure, Spectra, and Dynamics".

3550: 2175: 1768: 627: 348: 162:

Under certain conditions, the concentration of the solute can exceed its usual solubility limit. The result is a

35: 4448:

Yalkowsky, S.H.; Valvani, S.C. (1980). "Solubility and partitioning I: solubility of nonelectrolytes in water".

2254:

is described as "insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether but soluble in chloroform, nitrobenzene, or concentrated

1641:, when the astronomical parameters of the Earth orbit and its rotation axis progressively change and modify the 105:

solution, one in which no more solute can be dissolved. At this point, the two substances are said to be at the

4700: 4635: 3260: 1795: 977: 389: 43: 109:. For some solutes and solvents, there may be no such limit, in which case the two substances are said to be " 4655: 4071:"A Review of Methods for the Calculation of Solution Free Energies and the Modelling of Systems in Solution" 3320: 3293: 3233: 2795: 2273: 1756: 953: 844: 734:

Solubility may also strongly depend on the presence of other species dissolved in the solvent, for example,

4009:

Anand, Shashwat; Wolverton, Chris; Snyder, Jeff (2022). "Thermodynamic Guidelines for Maximum Solubility".

815:

The solubility of a given solute in a given solvent is function of temperature. Depending on the change in

4753: 4748: 4605: 3314: 3248: – Linear relationship between the temperatures at which two solutions exert the same vapour pressure 2807: 2163: 1420:(which decreases its solubility with decreasing pressure) can result in decreased productivity with time. 1406: 1152:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial \ln N_{i}}{\partial P}}\right)_{T}=-{\frac {V_{i,aq}-V_{i,cr}}{RT}}} 800: 751: 352: 328:

The solubility of a substance in a liquid may also be expressed as the quantity of solute per quantity of

196:

The concept and measure of solubility are extremely important in many sciences besides chemistry, such as

106: 3837:"A century of dissolution research: From Noyes and Whitney to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System" 1916:{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} m}{\mathrm {d} t}}=A{\frac {D}{d}}(C_{\mathrm {s} }-C_{\mathrm {b} })} 4853: 4833: 2335:) dissolve in water, which arises because of the attraction between positive and negative charges (see: 2016: 796: 3669: 2492: 758:

higher (i.e. about ten times higher) when the redox potential is controlled using a highly oxidizing Fe

1445: 4567: 4559: 4085: 3965: 3756: 3275: 3245: 2864: 2786: 2680: 2234: 2167: 1649:

into the atmosphere because of its lower solubility in warmer sea water. In turn, higher levels of CO

1306: 867: 848: 724: 393: 83: 4680: 4650: 3674: 2297: 2159: 933: 871: 828: 735: 580: 56: 1412:

The pressure dependence of solubility does occasionally have practical significance. For example,

4919: 4292: 4026: 3934: 3772: 3460: 2899: 2727: 2385: 2339:). For example, the salt's positive ions (e.g. Ag) attract the partially negative oxygen atom in 2204: 2171: 1819:. Many practical systems illustrate this effect, for example in designing methods for controlled 1799: 1764: 1682: 1606:

Henry's law is valid for gases that do not undergo change of chemical speciation on dissolution.

1487: 836: 418: 240:. Most chemical reactions of scientific, industrial, or practical interest only happen after the 75: 4231:

Computing the Aqueous solubility of Organic Drug-Like Molecules and Understanding Hydrophobicity

2894:. The two common thermodynamic cycles used involve either the calculation of the free energy of 2162:

are used to describe saturated solutions of ionic compounds of relatively low solubility (see

97:

The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is generally measured as the

4858: 4817: 4720: 4509: 4465: 4430: 4395: 4346: 4284: 4211: 4173: 4138: 4103: 4049: 3991: 3896: 3892: 3856: 3801: 3714: 3604: 3579: 3573: 3452: 2890:

Methods founded in physical theory tend to use thermodynamic cycles, a concept from classical

2860: 2602: 2360: 2356: 2289: 2261:

Solubility of a substance is useful when separating mixtures. For example, a mixture of salt (

1748: 1737: 1720: 1690: 1686: 1654: 1638: 1518: 1332: 1272: 1007: 989: 941: 743: 713: 186: 182: 178: 4121:

Tomasi, J.; Mennucci, B.; Cammi, R. (2005). "Quantum Mechanical Continuum Solvation Models".

3797: 3791: 1681:". This statement indicates that a solute will dissolve best in a solvent that has a similar 799:

or molar surface area of the solute). For quantification, see the equation in the article on

276:

of the solute for a specific mass, volume, or mole amount of the solvent or of the solution.

4793: 4788: 4620: 4580: 4499: 4457: 4422: 4385: 4377: 4336: 4328: 4274: 4266: 4234: 4203: 4165: 4130: 4093: 4018: 3981: 3973: 3926: 3848: 3764: 3706: 3515: 3482: 3444: 3419: 3381: 3305: 3236: – Difference in properties of one mole of substance in a mixture vs. an ideal solution 2853: 2326: 2322: 1717:

is insoluble in water, fairly soluble in methanol, and highly soluble in non-polar benzene.

1642: 1607: 1432: 893: 804: 782: 717: 509: 414: 385: 190: 59: 2347:. Likewise, the salt's negative ions (e.g. Cl) attract the partially positive hydrogens in 2113: 2074: 2045: 2040:= thickness of the boundary layer of the solvent at the surface of the dissolving substance 1185: 435:

of solute: (The solubilities of the examples are approximate, for water at 20–25 °C.)

51: 4763: 4695: 4660: 4645: 4640: 4625: 4590: 2710: 2281: 2262: 1744:, as thus the sea is salty as it accumulates dissolved salts since early geological ages. 1733: 1634: 1417: 925: 917: 561: 490: 163: 62:

solution. The solution was initially prepared at 20 °C and then stored for 2 days at 4 °C.

4778: 3299: 1436: 4089: 3969: 3760: 3670:"What substances, such as cerium sulfate, have a lower solubility when they are heated?" 3323: – Relation between temperature and the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction 2233:

The energy change associated with dissolving is usually given per mole of solute as the

788: 131:

The solubility mainly depends on the composition of solute and solvent (including their

102: 4828: 4783: 4773: 4690: 4585: 4575: 4390: 4365: 4341: 4316: 3986: 3953: 3269: 3242: – System to differentiate drugs on the basis of their solubility and permeability 2922: 2905: 2891: 2763: 2751: 2023: 1998: 1976: 1954: 1932: 1729: 1614: 1556: 1536: 1428: 1388: 1368: 1312: 1252: 1232: 1212: 1165: 1027: 965: 905: 747: 697: 599: 528: 148: 31: 4315:

McDonagh, J. L.; Nath, N.; De Ferrari, L.; van Mourik, T.; Mitchell, J. B. O. (2014).

4207: 4069:

Skyner, R.; McDonagh, J. L.; Groom, C. R.; van Mourik, T.; Mitchell, J. B. O. (2015).

3954:"Solubility design leading to high figure of merit in low-cost Ce-CoSb3 skutterudites" 2170:. Since it is a product of ion concentrations in equilibrium, it is also known as the 653:

When a solute dissolves, it may form several species in the solution. For example, an

4903: 4873: 4710: 4670: 4615: 4030: 3938: 3885: 3698: 3464: 3317: – Thermodynamic equilibrium between a solid and a solution of the same compound 2867: 2759: 2718: 2285: 2255: 2107: 1820: 1710: 1588: 1574: 875: 866: > 0). In liquid water at high temperatures, (e.g. that approaching the 405:

The extent of solubility ranges widely, from infinitely soluble (without limit, i.e.

344: 167: 98: 4296: 3776: 3377: 4730: 4725: 2930: 2676: 2619: 2559: 2530: 2502: 2481: 2269: 1772: 1015: 774: 209: 4022: 3852: 4883: 4798: 4488:"Estimation of the aqueous solubility I: application to organic nonelectrolytes" 3519: 3372: 2913: 2884: 2445: 2179: 1993:= surface area of the interface between the dissolving substance and the solvent 1714: 1522: 945: 356: 293: 273: 221: 213: 110: 3214:{\displaystyle \log _{10}(S)=0.5-\log _{10}(P)-0.01({\text{melting point}}-25)} 3118:{\displaystyle \log _{10}(S)=0.8-\log _{10}(P)-0.01({\text{melting point}}-25)} 2178:, the reverse of the dissolving reaction. As with other equilibrium constants, 94:

is the opposite property, the inability of the solute to form such a solution.

4878: 4868: 4863: 3284: 2791: 2747: 2739: 2723: 2251: 2227: 2219: 1694: 1630: 985: 973: 642: 296:

of solvent (g/(100 mL), often written as g/100 ml), or as grams of solute per

171: 3456: 3376:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) " 3015:{\displaystyle \log S(V_{m})={\frac {\Delta G_{\text{solvation}}}{-2.303RT}}} 4888: 4843: 4758: 3385: 2662: 2634: 2611: 2555: 2498: 2336: 2223: 2215: 2103: 1812: 1622: 981: 750:

of solutions. The last two effects can be quantified using the equation for

701: 623: 336:, it may be expressed as moles of solute per litre of solution (mol/L), the 333: 313: 297: 67: 4513: 4461: 4434: 4399: 4350: 4288: 4215: 4177: 4142: 4107: 3995: 3930: 3860: 3718: 3448: 723:

The solubility of one substance in another is determined by the balance of

4469: 3498: 351:

at equilibrium (mass of solute per mass of solute plus solvent). Both are

30:

This article is about a chemical property. For the algebraic concept, see

4705: 2815: 2714: 2684: 2638: 2623: 2578: 2563: 2534: 2506: 2485: 1702: 1666: 1618: 920:

in water) exhibit solubility that is fairly independent of temperature (Δ

859: 816: 406: 337: 317: 305: 285: 229: 225: 217: 152: 140: 17: 4046:

Geochemical processes, weathering and groundwater recharge in catchments

3486: 332:, rather than of solvent. For example, following the common practice in 4808: 4610: 4600: 4279: 4098: 3977: 3768: 3435:

Tomlinson, Charles (1868-01-01). "On Supersaturated Saline Solutions".

3296: – Process of incorporating the solubilizate into or onto micelles 2672: 2666: 2646: 2582: 2570: 2545: 2526: 2521: 2277: 1706: 1413: 969: 897: 728: 705: 654: 410: 252: 241: 237: 233: 205: 201: 197: 177:

The concept of solubility does not apply when there is an irreversible

156: 87: 4426: 4381: 4332: 4270: 4238: 4169: 4134: 3658:(27th ed.). Cleveland, Ohio: Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. 1943. 3423: 2709:, is the usual guide to solubility with organic systems. For example, 4528: 3710: 2938: 2811: 2755: 2658: 2650: 2630: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2549: 2513: 1526: 929: 901: 778: 739: 631: 392:

in non-trivial ways when dissolved; conversely, the solvent may form

269: 121: 79: 3414:

J. de Swaan Arons and G. A. M. Diepen (1966): "Gas—Gas Equilibria".

2218:(Log P), is a measure of differential solubility of a compound in a 1701:

is very soluble in highly polar water, less soluble in fairly polar

4505:

10.1002/1520-6017(200102)90:2<234::aid-jps14>3.0.co;2-v

3836: 3224:

These equations are founded on the principles of the fusion cycle.

1815:

solids and the surface area (crystallite size) and the presence of

892:

The chart shows solubility curves for some typical solid inorganic

347:(moles of solute per total moles of solute plus solvent) or by the 4630: 2912: 2904: 2743: 2615: 2332: 2195:

is a theoretical model describing the solubility of polymers. The

1741: 1719: 1674: 1514: 646: 301: 245: 117: 50: 42: 3254: – chemistry rule concerning co-precipitation and adsorption 2883:(QSAR), quantitative structure–property relationships (QSPR) and 2355:. Note: the oxygen atom is partially negative because it is more 1798:. This applies in vast areas of chemistry from drug synthesis to 1775:) depends on temperature and is given by the relationship: Δ 251:

The term "soluble" is sometimes used for materials that can form

3952:

Tang, Yinglu; Hanus, Riley; Chen, Sin-wen; Snyder, Jeff (2015).

3308: – Capacity of a substance to dissolve in a homogeneous way 2654: 2594: 2098:= mass concentration of the substance in the bulk of the solvent 1698: 1657:

and carbon dioxide acts as an amplifier of the general warming.

1621:

is also affected by temperature, pH of the solution, and by the

381: 343:

In more specialized contexts the solubility may be given by the

289: 265: 136: 4532: 3796:(2nd ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts: D. C, Heath. p. 3642:

The ASME Handbook on Water Technology for Thermal Power Systems

2863:, the solubility for both cases is described more generally on 1435:

of that gas above the solvent. This relationship is similar to

889:(endothermic dissolution reaction related to their solvation). 3302: – Law of thermodynamics for vapour pressure of a mixture 885: 144: 125: 2909:

Thermodynamic cycle for calculating solvation via sublimation

2280:. Benzoic acid is more soluble in an organic solvent such as 912:, and show a large increase in solubility with temperature (Δ 300:

of solvent (g/dL); or, less commonly, as grams of solute per

3644:. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. p. 442. 3501:". Online page at Abler Help Center. Accessed on 2021-11-26. 998: 787: 1580:

The solubility of gases is sometimes also quantified using

1010:

nearly always increases with temperature. The technique of

708:

in water are expected to differ, even though they are both

641:

is also used in some fields where the solute is altered by

132: 3272: – Gas law regarding proportionality of dissolved gas 2758:

or solubility line (or curve) is the line (or lines) on a

1705:, and practically insoluble in non-polar solvents such as 936:, become less soluble in water as temperature increases (Δ 3437:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

2433:= , in the absence of other silver or chloride salts, so 2395:. This equilibrium constant depends on the type of salt ( 170:

and will rapidly exclude the excess solute if a suitable

3747:

G.W. Greenwood (1969). "The Solubility of Gas Bubbles".

2917:

Thermodynamic cycle for calculating solvation via fusion

2410:

that will dissolve in 1 liter of pure water as follows:

2403:, for example), temperature, and the common ion effect. 1513:

is a temperature-dependent constant (for example, 769.2

27:

Capacity of a substance to dissolve in a homogeneous way

3404:(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Publishing. p. 108. 3310:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

3265:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2420:= × / M (definition of solubility product; M = mol/L) 807:(the crystal size spontaneously increasing with time). 2456:

is poorly soluble in water. For instance, table salt (

1826:

The rate of dissolution can be often expressed by the

3575:

Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Genesis of Gold Deposits

3134: 3038: 2950: 2116: 2077: 2048: 2026: 2001: 1979: 1957: 1935: 1839: 1559: 1539: 1490: 1448: 1391: 1371: 1335: 1315: 1275: 1255: 1235: 1215: 1188: 1168: 1039: 4849:

List of boiling and freezing information of solvents

3289:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3280:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3256:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2444:

The result: 1 liter of water can dissolve 1.34 × 10

2069:= mass concentration of the substance on the surface 746:. To a lesser extent, solubility will depend on the 181:

between the two substances, such as the reaction of

4807: 4739: 4669: 4566: 2166:). The solubility constant is a special case of an 878:

and in a change of hydration energy affecting the Δ

3884: 3835:Dokoumetzidis, Aristides; Macheras, Panos (2006). 3213: 3117: 3014: 2300:. Recycling is used to ensure maximum extraction. 2129: 2090: 2061: 2032: 2007: 1985: 1963: 1941: 1915: 1565: 1545: 1505: 1473: 1397: 1377: 1357: 1321: 1297: 1261: 1241: 1221: 1201: 1174: 1151: 355:numbers between 0 and 1 which may be expressed as 4310: 4308: 4306: 2288:, and when shaken with this organic solvent in a 1629:as observed in ice cores from the Vostok site in 1610:shows a case when this assumption does not hold. 960:, lowe temperatures favorsf dissolution of Ca(OH) 428:of solvent required to dissolve one unit of mass 421:gives the following terms, according to the mass 368:per volume" may be used to indicate this choice. 4189: 4187: 2452:at room temperature. Compared with other salts, 2429:= 1.8 × 10 (from a table of solubility products) 1830:or the Nernst and Brunner equation of the form: 401:Qualifiers used to describe extent of solubility 4252: 4250: 4248: 3599:Hefter, G. T.; Tomkins, R. P. T., eds. (2003). 1577:of the dissolved gas in the liquid (in mol/L). 377:of the solvent and the sum of the two volumes. 4048:. Rotterdam: Taylor & Francis. p. 6. 3601:The Experimental Determination of Solubilities 3344:as its solvation power according to Reichardt. 940: < 0). This is also the case for 4544: 3793:Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments 2881:quantitative structure–activity relationships 8: 4415:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 4370:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 4364:Lusci, A.; Pollastri, G.; Baldi, P. (2013). 4321:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 2790:equilibrium can be determined by the Gibb's 2268:Another example of this is the synthesis of 1736:(common salt) is easily soluble in a highly 413:in water, to essentially insoluble, such as 224:, and even in non-technical activities like 1385:-th component in the dissolving solid, and 896:in liquid water (temperature is in degrees 657:solution of cobalt(II) chloride can afford 244:have been dissolved in a suitable solvent. 4551: 4537: 4529: 4259:Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 4044:O.M. Saether; P. de Caritat, eds. (1997). 3578:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 135–136. 3395: 3393: 1732:(with positive and negative ions) such as 113:in all proportions" (or just "miscible"). 4503: 4481: 4479: 4389: 4340: 4278: 4097: 3985: 3549:. University of Wisconsin. Archived from 3541:Rogers, Elizabeth; Stovall, Iris (2000). 3263: – Aspect of computational chemistry 3197: 3170: 3139: 3133: 3101: 3074: 3043: 3037: 2989: 2979: 2967: 2949: 2121: 2115: 2082: 2076: 2053: 2047: 2025: 2000: 1978: 1956: 1934: 1903: 1902: 1888: 1887: 1870: 1853: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1558: 1538: 1496: 1495: 1489: 1467: 1460: 1459: 1447: 1390: 1370: 1340: 1334: 1314: 1280: 1274: 1254: 1234: 1214: 1193: 1187: 1167: 1123: 1101: 1094: 1082: 1061: 1045: 1038: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2738:This term is often used in the field of 2469: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2350: 2342: 858:) to temperature change and to reaction 727:between the solvent and solute, and the 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 437: 248:is by far the most common such solvent. 3622: 3620: 3543:"Fundamentals of Chemistry: Solubility" 3481:,volume 92, issue 18, pages 5196–5201. 3363: 3361: 3357: 3333: 1724:Dissolution of sodium chloride in water 1030:, the dependence can be quantified as: 952: < 0). As dictated by the 916: > 0). Some solutes (e.g. 3240:Biopharmaceutics Classification System 2317:Solubility of ionic compounds in water 1553:is the partial pressure (in atm), and 904:minus 273.15). Many salts behave like 3824:(7th ed.). Merck & Co. 1960. 980:at 32 °C to form a more soluble 645:. For example, many metals and their 7: 4233:(Thesis). University of St Andrews. 2359:than hydrogen, and vice versa (see: 3630:, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 1999. 2701:The principle outlined above under 2212:octanol-water partition coefficient 2138:dissolution rate is defined by the 1728:In even more simple terms a simple 1669:used for predicting solubility is " 1365:is the partial molar volume of the 696:Solubility is defined for specific 593:Practically insoluble or insoluble 47:Example of a dissolved solid (left) 4492:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 4486:Jain, N.; Yalkowsky, S.H. (2001). 4450:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3734:Mechanochemistry of Solid Surfaces 3400:Clugston, M.; Fleming, R. (2000). 3373:Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2982: 1904: 1889: 1854: 1844: 1497: 1461: 1069: 1048: 25: 4208:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00119 3891:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 3736:. World Scientific Publishing Co. 3656:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 3626:John W. Hill, Ralph H. Petrucci, 3418:, volume 44, issue 6, page 2322. 3278: – method of carpet cleaning 847:relates the change of solubility 777:than with a moderately oxidizing 700:. For example, the solubility of 2406:One can calculate the amount of 2201:Hildebrand solubility parameters 1474:{\displaystyle p=k_{\rm {H}}\,c} 1269:refers to constant temperature, 924: ≈ 0). A few, such as 288:often express the solubility as 147:) of the two substances, and of 3887:Chemistry, Concept and Problems 3883:C. Houk; R. Post, eds. (1997). 2746:element will dissolve into the 2742:to refer to the extent that an 2697:Solubility of organic compounds 2296:, is an important technique in 1653:in the atmosphere increase the 1329:-th component in the solution, 1229:-th component in the solution, 996:) in the dissolution reaction. 823:) of the dissolution reaction, 688:, each of which interconverts. 380:Moreover, many solids (such as 372:Conversion of solubility values 55:Formation of crystals in a 4.2 3790:Kenneth J. Williamson (1994). 3208: 3194: 3185: 3179: 3154: 3148: 3112: 3098: 3089: 3083: 3058: 3052: 2973: 2960: 2581:(chlorates and perchlorates), 1910: 1880: 1709:. In contrast, a non-polar or 1685:to itself, based on favorable 1: 4023:10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c03715 3853:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.07.011 3479:Journal of Physical Chemistry 2702: 2193:Flory–Huggins solution theory 1747:The solubility is favored by 1693:. For example, a very polar ( 1582:Bunsen solubility coefficient 968:, where the less soluble deca 882:of the dissolution reaction. 4839:Inorganic nonaqueous solvent 3749:Journal of Materials Science 2197:Hansen solubility parameters 1949:= mass of dissolved material 1209:is the mole fraction of the 692:Factors affecting solubility 259:Quantification of solubility 86:with another substance, the 3520:10.1109/ICSENS.2012.6411272 3416:Journal of Chemical Physics 2814:may result in formation of 2750:without forming a separate 2214:, usually expressed as its 2102:For dissolution limited by 1679:Similia similibus solventur 1506:{\displaystyle k_{\rm {H}}} 1416:of oil fields and wells by 1249:is the pressure, the index 988:) with a smaller change in 4941: 4824:Acid dissociation constant 3514:, volume 2012, pages 1-3. 3287: – chemical substance 2320: 2140:United States Pharmacopeia 1791:means greater solubility. 910:disodium hydrogen arsenate 363:Liquid and gaseous solutes 320:of the solution (mol/kg). 29: 4925:Underwater diving physics 3919:Advanced Energy Materials 1587:In the presence of small 1182:iterates the components, 36:solution (disambiguation) 4229:McDonagh, J. L. (2015). 3340:The solvent polarity is 3261:Flexible SPC water model 2294:liquid–liquid extraction 1796:liquid-liquid extraction 1673:" also expressed in the 1358:{\displaystyle V_{i,cr}} 1298:{\displaystyle V_{i,aq}} 978:water of crystallization 958:Le Chatelier's principle 626:and phase joining (e.g. 324:Per quantity of solution 284:In particular, chemical 4789:Solubility table (data) 4656:Apparent molar property 4196:Molecular Pharmaceutics 3547:Department of Chemistry 3386:10.1351/goldbook.S05740 3294:Micellar solubilization 3234:Apparent molar property 2802:Incongruent dissolution 2796:crystallographic defect 2304:Differential solubility 2274:phenylmagnesium bromide 2110:if mixing is present), 1757:enthalpy of dissolution 1439:and can be written as: 280:Per quantity of solvent 164:supersaturated solution 4754:Total dissolved solids 4749:Solubility equilibrium 4674:and related quantities 4462:10.1002/jps.2600690814 4011:Chemistry of Materials 3931:10.1002/aenm.202100181 3640:P. Cohen, ed. (1989). 3572:I.Y. Nekrasov (1996). 3449:10.1098/rstl.1868.0028 3315:Solubility equilibrium 3252:Fajans–Paneth–Hahn Law 3215: 3119: 3016: 2937:is the temperature in 2918: 2910: 2331:Some ionic compounds ( 2164:solubility equilibrium 2150:Theories of solubility 2131: 2092: 2063: 2034: 2009: 1987: 1965: 1943: 1917: 1828:Noyes–Whitney equation 1725: 1637:scale, because of the 1601:Young–Laplace equation 1567: 1547: 1533:) in water at 298 K), 1507: 1475: 1407:universal gas constant 1399: 1379: 1359: 1323: 1299: 1263: 1243: 1223: 1203: 1176: 1153: 1003: 835: > 0) or 801:solubility equilibrium 792: 752:solubility equilibrium 574:Very slightly soluble 394:coordination complexes 107:solubility equilibrium 63: 48: 34:. For other uses, see 4854:Partition coefficient 4834:Polar aprotic solvent 3958:Nature Communications 3216: 3120: 3017: 2916: 2908: 2900:free energy of fusion 2874:Solubility prediction 2569:compounds (excluding 2548:(ethanoates) (except 2132: 2130:{\displaystyle C_{s}} 2093: 2091:{\displaystyle C_{b}} 2064: 2062:{\displaystyle C_{s}} 2035: 2017:diffusion coefficient 2010: 1988: 1966: 1944: 1918: 1723: 1568: 1548: 1508: 1476: 1414:precipitation fouling 1400: 1380: 1360: 1324: 1300: 1264: 1244: 1224: 1204: 1202:{\displaystyle N_{i}} 1177: 1154: 1002: 797:specific surface area 791: 725:intermolecular forces 253:colloidal suspensions 54: 46: 4769:Enthalpy of solution 4696:Volume concentration 4691:Number concentration 3732:E.M. Gutman (1994). 3321:van 't Hoff equation 3276:Hot water extraction 3132: 3036: 2948: 2865:chemical composition 2787:chemical composition 2460:) has a much higher 2235:enthalpy of solution 2168:equilibrium constant 2160:Solubility constants 2114: 2075: 2046: 2024: 1999: 1977: 1955: 1933: 1837: 1557: 1537: 1488: 1446: 1389: 1369: 1333: 1313: 1307:partial molar volume 1273: 1253: 1233: 1213: 1186: 1166: 1037: 954:van 't Hoff equation 868:critical temperature 849:equilibrium constant 845:van 't Hoff equation 116:The solute can be a 74:is the ability of a 4915:Physical properties 4910:Chemical properties 4681:Molar concentration 4651:Dilution (equation) 4090:2015PCCP...17.6174S 4078:Phys Chem Chem Phys 3970:2015NatCo...6.7584T 3761:1969JMatS...4..320G 3675:Scientific American 3603:. Wiley-Blackwell. 3499:W/W (Weight/Weight) 3487:10.1021/j100329a027 2707:like dissolves like 2298:synthetic chemistry 1806:Rate of dissolution 1671:like dissolves like 1424:Solubility of gases 934:cerium(III) sulfate 872:dielectric constant 581:dicalcium phosphate 316:, the value is the 101:of the solute in a 4721:Isotopic abundance 4686:Mass concentration 4560:Chemical solutions 4099:10.1039/C5CP00288E 3978:10.1038/ncomms8584 3769:10.1007/BF00550401 3402:Advanced Chemistry 3211: 3115: 3012: 2919: 2911: 2781:+Sn(L)) or (ZnSnSb 2491:compounds (except 2386:solubility product 2205:enthalpy of fusion 2172:solubility product 2155:Solubility product 2127: 2088: 2059: 2030: 2005: 1983: 1961: 1939: 1913: 1800:spent nuclear fuel 1765:hydrophobic effect 1726: 1683:chemical structure 1639:Milankovich cycles 1563: 1543: 1503: 1471: 1395: 1375: 1355: 1319: 1295: 1259: 1239: 1219: 1199: 1172: 1149: 1006:The solubility of 1004: 874:results in a less 793: 716:and have the same 541:Sparingly soluble 419:U.S. Pharmacopoeia 292:of solute per 100 64: 49: 4897: 4896: 4427:10.1021/ci010287z 4382:10.1021/ci400187y 4333:10.1021/ci4005805 4271:10.1021/ct300345m 4170:10.1021/cr960149m 4135:10.1021/cr9904009 4055:978-90-5410-641-8 3902:978-0-471-12120-6 3807:978-0-669-19429-6 3705:(14): 1508–1509. 3628:General Chemistry 3610:978-0-471-49708-0 3585:978-90-5410-723-1 3424:10.1063/1.1727043 3200: 3104: 3010: 2992: 2861:Materials Science 2854:metamorphic rocks 2835:O ⇌ Na + Al(OH) 2713:will dissolve in 2694: 2693: 2493:lithium phosphate 2440:= 1.34 × 10 mol/L 2361:chemical polarity 2290:separatory funnel 2033:{\displaystyle d} 2008:{\displaystyle D} 1986:{\displaystyle A} 1964:{\displaystyle t} 1942:{\displaystyle m} 1878: 1862: 1755:) and depends on 1749:entropy of mixing 1697:) solute such as 1687:entropy of mixing 1655:greenhouse effect 1566:{\displaystyle c} 1546:{\displaystyle p} 1398:{\displaystyle R} 1378:{\displaystyle i} 1322:{\displaystyle i} 1262:{\displaystyle T} 1242:{\displaystyle P} 1222:{\displaystyle i} 1175:{\displaystyle i} 1147: 1076: 1012:recrystallization 1008:organic compounds 990:Gibbs free energy 942:calcium hydroxide 805:precipitate aging 744:common-ion effect 714:calcium carbonate 611: 610: 555:Slightly soluble 187:hydrochloric acid 183:calcium hydroxide 179:chemical reaction 151:concepts such as 16:(Redirected from 4932: 4794:Solubility chart 4621:Phase separation 4581:Aqueous solution 4553: 4546: 4539: 4530: 4518: 4517: 4507: 4483: 4474: 4473: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4421:(5): 1208–1217. 4410: 4404: 4403: 4393: 4376:(7): 1563–1575. 4361: 4355: 4354: 4344: 4312: 4301: 4300: 4282: 4265:(9): 3322–3337. 4254: 4243: 4242: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4202:(6): 2126–2141. 4191: 4182: 4181: 4164:(8): 2161–2200. 4158:Chemical Reviews 4153: 4147: 4146: 4129:(8): 2999–3093. 4123:Chemical Reviews 4118: 4112: 4111: 4101: 4075: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4017:(4): 1638–1648. 4006: 4000: 3999: 3989: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3890: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3711:10.1039/b202410a 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3615: 3614: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3553:on 13 April 2015 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3489: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3432: 3426: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3397: 3388: 3365: 3345: 3338: 3311: 3306:Rate of solution 3290: 3281: 3266: 3257: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3201: 3198: 3175: 3174: 3144: 3143: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3105: 3102: 3079: 3078: 3048: 3047: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2980: 2972: 2971: 2847: 2470: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2409: 2402: 2398: 2380: 2354: 2346: 2327:Solubility table 2323:Solubility chart 2136: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2039: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2006: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1970: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1879: 1871: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1787:. Smaller Δ 1771:of dissolution ( 1643:solar irradiance 1595: = 2γ/ 1572: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1480: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1433:partial pressure 1404: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1328: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1268: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1248: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1228: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1181: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1162:where the index 1158: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1115: 1114: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1046: 718:chemical formula 687: 510:calcium chloride 438: 415:titanium dioxide 212:, as well as in 191:rate of solution 60:ammonium sulfate 21: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4803: 4764:Solvation shell 4735: 4673: 4665: 4661:Miscibility gap 4646:Serial dilution 4641:Supersaturation 4591:Buffer solution 4562: 4557: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4485: 4484: 4477: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4314: 4313: 4304: 4256: 4255: 4246: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4193: 4192: 4185: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4073: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3509: 3505: 3497:Abler (2021): " 3496: 3492: 3476: 3472: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3309: 3288: 3279: 3264: 3255: 3230: 3166: 3135: 3130: 3129: 3070: 3039: 3034: 3033: 2996: 2985: 2981: 2963: 2946: 2945: 2876: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2804: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2736: 2711:petroleum jelly 2699: 2688: 2627: 2606: 2567: 2538: 2510: 2489: 2466: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2428: 2419: 2407: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2357:electronegative 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2329: 2321:Main articles: 2319: 2306: 2282:dichloromethane 2263:sodium chloride 2243: 2189: 2157: 2152: 2117: 2112: 2111: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2022: 2021: 1997: 1996: 1975: 1974: 1953: 1952: 1931: 1930: 1898: 1883: 1852: 1842: 1835: 1834: 1808: 1734:sodium chloride 1713:solute such as 1663: 1652: 1648: 1635:geological time 1627:climate changes 1555: 1554: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1455: 1444: 1443: 1426: 1418:calcium sulfate 1387: 1386: 1367: 1366: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1311: 1310: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1251: 1250: 1231: 1230: 1211: 1210: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1164: 1163: 1139: 1119: 1097: 1096: 1068: 1057: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1024: 963: 926:calcium sulfate 918:sodium chloride 857: 813: 773: 769: 765: 761: 736:complex-forming 694: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 620: 577:1000 to 10,000 562:calcium sulfate 503:Freely soluble 491:calcium nitrate 479: 472: 457: 450: 434: 427: 403: 374: 365: 340:of the latter. 326: 282: 274:amount in moles 261: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4938: 4936: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4902: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4829:Protic solvent 4826: 4821: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4774:Lattice energy 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4745: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4626:Eutectic point 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4586:Solid solution 4583: 4578: 4576:Ideal solution 4572: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4533: 4526: 4525:External links 4523: 4520: 4519: 4498:(2): 234–252. 4475: 4456:(8): 912–922. 4440: 4405: 4356: 4327:(3): 844–856. 4302: 4244: 4221: 4183: 4148: 4113: 4084:(9): 6174–91. 4061: 4054: 4036: 4001: 3964:(7584): 7584. 3944: 3908: 3901: 3875: 3866: 3827: 3813: 3806: 3782: 3755:(4): 320–322. 3739: 3724: 3688: 3661: 3647: 3632: 3616: 3609: 3591: 3584: 3564: 3533: 3524: 3503: 3490: 3470: 3427: 3407: 3389: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3282: 3273: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3246:Dühring's rule 3243: 3237: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3126: 3125: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3023: 3022: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2923:solvent models 2892:thermodynamics 2875: 2872: 2868:phase diagrams 2850: 2849: 2803: 2800: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2764:solid solution 2735: 2734:Solid solution 2732: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2670: 2643: 2642: 2625: 2609: 2604: 2575: 2574: 2565: 2553: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2508: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2464: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2392: 2382: 2381: 2318: 2315: 2305: 2302: 2242: 2239: 2188: 2187:Other theories 2185: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2124: 2120: 2100: 2099: 2085: 2081: 2070: 2056: 2052: 2041: 2029: 2019: 2004: 1994: 1982: 1972: 1960: 1950: 1938: 1924: 1923: 1912: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1846: 1807: 1804: 1802:reprocessing. 1730:ionic compound 1662: 1659: 1650: 1646: 1617:solubility in 1615:carbon dioxide 1562: 1542: 1530: 1499: 1494: 1482: 1481: 1470: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1425: 1422: 1394: 1374: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1318: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1258: 1238: 1218: 1196: 1192: 1171: 1160: 1159: 1145: 1142: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1074: 1071: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1028:ideal solution 1023: 1020: 966:sodium sulfate 961: 906:barium nitrate 855: 812: 809: 771: 767: 763: 759: 748:ionic strength 693: 690: 667:], [CoCl(H 619: 618:Molecular view 616: 609: 608: 605: 602: 600:barium sulfate 597: 594: 590: 589: 586: 583: 578: 575: 571: 570: 567: 564: 559: 556: 552: 551: 549: 547: 545: 542: 538: 537: 534: 531: 529:sodium oxalate 526: 523: 519: 518: 515: 512: 507: 504: 500: 499: 496: 493: 488: 485: 481: 480: 477: 470: 465: 462: 459: 455: 448: 442: 432: 425: 402: 399: 373: 370: 364: 361: 325: 322: 281: 278: 260: 257: 174:site appears. 32:solvable group 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4937: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4716:Mass fraction 4714: 4712: 4711:Mole fraction 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4671:Concentration 4668: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4616:Phase diagram 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Flory–Huggins 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4549: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4524: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3888: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3847:(1–2): 1–11. 3846: 3842: 3841:Int. J. Pharm 3838: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3699:Chem. Commun. 3692: 3689: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3565: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3225: 3205: 3202: 3199:melting point 3191: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3127: 3109: 3106: 3103:melting point 3095: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2986: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808:incongruently 2801: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2760:phase diagram 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2719:ethyl alcohol 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2689: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2447: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2404: 2391: 2387: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286:diethyl ether 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2256:sulfuric acid 2253: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2176:precipitation 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2108:mass transfer 2105: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2027: 2020: 2018: 2002: 1995: 1980: 1973: 1958: 1951: 1936: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1899: 1895: 1884: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1848: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1821:drug delivery 1818: 1814: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1677:language as " 1676: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1608:Sieverts' law 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1575:concentration 1560: 1540: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1492: 1468: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1392: 1372: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1316: 1308: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1256: 1236: 1216: 1194: 1190: 1169: 1143: 1140: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1072: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1042: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1016:cyclodextrins 1013: 1009: 1001: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 887: 883: 881: 877: 876:polar solvent 873: 869: 865: 861: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 810: 808: 806: 802: 798: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 691: 689: 656: 651: 648: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 628:precipitation 625: 617: 615: 606: 603: 601: 598: 595: 592: 591: 587: 584: 582: 579: 576: 573: 572: 568: 565: 563: 560: 557: 554: 553: 550: 548: 546: 543: 540: 539: 535: 532: 530: 527: 524: 521: 520: 516: 513: 511: 508: 505: 502: 501: 497: 494: 492: 489: 486: 484:Very soluble 483: 482: 476: 469: 466: 463: 460: 454: 447: 443: 440: 439: 436: 431: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 400: 398: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 371: 369: 362: 360: 358: 354: 353:dimensionless 350: 349:mass fraction 346: 345:mole fraction 341: 339: 335: 331: 323: 321: 319: 315: 310: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 279: 277: 275: 271: 267: 258: 256: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 175: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 149:thermodynamic 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 127: 123: 119: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 99:concentration 95: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 61: 58: 53: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4779:Raoult's law 4740: 4731:Ternary plot 4726:Mixing ratio 4495: 4491: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4324: 4320: 4262: 4258: 4230: 4224: 4199: 4195: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4081: 4077: 4064: 4045: 4039: 4014: 4010: 4004: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3886: 3878: 3869: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3821: 3816: 3792: 3785: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3733: 3727: 3702: 3697: 3691: 3679:. Retrieved 3673: 3664: 3655: 3650: 3641: 3635: 3627: 3600: 3594: 3574: 3567: 3555:. Retrieved 3551:the original 3546: 3536: 3527: 3511: 3506: 3493: 3478: 3473: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3415: 3410: 3401: 3371: 3341: 3336: 3300:Raoult's law 3223: 3026: 3024: 2934: 2931:gas constant 2926: 2920: 2889: 2877: 2858: 2851: 2831:(s) + H + 7H 2805: 2771: 2768: 2737: 2730:with water. 2706: 2700: 2461: 2443: 2437:= 1.8 × 10 M 2432: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2389: 2383: 2330: 2311: 2307: 2270:benzoic acid 2267: 2260: 2248: 2244: 2241:Applications 2232: 2209: 2190: 2158: 2144: 2101: 1925: 1825: 1817:polymorphism 1809: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1773:Gibbs energy 1760: 1752: 1746: 1727: 1678: 1670: 1664: 1612: 1605: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1579: 1483: 1437:Raoult's law 1427: 1411: 1161: 1025: 1005: 993: 949: 937: 921: 913: 891: 884: 879: 863: 852: 840: 832: 824: 820: 814: 794: 775:redox buffer 756: 733: 722: 695: 652: 638: 636: 621: 612: 558:100 to 1000 474: 467: 452: 445: 429: 422: 404: 379: 375: 366: 342: 329: 327: 311: 283: 262: 250: 210:oceanography 195: 176: 161: 130: 115: 96: 92:Insolubility 91: 82:, to form a 71: 65: 40: 4884:Lyonium ion 4799:Miscibility 4784:Henry's law 4280:10023/25470 3822:Merck Index 3443:: 659–673. 3270:Henry's law 2896:sublimation 2885:data mining 2690:compounds) 2540:compounds) 2516:compounds) 2228:hydrophilic 2220:hydrophobic 2180:temperature 1769:free energy 1715:naphthalene 1695:hydrophilic 1429:Henry's law 946:portlandite 829:endothermic 811:Temperature 624:dissolution 357:percentages 294:millilitres 222:agriculture 214:engineering 166:, which is 4904:Categories 4879:Amphiphile 4874:Lipophilic 4869:Hydrophile 4864:Hydrophobe 4741:Solubility 4636:Saturation 4606:Suspension 4239:10023/6534 3378:Solubility 3352:References 3285:Hydrotrope 2792:phase rule 2748:base metal 2740:metallurgy 2728:extraction 2724:filtration 2612:Hydroxides 2556:Phosphates 2552:compounds) 2499:Carbonates 2476:Insoluble 1763:) and the 1711:lipophilic 1665:A popular 1631:Antarctica 986:thenardite 974:mirabilite 837:exothermic 710:polymorphs 643:solvolysis 639:solubility 544:30 to 100 409:) such as 390:dissociate 172:nucleation 168:metastable 72:solubility 4920:Solutions 4889:Lyate ion 4844:Solvation 4759:Solvation 4701:Normality 4031:246516386 3939:234807088 3465:110079029 3457:0261-0523 3203:− 3189:− 3177:⁡ 3164:− 3146:⁡ 3107:− 3093:− 3081:⁡ 3068:− 3050:⁡ 2998:− 2991:solvation 2983:Δ 2955:⁡ 2579:Chlorides 2337:solvation 2250:example, 2224:1-octanol 2222:solvent ( 2216:logarithm 2104:diffusion 1896:− 1813:amorphous 1783:– TΔ 1633:. At the 1623:carbonate 1117:− 1092:− 1070:∂ 1055:⁡ 1049:∂ 982:anhydrous 972:crystal ( 827:, on the 702:aragonite 659:[Co(H 637:The term 604:0.000245 596:≥ 10,000 525:10 to 30 334:titration 314:kilograms 298:decilitre 286:handbooks 141:molecules 103:saturated 76:substance 68:chemistry 18:Insoluble 4859:Polarity 4818:Category 4706:Molality 4568:Solution 4514:11169540 4435:11604020 4400:23795551 4351:24564264 4297:26334468 4289:26605739 4216:25880026 4178:11849023 4143:16092826 4108:25660403 3996:26189943 3861:16920290 3777:93098036 3719:12189867 3557:22 April 3228:See also 2839:(s) + 3H 2816:gibbsite 2744:alloying 2715:gasoline 2703:polarity 2681:Group II 2675:(except 2673:Sulfides 2649:(except 2647:Sulfates 2618:(except 2589:(except 2583:bromides 2558:(except 2546:Acetates 2529:(except 2527:Sulfites 2522:Nitrates 2501:(except 2473:Soluble 2226:) and a 2199:and the 1779:= Δ 1703:methanol 1691:polarity 1667:aphorism 1661:Polarity 1619:seawater 1527:dioxygen 1022:Pressure 976:) loses 860:enthalpy 817:enthalpy 785:buffer. 738:anions ( 522:Soluble 506:1 to 10 461:Example 407:miscible 338:molarity 330:solution 318:molality 306:kilogram 242:reagents 230:cleaning 226:painting 218:medicine 153:enthalpy 111:miscible 84:solution 4809:Solvent 4611:Colloid 4601:Mixture 4470:7400936 4391:3739985 4342:3965570 4086:Bibcode 3987:4518255 3966:Bibcode 3757:Bibcode 3512:SENSORS 3342:defined 2939:kelvins 2929:is the 2705:, that 2677:Group I 2620:Group I 2587:iodides 2560:Group I 2531:Group I 2503:Group I 2482:Group I 2278:dry ice 1926:where: 1759:(Δ 1751:(Δ 1707:benzene 1589:bubbles 1573:is the 1405:is the 1309:of the 1305:is the 984:phase ( 970:hydrate 902:kelvins 900:, i.e. 898:Celsius 886:Gaseous 740:ligands 729:entropy 706:calcite 675:], CoCl 655:aqueous 607:409000 444:Range ( 411:ethanol 388:) will 238:brewing 234:cooking 206:physics 202:biology 198:geology 157:entropy 124:, or a 88:solvent 4512: 4468: 4433: 4398: 4388: 4349: 4339: 4295: 4287: 4214: 4176: 4141: 4106: 4052: 4029: 3994: 3984: 3937: 3925:(20). 3899: 3859: 3804: 3775: 3717: 3681:28 May 3607: 3582: 3463: 3455: 2823:NaAlSi 2812:albite 2756:solvus 2754:. The 2616:oxides 2514:uranyl 2252:indigo 1971:= time 1767:. The 1599:; see 1484:where 932:) and 930:gypsum 698:phases 647:oxides 632:solids 495:158.7 487:<1 270:volume 236:, and 208:, and 122:liquid 80:solute 78:, the 4631:Alloy 4293:S2CID 4074:(PDF) 4027:S2CID 3935:S2CID 3773:S2CID 3461:S2CID 3368:IUPAC 3328:Notes 3027:et al 3001:2.303 2752:phase 2446:moles 2372:⇌ Ag 2333:salts 2272:from 1742:water 1738:polar 1675:Latin 894:salts 588:5000 585:0.02 566:0.21 517:1.54 498:0.63 464:g/dL 441:Term 386:salts 382:acids 359:(%). 302:litre 290:grams 272:, or 246:Water 185:with 143:, or 137:atoms 118:solid 4510:PMID 4466:PMID 4431:PMID 4396:PMID 4347:PMID 4285:PMID 4212:PMID 4174:PMID 4139:PMID 4104:PMID 4050:ISBN 3992:PMID 3897:ISBN 3857:PMID 3802:ISBN 3715:PMID 3703:2002 3683:2014 3605:ISBN 3580:ISBN 3559:2015 3453:ISSN 3192:0.01 3096:0.01 2933:and 2683:and 2665:and 2637:and 2614:and 2601:and 2585:and 2562:and 2533:and 2512:and 2484:and 2458:NaCl 2454:AgCl 2450:AgCl 2408:AgCl 2401:NaCl 2399:vs. 2397:AgCl 2378:(aq) 2376:+ Cl 2374:(aq) 2368:AgCl 2325:and 2276:and 2210:The 2191:The 2106:(or 1699:urea 1613:The 1525:for 956:and 908:and 825:i.e. 704:and 569:490 533:3.9 384:and 266:mass 155:and 145:ions 120:, a 4500:doi 4458:doi 4423:doi 4386:PMC 4378:doi 4337:PMC 4329:doi 4275:hdl 4267:doi 4235:hdl 4204:doi 4166:doi 4131:doi 4127:105 4094:doi 4019:doi 3982:PMC 3974:doi 3927:doi 3893:121 3849:doi 3845:321 3765:doi 3707:doi 3516:doi 3483:doi 3445:doi 3441:158 3420:doi 3382:doi 3380:". 3168:log 3161:0.5 3137:log 3072:log 3065:0.8 3041:log 2952:log 2843:SiO 2773:(Zn 2726:or 2573:)) 2448:of 2370:(s) 2363:). 2284:or 2258:". 1603:). 1523:mol 1519:atm 783:NiO 766:-Fe 712:of 630:of 536:26 514:65 126:gas 66:In 4906:: 4508:. 4496:90 4494:. 4490:. 4478:^ 4464:. 4454:69 4452:. 4429:. 4419:41 4417:. 4394:. 4384:. 4374:53 4372:. 4368:. 4345:. 4335:. 4325:54 4323:. 4319:. 4305:^ 4291:. 4283:. 4273:. 4261:. 4247:^ 4210:. 4200:12 4198:. 4186:^ 4172:. 4162:99 4160:. 4137:. 4125:. 4102:. 4092:. 4082:17 4080:. 4076:. 4025:. 4015:34 4013:. 3990:. 3980:. 3972:. 3960:. 3956:. 3933:. 3923:11 3921:. 3895:. 3855:. 3843:. 3839:. 3800:. 3798:40 3771:. 3763:. 3751:. 3713:. 3672:. 3619:^ 3545:. 3459:. 3451:. 3439:. 3392:^ 3370:, 3360:^ 3206:25 3172:10 3141:10 3110:25 3076:10 3045:10 2941:. 2870:. 2856:. 2818:. 2777:Sb 2685:NH 2679:, 2667:Ca 2663:Sr 2661:, 2659:Ba 2657:, 2655:Pb 2653:, 2651:Ag 2641:) 2639:Tl 2635:Sr 2633:, 2631:Ba 2629:, 2624:NH 2622:, 2603:Hg 2599:Cu 2597:, 2595:Pb 2593:, 2591:Ag 2571:Li 2564:NH 2550:Ag 2535:NH 2507:NH 2505:, 2486:NH 2465:sp 2427:sp 2418:sp 2393:sp 2388:, 2237:. 2207:. 2142:. 2015:= 1584:. 1529:(O 1409:. 1052:ln 1018:. 992:(Δ 856:sp 839:(Δ 831:(Δ 819:(Δ 779:Ni 754:. 720:. 683:O) 679:(H 671:O) 663:O) 478:su 471:sv 458:) 456:su 449:sv 433:su 426:sv 268:, 232:, 228:, 220:, 216:, 204:, 200:, 159:. 139:, 133:pH 90:. 70:, 4820:) 4816:( 4552:e 4545:t 4538:v 4516:. 4502:: 4472:. 4460:: 4437:. 4425:: 4402:. 4380:: 4353:. 4331:: 4299:. 4277:: 4269:: 4263:8 4241:. 4237:: 4218:. 4206:: 4180:. 4168:: 4145:. 4133:: 4110:. 4096:: 4088:: 4058:. 4033:. 4021:: 3998:. 3976:: 3968:: 3962:6 3941:. 3929:: 3905:. 3863:. 3851:: 3810:. 3779:. 3767:: 3759:: 3753:4 3721:. 3709:: 3685:. 3613:. 3588:. 3561:. 3522:. 3518:: 3485:: 3467:. 3447:: 3422:: 3384:: 3209:) 3195:( 3186:) 3183:P 3180:( 3158:= 3155:) 3152:S 3149:( 3113:) 3099:( 3090:) 3087:P 3084:( 3062:= 3059:) 3056:S 3053:( 3007:T 3004:R 2987:G 2977:= 2974:) 2969:m 2965:V 2961:( 2958:S 2935:T 2927:R 2848:. 2845:4 2841:4 2837:3 2833:2 2829:8 2827:O 2825:3 2783:2 2779:3 2775:4 2687:4 2669:) 2626:4 2608:) 2605:2 2566:4 2537:4 2509:4 2495:) 2488:4 2462:K 2424:K 2415:K 2390:K 2353:O 2351:2 2349:H 2345:O 2343:2 2341:H 2123:s 2119:C 2084:b 2080:C 2055:s 2051:C 2028:d 2003:D 1981:A 1959:t 1937:m 1911:) 1905:b 1900:C 1890:s 1885:C 1881:( 1876:d 1873:D 1868:A 1865:= 1859:t 1855:d 1849:m 1845:d 1789:G 1785:S 1781:H 1777:G 1761:H 1753:S 1651:2 1647:2 1597:r 1593:p 1561:c 1541:p 1531:2 1521:/ 1517:· 1515:L 1498:H 1493:k 1469:c 1462:H 1457:k 1453:= 1450:p 1393:R 1373:i 1351:r 1348:c 1345:, 1342:i 1338:V 1317:i 1291:q 1288:a 1285:, 1282:i 1278:V 1257:T 1237:P 1217:i 1195:i 1191:N 1170:i 1144:T 1141:R 1134:r 1131:c 1128:, 1125:i 1121:V 1112:q 1109:a 1106:, 1103:i 1099:V 1089:= 1084:T 1079:) 1073:P 1063:i 1059:N 1043:( 994:G 962:2 950:H 944:( 938:H 928:( 922:H 914:H 880:G 864:H 853:K 851:( 841:H 833:H 821:H 781:- 772:3 770:O 768:2 764:4 762:O 760:3 685:2 681:2 677:2 673:5 669:2 665:6 661:2 475:m 473:/ 468:m 453:m 451:/ 446:m 430:m 423:m 57:M 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.