324:
cues, the insects feeding state (hungry or full), the time of day, or even the insects body position. For example, Drosophila are very attracted to apple cider vinegar but in very high concentrations an additional olfactory receptor (that has low affinity for the vinegar, Or85a) is activated which changes the fly's behavior from attraction to aversion. These different behaviors to the same cue is called behavioral plasticity.
20:
163:), CSPs (chemosensory binding proteins), and SNMPs (sensory neuron membrane proteins) that help the moth recognize sex pheromones and odorants such as those released from host plants. Much like in vertebrates, axons from the sensory neurons converge into glomeruli, but differ in where the glomeruli are housed. In mammals they are located in the
323:
Insects use the same signal for many different uses depending on the situation this is called chemical parsimony. Situations that may change how an insect behaves in reaction to a scent are things like the concentration of the compound, the life stage of the insect, its mating status, other olfactory
293:
to isolate volatile compounds from important animals or habitats. For example, this method could be used to determine which compound from a particular flower is the most attractive to a bee. Recordings from projection neurons show that in some insects there is strong specialization and discrimination
110:
and selectively. Sensitivity is how attuned the insect is to very small amounts of an odorant or small changes in the concentration of an odorant. Selectivity refers to the insects ability to tell one odorant apart from another. Among blood-feeding arthropods, these compounds are commonly broken into
84:
and specialized mouth parts called the maxillary palps. However, a recent study has demonstrated the olfactory role of ovipositor in fig wasps. Inside of these olfactory organs there are neurons called olfactory receptor neurons which, as the name implies, house receptors for scent molecules in their
281:
Action potential recordings are conducted in three different ways electroantenograms, electropalpograms, and single sensillum recordings (SSR). In electroantenograms (EAG) and electropalpograms (EPG) the action potentials from the entire antenna or maxillary palp, respectively, is recorded. EAGs and
58:
habitats. Thus, it is the most important sensation for insects. Most important insect behaviors must be timed perfectly which is dependent on what they smell and when they smell it. For example, olfaction is essential for locating host plants and hunting prey in many species of insects, such as the
307:(lay their eggs) leading to the hatching of their destructive larvae. While there are thousands of chemicals insects can detect there is a limited range that insects use as cues to move towards or away from the source of the odorant.
314:
only attracts insects in their reproductive stage, a short period in their lives. While scents of food may be attractive to hungry insects they would not be effective in a field full of a crop that is palatable to that insect.
302:
Humans exploit the insect olfactory system to control agricultural and disease carrying pests. For some agricultural pests manufactured sex pheromones are placed in traps to capture adults before they can
359:. They innately avoid DEET, likely because it is a “confusant” that stimulates gustatory, ionotropic, and olfactory receptors and “distorts” other odorants interaction with those receptors.
343:
has been found to be an attractant in every arthropod studied and it is very important in mosquito monitoring and control, even this stereotyped reaction can be plastic. Drosophila avoid CO
294:
for the odors presented by the ORNs. This is especially true for the projection neurons of the macroglomeruli, a specialized complex of glomeruli responsible for the pheromones detection.
238:
down the axon. This signal is sent to the antennal lobe or subesophogeal ganglion of the insects brain where it can then integrate the information with other signals from other
286:
is inserted into just one sensillum and the recording is made from only the ORNs which are contained within that sensillum, providing more detailed information
234:
which transports it to a receptor and co-receptor (Orco) team on the surface of the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN). This leads to the neuron firing an
226:. The odorant then enters through tiny pores in the exoskeleton (or cuticle) of that sensillum and diffuses into the fluid between the cells called
310:
The art of finding an attractant or repellent for a particular insect of interest is complicated and a long, intensive process. For example, using
183:
involved require further study because as of 2016 most such research has been done under laboratory conditions with unrealistically reliable food.
257:(mostly excitatory) and local neurons (inhibitory, with some excitatory). The projection neurons send their axon terminals to a part of the
893:
Riabinina, Olena; Task, Darya; Marr, Elizabeth; Lin, Chun-Chieh; Alford, Robert; O'Brochta, David A.; Potter, Christopher J. (2016-10-03).
826:
Gadenne, Christophe; Barrozo, Romina B.; Anton, Sylvia (2016-03-11). "Plasticity in Insect
Olfaction: To Smell or Not to Smell?".
131:
479:
Gadenne, Christophe; Barrozo, Romina B.; Anton, Sylvia (2016). "Plasticity in Insect
Olfaction: To Smell or Not to Smell?".
211:. Inside the antennal lobe they synapse with other neurons in semidelineated (with membrane boundaries) structures called
421:
Carraher, Colm; Dalziel, Julie; Jordan, Melissa D.; Christie, David L.; Newcomb, Richard D.; Kralicek, Andrew V. (2015).
266:
828:
713:"Molecular Characterization and Differential Expression of Olfactory Genes in the Antennae of the Black Cutworm Moth
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Sensory neurons in the antenna, maxillary palp, and labella generate odor-specific electrical signals called spikes (
960:
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391:
146:
103:
86:
39:
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Many insects (and other arthropods) have been shown to avoid areas containing N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide or
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64:
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Syed, Zainulabeuddin (2015). "Chemical ecology and olfaction in arthropod vectors of diseases".
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Specifically the process is as follows: first the odorant wafts towards an insect's antenna or
932:
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423:"Towards an understanding of the structural basis for insect olfaction by odorant receptors"
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235:
192:
19:
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265:(important in regulating learned odor responses) and another part of the brain called the
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155:
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269:(important in regulating innate odor responses). Both of these regions are part of the
164:
123:
949:
879:
270:
204:
168:
282:
EPGs provide an overall view of olfaction in the respective organ. During an SSR an
258:
249:
with the receptors for the odors and on the other end are the axons that carry the
199:. The sensory neurons in the antenna and maxillary send this information via their
332:
Many insects are capable of detecting very minute changes in the concentration of
741:
253:
to the antennal lobe of the brain. The antennal lobes have two kinds of neurons,
304:
150:
55:
689:
446:
572:
95:
895:"Organization of olfactory centres in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae"
863:
207:, while sensory neuron in the labella send this information via axons to the
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283:
246:
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143:
127:
51:
936:
871:
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Insects are capable of smelling and differentiating between thousands of
43:
918:
854:
622:
605:
501:
35:
606:"The insect ovipositor as a volatile sensor within a closed microcosm"
779:"Early olfactory processing in Drosophila: mechanisms and principles"
381:
47:
195:) in response to binding of odors to cell surface proteins like the
200:
69:
18:
80:
The two organs insects primarily use for detecting odors are the
356:
130:. Yet, unlike vertebrates who use G protein coupled receptors (
60:
289:
Any of these methods can be combined with a high resolution
245:
These ORNs are bipolar, on one end are the olfactory
179:
Olfaction is metabolically costly. The evolutionary
222:which is covered with hair-like projections called
93:. These neurons can be very abundant; for example,
347:when walking but move towards it when in flight.
319:Situationally-dependent attractants / repellents
119:and low molecular weight nitrogenous compounds.
159:) produces even more proteins including OBPs (
8:
99:flies have 2,600 olfactory sensory neurons.
549:"Aversion and Attraction through Olfaction"
134:), insects express proteins including ORs (
604:Yadav, Pratibha; Borges, Renee M. (2017).
926:
853:
802:
750:
740:
621:
580:
500:
427:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
230:. There the odorant molecule binds to an
547:Li, Qian; Liberles, Stephen D. (2015).
402:
138:), GRs (gustatory receptors) and IRs (
663:
661:
542:
540:
126:to study mammal and especially human
7:
772:
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795:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150533
846:10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023523
711:Gu, Shao-Hua; et al. (2014).
493:10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023523
14:
670:Current Opinion in Insect Science
167:, but in insects they are in the
153:known as the black cutworm moth (
149:. A moth species in the order of
610:Journal of Experimental Biology
85:cell membrane. The majority of
46:, predator avoidance, finding
16:Function of chemical receptors
1:
783:Annual Review of Neuroscience
742:10.1371/journal.pone.0103420
122:Insects have been used as a
829:Annual Review of Entomology
481:Annual Review of Entomology
111:three classes: short chain
977:
690:10.1016/j.cois.2015.04.011
447:10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.09.010
392:Single sensillum recording
298:Repellents and attractants
87:olfactory receptor neurons
30:refers to the function of
23:Olfactory pathway, insects
573:10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.044
147:ligand-gated ion channels
161:odorant-binding proteins
89:typically reside in the
777:Wilson, Rachel (2013).
232:odorant binding protein
38:to detect and identify
209:subesophageal ganglion
24:
899:Nature Communications
373:Electro-olfactography
273:of the insect brain.
22:
369:Electroantennography
228:extracellular fluids
175:Evolutionary history
140:ionotropic receptors
919:10.1038/ncomms13010
911:2016NatCo...713010R
733:2014PLoSO...9j3420G
682:2015COIS...10...83S
565:2015CBio...25.R120L
439:2015IBMB...66...31C
197:olfactory receptors
136:olfactory receptors
623:10.1242/jeb.152777
291:gas chromatography
255:projection neurons
65:Deilephila elpenor
40:volatile compounds
32:chemical receptors
25:
961:Insect physiology
559:(3): R120–R1209.
378:Machine olfaction
193:action potentials
187:Olfactory cascade
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616:(9): 1554–1557.
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277:Research methods
251:action potential
236:action potential
142:) which are all
113:carboxylic acids
77:, respectively.
28:Insect olfaction
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715:Agrotis ipsilon
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553:Current Biology
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387:Bill S. Hansson
365:
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263:mushroom bodies
189:
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165:olfactory bulbs
156:Agrotis ipsilon
106:compounds both
74:Polybia sericea
54:) and locating
17:
12:
11:
5:
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838:Annual Reviews
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727:(8): e103420.
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328:Carbon dioxide
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220:maxillary palp
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50:partners (via
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271:protocerebrum
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267:lateral horn
259:insect brain
244:
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124:model system
121:
101:
94:
79:
72:
63:
34:that enable
27:
26:
855:11336/19586
840:: 317–333.
789:: 217–241.
502:11336/19586
487:: 317–333.
261:called the
151:Lepidoptera
144:heteromeric
108:sensitively
56:oviposition
950:Categories
398:References
339:. While CO
312:pheromones
181:trade-offs
96:Drosophila
52:pheromones
956:Olfaction
905:: 13010.
880:207568844
864:0066-4170
676:: 83–89.
433:: 31–41.
284:electrode
247:dendrites
213:glomeruli
128:olfaction
117:aldehydes
937:27694947
872:26982441
813:23841839
761:25083706
721:PLOS ONE
698:29588018
632:28468812
591:25649823
511:26982441
455:26416146
363:See also
305:oviposit
240:sensilla
224:sensilla
104:volatile
82:antennae
68:and the
44:foraging
928:5063964
907:Bibcode
804:3933953
752:4118888
729:Bibcode
678:Bibcode
582:4317791
561:Bibcode
435:Bibcode
203:to the
91:antenna
36:insects
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925:
878:
870:
862:
811:
801:
759:
749:
696:
630:
589:
579:
509:
453:
382:E-nose
48:mating
876:S2CID
836:(1).
201:axons
132:GPCRs
933:PMID
868:PMID
860:ISSN
809:PMID
757:PMID
694:PMID
628:PMID
587:PMID
507:PMID
451:PMID
357:DEET
351:DEET
70:wasp
61:moth
42:for
923:PMC
915:doi
850:hdl
842:doi
799:PMC
791:doi
747:PMC
737:doi
686:doi
618:doi
614:220
577:PMC
569:doi
497:hdl
489:doi
443:doi
952::
931:.
921:.
913:.
901:.
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874:.
866:.
858:.
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787:36
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