423:, the funding donations from around the world that sustained IDASA's budgets and programs began to dry up or were severely cut especially to countries now seen as being democratically stable. IDASA had also expanded into Africa by re-granting funds to worthy organisations but this was complex and due to budgeting issues good staff were lost. Due to a lack of a philanthropic philosophy in South African society, funding was therefore limited despite complaints by society concerning the political climate and the state of democracy in the country. Society's funding of political parties did not seem to be a problem though and the organization would close on 26 March 2013 after a press announcement by Paul Graham, the executive director of The Institute for Democracy in Africa.
411:
untoward would influence political parties decisions. A Cape High Court judge would rule against IDASA, accepting the ANC's argument that a legislative route was to be attempted and the IDASA did not appeal the decision. In an effort to promote democracy in other parts of Africa, Idasa would open offices in
Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zimbabwe and maintained projects in Uganda, Zambia, Angola, Lesotho, Malawi, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Swaziland to bring democratic ideals to those countries.
367:
and accountability of the new government for the public in form of a critical ally and influence public policy. It would also create the Public
Information and Monitoring Service (PIMS) to support democracy and ethical activities in government through training programs in democracy and it would also support democracy by submitting submissions to parliamentary committees. In 1998, IDASA implemented a campaign to educate voters for the forthcoming
3028:
233:
was furious at IDASA and its delegates and proposed to confiscate their passports and proposed a law which reached a draft bill stage to ban the organization and others but after IDASA pressurized the foreign diplomats in South Africa, that pressure forced the government to revise the bill and it was
366:
In 1994, IDASA was renamed the
Institute of Democracy in South Africa to reflect the nature of the country's 1994 election and the transition to a democratic government. So IDASA's mission changed and in 1995, they created the Public Information Centre (PIC) a body that would monitor the performance
312:
had not yet declared an amnesty for members of MK so Zambia had to be the location nor could the SADF endorse the meeting but quietly encouraged senior members and past members to accept the invitation. The five day conference would reach consensus on a need for both sides to maintain a cessation of
237:
Money would start to flow into IDASA's coffers, and in order to maintain its independence, there was a reluctance to accept money from corporate South Africa as this could have created a perception of a conflict of interest as the white liberals opposition had traditionally raised money from
English
160:
Van Zyl
Slabbert and Boraine established The Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa (IDASA), a non-partisan organization that aimed to promote inclusive democracy in South Africa by talking to people of all races within and outside the country. It second aim was to find a non-racial
341:
from 1992 to 1994 whereby members of the future political parties who were drafting a new constitution for South Africa were able to visit the major political parties in Europe, North
America and Australia to study best-practice of democracy. In order to engage the right wing in South Africa in a
228:
to help finance the conference, which he would do, but he was skeptical that the conference would achieve anything for South Africa. The conference that occurred in July 1987 would later be known as the Dakar
Conference but was also known as the Dakar Dialogue or Dakar Initiative. It would not
410:
and named the parties named in the application as the ANC, Democratic
Alliance, Inkatha Freedom Party and New National Party. ISDA want the parties to disclose their private donors, the amount given and any conditions under which the donation was made allowing the public to decide if anything
324:
In 1992, IDASA established the
Training Centre of Democracy in Johannesburg. It aimed to foster the ideas of democracy in South African community leaders with training in democracy's philosophy, history and processes. Also in 1992, another conference was held titled
333:
met political leaders and policing experts to discuss policing in a new South
African political structure, restoring confidence and respect with the general public after many years of the police being used to enforce apartheids rules and legislation.
196:
on 8–9 May 1987, when 400 delegates met to discuss democracy and its relationship with government, labour, business education, law, media and religion. But the Dakar Conference had its origins least a year earlier. Slabbert, in communication with
289:(SACP) and a Soviet delegation of academics. IDASA's aim was to discuss a future economic policy for a new South African dispensation. Some critics have argued that this future policy took the form of a Neo-liberal economics.
137:, between 9 and 12 July 1987. The conference discussed topics such as strategies for bringing fundamental change in South Africa, national unity, structures of the government and the future of the economy in a free
2837:
141:. The IDASA delegation from South Africa participated in the conference in their private capacity and would later be condemned by the South African government for meeting a banned organization.
1001:
1631:
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policy of attempting to force political change from within the parliamentary system, to the Afrikaner elite taking direct action in shaping the future of direction of South Africa.
153:
and the South African parliament in January 1986, describing it as irrelevant and that he would explore other avenues of negotiations between white and black South Africans. Dr.
118:, its focus was on ensuing the establishment of democratic institutions in the country, political transparency and good governance. Caught up in a funding crisis after the
1862:
1582:
432:
3007:
2941:
439:, "pushed an essentially Neo-liberal agenda" focussing on limited forms of representative democracy in which economic questions were not subject to democratic control.
3014:
2509:
1782:
1589:
994:
254:. The Ford Foundation would donate $ 1.165 million in 1996, a foundation that traditionally donated $ 50,000 to $ 200,000 to worthy African organisations. In 1996,
209:. Out of these discussions and meetings, an idea was generated for a possible meeting between them and the ANC. This would be a change from the current opposition
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2802:
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1596:
273:, a charter created in 1955, attempting to understand its importance to the black opposition parties in exile. In October 1988, IDASA would arrange a meeting in
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1638:
1830:
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As political change occurred in South African society, so IDASA adapted its mission and focus since its foundation. These are described as six phases:
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1932:
3000:
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In 2005, IDASA sought court action to force political parties to disclose the origin of political donation. The application was sought to test the
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106:. Its initial focus from 1987 was creating an environment for white South Africans to talk to the banned liberation movement in-exile, the
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1841:
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achieve peace in South Africa or a non-racial settlement, but it may have given permission for Afrikaners to talk to the ANC. President
1407:
129:(also known as the Dakar Dialogue or the Dakar Initiative), a historic conference between members of IDASA and the ANC. It was held in
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2830:
2774:
2299:
2264:
1953:
1418:
970:
Robinson, William I. (1996). Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention, and Hegemony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
739:
Robinson, William I. (1996). Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention, and Hegemony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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1995:
790:
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457:
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1981:
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and democratic alternatives to current system of apartheid in South Africa. It started with few plans and very little money.
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defence forces into a new non-racial, non-political military organization. These ideas would form the basis of the new
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308:(MK) for discussions on the future security in a new South Africa and the shape of future defence force. President
210:
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2009:
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of Dakar in Senegal and decided that the city should be the location of the conference. The two then approached
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2002:
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807:
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1988:
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businesses. The first donor would be the Norwegian consulate and soon other donors would follow such as the
753:
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1946:
1911:
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647:
251:
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330:
550:
Democratization and Market Reform in Developing and Transitional Countries: Think Tanks as Catalysts
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1974:
1939:
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243:
217:
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hostilities, end conscription and the future merging of the SADF, MK, other liberation armies and
1393:
782:
Mobilizing for Peace: Conflict Resolution in Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and South Africa
724:
Neo-liberalism and Democracy: The Role of Intellectuals in South Africa’s “Democratic Transition”
701:
693:
347:
258:
would donate $ 1 million over a two-year period. Considerable funding was also received from the
192:
Prior to the historic event that occurred in 1987 in Dakar, the first IDASA meeting occurred in
201:, a member of the ANC National Executive, discussed the change in attitude amongst some of the
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1960:
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1201:
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685:
579:"True Confessions, End Papers and the Dakar conference: A review of the political arguments"
126:
676:
Hearn, Julie (October 2000). "Aiding Democracy? Donors and Civil Society in South Africa".
2208:
2122:
2016:
1684:
1624:
1545:
1269:
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1145:
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1113:
420:
270:
247:
119:
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IDASA would eventually evolve into a structure consisting of nine divisions or programs:
221:
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by training voter education officials and by distributing voter education packages.
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1967:
1918:
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Some critics from the left have argued that IDASA, with funding from the
346:
and sought to engage the white right-wing and would eventually bring the
230:
950:"Idasa's Demise, Broken Donor Promises and Africa's Naive Civil Society"
149:
Frederik van Zyl Slabbert, a member of the opposition resigned from the
1358:
697:
278:
134:
689:
2069:
1241:
1020:
297:
293:
730:, Edited by Henning Melber, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala, 2002
1233:
755:
Human Rights NGOs in East Africa: Political and Normative Tensions
255:
130:
779:
Gidron, Benjamin; Katz, Stanley N.; Hasenfeld, Yeheskel (2002).
983:
342:
future democratic South Africa, IDASA created a program called
281:. It would bring together an ANC delegation which included
354:
and the ANC and ensuring their eventual participation the
20:
The Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa
499:. Virginia: University of Virginia Press. p. 448.
300:, in May 1990. It would bring together members of the
110:(ANC) prior to its unbanning in 1990 by the President
952:. The South African Civil Society Information Service
84:
Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa
183:
Promote the use of its existing strategies worldwide
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2896:
2729:
2184:
2175:
2033:
1829:
1484:
1429:
1348:
1286:
1259:
1252:
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496:
The Last Afrikaner Leaders: A Supreme Test of Power
458:"South Africa's Liberals: Divided and Dropping Out"
265:A conference was called on 15–16 July 1988, titled
72:
58:
50:
42:
34:
24:
433:United States Agency for International Development
46:Democracy, Political transparency, Good governance
890:"Idasa celebrates 20 years of building democracy"
758:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 400.
1783:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
719:
717:
715:
812:Humans Rights Centre - University of Minnesota
649:South Africa's Other Whites: Voices for Change
613:Voëlvry: The Movement that Rocked South Africa
995:
838:"Idasa not to appeal party-funding judgement"
728:Political Cultures in Democratic South Africa
269:. The conference delegates would discuss the
8:
917:
915:
913:
911:
832:
830:
828:
174:Supporting the foundation election (1993–95)
168:Building a climate for democracy (1986–1990)
19:
387:Community and Citizen Empowerment Programme
2181:
1256:
1002:
988:
980:
865:"Idasa goes to court over party donations"
542:
540:
538:
536:
358:and reducing the threat of the far right.
177:Building democratic institutions (1995–98)
18:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
1856:Reconstruction and Development Programme
924:"The perfect storm that shut down Idasa"
785:. Oxford University Press. p. 304.
747:
745:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
584:. University of Pretoria. Archived from
292:IDASA would also arrange a gathering in
205:elite towards Afrikaner Nationalism and
98:organisation that was formed in 1986 by
1468:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
671:
669:
456:Battersby, John D. (21 February 1988).
448:
92:Institute for Democracy in South Africa
1933:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
948:O'Riordan, Alexander (27 March 2013).
572:
570:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
408:Promotion of Access to Information Act
396:Peace Building and Conflict Resolution
171:Critical ally for transition (1990–93)
327:Policing in South Africa in the 1990s
7:
863:Pressly, Donwald (9 February 2005).
319:South African National Defence Force
304:(SADF) and the ANC's military wing,
1863:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1525:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
922:Calland, Richard (28 March 2013).
402:Southern African Migration Project
267:The Freedom Charter and the Future
188:Role prior to the end of apartheid
14:
3068:Political history of South Africa
3015:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
2650:South African Party (Cape Colony)
3053:Events associated with apartheid
3027:
3026:
437:National Endowment for Democracy
260:National Endowment for Democracy
2664:South African Party (1977–1980)
2657:South African Party (1911–1934)
2573:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
2370:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
384:Centre for Governance in Africa
180:Empowering citizens (1998–2000)
1982:2019 service delivery protests
1968:#FeesMustFall student protests
1713:1983 constitutional referendum
116:South African election in 1994
1:
2440:Johannesburg Reform Committee
1078:
1063:
1040:
1033:
646:Jaster, Robert Scott (2016).
390:Governance and Aids Programme
287:South African Communist Party
3058:Anti-Apartheid organisations
2095:Black Consciousness Movement
1849:Government of National Unity
216:Later in 1986, Slabbert and
1806:Saint James Church massacre
1692:Weapons of mass destruction
369:1999 South African election
356:1994 South African election
344:Dialogue with Conservatives
302:South African Defence Force
3084:
1562:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
1440:South West Africa campaign
1339:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1304:French Huguenot settlement
808:"Fellowship Report (2004)"
553:. Routledge. p. 272.
493:Giliomee, Hermann (2013).
381:Budget Information Service
337:IDASA also organized five
94:was a South African-based
3024:
3001:African National Congress
2461:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
1799:1992 apartheid referendum
652:. Springer. p. 151.
547:McGann, James G. (2010).
151:Progressive Federal Party
125:It is best known for the
108:African National Congress
100:Frederik van Zyl Slabbert
28:Frederik van Zyl Slabbert
2454:Labour Party (1969–1994)
2447:Labour Party (1910–1958)
2003:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
1961:#RhodesMustFall protests
1576:1960 republic referendum
362:Role after 1994 election
252:Rockefeller Foundation's
16:South African think tank
2899:terrorist organisations
1989:2019 Johannesburg riots
1618:Constructive engagement
1583:International isolation
1401:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
399:Right to Know Programme
393:Local Government Centre
1912:Attack on Kennedy Road
1539:Congress of the People
1130:South African Republic
616:. Zebra. p. 239.
339:Constitutional Safaris
2482:Natal Indian Congress
2202:Afrikaner Broederbond
2056:Afrikaner nationalism
1842:1994 general election
1813:Bophuthatswana crisis
1706:Church Street bombing
1502:Apartheid legislation
1495:1948 general election
1415:South Africa Act 1909
1210:Union of South Africa
1030:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1010:Political history of
752:Mutua, Makau (2013).
678:Third World Quarterly
610:Hopkins, Pat (2006).
240:Joseph Rowntree Trust
122:, it closed in 2013.
90:) later known as the
3063:1986 in South Africa
2116:Greater South Africa
1954:2014 platinum strike
1820:Shell House massacre
1748:Transkei coup d'état
1569:Sharpeville massacre
1332:Battle of Blaauwberg
1325:Battle of Muizenberg
1277:Battle of Salt River
1060:Mthethwa Paramountcy
896:. SAPA. 12 July 2007
331:South African Police
285:, the leader of the
157:also left with him.
3008:Democratic Alliance
2185:Civic and political
2049:Afrikaner Calvinism
2042:African nationalism
1891:African Renaissance
1597:UNSC Resolution 591
1518:Internal resistance
1419:National Convention
1387:Transvaal Civil War
1311:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
1194:Orange River Colony
577:Giliomee, Hermann.
218:Breyten Breytenbach
21:
1755:Ciskei coup d'état
1590:UN Resolution 1761
1555:Women's March 1956
1408:South African Wars
1394:Mineral Revolution
844:. SAPA. 9 May 2005
591:on 13 October 2016
462:The New York Times
350:to a meeting with
3040:
3039:
2993:political parties
2986:
2985:
2963:Orde van die Dood
2580:Progressive Party
2286:Congress Alliance
2102:Cape Independence
2034:Political culture
2029:
2028:
1996:COVID-19 pandemic
1926:Marikana massacre
1762:Venda coup d'état
1532:Defiance Campaign
1122:Orange Free State
1052:Dutch Cape Colony
928:Mail&Guardian
894:Mail&Guardian
869:Mail&Guardian
842:Mail&Guardian
690:10.1080/713701079
306:Umkhonto we Sizwe
80:
79:
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1604:Academic boycott
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1279:
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1270:Bantu migrations
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1202:Transvaal Colony
1197:
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1170:Nieuwe Republiek
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1106:Natalia Republic
1101:
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1075:Ndwandwe Kingdom
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473:
472:
470:
468:
453:
127:Dakar Conference
22:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2398:HNP (Herstigte)
2396:
2391:HNP (Herenigde)
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2209:Afrikaner Party
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2123:Honorary whites
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2025:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1884:Soweto bombings
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1685:Soweto Uprising
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1625:Tar Baby Option
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:Freedom Charter
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1425:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1146:Griqualand West
1144:
1138:Griqualand East
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1014:
1008:
977:
975:
974:
969:
965:
955:
953:
947:
946:
942:
932:
930:
921:
920:
909:
899:
897:
888:
887:
883:
873:
871:
862:
861:
857:
847:
845:
836:
835:
826:
816:
814:
805:
804:
800:
793:
778:
777:
773:
766:
751:
750:
743:
738:
734:
722:
713:
675:
674:
667:
660:
645:
644:
631:
624:
609:
608:
604:
594:
592:
588:
581:
576:
575:
568:
561:
546:
545:
514:
507:
492:
491:
476:
466:
464:
455:
454:
450:
445:
429:
421:Great Recession
417:
378:All Media Group
364:
271:Freedom Charter
190:
147:
120:Great Recession
68:
64:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2956:Ossewabrandwag
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2699:Unionist Party
2695:
2688:
2681:
2678:Torch Commando
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2552:Orde Boerevolk
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2328:DP (1989–2000)
2324:
2321:DP (1973–1977)
2317:
2314:Dominion Party
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2195:Afrikaner Bond
2190:
2188:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2135:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2109:Day of the Vow
2105:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1877:Floor crossing
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1792:Bisho massacre
1788:
1787:
1786:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1734:Operation Vula
1730:
1727:Rubicon speech
1723:
1720:Langa massacre
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1454:Rand Rebellion
1450:
1443:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1380:Boer Republics
1376:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1226:Bophuthatswana
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1186:Klein Vrystaat
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1071:
1056:
1048:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1006:
999:
992:
984:
973:
972:
963:
940:
907:
881:
855:
824:
798:
791:
771:
764:
741:
732:
726:, Ian Taylor,
711:
665:
658:
629:
622:
602:
566:
559:
512:
505:
474:
447:
446:
444:
441:
428:
425:
416:
413:
404:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
363:
360:
352:Nelson Mandela
234:never banned.
211:White liberals
194:Port Elizabeth
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
146:
143:
112:F. W. de Klerk
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
31:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3080:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3035:
3034:
3023:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:Die Spoorbund
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:Workers Party
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2594:Radio Freedom
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:Oranjewerkers
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:organisations
2183:
2180:
2178:organisations
2174:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:Tshwane riots
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:Project Coast
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:Mafeje affair
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1664:Durban Moment
1661:
1658:
1657:Rivonia Trial
1654:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:Disinvestment
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:1820 Settlers
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1076:
1072:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
986:
985:
982:
978:
967:
964:
951:
944:
941:
929:
925:
918:
916:
914:
912:
908:
895:
891:
885:
882:
870:
866:
859:
856:
843:
839:
833:
831:
829:
825:
813:
809:
806:Jones, Lena.
802:
799:
794:
792:9780198029106
788:
784:
783:
775:
772:
767:
765:9780812203936
761:
757:
756:
748:
746:
742:
736:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
716:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
684:(5): 815–30.
683:
679:
672:
670:
666:
661:
659:9781349224562
655:
651:
650:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
630:
625:
623:9781770071209
619:
615:
614:
606:
603:
587:
580:
573:
571:
567:
562:
560:9781135224936
556:
552:
551:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
513:
508:
506:9780813934952
502:
498:
497:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
475:
463:
459:
452:
449:
442:
440:
438:
434:
426:
424:
422:
414:
412:
409:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
376:
375:
372:
370:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
348:Freedom Front
345:
340:
335:
332:
328:
322:
320:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:Cadbury Trust
241:
235:
232:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
187:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
165:
162:
158:
156:
152:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
71:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
27:
23:
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2991:Histories of
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2147:Swart gevaar
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1261:Pre-colonial
1114:Natal Colony
1098:Zulu Kingdom
1012:South Africa
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114:. After the
104:Alex Boraine
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67:South Africa
30:Alex Boraine
2131:Rooi gevaar
2010:2021 unrest
1940:Nkandlagate
1769:Third Force
1646:Rugby union
1244:(1981–1994)
1236:(1979–1994)
1228:(1977–1994)
1220:(1976–1994)
1212:(1910–1961)
1204:(1902–1910)
1196:(1902–1910)
1188:(1886–1891)
1180:(1885–1887)
1172:(1884–1888)
1164:(1882–1885)
1156:(1882–1883)
1148:(1870–1873)
1140:(1861–1879)
1132:(1856–1902)
1124:(1854–1902)
1116:(1843–1910)
1108:(1839–1843)
1100:(1816–1897)
1092:(1795–1910)
1090:Cape Colony
1082: 1780
1067: 1780
1054:(1652–1806)
1044: 1220
1037: 1075
329:. Here the
310:FW de Klerk
199:Thabo Mbeki
35:Established
3047:Categories
2942:Greyshirts
2706:Volksparty
2244:Black Sash
1905:Xenophobia
1898:Travelgate
1671:Border War
1475:Bantustans
1373:Great Trek
1318:Xhosa Wars
1178:Upingtonia
1162:Stellaland
443:References
427:Criticisms
419:After the
275:Leverkusen
145:Background
96:think-tank
25:Founder(s)
2165:Volkstaat
2156:Uitlander
2087:Boerehaat
2063:Anarchism
1870:Arms Deal
1833:apartheid
1509:Pass laws
1486:Apartheid
1431:1910–1948
1350:1815–1910
1288:1652–1815
956:22 August
933:21 August
706:145606607
467:18 August
321:(SANDF).
315:homelands
283:Joe Slovo
207:Apartheid
203:Afrikaner
73:Dissolved
63:Cape Town
54:80 to 160
3033:Category
2935:Boeremag
2433:Jeugkrag
2384:Het Volk
2078:Baasskap
2020:incident
1639:Olympics
1218:Transkei
1021:polities
1019:Defunct
595:1 August
435:and the
246:and the
231:PW Botha
59:Location
2838:SAAPAWU
2176:Defunct
2139:Slavery
1359:Mfecane
698:3993620
279:Germany
220:met on
135:Senegal
2789:FOSATU
2643:SAYRCO
2615:SADECO
2531:Occupy
2070:Azania
2018:Lady R
1947:Racism
1776:CODESA
1253:Events
1242:Ciskei
1154:Goshen
1084:–1819)
1069:–1817)
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415:Demise
298:Zambia
294:Lusaka
2970:PAGAD
2866:SATUC
2859:SARHU
2845:SACTU
2824:NURHS
2782:FNETU
2768:CTSWU
2761:CNETU
2754:BLATU
2636:SAYCO
2524:NUSAS
2405:IDASA
2216:AITUP
1831:Post-
1234:Venda
702:S2CID
694:JSTOR
589:(PDF)
582:(PDF)
256:USAID
131:Dakar
88:IDASA
51:Staff
43:Focus
2977:SANF
2907:APLA
2852:SAIF
2831:PAWE
2817:NEUM
2810:MUSA
2775:FCWU
2720:WOSA
2671:TNIP
2629:SASO
2622:SAIC
2608:SABP
2559:PAVN
2293:COSG
2272:CTEG
2265:CNIP
958:2016
935:2016
902:2016
876:2016
850:2016
819:2016
787:ISBN
760:ISBN
654:ISBN
618:ISBN
597:2016
555:ISBN
501:ISBN
469:2016
250:and
248:Ford
102:and
82:The
76:2013
38:1986
2928:BBB
2921:AWB
2914:ARM
2880:UDF
2803:IWW
2796:ICU
2747:BCM
2740:APF
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2566:PFP
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2496:NNP
2489:NLP
2475:NCP
2426:ISL
2377:GNP
2349:ECC
2342:DSM
2335:DPP
2307:DLF
2279:COD
2258:CDA
2237:BPC
2230:AVF
2223:APO
686:doi
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2468:NA
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