1014:
stores the carry out bit to an ALU status register. The algorithm then advances to the next fragment of each operand's collection and invokes an ALU operation on these fragments along with the stored carry bit from the previous ALU operation, thus producing another (more significant) partial and a carry out bit. As before, the carry bit is stored to the status register and the partial is written to designated storage. This process repeats until all operand fragments have been processed, resulting in a complete collection of partials in storage, which comprise the multi-precision arithmetic result.
863:
920:
913:
882:
875:
856:
669:
754:: B is subtracted from A (or vice versa) and the difference appears at Y and carry-out. For this function, carry-out is effectively a "borrow" indicator. This operation may also be used to compare the magnitudes of A and B; in such cases the Y output may be ignored by the processor, which is only interested in the status bits (particularly zero and negative) that result from the operation.
901:
695:") has passed for the signals to propagate through the ALU circuitry, the result of the ALU operation appears at the ALU outputs. The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation, and for allowing sufficient time for the signals to propagate through the ALU before sampling the ALU result.
894:
31:
509:, and a code indicating the operation to be performed; the ALU's output is the result of the performed operation. In many designs, the ALU also has status inputs or outputs, or both, which convey information about a previous operation or the current operation, respectively, between the ALU and external
582:
that specifies the desired arithmetic or logic operation to be performed by the ALU. The opcode size (its bus width) determines the maximum number of distinct operations the ALU can perform; for example, a four-bit opcode can specify up to sixteen different ALU operations. Generally, an ALU opcode is
1017:
In multiple-precision shift operations, the order of operand fragment processing depends on the shift direction. In left-shift operations, fragments are processed LS first because the LS bit of each partialâwhich is conveyed via the stored carry bitâmust be obtained from the MS bit of the previously
717:
simultaneously applies a value to the ALU's opcode input, configuring it to perform addition. At the same time, the CPU also routes the ALU result output to a destination register that will receive the sum. The ALU's input signals, which are held stable until the next clock, are allowed to propagate
989:
is an algorithm that operates on integers which are larger than the ALU word size. To do this, the algorithm treats each operand as an ordered collection of ALU-size fragments, arranged from most-significant (MS) to least-significant (LS) or vice versa. For example, in the case of an 8-bit ALU, the
1013:
In arithmetic operations (e.g., addition, subtraction), the algorithm starts by invoking an ALU operation on the operands' LS fragments, thereby producing both a LS partial and a carry out bit. The algorithm writes the partial to designated storage, whereas the processor's state machine typically
1030:
Although an ALU can be designed to perform complex functions, the resulting higher circuit complexity, cost, power consumption and larger size makes this impractical in many cases. Consequently, ALUs are often limited to simple functions that can be executed at very high speeds (i.e., very short
1630:
Microprocessors began to appear in the early 1970s. Even though transistors had become smaller, there was sometimes insufficient die space for a full-word-width ALU and, as a result, some early microprocessors employed a narrow ALU that required multiple cycles per machine language instruction.
1009:
The algorithm uses the ALU to directly operate on particular operand fragments and thus generate a corresponding fragment (a "partial") of the multi-precision result. Each partial, when generated, is written to an associated region of storage that has been designated for the multiple-precision
34:
A symbolic representation of an ALU and its input and output signals, indicated by arrows pointing into or out of the ALU, respectively. Each arrow represents one or more signals. Control signals enter from the left and status signals exit on the right; data flows from top to
1074:
The implementations above transition from fastest and most expensive to slowest and least costly. The square root is calculated in all cases, but processors with simple ALUs will take longer to perform the calculation because multiple ALU operations must be performed.
1021:
In bitwise logical operations (e.g., logical AND, logical OR), the operand fragments may be processed in any arbitrary order because each partial depends only on the corresponding operand fragments (the stored carry bit from the previous ALU operation is ignored).
718:
through the ALU and to the destination register while the CPU waits for the next clock. When the next clock arrives, the destination register stores the ALU result and, since the ALU operation has completed, the ALU inputs may be set up for the next ALU operation.
1642:
Modern integrated circuit (IC) transistors are orders of magnitude smaller than those of the early microprocessors, making it possible to fit highly complex ALUs on ICs. Today, many modern ALUs have wide word widths, and architectural enhancements such as
1056:. This circuit can accept new operands before finishing the previous ones and produces results as fast as the very complex ALU, though the results are delayed by the sum of the propagation delays of the ALU stages. For more information, see the article on
933:
that allow them to shift the operand by an arbitrary number of bits in one operation. In all single-bit shift operations, the bit shifted out of the operand appears on carry-out; the value of the bit shifted into the operand depends on the type of shift.
1627:" capable, meaning they had "carry look ahead" signals that facilitated the use of multiple interconnected ALU chips to create an ALU with a wider word size. These devices quickly became popular and were widely used in bit-slice minicomputers.
1018:
left-shifted, less-significant operand. Conversely, operands are processed MS first in right-shift operations because the MS bit of each partial must be obtained from the LS bit of the previously right-shifted, more-significant operand.
928:
ALU shift operations cause operand A (or B) to shift left or right (depending on the opcode) and the shifted operand appears at Y. Simple ALUs typically can shift the operand by only one bit position, whereas more complex ALUs employ
1611:
introduced the first ALU-like device implemented as an integrated circuit, the
Fairchild 3800, consisting of an eight-bit arithmetic unit with accumulator. It only supported adds and subtracts but no logic functions.
659:
The status inputs allow additional information to be made available to the ALU when performing an operation. Typically, this is a single "carry-in" bit that is the stored carry-out from a previous ALU operation.
533:
between the ALU and external circuitry. When an ALU is operating, external circuits apply signals to the ALU inputs and, in response, the ALU produces and conveys signals to external circuitry via its outputs.
786:: all bits of A (or B) appear unmodified at Y. This operation is typically used to determine the parity of the operand or whether it is zero or negative, or to load the operand into a processor register.
691:
circuit, meaning that its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes. In normal operation, stable signals are applied to all of the ALU inputs and, when enough time (known as the "
1600:
that operated on one data bit at a time although they often presented a wider word size to programmers. The first computer to have multiple parallel discrete single-bit ALU circuits was the 1951
562:). Each data bus is a group of signals that conveys one binary integer number. Typically, the A, B and Y bus widths (the number of signals comprising each bus) are identical and match the native
600:
The status outputs are various individual signals that convey supplemental information about the result of the current ALU operation. General-purpose ALUs commonly have status signals such as:
439:
651:. The collection of bit registers that store the status outputs are often treated as a single, multi-bit register, which is referred to as the "status register" or "condition code register".
3182:
643:
Upon completion of each ALU operation, the status output signals are usually stored in external registers to make them available for future ALU operations (e.g., to implement
4097:
726:
A number of basic arithmetic and bitwise logic functions are commonly supported by ALUs. Basic, general purpose ALUs typically include these operations in their repertoires:
4623:
1010:
result. This process is repeated for all operand fragments so as to generate a complete collection of partials, which is the result of the multiple-precision operation.
2154:
432:
3293:
2476:
1031:
propagation delays), and the external processor circuitry is responsible for performing complex functions by orchestrating a sequence of simpler ALU operations.
2995:
3152:
2718:
2535:
425:
2498:
611:
resulting from an addition operation, the borrow resulting from a subtraction operation, or the overflow bit resulting from a binary shift operation.
3147:
4090:
3219:
2972:
1937:
1824:
1766:
1736:
4628:
3916:
3040:
2303:
2147:
1091:, or as part of a more complex IC. In the latter case, an ALU is typically instantiated by synthesizing it from a description written in
1052:: a group of simple ALUs that calculates a square root in stages, with intermediate results passing through ALUs arranged like a factory
3926:
3067:
244:
4669:
4083:
2194:
1841:
349:
3234:
3062:
3035:
2414:
2118:
2094:
2385:
4654:
4049:
3612:
2505:
2471:
2466:
2350:
4024:
3921:
3322:
3229:
3030:
2273:
2251:
2140:
1006:(LS). Since the size of a fragment exactly matches the ALU word size, the ALU can directly operate on this "piece" of operand.
1651:
that allow them to perform, in a single clock cycle, operations that would have required multiple operations on earlier ALUs.
4664:
2769:
2204:
698:
In general, external circuitry controls an ALU by applying signals to its inputs. Typically, the external circuitry employs
760:: B is subtracted from A (or vice versa) with borrow (carry-in) and the difference appears at Y and carry-out (borrow out).
4618:
3224:
3072:
2906:
2520:
2481:
2338:
1100:
644:
90:
4659:
4486:
4457:
3661:
3506:
3501:
3423:
2899:
2860:
2515:
2510:
2444:
2256:
1782:
530:
379:
2380:
4283:
4225:
3288:
2985:
2683:
1635:, which performed eight-bit additions with a four-bit ALU. Over time, transistor geometries shrank further, following
1034:
For example, computing the square root of a number might be implemented in various ways, depending on ALU complexity:
963:: the operand is treated as a circular buffer of bits so its least and most significant bits are effectively adjacent.
4462:
3938:
3585:
3002:
2493:
2461:
2231:
2219:
2199:
374:
4649:
4276:
4029:
3992:
3982:
2370:
706:
of a sufficiently low frequency to ensure enough time for the ALU outputs to settle under worst-case conditions.
648:
1592:
The cost, size, and power consumption of electronic circuitry was relatively high throughout the infancy of the
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4213:
4044:
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3176:
3012:
2962:
2957:
2434:
2328:
2236:
499:
402:
343:
239:
2241:
709:
For example, a CPU begins an ALU addition operation by routing operands from their sources (which are usually
4536:
4531:
4419:
4392:
3997:
3780:
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3638:
3555:
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407:
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150:
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2355:
2345:
2315:
2298:
2163:
526:
412:
140:
1783:"1. An Introduction to Computer Architecture - Designing Embedded Hardware, 2nd Edition [Book]"
188:
145:
4414:
4007:
3943:
3529:
3251:
3141:
3088:
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2333:
2189:
2171:
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2820:
2675:
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2429:
1679:
1659:
1655:
944:
764:
688:
673:
627:
587:, though in some cases it may be directly encoded as a bit field within a machine language opcode.
487:
465:
397:
120:
85:
80:
3911:
3903:
3755:
3730:
3534:
3409:
2933:
2874:
2754:
2486:
2214:
2061:
2034:"An unconventional Arithmetic Logic Unit design and computing in Actin Quantum Cellular Automata"
1756:
1724:
1663:
1084:
710:
608:
277:
165:
135:
494:
numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the
4436:
4300:
4198:
4110:
3864:
3831:
3747:
3679:
3580:
3570:
3560:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3404:
3333:
3239:
3199:
2832:
2782:
2732:
2708:
2590:
2530:
2525:
2407:
2323:
2114:
2104:
2090:
2053:
1999:
1981:
1933:
1820:
1762:
1732:
1695:
1648:
1585:
proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the
1066:: a simple ALU that calculates the square root through several steps under the direction of a
967:
959:
951:
939:
862:
821:
813:
805:
797:
692:
522:
476:
320:
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305:
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234:
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4034:
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3715:
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3466:
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3316:
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3189:
3098:
2950:
2945:
2928:
2916:
2855:
2419:
2397:
2283:
2261:
2179:
2045:
1989:
1971:
1925:
1582:
919:
699:
631:, which indicates the result of an arithmetic operation has exceeded the numeric range of Y.
325:
254:
170:
160:
17:
912:
4431:
4409:
4372:
4320:
4140:
4135:
4127:
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3881:
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3441:
3436:
3431:
3370:
3278:
3268:
2990:
2825:
2777:
2540:
2424:
2392:
2293:
2288:
2209:
1852:
1593:
543:
510:
468:
216:
211:
70:
1666:
circuits and, in recent years, research into biological ALUs has been carried out (e.g.,
578:
input is a parallel bus that conveys to the ALU an operation selection code, which is an
4496:
4397:
4167:
4150:
4059:
3893:
3876:
3869:
3765:
3622:
3359:
3273:
3204:
2787:
2749:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2402:
2226:
1994:
1959:
1700:
1644:
1636:
930:
881:
491:
874:
855:
4643:
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4568:
4384:
4310:
4263:
4208:
4203:
4155:
3854:
3770:
2810:
2792:
2585:
2278:
2065:
2018:
1810:
1806:
1053:
750:
736:
483:
65:
2084:
1604:, which employed sixteen such "math units" to enable it to operate on 16-bit words.
955:: a logic zero is shifted into the operand. This is used to shift unsigned integers.
4474:
4362:
4345:
4340:
4118:
4064:
4002:
3818:
3795:
3607:
3328:
2266:
1067:
714:
703:
249:
1929:
971:: the carry bit and operand are collectively treated as a circular buffer of bits.
2019:"The biological microprocessor, or how to build a computer with biological parts"
4573:
4541:
4444:
4404:
4367:
4335:
4177:
3849:
3813:
3524:
3496:
3354:
3209:
1917:
1624:
1601:
1040:
947:
integer, meaning that the most significant bit is a "sign" bit and is preserved.
681:
668:
635:
579:
2049:
1615:
Full integrated-circuit ALUs soon emerged, including four-bit ALUs such as the
4588:
4305:
4235:
4230:
4220:
3735:
3725:
3720:
3702:
3602:
3575:
2837:
2670:
2640:
2360:
1976:
1616:
472:
206:
155:
130:
125:
75:
2108:
2057:
2033:
1985:
4583:
4578:
4562:
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4330:
4182:
4145:
4075:
3826:
3823:
3565:
2635:
2613:
1632:
566:
of the external circuitry (e.g., the encapsulating CPU or other processor).
563:
453:
2003:
639:, which indicates whether an even or odd number of bits in Y are logic one.
900:
4521:
4172:
4107:
3841:
2713:
2660:
2132:
1918:"Mechanical Computing: The Computational Complexity of Physical Devices"
893:
4355:
4293:
4247:
2650:
2608:
1096:
547:
506:
480:
746:: A, B and carry-in are summed and the sum appears at Y and carry-out.
30:
4469:
4242:
3953:
2665:
2630:
2595:
584:
1044:: a very complex ALU that calculates a square root in one operation.
780:: A (or B) is decreased by one and the resulting value appears at Y.
774:: A (or B) is increased by one and the resulting value appears at Y.
623:, which indicates the result of an arithmetic operation is negative.
2110:
Computer
Organization & Architecture: Designing for Performance
768:: A (or B) is subtracted from zero and the difference appears at Y.
3123:
2655:
2625:
1667:
1620:
1586:
1104:
1088:
677:
667:
29:
1639:, and it became feasible to build wider ALUs on microprocessors.
4546:
4440:
3987:
3135:
3055:
2645:
1092:
4079:
2136:
1879:"Inside the 74181 ALU chip: die photos and reverse engineering"
1103:. For example, the following VHDL code describes a very simple
4526:
4350:
2575:
2565:
2032:
Das, Biplab; Paul, Avijit Kumar; De, Debashis (2019-08-16).
740:: A and B are summed and the sum appears at Y and carry-out.
505:
The inputs to an ALU are the data to be operated on, called
1819:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 990â.
994:
would be treated as a collection of three 8-bit fragments:
1958:
Lin, Chun-Liang; Kuo, Ting-Yu; Li, Wei-Xian (2018-08-14).
1750:
1748:
1718:
1716:
1083:
An ALU is usually implemented either as a stand-alone
1755:
Atul P. Godse; Deepali A. Godse (2009). "Appendix".
825:: all bits of A (or B) are inverted and appear at Y.
4611:
4555:
4514:
4505:
4383:
4319:
4262:
4191:
4126:
4117:
4017:
3966:
3902:
3840:
3794:
3746:
3701:
3621:
3548:
3517:
3422:
3343:
3307:
3261:
3161:
3087:
3021:
2971:
2882:
2873:
2846:
2801:
2768:
2740:
2731:
2551:
2454:
2443:
2314:
2170:
1960:"Synthesis of control unit for future biocomputer"
702:to control the ALU operation, which is paced by a
2086:Digital Logic and Microprocessor Design with VHDL
1904:"The Z-80 has a 4-bit ALU. Here's how it works."
680:integrated circuit, an early four-bit ALU, with
1286:-- decode the opcode and perform the operation:
617:, which indicates all bits of Y are logic zero.
1924:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 5466â5482,
1922:Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science
4624:History of computing hardware (1960sâpresent)
4091:
2148:
1127:-- the alu connections to external circuitry:
433:
8:
3153:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
4511:
4123:
4098:
4084:
4076:
3618:
3258:
2879:
2737:
2451:
2155:
2141:
2133:
1596:. Consequently, all early computers had a
833:
817:: the bitwise XOR of A and B appears at Y.
801:: the bitwise AND of A and B appears at Y.
440:
426:
108:
38:
1993:
1975:
809:: the bitwise OR of A and B appears at Y.
713:) to the ALU's operand inputs, while the
521:An ALU has a variety of input and output
1761:. Technical Publications. pp. Câ1.
1731:. Technical Publications. pp. 9â3.
1723:Atul P. Godse; Deepali A. Godse (2009).
835:Bit shift examples for an eight-bit ALU
2113:(7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
1712:
395:
372:
341:
293:
270:
232:
204:
186:
118:
106:
63:
46:
1631:Examples of this includes the popular
7:
4629:List of pioneers in computer science
3124:Floating-point operations per second
985:In integer arithmetic computations,
542:A basic ALU has three parallel data
25:
1964:Journal of Biological Engineering
1840:Philip Levis (November 8, 2004).
4050:Semiconductor device fabrication
1842:"Jonathan von Neumann and EDVAC"
1623:. These devices were typically "
918:
911:
899:
892:
880:
873:
861:
854:
245:Booth's multiplication algorithm
4025:History of general-purpose CPUs
2252:Nondeterministic Turing machine
1851:. pp. 1, 3. Archived from
2205:Deterministic finite automaton
1920:, in Meyers, Robert A. (ed.),
943:: the operand is treated as a
498:(CPU) of computers, FPUs, and
1:
4619:History of computing hardware
2996:Simultaneous and heterogenous
1930:10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_325
1101:hardware description language
987:multiple-precision arithmetic
981:Multiple-precision arithmetic
645:multiple-precision arithmetic
350:Multiplyâaccumulate operation
91:Signed number representations
27:Combinational digital circuit
4487:Network interface controller
3680:Integrated memory controller
3662:Translation lookaside buffer
2861:Memory dependence prediction
2304:Random-access stored program
2257:Probabilistic Turing machine
380:Category:Computer arithmetic
18:Integer arithmetic operation
4284:Refreshable braille display
4226:Refreshable braille display
3136:Synaptic updates per second
486:. This is in contrast to a
4686:
3540:Heterogeneous architecture
2462:Orthogonal instruction set
2232:Alternating Turing machine
2220:Quantum cellular automaton
2050:10.1007/s00542-019-04590-1
791:Bitwise logical operations
375:Category:Binary arithmetic
4670:Arithmetic logic circuits
4030:Microprocessor chronology
3993:Dynamic frequency scaling
3148:Cache performance metrics
1977:10.1186/s13036-018-0109-4
500:graphics processing units
490:(FPU), which operates on
47:Arithmetic logic circuits
4045:Hardware security module
3388:Digital signal processor
3365:Graphics processing unit
3177:Graphics processing unit
2038:Microsystem Technologies
1654:ALUs can be realized as
1109:
546:consisting of two input
344:Kochanski multiplication
240:Multiplication algorithm
4655:Central processing unit
4393:Central processing unit
3998:Dynamic voltage scaling
3781:Memory address register
3675:Branch target predictor
3639:Address generation unit
3382:Physics processing unit
3171:Central processing unit
3130:Transactions per second
3118:Instructions per second
3041:Array processing (SIMT)
2185:Stored-program computer
1685:Address generation unit
585:machine language opcode
558:) and a result output (
496:central processing unit
86:Two's complement number
81:Ones' complement number
3804:Hardwired control unit
3686:Memory management unit
3651:Memory management unit
3400:Secure cryptoprocessor
3394:Tensor Processing Unit
3376:Vision processing unit
3110:Cycles per instruction
3104:Instructions per cycle
3051:Associative processing
2742:Instruction pipelining
2164:Processor technologies
1916:Reif, John H. (2009),
1816:The Art of Electronics
1758:Digital Logic Circuits
1058:instruction pipelining
684:
36:
4665:Computer architecture
3887:Sum-addressed decoder
3633:Arithmetic logic unit
2760:Classic RISC pipeline
2714:Epiphany architecture
2561:Motorola 68000 series
2083:Hwang, Enoch (2006).
2017:Gerd Hg Moe-Behrens.
1858:on September 23, 2015
1433:-- 1's complement
1064:Iterative calculation
908:Rotate through carry
730:Arithmetic operations
671:
649:conditional branching
647:) or for controlling
527:electrical conductors
458:arithmetic logic unit
413:Mechanical calculator
141:Carry-lookahead adder
33:
4008:Performance per watt
3586:replacement policies
3252:Package on a package
3142:Performance per watt
3046:Pipelined processing
2816:Tomasulo's algorithm
2621:Clipper architecture
2477:Application-specific
2190:Finite-state machine
1729:Digital Logic Design
1049:Calculation pipeline
968:Rotate through carry
830:Bit shift operations
758:Subtract with borrow
607:, which conveys the
183:Adderâsubtractor (Âą)
4660:Computer arithmetic
4040:Digital electronics
3693:Instruction decoder
3645:Floating-point unit
3299:Soft microprocessor
3246:System in a package
2821:Reservation station
2351:Transport-triggered
1883:Ken Shirriff's blog
1680:Adder (electronics)
1247:-- operation result
836:
689:combinational logic
674:combinational logic
488:floating-point unit
42:Part of a series on
3912:Integrated circuit
3756:Processor register
3410:Baseband processor
2755:Operand forwarding
2215:Cellular automaton
2105:Stallings, William
1813:(1989). "14.1.1".
1660:electro-mechanical
1649:binary multipliers
1087:(IC), such as the
1085:integrated circuit
1026:Complex operations
834:
685:
583:not the same as a
477:bitwise operations
346:(exponentiation)
278:Division algorithm
166:Carry-select adder
136:Ripple-carry adder
37:
4637:
4636:
4607:
4606:
4537:Analog audio jack
4258:
4257:
4073:
4072:
3962:
3961:
3581:Instruction cache
3571:Scratchpad memory
3418:
3417:
3405:Network processor
3334:Network on a chip
3289:Ultra-low-voltage
3240:Multi-chip module
3083:
3082:
2869:
2868:
2856:Branch prediction
2833:Register renaming
2727:
2726:
2709:VISC architecture
2531:Quantum computing
2526:VISC architecture
2408:Secondary storage
2324:Microarchitecture
2284:Register machines
1939:978-0-387-30440-3
1826:978-0-521-37095-0
1768:978-81-8431-650-6
1738:978-81-8431-738-1
1696:Binary multiplier
1039:Calculation in a
926:
925:
851:Arithmetic shift
693:propagation delay
676:circuitry of the
664:Circuit operation
450:
449:
358:
357:
296:Bitwise operation
235:Binary multiplier
151:KoggeâStone adder
16:(Redirected from
4677:
4650:Digital circuits
4512:
4163:Optical trackpad
4128:Pointing devices
4124:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4077:
4035:Processor design
3927:Power management
3809:Instruction unit
3670:Branch predictor
3619:
3317:System on a chip
3259:
3099:Transistor count
3023:Flynn's taxonomy
2880:
2738:
2541:Addressing modes
2452:
2398:Memory hierarchy
2262:Hypercomputation
2180:Abstract machine
2157:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2124:
2100:
2070:
2069:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1979:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1913:
1907:
1906:2013, righto.com
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1846:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1720:
1602:Whirlwind I
1583:John von Neumann
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
945:two's complement
940:Arithmetic shift
922:
915:
903:
896:
884:
877:
865:
858:
837:
822:Ones' complement
765:Two's complement
700:sequential logic
580:enumerated value
525:, which are the
511:status registers
442:
435:
428:
326:Bit manipulation
255:Dadda multiplier
189:Adderâsubtractor
171:Carry-skip adder
161:Carry-save adder
146:BrentâKung adder
109:
52:Quick navigation
39:
21:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4603:
4551:
4501:
4379:
4373:USB flash drive
4322:
4315:
4254:
4187:
4141:Game controller
4136:Graphics tablet
4113:
4104:
4074:
4069:
4055:Tickâtock model
4013:
3969:
3958:
3898:
3882:Address decoder
3836:
3790:
3786:Program counter
3761:Status register
3742:
3697:
3657:Loadâstore unit
3624:
3617:
3544:
3513:
3414:
3371:Image processor
3346:
3339:
3309:
3303:
3279:Microcontroller
3269:Embedded system
3257:
3157:
3090:
3079:
3017:
2967:
2865:
2842:
2826:Re-order buffer
2797:
2778:Data dependency
2764:
2723:
2553:
2547:
2446:
2445:Instruction set
2439:
2425:Multiprocessing
2393:Cache hierarchy
2386:Register/memory
2310:
2210:Queue automaton
2166:
2161:
2131:
2121:
2103:
2097:
2082:
2079:
2077:Further reading
2074:
2073:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1877:Sherriff, Ken.
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:cs.berkeley.edu
1844:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1787:www.oreilly.com
1781:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1691:Loadâstore unit
1676:
1645:barrel shifters
1594:Information Age
1579:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:"111"
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1469:"110"
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1439:"101"
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1412:"100"
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:"011"
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1352:"010"
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1322:"001"
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:"000"
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1081:
1054:production line
1028:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:24-bit integer
983:
978:
931:barrel shifters
832:
793:
732:
724:
666:
657:
598:
593:
572:
540:
531:digital signals
529:used to convey
519:
469:digital circuit
446:
417:
394:
393:
384:
371:
370:
361:
354:
340:
339:
330:
292:
291:
282:
269:
268:
259:
231:
230:
221:
217:Half subtractor
212:Full subtractor
203:
202:
193:
185:
184:
175:
117:
116:
105:
104:
95:
71:Boolean algebra
62:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4683:
4681:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4642:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4497:Expansion card
4494:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4434:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4398:Microprocessor
4389:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4268:
4266:
4264:Output devices
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4168:Pointing stick
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4060:Pin grid array
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3894:Barrel shifter
3891:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3877:Binary decoder
3874:
3873:
3872:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3766:Stack register
3763:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:AI accelerator
3357:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3326:
3323:Multiprocessor
3320:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3274:Microprocessor
3271:
3265:
3263:
3262:By application
3256:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3205:Tile processor
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2991:Hyperthreading
2983:
2977:
2975:
2973:Multithreading
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Pipeline stall
2746:
2744:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2699:z/Architecture
2696:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2403:Virtual memory
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2227:Turing machine
2224:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2130:
2129:External links
2127:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2101:
2095:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2044:(3): 809â822.
2024:
2009:
1950:
1938:
1908:
1902:Ken Shirriff.
1895:
1869:
1832:
1825:
1807:Horowitz, Paul
1798:
1774:
1767:
1744:
1737:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1701:Execution unit
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1581:Mathematician
1578:
1575:
1523:-- bitwise XOR
1463:-- bitwise AND
1110:
1099:or some other
1080:
1079:Implementation
1077:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1045:
1027:
1024:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
964:
956:
948:
924:
923:
916:
909:
905:
904:
897:
890:
886:
885:
878:
871:
870:Logical shift
867:
866:
859:
852:
848:
847:
844:
841:
831:
828:
827:
826:
818:
810:
802:
792:
789:
788:
787:
781:
775:
769:
761:
755:
747:
744:Add with carry
741:
731:
728:
723:
720:
665:
662:
656:
653:
641:
640:
632:
624:
618:
612:
597:
594:
592:
589:
571:
568:
539:
536:
518:
515:
492:floating point
484:binary numbers
471:that performs
448:
447:
445:
444:
437:
430:
422:
419:
418:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
391:
390:
389:
386:
385:
383:
382:
377:
368:
367:
366:
363:
362:
360:
359:
356:
355:
353:
352:
347:
337:
336:
335:
332:
331:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
289:
288:
287:
284:
283:
281:
280:
275:
273:Binary Divider
266:
265:
264:
261:
260:
258:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
229:Multiplier (Ă)
228:
227:
226:
223:
222:
220:
219:
214:
209:
201:Subtractor (â)
200:
199:
198:
195:
194:
192:
191:
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
174:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
114:
113:
112:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
94:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4682:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:Parallel port
4567:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4385:Computer case
4382:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4311:Graphics card
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4209:Graphics card
4207:
4205:
4204:Image scanner
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:Input devices
4116:
4112:
4109:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Demultiplexer
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Memory buffer
3774:
3772:
3771:Register file
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3711:Combinational
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Scoreboarding
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2793:False sharing
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Stanford MIPS
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:architectures
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Heterogeneous
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:Memory access
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Random-access
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Stack machine
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:with datapath
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2128:
2122:
2120:0-13-185644-8
2116:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2096:0-534-46593-5
2092:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1811:Winfield Hill
1808:
1802:
1799:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1493:-- bitwise OR
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
988:
980:
975:
970:
969:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
953:
952:Logical shift
949:
946:
942:
941:
937:
936:
935:
932:
921:
917:
914:
910:
907:
906:
902:
898:
895:
891:
888:
887:
883:
879:
876:
872:
869:
868:
864:
860:
857:
853:
850:
849:
845:
842:
839:
838:
829:
824:
823:
819:
816:
815:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
799:
795:
794:
790:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
756:
753:
752:
748:
745:
742:
739:
738:
734:
733:
729:
727:
721:
719:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
683:
679:
675:
670:
663:
661:
654:
652:
650:
646:
638:
637:
633:
630:
629:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
606:
603:
602:
601:
595:
590:
588:
586:
581:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
537:
535:
532:
528:
524:
516:
514:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:
466:combinational
463:
459:
455:
443:
438:
436:
431:
429:
424:
423:
421:
420:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
388:
387:
381:
378:
376:
373:
365:
364:
351:
348:
345:
342:
334:
333:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
286:
285:
279:
276:
274:
271:
263:
262:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
225:
224:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
197:
196:
190:
187:
179:
178:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
111:
110:
107:
99:
98:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
66:Binary number
64:
56:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
32:
19:
4475:Power MOSFET
4458:Power supply
4427:Data storage
4363:Flash memory
4341:Optical disc
4323:data storage
4065:Chip carrier
4003:Clock gating
3922:Mixed-signal
3819:Write buffer
3796:Control unit
3632:
3608:Clock signal
3347:accelerators
3329:Cypress PSoC
2986:Simultaneous
2803:Out-of-order
2435:Neuromorphic
2316:Architecture
2274:Belt machine
2267:Zeno machine
2200:Hierarchical
2109:
2085:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2012:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1943:, retrieved
1921:
1911:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1853:the original
1848:
1835:
1815:
1801:
1790:. Retrieved
1786:
1777:
1757:
1728:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1614:
1606:
1591:
1580:
1406:-- increment
1376:-- decrement
1259:architecture
1187:-- operand B
1157:-- operand A
1082:
1073:
1068:control unit
1063:
1047:
1041:single clock
1038:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
986:
984:
976:Applications
966:
958:
950:
938:
927:
820:
814:Exclusive-OR
812:
804:
796:
784:Pass through
783:
777:
771:
763:
757:
749:
743:
735:
725:
715:control unit
708:
704:clock signal
697:
687:An ALU is a
686:
658:
642:
634:
626:
620:
614:
604:
599:
575:
573:
559:
555:
551:
541:
520:
504:
461:
457:
451:
250:Wallace tree
4574:Serial port
4565:(IEEE 1394)
4542:DisplayPort
4532:Thunderbolt
4405:Motherboard
4368:Memory card
4336:Floppy disk
4178:Touchscreen
3850:Multiplexer
3814:Data buffer
3525:Single-core
3497:bit slicing
3355:Coprocessor
3210:Coprocessor
3091:performance
3013:Cooperative
3003:Speculative
2963:Distributed
2922:Superscalar
2907:Instruction
2875:Parallelism
2848:Speculative
2680:System/3x0
2552:Instruction
2329:Von Neumann
2242:PostâTuring
2089:. Thomson.
1862:January 20,
1637:Moore's law
1550:'X'
1346:-- subtract
682:logic gates
290:Bitwise ops
267:Divider (á)
4644:Categories
4321:Removable
4306:Sound card
4236:Sound chip
4231:Sound card
4221:Microphone
4111:components
3970:management
3865:Multiplier
3726:Logic gate
3716:Sequential
3623:Functional
3603:Clock rate
3576:Data cache
3549:Components
3530:Multi-core
3518:Core count
3008:Preemptive
2912:Pipelining
2895:Bit-serial
2838:Wide-issue
2783:Structural
2705:Tilera ISA
2671:MicroBlaze
2641:ETRAX CRIS
2536:Comparison
2381:Loadâstore
2361:Endianness
1945:2020-09-03
1792:2020-09-03
1707:References
1664:electronic
1656:mechanical
1598:serial ALU
1568:behavioral
1262:behavioral
473:arithmetic
369:Categories
321:Bit shifts
207:Subtractor
156:Ling adder
131:Full adder
126:Half adder
103:Components
76:Logic gate
4584:PS/2 port
4579:Game port
4492:Fax modem
4331:Disk pack
4183:Trackball
4146:Light pen
3904:Circuitry
3824:Microcode
3748:Registers
3591:coherence
3566:CPU cache
3424:Word size
3089:Processor
2733:Execution
2636:DEC Alpha
2614:Power ISA
2430:Cognitive
2237:Universal
2066:202099203
2058:1432-1858
1986:1754-1611
1970:(1): 14.
1670:-based).
1633:Zilog Z80
1625:bit slice
1609:Fairchild
1607:In 1967,
1217:-- opcode
778:Decrement
772:Increment
722:Functions
711:registers
605:Carry-out
564:word size
454:computing
115:Adder (+)
4563:FireWire
4556:Obsolete
4522:Ethernet
4301:Speakers
4199:Keyboard
4173:Touchpad
4108:computer
3842:Datapath
3535:Manycore
3507:variable
3345:Hardware
2981:Temporal
2661:OpenRISC
2356:Cellular
2346:Dataflow
2339:modified
2107:(2006).
2004:30127848
1674:See also
1199:unsigned
992:0x123456
751:Subtract
628:Overflow
621:Negative
548:operands
507:operands
502:(GPUs).
392:See also
338:See also
4612:Related
4515:Current
4356:Blu-ray
4294:Plotter
4289:Printer
4272:Monitor
4248:Softcam
4156:Optical
4018:Related
3949:Quantum
3939:Digital
3934:Boolean
3832:Counter
3731:Quantum
3492:512-bit
3487:256-bit
3482:128-bit
3325:(MPSoC)
3310:on chip
3308:Systems
3126:(FLOPS)
2939:Process
2788:Control
2770:Hazards
2656:Itanium
2651:Unicore
2609:PowerPC
2334:Harvard
2294:Pointer
2289:Counter
2247:Quantum
1995:6092829
1577:History
1097:Verilog
889:Rotate
596:Outputs
517:Signals
481:integer
464:) is a
35:bottom.
4470:MOSFET
4410:Memory
4277:Screen
4243:Webcam
4106:Basic
3954:Switch
3944:Analog
3682:(IMC)
3653:(MMU)
3502:others
3477:64-bit
3472:48-bit
3467:32-bit
3462:24-bit
3457:16-bit
3452:15-bit
3447:12-bit
3284:Mobile
3200:Stream
3195:Barrel
3190:Vector
3179:(GPU)
3138:(SUPS)
3106:(IPC)
2958:Memory
2951:Vector
2934:Thread
2917:Scalar
2719:Others
2666:RISC-V
2631:SuperH
2600:Power
2596:MIPS-X
2571:PDP-11
2420:Fabric
2172:Models
2117:
2093:
2064:
2056:
2002:
1992:
1984:
1936:
1823:
1765:
1735:
1617:Am2901
1544:others
1529:others
1316:-- add
1238:downto
1229:signed
1208:downto
1178:downto
1169:signed
1148:downto
1139:signed
1112:entity
1002:, and
998:(MS),
960:Rotate
846:Right
655:Inputs
636:Parity
591:Status
576:opcode
570:Opcode
60:Theory
4589:eSATA
4507:Ports
4192:Other
4151:Mouse
4010:(PPW)
3968:Power
3860:Adder
3736:Array
3703:Logic
3664:(TLB)
3647:(FPU)
3641:(AGU)
3635:(ALU)
3625:units
3561:Cache
3442:8-bit
3437:4-bit
3432:1-bit
3396:(TPU)
3390:(DSP)
3384:(PPU)
3378:(VPU)
3367:(GPU)
3336:(NoC)
3319:(SoC)
3254:(PoP)
3248:(SiP)
3242:(MCM)
3183:GPGPU
3173:(CPU)
3163:Types
3144:(PPW)
3132:(TPS)
3120:(IPS)
3112:(CPI)
2883:Level
2694:S/390
2689:S/370
2684:S/360
2626:SPARC
2604:POWER
2487:TRIPS
2455:Types
2062:S2CID
1888:7 May
1856:(PDF)
1845:(PDF)
1687:(AGU)
1668:actin
1621:74181
1587:EDVAC
1547:=>
1538:<=
1532:=>
1508:<=
1502:=>
1478:<=
1472:=>
1448:<=
1442:=>
1421:<=
1415:=>
1391:<=
1385:=>
1361:<=
1355:=>
1331:<=
1325:=>
1301:<=
1295:=>
1274:begin
1107:ALU:
1105:8-bit
1089:74181
843:Left
840:Type
678:74181
609:carry
544:buses
456:, an
121:Adder
4547:HDMI
4463:SMPS
4451:SSHD
4445:NVMe
4441:SATA
4420:BIOS
3988:ACPI
3721:Glue
3613:FIFO
3556:Core
3294:ASIP
3235:CPLD
3230:FPOA
3225:FPGA
3220:ASIC
3073:SPMD
3068:MIMD
3063:MISD
3056:SWAR
3036:SIMD
3031:SISD
2946:Data
2929:Task
2900:Word
2646:M32R
2591:MIPS
2554:sets
2521:ZISC
2516:NISC
2511:OISC
2506:MISC
2499:EPIC
2494:VLIW
2482:EDGE
2472:RISC
2467:CISC
2376:HUMA
2371:NUMA
2115:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2054:ISSN
2000:PMID
1982:ISSN
1934:ISBN
1890:2024
1864:2015
1821:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1647:and
1619:and
1559:case
1526:when
1496:when
1466:when
1436:when
1409:when
1379:when
1349:when
1319:when
1289:when
1277:case
1121:port
1093:VHDL
1004:0x56
1000:0x34
996:0x12
672:The
615:Zero
574:The
554:and
538:Data
523:nets
475:and
4599:VGA
4594:DVI
4527:USB
4480:VRM
4437:SSD
4432:HDD
4415:RAM
4351:DVD
4214:GPU
3983:APM
3978:PMU
3870:CPU
3827:ROM
3598:Bus
3215:PAL
2890:Bit
2676:LMC
2581:ARM
2576:x86
2566:VAX
2046:doi
1990:PMC
1972:doi
1926:doi
1725:"3"
1662:or
1565:end
1556:end
1514:xor
1454:and
1424:not
1268:alu
1253:alu
1250:end
1244:));
1226:out
1115:alu
798:AND
737:Add
479:on
462:ALU
452:In
408:AGU
403:GPU
398:FPU
316:XOR
306:AND
301:NOT
4646::
4443:/
4346:CD
3917:3D
2060:.
2052:.
2042:28
2040:.
2036:.
1998:.
1988:.
1980:.
1968:12
1966:.
1962:.
1932:,
1881:.
1847:.
1809:;
1785:.
1747:^
1727:.
1715:^
1658:,
1589:.
1553:);
1484:or
1283:is
1280:OP
1271:is
1265:of
1214:);
1196:in
1190:OP
1184:);
1166:in
1154:);
1136:in
1118:is
1095:,
806:OR
513:.
311:OR
4447:)
4439:(
4099:e
4092:t
4085:v
2156:e
2149:t
2142:v
2123:.
2099:.
2068:.
2048::
2021:.
2006:.
1974::
1928::
1892:.
1866:.
1829:.
1795:.
1771:.
1741:.
1571:;
1562:;
1541:(
1535:Y
1520:;
1517:B
1511:A
1505:Y
1490:;
1487:B
1481:A
1475:Y
1460:;
1457:B
1451:A
1445:Y
1430:;
1427:A
1418:Y
1403:;
1400:1
1397:+
1394:A
1388:Y
1373:;
1370:1
1367:-
1364:A
1358:Y
1343:;
1340:B
1337:-
1334:A
1328:Y
1313:;
1310:B
1307:+
1304:A
1298:Y
1256:;
1241:0
1235:7
1232:(
1223::
1220:Y
1211:0
1205:2
1202:(
1193::
1181:0
1175:7
1172:(
1163::
1160:B
1151:0
1145:7
1142:(
1133::
1130:A
1124:(
1070:.
1060:.
560:Y
556:B
552:A
550:(
460:(
441:e
434:t
427:v
20:)
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