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a longer afterglow was reduced brightness and poor response to moving images, leaving visible and often off-colored trails behind. These colored trails were a minor annoyance for monochrome displays, and the generally slower-updating screens used for design or database-query purposes, but much more troublesome for color displays and the faster motions inherent in the increasingly popular window-based operating systems, as well as the full-screen scrolling in WYSIWYG word-processors, spreadsheets, and of course for high-action games. Additionally, the regular, thin horizontal lines common to early GUIs, combined with low color depth that meant window elements were generally high-contrast (indeed, frequently stark black-and-white), made shimmer even more obvious than with otherwise lower fieldrate video applications. As rapid technological advancement made it practical and affordable, barely a decade after the first ultra-high-resolution interlaced upgrades appeared for the IBM PC, to provide sufficiently high pixel clocks and horizontal scan rates for hi-rez progressive-scan modes in first professional and then consumer-grade displays, the practice was soon abandoned. For the rest of the 1990s, monitors and graphics cards instead made great play of their highest stated resolutions being "non-interlaced", even where the overall framerate was barely any higher than what it had been for the interlaced modes (e.g. SVGA at 56p versus 43i to 47i), and usually including a top mode technically exceeding the CRT's actual resolution (number of color-phosphor triads) which meant there was no additional image clarity to be gained through interlacing and/or increasing the signal bandwidth still further. This experience is why the PC industry today remains against interlace in HDTV, and lobbied for the 720p standard, and continues to push for the adoption of 1080p (at 60 Hz for NTSC legacy countries, and 50 Hz for PAL); however, 1080i remains the most common HD broadcast resolution, if only for reasons of backward compatibility with older HDTV hardware that cannot support 1080p - and sometimes not even 720p - without the addition of an external scaler, similar to how and why most SD-focussed digital broadcasting still relies on the otherwise obsolete
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right ends that exceed the frame area to produce a visually satisfactory image. Minor Y axis motion can be corrected similarly by aligning the scanlines in a different sequence and cropping the excess at the top and bottom. Often the middle of the picture is the most necessary area to put into check, and whether there is only X or Y axis alignment correction, or both are applied, most artifacts will occur towards the edges of the picture. However, even these simple procedures require motion tracking between the fields, and a rotating or tilting object, or one that moves in the Z axis (away from or towards the camera) will still produce combing, possibly even looking worse than if the fields were joined in a simpler method. Some
896:. Top are original resolution, bottom are with anti-aliasing. The two interlaced images use half the bandwidth of the progressive one. The interlaced scan (center) precisely duplicates the pixels of the progressive image (left), but interlace causes details to twitter. A line doubler operating in "bob" (interpolation) mode would produce the images at far right. Real interlaced video blurs such details to prevent twitter, as seen in the bottom row, but such softening (or anti-aliasing) comes at the cost of image clarity. But even the best line doubler could never restore the bottom center image to the full resolution of the progressive image.
1130:. The exact rate necessary varies by brightness — 50 Hz is (barely) acceptable for small, low brightness displays in dimly lit rooms, whilst 80 Hz or more may be necessary for bright displays that extend into peripheral vision. The film solution was to project each frame of film three times using a three-bladed shutter: a movie shot at 16 frames per second illuminated the screen 48 times per second. Later, when sound film became available, the higher projection speed of 24 frames per second enabled a two-bladed shutter to produce 48 times per second illumination—but only in projectors incapable of projecting at the lower speed.
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information should be present in that signal. In practice, results are currently variable, and depend on the quality of the input signal and amount of processing power applied to the conversion. The biggest impediment, at present, is artifacts in the lower quality interlaced signals (generally broadcast video), as these are not consistent from field to field. On the other hand, high bit rate interlaced signals such as from HD camcorders operating in their highest bit rate mode work well.
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subjected to a low-pass filter in the vertical direction (e.g. a "motion blur" type with a 1-pixel distance, which blends each line 50% with the next, maintaining a degree of the full positional resolution and preventing the obvious "blockiness" of simple line doubling whilst actually reducing flicker to less than what the simpler approach would achieve). If text is displayed, it is large enough so that any horizontal lines are at least two scanlines high. Most
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991:. This is can be an imperfect technique, especially if the frame rate isn't doubled in the deinterlaced output. Providing the best picture quality for interlaced video signals without doubling the frame rate requires expensive and complex devices and algorithms, and can cause various artifacts. For television displays, deinterlacing systems are integrated into progressive scan TV sets that accept interlaced signal, such as broadcast SDTV signal.
1379:) resulted in the Amiga dominating the video production field until the mid-1990s, but the interlaced display mode caused flicker problems for more traditional PC applications where single-pixel detail is required, with "flicker-fixer" scan-doubler peripherals plus high-frequency RGB monitors (or Commodore's own specialist scan-conversion A2024 monitor) being popular, if expensive, purchases amongst power users. 1987 saw the introduction of
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second, a pixel (or more critically for e.g. windowing systems or underlined text, a horizontal line) that spans only one scanline in height is visible for the 1/60 of a second that would be expected of a 60 Hz progressive display - but is then followed by 1/60 of a second of darkness (whilst the opposite field is scanned), reducing the per-line/per-pixel refresh rate to 30 frames per second with quite obvious flicker.
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half-frames to produce the same perceived resolution as that provided by a progressive full frame. This technique is only useful, though, if source material is available in higher refresh rates. Cinema movies are typically recorded at 24fps, and therefore do not benefit from interlacing, a solution which reduces the maximum video bandwidth to 5 MHz without reducing the effective picture scan rate of 60 Hz.
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frequencies match, as the technical difference is simply that of either starting/ending the vertical sync cycle halfway along a scanline every other frame (interlace), or always synchronising right at the start/end of a line (progressive). Interlace is still used for most standard definition TVs, and the
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which demanded as many pixels as possible, with interlace being a necessary evil and better than trying to use the progressive-scan equivalents. Whilst flicker was often not immediately obvious on these displays, eyestrain and lack of focus nevertheless became a serious problem, and the trade-off for
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to create an image (their panels may still be updated in a left-to-right, top-to-bottom scanning fashion, but always in a progressive fashion, and not necessarily at the same rate as the input signal), and so cannot benefit from interlacing (where older LCDs use a "dual scan" system to provide higher
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that is visible in business showrooms with a large number of different models on display. Unlike the old unprocessed NTSC signal, the screens do not all follow motion in perfect synchrony. Some models appear to update slightly faster or slower than others. Similarly, the audio can have an echo effect
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By the mid-1980s, computers had outgrown these video systems and needed better displays. Most home and basic office computers suffered from the use of the old scanning method, with the highest display resolution being around 640x200 (or sometimes 640x256 in 625-line/50 Hz regions), resulting in
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system, which offered improved quality at the cost of greater electronic complexity, and was also used by some other countries, notably Russia and its satellite states. Though the color standards are often used as synonyms for the underlying video standard - NTSC for 525i/60, PAL/SECAM for 625i/50 -
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can be adopted as well, obviously with the requirement of achieving synchronisation. If a progressive scan display is used to view such programming, any attempt to deinterlace the picture will render the effect useless. For color filtered glasses the picture has to be either buffered and shown as if
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signal was well beyond the graphics abilities of low cost computers, so these systems used a simplified video signal that made each video field scan directly on top of the previous one, rather than each line between two lines of the previous field, along with relatively low horizontal pixel counts.
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in the player software and/or graphics hardware, which often uses very simple methods to deinterlace. This means that interlaced video often has visible artifacts on computer systems. Computer systems may be used to edit interlaced video, but the disparity between computer video display systems and
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captures, transmits, and displays an image in a path similar to text on a page—line by line, top to bottom. The interlaced scan pattern in a standard definition CRT display also completes such a scan, but in two passes (two fields). The first pass displays the first and all odd numbered lines, from
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shape, making the display of high resolution text alongside realistic proportioned images difficult (logical "square pixel" modes were possible but only at low resolutions of 320x200 or less). Solutions from various companies varied widely. Because PC monitor signals did not need to be broadcast,
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processes can analyze each frame individually and decide the best method. The best and only perfect conversion in these cases is to treat each frame as a separate image, but that may not always be possible. For framerate conversions and zooming it would mostly be ideal to line-double each field to
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demonstrated television to 200,000 people attending
Chicago Radio World’s Fair. Sanabria’s system was mechanically scanned using a 'triple interlace' Nipkow disc with three offset spirals and was thus a 3:1 scheme rather than the usual 2:1. It worked with 45 line 15 frames per second images being
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in the vertical axis to hide some of the combing, there are sometimes methods of producing results far superior to these. If there is only sideways (X axis) motion between the two fields and this motion is even throughout the full frame, it is possible to align the scanlines and crop the left and
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In the late 1980s and early 1990s, monitor and graphics card manufacturers introduced newer high resolution standards that once again included interlace. These monitors ran at higher scanning frequencies, typically allowing a 75 to 90 Hz field rate (i.e. 37.5 to 45 Hz frame rate), and
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resulted in the reintroduction of progressive scan, including on regular TVs or simple monitors based on the same circuitry; most CRT based displays are entirely capable of displaying both progressive and interlace regardless of their original intended use, so long as the horizontal and vertical
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digital video signal. With digital video compression, as used in all current digital TV standards, interlacing introduces additional inefficiencies. EBU has performed tests that show that the bandwidth savings of interlaced video over progressive video is minimal, even with twice the frame rate.
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One of the most important factors in analog television is signal bandwidth, measured in megahertz. The greater the bandwidth, the more expensive and complex the entire production and broadcasting chain. This includes cameras, storage systems, broadcast systems—and reception systems: terrestrial,
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formats always deal with frame rate, not field rate. To avoid confusion, SMPTE and EBU always use frame rate to specify interlaced formats, e.g., 480i60 is 480i/30, 576i50 is 576i/25, and 1080i50 is 1080i/25. This convention assumes that one complete frame in an interlaced signal consists of two
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Current manufacture TV sets employ a system of intelligently extrapolating the extra information that would be present in a progressive signal entirely from an interlaced original. In theory: this should simply be a problem of applying the appropriate algorithms to the interlaced signal, as all
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It has been shown that the coding efficiency of 1080p/50 is very similar (simulations) or even better (subjective tests) than 1080i/25 despite the fact that twice the number of pixels have to be coded. This is due to the higher compression efficiency and better motion tracking of progressively
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Interline twitter is the primary reason that interlacing is less suited for computer displays. Each scanline on a high-resolution computer monitor typically displays discrete pixels, each of which does not span the scanline above or below. When the overall interlaced framerate is 60 frames per
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50 as a future-proof production standard. 1080p 50 offers higher vertical resolution, better quality at lower bitrates, and easier conversion to other formats, such as 720p 50 and 1080i 50. The main argument is that no matter how complex the deinterlacing algorithm may be, the artifacts in the
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To avoid this, standard interlaced television sets typically do not display sharp detail. When computer graphics appear on a standard television set, the screen is either treated as if it were half the resolution of what it actually is (or even lower), or rendered at full resolution and then
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at 60 half-frames per second, vs. 1080p at 30 full frames per second). The higher refresh rate improves the appearance of an object in motion, because it updates its position on the display more often, and when an object is stationary, human vision combines information from multiple similar
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From the 1940s onward, improvements in technology allowed the US and the rest of Europe to adopt systems using progressively higher line-scan frequencies and more radio signal bandwidth to produce higher line counts at the same frame rate, thus achieving better picture quality. However the
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frame (with around 377 used for the actual image, and yet fewer visible within the screen bezel; in modern parlance, the standard would be "377i"). The vertical scan frequency remained 50 Hz, but visible detail was noticeably improved. As a result, this system supplanted
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Picture of a moving car tire, interlace combing reduced by realigning the even and odd field on the X axis. The other field has been moved 16 pixels right, reducing the combing on the bumper and the tire outline, but the hub cap that has turned between the fields has notable
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patented the same idea in 1932, initially for the purpose of reformatting sound film to television rather than for the transmission of live images. Commercial implementation began in 1934 as cathode-ray tube screens became brighter, increasing the level of flicker caused by
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color encoding standard, which was essentially based on NTSC, but inverted the color carrier phase with each line (and frame) in order to cancel out the hue-distorting phase shifts that dogged NTSC broadcasts. France instead adopted its own unique, twin-FM-carrier based
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based CRT drive electronics could only scan at around 200 lines in 1/50 of a second (i.e. approximately a 10 kHz repetition rate for the sawtooth horizontal deflection waveform). Using interlace, a pair of 202.5-line fields could be superimposed to become a sharper
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range which offered displays of similar, then superior resolution and color depth, with rivalry between the two standards (and later PC quasi-standards such as XGA and SVGA) rapidly pushing up the quality of display available to both professional and home users.
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Interlaced video is designed to be captured, stored, transmitted, and displayed in the same interlaced format. Because each interlaced video frame is two fields captured at different moments in time, interlaced video frames can exhibit motion artifacts known as
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effect only shows up under certain circumstances—when the subject contains vertical detail that approaches the horizontal resolution of the video format. For instance, a finely striped jacket on a news anchor may produce a shimmering effect. This is
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I.e., 1080p50 signal produces roughly the same bit rate as 1080i50 (aka 1080i/25) signal, and 1080p50 actually requires less bandwidth to be perceived as subjectively better than its 1080i/25 (1080i50) equivalent when encoding a "sports-type" scene.
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Format identifiers like 576i50 and 720p50 specify the frame rate for progressive scan formats, but for interlaced formats they typically specify the field rate (which is twice the frame rate). This can lead to confusion, because industry-standard
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tended to use longer-persistence phosphors in their CRTs, all of which was intended to alleviate flicker and shimmer problems. Such monitors proved generally unpopular, outside of specialist ultra-high-resolution applications such as
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transmitted. With 15 frames per second and a 3:1 interlace the field rate was 45 fields per second yielding (for the time) a very steady image. He did not apply for a patent for his interlaced scanning until May 1931.
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argued against interlaced video in production and broadcasting. Until the early 2010s, they recommended 720p 50 fps (frames per second) for the current production format—and were working with the industry to introduce
1313:. While consumer devices were permitted to create such signals, broadcast regulations prohibited TV stations from transmitting video like this. Computer monitor standards such as the TTL-RGB mode available on the
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While there are simple methods to produce somewhat satisfactory progressive frames from the interlaced image, for example by doubling the lines of one field and omitting the other (halving vertical resolution), or
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it was progressive with alternating color keyed lines, or each field has to be line-doubled and displayed as discrete frames. The latter procedure is the only way to suit shutter glasses on a progressive display.
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that would make the twittering more visible; in addition, modern character generators apply a degree of anti-aliasing that has a similar line-spanning effect to the aforementioned full-frame low-pass filter.
320:) by scanning or displaying each line or row of pixels. This technique uses two fields to create a frame. One field contains all odd-numbered lines in the image; the other contains all even-numbered lines.
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circuitry to get progressive scan from a normal interlaced broadcast television signal can add to the cost of a television set using such displays. Currently, progressive displays dominate the HDTV market.
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Deinterlacing algorithms temporarily store a few frames of interlaced images and then extrapolate extra frame data to make a smooth flicker-free image. This frame storage and processing results in a slight
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or 1080i/30) has a similar bandwidth to 1280Ă—720 pixel progressive scan HDTV with a 60 Hz frame rate (720p60 or 720p/60), but achieves approximately twice the spatial resolution for low-motion scenes.
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pushed that to 71 Hz with 32 MHz bandwidth - all of which required dedicated high-frequency (and usually single-mode, i.e. not "video"-compatible) monitors due to their increased line rates. The
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system, and the UK switched from its idiosyncratic 405 line system to (the much more US-like) 625 to avoid having to develop a (wholly) unique method of color TV. France switched from its similarly unique
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ALiS plasma panels and the old CRTs can display interlaced video directly, but modern computer video displays and TV sets are mostly based on LCD technology, which mostly use progressive scanning.
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were further simplifications to NTSC, which improved picture quality by omitting modulation of color, and allowing a more direct connection between the computer's graphics system and the CRT.
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signal at broadcast video rates (and with a 7 or 14 MHz bandwidth), suitable for NTSC/PAL encoding (where it was smoothly decimated to 3.5~4.5 MHz). This ability (plus built-in
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Given a fixed bandwidth and high refresh rate, interlaced video can also provide a higher spatial resolution than progressive scan. For instance, 1920Ă—1080 pixel resolution interlaced
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produce a double rate of progressive frames, resample the frames to the desired resolution and then re-scan the stream at the desired rate, either in progressive or interlaced mode.
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first formulated and patented the concept of breaking a single image frame into successive interlaced lines, based on his earlier experiments with phototelegraphy. In the USA,
346:), but with interlacing create a new half frame every 1/50 of a second (or 50 fields per second). To display interlaced video on progressive scan displays, playback applies
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is an image that contains only half of the lines needed to make a complete picture. In the days of CRT displays, the afterglow of the display's phosphor aided this effect.
1728:"Studies on the Bit Rate Requirements for a HDTV Format With 1920x1080 pixel Resolution, Progressive Scanning at 50 Hz Frame Rate Targeting Large Flat Panel Displays"
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Several different interlacing patents have been proposed since 1914 in the context of still or moving image transmission, but few of them were practicable. In 1926,
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Despite arguments against it, television standards organizations continue to support interlacing. It is still included in digital video transmission formats such as
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When someone watches interlaced video on a progressive monitor with poor (or no) deinterlacing, they can see "combing" in movement between two fields of one frame.
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glasses by transmitting the color keyed picture for each eye in the alternating fields. This does not require significant alterations to existing equipment.
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the top left corner to the bottom right corner. The second pass displays the second and all even numbered lines, filling in the gaps in the first scan.
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Interlacing provides full vertical detail with the same bandwidth that would be required for a full progressive scan, but with twice the perceived
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interlaced television signal formats means that the video content being edited cannot be viewed properly without separate video display hardware.
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1912:– An article that describes field-based, interlaced, digitized video and its relation to frame-based computer graphics with many illustrations
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Note – Because the frame rate has been slowed by a factor of 3, one notices additional flicker in simulated interlaced portions of this image.
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there are several cases of inversions or other modifications; e.g. PAL color is used on otherwise "NTSC" (that is, 525i/60) broadcasts in
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Interlaced scan refers to one of two common methods for "painting" a video image on an electronic display screen (the other being
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computer generated video signals of 342 to 350p, at 50 to 60 Hz, with approximately 16 MHz of bandwidth, some enhanced
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1918:- An article that explains with diagrams how the field order of PAL and NTSC has arisen, and how PAL and NTSC is digitized
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1469:: In interlaced video, one of the many still images displayed sequentially to create the illusion of motion on the screen.
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1487:: a scheme designed to acquire, store, modify, and distribute progressive-scan video using interlaced equipment and media
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Animation of an interlaced CRT TV display, showing odd and even fields being scanned in sequence, to display a full frame
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In the 1970s, computers and home video game systems began using TV sets as display devices. At that point, a 480-line
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Interlaced scanning: display of odd (green) and even (red) scanlines, and line return blanking periods (dotted)
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monochrome system to the more
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This solution could not be used for television. To store a full video frame and display it twice requires a
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Interlacing can be exploited to produce 3D TV programming, especially with a CRT display and especially for
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of a video frame captured consecutively. This enhances motion perception to the viewer, and reduces
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interlaced signal cannot be completely eliminated because some information is lost between frames.
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fundamentals of interlaced scanning were at the heart of all of these systems. The US adopted the
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every second (25 odd and 25 even). The two sets of 25 fields work together to create a full
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Sometimes in interlaced video a field is called a frame which can lead to confusion.
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Most modern computer monitors do not support interlaced video, besides some
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Hoffmann, Hans; Itagaki, Takebumi; Wood, David; Alois, Bock (2006-12-04).
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Interlacing was ubiquitous in displays until the 1970s, when the needs of
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by taking advantage of the characteristics of the human visual system.
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to the vertical resolution of the signal to prevent interline twitter.
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1834:"Interlacing – the hidden story of 1920s video compression technology"
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1425:(HDTV) digitally broadcast in 16:9 (widescreen) aspect ratio standard
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line frequency. (This was 60 Hz in the US, 50 Hz Europe.)
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images. Center are two interlaced images. Right are two images with
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1481:: the opposite of interlacing; the image is displayed line by line.
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This animation demonstrates the interline twitter effect using the
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system, later incorporating the composite color standard known as
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Technique for doubling the perceived frame rate of a video display
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Registered by the German Reich patent office, patent no. 574085.
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of bandwidth that NTSC and PAL signals were confined to. IBM's
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1771:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 77–119,
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1576:"EBU R115-2005: FUTURE HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION SYSTEMS"
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This effectively doubles the time resolution (also called
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In 1936, when the UK was setting analog standards, early
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However, bandwidth benefits only apply to an analog or
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Fields: Why Video Is
Crucially Different from Graphics
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scanned video signals compared to interlaced scanning.
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Interlace / Progressive
Scanning - Computer vs. Video
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Interlacing example (Note: high rate of flickering)
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cable, satellite, Internet, and end-user displays (
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
390:video, but sometimes do support interlaced video.
1933:Sampling theory and synthesis of interlaced video
1765:"Interlacing: The First Video Compression Method"
1735:IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, Vol. 52, No. 4
1604:
1602:
1509:: a variation of interlacing used in DLP displays
30:"Interlaced" redirects here. For other uses, see
1371:instead created a true interlaced 480i60/576i50
1330:they could consume far more than the 6, 7 and 8
808:Interlace introduces a potential problem called
1449:interlaced video usually used in traditionally
1435:interlaced video usually used in traditionally
1610:"10 things you need to know about... 1080p/50"
1958:
1635:"EBU Technical Review No. 300 (October 2004)"
8:
1145:caused by studio lighting and the limits of
313:are made for displaying interlaced signals.
277:) is a technique for doubling the perceived
952:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
728:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
649:video at a similar frame rate—for instance
432:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
281:of a video display without consuming extra
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1114:Learn how and when to remove this message
972:Learn how and when to remove this message
748:Learn how and when to remove this message
609:Learn how and when to remove this message
452:Learn how and when to remove this message
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1838:Broadcast Engineering Conservation Group
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661:with a 60 Hz field rate (known as
479:This scan of alternate lines is called
382:. New video compression standards like
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1769:A Media Epigraphy of Video Compression
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285:. The interlaced signal contains two
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1552:. Luke's Video Guide. Archived from
1052:adding citations to reliable sources
1016:due to different processing delays.
950:adding citations to reliable sources
726:adding citations to reliable sources
547:adding citations to reliable sources
430:adding citations to reliable sources
106:adding citations to reliable sources
1832:Marshall, Paul (16 December 2018).
1457:countries of South America, Japan)
25:
1924:– Video Interlacing/Deinterlacing
1652:Philip Laven (January 26, 2005).
1633:Philip Laven (January 25, 2005).
1325:a severely distorted tall narrow
498:. To prevent flicker, all analog
52:This article has multiple issues.
1254:broadcast standard, but not for
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334:display, for example, scans 50
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
1654:"EBU Technical Review No. 301"
1266:; these displays do not use a
996:legacy medium-resolution modes
342:every 1/25 of a second (or 25
1:
2350:Field-sequential color system
1938:Interlaced versus progressive
1916:Digital Video and Field Order
1475:: defines interlaced scanning
2930:Reverse Standards Conversion
1405:standard embedded into e.g.
500:broadcast television systems
384:High Efficiency Video Coding
1867:"Pioneering in Electronics"
1777:10.1007/978-3-031-33215-9_3
1485:Progressive segmented frame
359:European Broadcasting Union
210:the claims made and adding
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1439:countries (North and parts
1423:high-definition television
1336:Monochrome Display Adapter
1297:This marked the return of
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831:computer-generated imagery
827:Professional video cameras
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1991:
1980:
1340:Enhanced Graphics Adapter
1871:David Sarnoff Collection
1763:Jancovic, Marek (2023),
1275:halves that are updated
1974:Broadcast video formats
1288:Interlace and computers
1187:(sequential) scanning.
792:anti-aliasing the image
515:Benefits of interlacing
2940:Television transmitter
1473:Federal Standard 1037C
1344:Hercules Graphics Card
1158:Ulises Armand Sanabria
888:. On the left are two
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328:Phase Alternating Line
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2992:Television technology
2925:MPEG transport stream
2752:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
2315:Mechanical television
2223:Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)
1895:U.S. patent 2,152,234
1811:, IET, 1998, p. 425.
1672:"Deinterlacing Guide"
1656:. EBU. Archived from
1637:. EBU. Archived from
1615:. EBU. September 2009
1216:, Europe adopted the
1143:interference patterns
886:Indian Head test card
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2960:Widescreen signaling
2935:Standards conversion
2920:Moving image formats
1497:Moving image formats
1299:progressive scanning
1137:—electronic memory (
1048:improve this article
946:improve this section
722:improve this section
690:Interlacing problems
543:improve this article
511:fields in sequence.
426:improve this section
102:improve this article
2915:Display motion blur
1707:on October 18, 1999
1447:standard-definition
1433:standard-definition
780:interlacing effects
299:temporal resolution
3002:1925 introductions
2966:Analogue TV Topics
1701:"HDTV and the DoD"
1305:on NTSC sets, and
1180:Randall C. Ballard
1063:"Interlaced video"
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558:"Interlaced video"
502:used interlacing.
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1786:978-3-031-33214-2
1660:on June 16, 2006.
1581:. EBU. May 2005.
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16:(Redirected from
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1873:. Archived from
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1556:on April 5, 2014
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1479:Progressive scan
1202:John Logie Baird
1192:thermionic valve
1164:In 1930, German
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1538:. 11 June 1979.
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1550:"Interlacing"
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1467:Field (video)
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1461:Deinterlacing
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1065: –
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1059:Find sources:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1037:This section
1035:
1031:
1026:
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1000:deinterlacing
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931:This section
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914:Deinterlacing
908:Deinterlacing
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559:
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532:This section
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119: –
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91:This article
89:
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65:
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19:
2506:MPEG-2 Video
2377:
2044:Clear-Vision
1890:
1879:. Retrieved
1875:the original
1870:
1861:
1852:
1841:. Retrieved
1808:
1807:R.W. Burns,
1790:, retrieved
1768:
1744:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:the original
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:the original
1675:
1666:
1658:the original
1647:
1639:the original
1628:
1617:. Retrieved
1590:. Retrieved
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1554:the original
1544:
1530:
1521:
1390:
1385:Macintosh II
1360:Olivetti M24
1354:such as the
1323:
1291:
1276:
1272:
1241:
1206:
1189:
1163:
1155:
1135:frame buffer
1132:
1125:
1110:
1101:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1058:
1046:Please help
1041:verification
1038:
1009:
1005:
993:
986:
983:
968:
959:
944:Please help
932:
883:
880:
843:
839:
822:
812:, a form of
809:
807:
788:
783:
779:
776:
744:
735:
720:Please help
708:
676:
671:uncompressed
670:
668:
656:
644:
632:
605:
596:
586:
579:
572:
565:
553:
541:Please help
536:verification
533:
504:
496:refresh rate
489:
484:
480:
478:
471:
448:
439:
424:Please help
412:
369:
356:
339:
335:
330:(PAL)-based
325:
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304:CRT displays
297:
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274:
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100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2964:Templates (
2681:MPEG-H HEVC
2420:Progressive
1922:100FPS.COM*
1536:"InfoWorld"
1268:raster scan
1262:), or most
1185:progressive
1147:vacuum tube
1013:display lag
625:A GIF from
481:interlacing
394:Description
2986:Categories
2808:Captioning
2610:MPEG-4 AVC
2378:Interlaced
2303:Historical
2239:Captioning
2198:BTSC (MTS)
2173:1250 lines
2157:1125 lines
1986:Television
1881:2006-07-27
1843:2023-02-28
1792:2023-11-23
1740:2011-09-08
1686:2012-07-12
1619:2010-06-26
1592:2009-05-24
1514:References
1507:Wobulation
1377:genlocking
1166:Telefunken
1074:newspapers
823:twittering
569:newspapers
492:frame rate
279:frame rate
204:improve it
128:newspapers
57:improve it
2945:Test card
2618:ATSC A/72
2524:DVB 3D-TV
2136:819 lines
2064:625 lines
2024:525 lines
2006:405 lines
1711:March 14,
1676:HandBrake
1352:PC clones
1348:Macintosh
1319:BBC Micro
1317:and e.g.
1178:engineer
933:does not
709:does not
627:HandBrake
413:does not
352:input lag
283:bandwidth
208:verifying
63:talk page
32:Interlace
2857:Defunct.
2823:Teletext
2689:ATSC 3.0
2345:567-line
2340:455-line
2335:441-line
2330:375-line
2325:343-line
2320:180-line
2310:Pre-1940
2264:Teletext
2144:System E
2072:System B
2032:System M
2014:System A
1583:Archived
1560:April 5,
1491:Telecine
1413:See also
1364:Atari ST
1273:adjacent
1223:819 line
1218:625 line
1210:525 line
1197:405 line
1169:engineer
1104:May 2023
962:May 2023
818:aliasing
773:combing.
738:May 2023
599:May 2023
442:May 2023
220:May 2023
158:May 2023
2704:ISDB-S3
2653:MobaHo!
2600:MobaHo!
2369:Digital
2116:PALplus
1128:flicker
1088:scholar
1020:History
954:removed
939:sources
816:. This
784:combing
730:removed
715:sources
663:1080i60
583:scholar
434:removed
419:sources
291:flicker
202:Please
142:scholar
2777:HE-AAC
2699:HD DMB
2244:CGMS-A
2180:HD-MAC
2040:NTSC-J
1997:Analog
1815:
1783:
1237:Brazil
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1061:
851:serifs
585:
578:
571:
564:
556:
378:, and
336:fields
287:fields
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
2719:Audio
2671:ABS-S
2643:SBTVD
2582:ABS-S
2541:ABS-S
2484:UHDTV
2477:1080p
2408:1080i
2208:NICAM
2190:Audio
2120:SECAM
2112:PAL-N
2054:B-MAC
2048:PAL-M
1731:(PDF)
1613:(PDF)
1586:(PDF)
1579:(PDF)
1455:SECAM
1419:1080i
1407:DVB-T
1403:MPEG2
1358:(aka
1327:pixel
1249:1080i
1232:SECAM
1095:JSTOR
1081:books
847:fonts
814:moiré
782:, or
651:1080i
590:JSTOR
576:books
485:field
364:1080p
340:frame
149:JSTOR
135:books
2813:CPCM
2767:LPCM
2737:AC-4
2727:AC-3
2709:DTMB
2663:AVS2
2648:1seg
2633:DTMB
2623:CMMB
2577:DTMB
2569:AVS+
2559:CMMB
2536:DTMB
2531:ISDB
2514:ATSC
2472:720p
2467:HDTV
2460:576p
2455:480p
2450:EDTV
2443:288p
2438:240p
2433:1seg
2428:LDTV
2403:HDTV
2396:576i
2391:480i
2386:SDTV
2355:OSKM
2284:VITC
2274:VEIL
2203:EIAJ
2164:MUSE
2036:NTSC
1813:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1713:2019
1562:2014
1453:and
1443:576i
1437:NTSC
1429:480i
1396:and
1338:and
1307:288p
1303:240p
1294:NTSC
1252:HDTV
1214:NTSC
1067:news
937:any
935:cite
713:any
711:cite
659:HDTV
638:and
562:news
494:and
483:. A
417:any
415:cite
380:ATSC
357:The
308:ALiS
306:and
121:news
2909:DCI
2818:EPG
2798:AFD
2772:AAC
2762:PCM
2747:DRA
2742:DTS
2731:5.1
2694:DVB
2638:DVB
2628:DMB
2551:AVS
2519:DVB
2294:XDS
2289:WSS
2279:VIT
2269:VBI
2259:PDC
2254:GCR
2249:EPG
2213:SAP
2126:MAC
2108:PAL
1773:doi
1451:PAL
1398:DTP
1394:CAD
1381:VGA
1373:RGB
1332:MHz
1315:CGA
1311:PAL
1309:on
1260:DLP
1256:LCD
1227:PAL
1176:RCA
1139:RAM
1050:by
948:by
829:or
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642:).
636:TVs
545:by
428:by
376:DVB
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98:.
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69:(
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20:)
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