1134:, Sabina Bluman, Dr. A. L. Bunin, J. Burakoff, Sydney Burger, Abram Flaxer, Julius Fleiss, Morris Friedman, Leonard Goldsmith, Dr. Benjamin Goodman, Dave Greene, . George Hochberg, Conrad Kaye, Aaron Kertman, Alexander Koren, Samuel Kramberg, Prof. William M. Malisoff, Saul B. Minowitz, Fern Mosk, Sam Nessin, Dr. Benjamin Netreba, Harry Poll, Irving Potash, Dora Rich, I. Rosenberg, George Sandler, S. Saniel, Henry Sazer, Morris Schwartz, Rubin Shulman, Irving Schnurman, Max Steinberg, William Weiner, Isidor Weissberg, Sol Wollin, and Tobias Wendy. JPC sponsors included:
444:, Charles H. Houston, Henry T. Hunt, R. W. Henderson, Austin Lewis, and Clara G. Binswanger. Beyond Brodsky, IJA members also to the ILD included: George R. Andersen, David J. Bentall, Joseph R. Brodsky, John P. Davis, Leo Gallagher, Irvin Goodman, Carol Weiss King, Edward Lamb, Yetta Land, Louis F. McCabe, Herbert T. Wechsler, Ruth Weyand, Samuel L. Rothbard, and Abraham Lincoln Wirin. The
382:
281:" and vowed to defend the defendants "until hell freezes over." On April 12, 1933, Leibowitz and Brodsky joined John Haynes Holmes, Arthur Garfield Hays, and Roger Baldwin at a "Labor Defense Meeting" in Union Square, New York City. On April 16, 1933, Brodsky filed a motion for new trial for Patterson, which the judge grants on June 22. In May 1933, Brodsky joined the ACLU's
457:
297:
for intervention to protect the defendants. "Conflict between
Liebowitz and the Communist-dominated International Labor Defense (ILD) attorney Joseph Brodsky" undermined the effectiveness of defense, particularly after two ILD attorneys were charged with attempting to bribe witness Victoria Price.
225:
He was met by a howling mob of lynchers. In his efforts to have the convictions set aside, Hawkins immediately overruled
Brodsky's request. Brodsky took exception to the judge's ruling, whereupon the judge overruled his exception. Brodsky then countered with an exception to Hawkins' decision
251:
On
January 21, 1932, Chamlee, Brodsky, and Irving Schwab (retained by ILD) appealed to the Alabama Supreme Court on all convictions. On March 24, 1932, the court affirms conviction of seven boys but reverses that of Eugene Williams as a minor. On May 31, 1932, the U.S. Supreme Court grants
309:
POWELL ET AL. v. STATE, 141 So. 201(Ala. 1932): Defense of Ozie Powell, William
Roberson, Andy Wright, Olen Montgomery, and Eugene Williams by Chamlee Sr., Chamlee Jr., and Brodsky, supported by Irving Schwab, Allan Taub, Elias M. Schwartzbart, Joseph Tauber, and Sidney
277:, the first defendant retried, by challenging Alabama's exclusion of blacks from the jury rolls and tough cross-examination of whites. On April 9, 1933, at the jury's guilty verdict of Patterson, Liebowitz compared the verdict to "the act of spitting on the tomb of
252:
permission for leave to appeal to it. On
October 10, 1932, Walter H. Pollak (retained by the ILD), argues before the U.S. Supreme Court; on November 7, 1932, the court reverses the convictions due to inadequate representation and sets new trials for 1933 in
207:
On June 22, 1931, the courts denied
Brodsky's motion for a new trial. When he arrived to make his application, a "howling mob of lynchers" greeted him. In August 1931, Brodsky and Chamlee had to remain in the court building until a large crowd dispersed.
1092:. Founding members included: Rabbi Jacob Greenfield, William Weiner (IWO), Dr. Charles Kuntz (Icor), H. Upatschwisky (Fur Workers), and Rubin Saltzman. Mirroring Soviet foreign policy, the JPC switched from Anti-Fascism to Isolationism after the
2336:
192:. Between April 6 and 9, all boys except Roy Wright were tried singly or in groups and convicted. Some of the boys retained George W. Chamlee Sr., as new defense. In mid-April 1931, the International Labor Defense (ILD) and the
313:
WEEMS ET AL. v. STATE, 141 So. 215 (Ala. 1932): Defense of
Charlie Weems and Clarence Norris by Chamlee Sr., Chamlee Jr., and Brodsky, supported by Irving Schwab, Allan Taub, Elias M. Schwartzbart, Joseph Tauber, and Sidney
159:
in the early 1930s. Its work contributed to the appeal of the
Communist Party among African Americans in the South. In addition to fundraising for defense and assisting in defense strategies, from January 1926 it published
105:
247:
were the great stimulating forces which brought
Scottsboro before the broad masses of organized labor. In cooperation with the ILD, the question of Negroes serving on juries was raised for the first time."
400:(IJA). The IJA provided Brodsky and its members with a wide network. Other members and affiliates included: George R. Andersen, Harry Elmer Barnes, Paul F. Brissenden, Richard A. Dowling, Arthur Fisher,
317:
PATTERSON v. STATE, 141 So. 195 (Ala. 1932): Defense of
Haywood Patterson by Chamlee Sr., Chamlee Jr., and Brodsky, supported by Irving Schwab, Allan Taub, Elias M. Schwartzbart, Joseph Tauber, and Sidney
2267:, February 12, 1944: "The Labor Canteen, sponsored by the United Federal Workers of America, CIO, will be opened at 8 p.m. tomorrow at 1212 18th st. nw. Mrs. Roosevelt is expected to attend at 8:30 p.m."
273:
underscored how serious Communists were to win the case. That said, Leibowitz did have to accept as co-counsel ILD chief attorney Joseph Brodsky. On March 27, 1933, Leibowitz opened his defense of
193:
228:
The judge became so angry that he made a grand exit through the rear door of the courtroom. ln all the confusion, Brodsky turned round, and was suddenly seized by a husky man who said:
80:
in New York City. (Another source calls the firm "Shorr, Brodsky, and King" and states King headed it in 1925.) Others in their "loose partnership" of radical attorneys included
2330:
165:
293:, represented by Liebowitz, Brodsky, and Chamlee; both boys receive third convictions by mid-December. On November 19, 1933, the lawyers called on U.S. President
1085:
1072:
Founded in 1936 as Jewish People's Committee for United Action Against Fascism and Anti-Semitism ("Jewish People's Committee") in response to a refusal by the
200:, but he declined. Brodsky then worked hard to "wrest the case from the NAACP." (Carol Weiss King, Walter Pollak, and Carl Stern all worked on the
40:, often known as Joseph Brodsky and Joe Brodsky, was an early 20th-century American civil rights lawyer, political activist, general counsel of the
487:
2357:
1183:
1171:
445:
365:
2362:
1568:
121:
1683:. LSU Prss. pp. 53 (Darrow), 54–57 (hired), 67 (wrest), 77–80, 156–167 (12/1931), 246 (4/1933), 280, 302, 305, 307, 311, 318, 422.
1463:
397:
389:
45:
1784:
2241:
2146:
2024:
1964:
1688:
1182:
Founded in June 1940 "one of the most important Communist-front organizations in the United States"; advocated termination of the
239:
toured 26 European countries to raise support for the Scottsboro Boys. (Engdahl died in Moscow of pneumonia during the trip.) In
349:
270:
993:
492:
Founded in 1932 via the (Amsterdam) World Congress Against War was held in Holland in August, 1932, under the direction of the
1637:
1590:
217:
newspaper published a statement for Scottsboro defendants that announced retainer of Chamlee and Brodsky as their attorneys.
2170:"Blue Stone Realty Co., Inc. v. American Legion 1937 Convention Corporation of New York City: Papers on Appeal from Order"
1424:
136:
1096:
of 1939. When Nazi German attacked Soviet Russia in 1941, the JPC reverted to Anti-Fascism. Other associates included:
1089:
353:
321:
NORRIS v. STATE, 156 So. 556 (Ala. 1934): Defense of Clarence Norris by Leibowitz, Brodsky, and Chamlee, supported by
1508:
1458:
1081:
1063:
117:
53:
41:
1367:
Two thousand people attended his funeral and more than twenty served as pall bearers. Attendees included IWO head
903:
775:
649:
1720:
1659:
Thompson, Craig (17 February 1951). "The Communists's Dearest Friend". Saturday Evening Post. pp. 30, 90–93.
1333:, plus Joe Brodsky as corporation's attorney. Board members included: B. A. Bodkin, Tom Glazer, Horace Grenell,
294:
2208:
Report of the Senate Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities, 1948 : Communist Front Organizations
1893:
1073:
779:
345:," accused of murdering his white employer and family, in the Orphan Jones Case on the Maryland Eastern Shore.
1751:
1348:
1287:
1097:
1029:
871:
831:
717:
493:
125:
1841:
879:
1431:
1301:
1267:
1126:, Arthur Rock, J. Sultan and Charles Zuckerman. By 1944, its national board comprised: Joseph Aronow, Dr.
1049:
927:
799:
501:
244:
2305:
1045:
1077:
899:
697:
169:
128:
109:
1931:
1318:
1062:
Mutual aid society that paralleled ILD support "arm" of the Communist Party of the USA: see entry on
945:
725:
529:
322:
164:, a monthly illustrated magazine that achieved wide circulation. In 1946 the ILD was merged with the
2352:
1279:
1259:
1199:
1053:
949:
915:
721:
705:
573:
448:
considered the IJA "an official offshoot" of the ILD, itself the "legal arm" of the Communist Party.
282:
243:, two demonstrators were killed during protests. In the United States, "the Communist Party and the
1326:
1037:
677:
673:
1396:
1231:
1223:
1123:
961:
867:
859:
733:
549:
405:
173:
1170:), Maurice Sugar (union lawyer), Max Weber, Z. Weinper, Prof. Louis Weisner, and John Wexley. The
1033:
745:
617:
342:
152:
1987:
1111:
1093:
969:
863:
807:
525:
132:
2047:
1255:
1025:
1005:
621:
124:. The ILD was a legal advocacy organization established in 1925 as the American section of the
93:
1867:
1341:, Earl Robinson, Bob Russell, Walter Lowenfels, Kenneth Spencer, Alec Wilder, and Palmer Weber.
2237:
2142:
2020:
1960:
1780:
1684:
1483:
1473:
1380:
1376:
1308:
1247:
1235:
1147:
907:
887:
855:
749:
633:
468:
464:
274:
254:
240:
1591:"UNITED STATES ex rel. GILETTI v. COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION, ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR"
1918:
1478:
1453:
1443:
1416:
1372:
1330:
1243:
1227:
1219:
1131:
1127:
1122:(Fur Workers), Rabbi J. Greenfield, Rabbi Judah L. Hahn, Ben Meyers, Harry Mintz, M. Pizer,
1009:
1001:
973:
847:
823:
815:
795:
753:
741:
709:
657:
589:
585:
505:
413:
357:
356:-affiliated unions, Harold Dublirer for Window Trimmers & Displaymen's Union Local 144,
326:
286:
262:
236:
176:. Carol Weiss King helped Brodsky found the ILD and served on its legal advisory committee.
89:
73:
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1814:
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1143:
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49:
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1638:"UNITED STATES ex rel. BRAZIER et al. v. COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION AT PORT OF NEW YORK"
2306:"Politician, Social Worker, and Lawyer. Vito Marcantonio and Constituent Legal Services"
2091:
2277:
1810:
1615:
1215:
1207:
1154:(artist), Prof. N. Levinson, Josef Lhevinne, Rosina Lhevinne, Irving M. Lechtenstein,
1115:
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981:
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883:
791:
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757:
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689:
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497:
298:
By 1934, Brodsky had dropped out of the case, apparently replaced by fellow IJA member
69:
31:
17:
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213:
144:
404:, Leo Gallagher, Aubrey Grossman, Pearl M. Hart, Robert L. Hale, Isaac S. Heller,
352:
by filing as amicus curiae (along with Boudin, Cohn & Glickstein) for several
2231:
2169:
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2014:
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957:
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2138:
Murder on Maryland's Eastern Shore: Race, Politics and the Case of Orphan Jones
1404:
1211:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1102:
977:
641:
629:
625:
517:
475:
Brodsky was involved in many left-leaning associations, making him a nexus of
1337:, John Hammond Jr., Herbert Haufrect, Bess Hawes, Waldemar Hille, Paul Kent,
289:
to discuss the case. In November 1933, third trials start for Patterson and
1291:
1017:
577:
533:
266:
1427:
from New York's 18th district from January 3, 1945, until January 3, 1951.
2016:
What Went Wrong?: The Creation & Collapse of the Black-Jewish Alliance
1959:. Temple University Press. pp. 16, 17, 121, 124, 126, 137, 139, 146.
1322:
1119:
941:
839:
561:
1146:, Morris Carnovsky, Jerome Chodorov, Prof. Leon W. Cohen, Lester Cohen,
456:
1543:
Hearings of the United States Congress House Committee on Un-Activities
1420:
230:"Come on, yah Jew bitch! We'll show you how to defend n*****r rapers."
189:
211:
At year's end, Brodsky led arguments, but on December 31, 1931, the
1571:. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. 18 May 2010
1392:
605:
455:
380:
103:
204:
cases; Pollak argued part of it before the U.S. Supreme Court.)
2211:. Senate Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities. 1948
1988:"Roosevelt is Asked to Intervene to Protect Scottsboro Negroes"
1419:
and "significantly contributed to his left orientation" toward
1364:, which listed him as a charter member of the Communist Party.
305:
Individual cases involved in the Scottsboro Boys case include:
104:
806:, and Marian Hart. Its advisory council included Brodsky and:
1282:, Channing H. Tobias, Prof. Colston E. Warne, Morris Watson,
1234:, Prof. Robert S. Lynd, Clifford T. McAvoy, Louis F. McCabe,
1230:, Edward Land, David Lasser, Ira Latimer, Prof. Alain Locke,
285:
and NAACP's Alexander Miller to meet faculty and students at
1546:. US GPO. 1950. p. 2979 (Lowenthal), 2988 (death), 2992
172:, which served as the new legal defense organization of the
1956:
Black Communists Speak on Scottsboro: A Documentary History
1779:. Princeton University Press. pp. 37 (1931), 96, 103.
1728:. Scottsboro Defense Committee. January 1936. pp. 3, 4
1286:, Robert Wirtz, Charles Erskine Scott Wood, John Woodruff,
265:
to join him and Chamlee. The fact that Leibowitz was not a
196:(NAACP) stepped in to help. Brodsky sought first to hire
194:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
1360:
Brodsky died age 58 on July 30, 1947, as reported by the
1194:, Howard P. Costigan, George Marshall, Robert MacGregor,
188:"–were falsely accused of rape and sentenced to death in
1347:
Brodsky was associated with this organization–see entry
72:." Other sources state that Brodsky was a partner with
2282:
The Zionist Network: A Report by Senator Jack B. Tenney
1776:
Remembering Scottsboro: The Legacy of an Infamous Trial
1618:. Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
1080:
to admit representatives of the Jewish Section of the
68:, Brodsky was a partner in the law firm of a "Captain
1722:
The Scottsboro Case: Opinion of Judge James E. Horton
424:, Jerome Michael, Louis F. McCabe, Carey McWilliams,
48:(IJA), member of ILD defense team for members of the
1190:, Elmer Benson, Herbert Biberman, Carey McWilliams,
184:
In 1931, nine Southern African-American youths–the "
2019:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 100, 373 (fn 34).
1434:is an outgrowth of his efforts at the ILD and IJA.
1278:, Herman Shumlin, Edwin S. Smith, Alfred K. Stern,
1313:Established January 31, 1946, with chief director
1180:National Federation for Constitutional Liberties:
436:, David Ziskind, Isaac E. Ferguson, Yetta Land,
396:In 1932, Brodsky became a founding member of the
1822:. Workers Library Publishers, Inc. pp. 9–10
166:National Federation for Constitutional Liberties
1300:Founded 1940 as successor to the IJA–see entry
337:In 1932, Brodsky helped Baltimore-based lawyer
52:Case of the 1930s, and general counsel for the
1563:
1561:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1206:, Rev. Dwight Bradley, Prof. John B. Canning,
782:. Its editorial board comprised Brodsky and:
2114:"PATTERSON v. STATE, 141 So. 195 (Ala. 1932)"
2092:"PATTERSON v. STATE, 141 So. 195 (Ala. 1932)"
2070:"PATTERSON v. STATE, 141 So. 195 (Ala. 1932)"
2048:"PATTERSON v. STATE, 141 So. 195 (Ala. 1932)"
8:
2339:: Joseph Brodsky during Scottsboro Boys Case
1816:The Scottsboro Boys: Four Freed! Five to Go!
1503:
1501:
1499:
524:. Others affiliated included Brodsky and:
348:In 1938, Brodsky served as attorney for the
2236:. Phoenix Source Distributors. p. 17.
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1680:Scottsboro: A Tragedy of the American South
772:Proletarian Literature in the United States
226:overruling his previous request to except.
1953:Howard, Walter T., ed. (7 December 2007).
1934:. Modern Poetry. pp. 100, 373 (fn 34)
1894:"Hays, Brodsky at Scottsboro Protest Meet"
1805:
1803:
432:, Colston E. Warne, Abrahm Lincoln Wirin,
377:International Juridical Association (IJA)
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1150:, Irving Fineman, Dr. Abraham Goldfeld,
1090:Fur Workers Joint Board of New York City
936:Founded to promote the Jewish colony in
269:or even radical but rather a mainstream
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
1495:
488:American League for Peace and Democracy
360:for the IJA, Edward Kuntz for the ILD,
2233:America in Peril -- An Understatement!
2013:Friedman, Murray (11 September 2007).
1423:. Marcantonio went on to serve in the
1186:. Members included Brodsky and: Prof.
1184:House Un-American Activities Committee
1172:House Un-American Activities Committee
1166:(artist), Alfred K. Stern (husband of
940:, USSR, and sponsored by Brodsky and:
446:House Un-American Activities Committee
366:International Brotherhood of Teamsters
147:, and prominently participated in the
120:(ILD), an affiliate (or "arm") of the
92:, known through King's brother-in-law
2135:Moore, Joseph E. (17 February 2006).
1868:"Plan National Aid at Negroes' Trial"
1842:"Plan National Aid at Negroes' Trial"
1610:
1608:
1509:"2,000 Pay Tribute to Joseph Brodsky"
500:. Prominent participants included:
112:, used during 10th Anniversary (1932)
7:
934:Celebration of 15 Years Biro-Bidjan:
122:Communist Party of the United States
2230:Hatonn, Gyeorgos C. (August 1995).
2141:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 164.
1464:International Juridical Association
1202:, Merle D. Vincent, Alice Barrows,
467:in 1944) made Brodsky attorney for
398:International Juridical Association
116:Brodsky was general counsel of the
46:International Juridical Association
2172:. Alpert Press. 1939. pp. 5–6
1640:. Court Listener. 15 December 1924
1060:International Workers Order (IWO):
25:
1593:. Court Listener. 4 November 1929
1222:, Pearl M. Hart, Marion Hathway,
100:International Labor Defense (ILD)
2304:Murtagh, Matthew (18 May 2010).
1174:considered it a Communist front.
1070:Jewish People's Committee (JPC):
350:American Federation of Musicians
1569:"King, Carol Weiss (1895–1952)"
1415:In the 1920s, Brodsky mentored
479:and other political movements.
786:, Robert W. Dunn, Henry Hart,
1:
2358:20th-century American lawyers
1425:U.S. House of Representatives
1238:, Prof. William M. Malisoff,
2363:American political activists
1773:Miller, By James A. (2009).
482:Those associations include:
261:In 1933, the ILD brought in
1515:. 1 August 1947. p. 17
1459:International Labor Defense
1379:, New York City Councilman
1082:International Workers Order
1064:International Workers Order
680:, Sophia Pressman (wife of
588:, Kyle Crichton (father of
118:International Labor Defense
54:International Workers Order
42:International Labor Defense
2379:
1915:Kill the Jew From New York
1162:, Prof. Bernard F. Riess,
776:League of American Writers
131:network. The ILD defended
30:For the Russian poet, see
29:
1932:"A Scottsboro Chronology"
1218:, Mrs. Sarah Bard Field,
295:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
220:Upon Brodsky's arrival:
151:and legal appeals in the
135:, was active in the anti-
44:(ILD), co-founder of the
2333:: references to Brodsky
1896:. Spotlight. 18 May 1933
1198:, Jack McMichael, Prof.
1074:American Jewish Congress
780:International Publishers
1677:Carter, Dan T. (2007).
1356:Personal life and death
1349:New York Workers School
1345:New York Workers School
1298:National Lawyers Guild:
1030:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
494:Communist International
341:) defend Euel Lee AKA "
76:at Brodsky, King &
18:Joseph Brodsky (lawyer)
1752:"The Freight-Car Case"
1432:National Lawyers Guild
1302:National Lawyers Guild
1118:, Rabbi Moses Miller,
800:Alexander Trachtenberg
770:Offered as first book
472:
393:
245:Young Communist League
233:
113:
2308:. VitoMarcantonio.com
1078:World Jewish Congress
459:
384:
325:, George Rosier, and
222:
170:Civil Rights Congress
129:International Red Aid
110:International Red Aid
107:
2116:. Famous Trial. 1934
2094:. Famous Trial. 1932
2072:. Famous Trial. 1932
2050:. Famous Trial. 1932
1317:and other directors
1280:Donald Ogden Stewart
1268:Walter Rauteustrauch
1260:William L. Patterson
1050:Victor A. Yakhontoff
928:James Waterman Weiss
706:Walter Rautenstrauch
574:Donald Ogden Stewart
502:Francis J. McConnell
463:(here, entertaining
440:, David J. Bentall,
368:Local 820 AFL, etc.
283:Arthur Garfield Hays
235:Former ILD chairman
180:Scottsboro Boys Case
88:(onetime partner of
1430:The still-existent
1399:, NLG chapter head
1232:Robert Morss Lovett
1224:Abraham J. Isserman
1114:, Louis Weinstock,
1046:James Waterman Wise
1008:, Mary Cabot Macy,
962:Alexander Bittelman
868:Robert Morss Lovett
774:, sponsored by the
550:Robert Morss Lovett
406:Abraham J. Isserman
392:member with Brodsky
174:Communist Party USA
1994:. 20 November 1933
1754:. The New Republic
1750:(26 August 1931).
1616:"Carol Weiss King"
1142:), Louis P. Birk,
1112:John Howard Lawson
1094:Hitler-Stalin Pact
970:Peter V. Cacchione
900:Maxwell S. Stewart
864:John Howard Lawson
818:, Fielding Burke,
724:, Joseph Gardner,
698:Harry C. Lamberton
473:
452:Other associations
394:
133:Sacco and Vanzetti
114:
1484:Powell v. Alabama
1474:Haywood Patterson
1381:Stanley M. Isaacs
1377:William Z. Foster
1248:F. O. Matthiessen
1236:James B. McNamara
1148:Lion Feuchtwanger
1106:), A. A. Heller,
908:Genevieve Taggard
888:Moissaye J. Olgin
856:Matthew Josephson
798:, Bernard Smith,
778:and published by
750:Clarence Hathaway
634:Sherwood Anderson
465:Eleanor Roosevelt
275:Haywood Patterson
255:Powell v. Alabama
241:Chemnitz, Germany
231:
38:Joseph R. Brodsky
16:(Redirected from
2370:
2325:External sources
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2285:. pp. 43–44
2274:
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1479:Samuel Liebowitz
1454:Carol Weiss King
1444:Vito Marcantonio
1417:Vito Marcantonio
1373:Vito Marcantonio
1331:Robert Claiborne
1319:Herbert Haufrect
1244:Vito Marcantonio
1228:Carol Weiss King
1226:, Paul J. Kern,
1220:Dashiell Hammett
1132:Herbert Biberman
1128:Edward K. Barsky
1010:Vito Marcantonio
1002:Carol Weiss King
974:Morris Carnovsky
946:Benjamin Plotkin
848:Josephine Herbst
824:James T. Farrell
816:Erskine Caldwell
796:Isidor Schneider
754:Carol Weiss King
742:Lincoln Steffens
726:Kate Crane Gartz
710:Ella Reeve Bloor
658:Theodore Dreiser
590:Michael Crichton
586:Vito Marcantonio
530:William Dodd Jr.
506:Reinhold Niebuhr
414:Carol Weiss King
412:, Paul J. Kern,
408:, Isadore Katz,
358:Carol Weiss King
327:Carol Weiss King
323:Osmond. Fraenkel
287:Brooklyn College
263:Samuel Leibowitz
237:J. Louis Engdahl
224:
90:Benjamin Cardozo
74:Carol Weiss King
21:
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1874:. 12 April 1933
1866:
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1851:
1849:
1848:. 12 April 1933
1840:
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1819:
1813:(August 1937).
1811:Herndon, Angelo
1809:
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1497:
1492:
1469:Scottsboro Boys
1440:
1413:
1403:, and ANC head
1383:, singer-actor
1358:
1339:Millard Lampell
1256:Jerry O'Connell
1204:Marc Blitzstein
1200:Robert K. Speer
1152:William Gropper
1144:Marc Blitzstein
1136:Aline Bernstein
1054:Benjamin Zemach
986:William Gropper
966:Louis B. Boudin
950:Louis Weinstock
916:Louis Weinstock
890:, Paul Peters,
852:Langston Hughes
804:Mary Van Kleeck
788:Granville Hicks
762:Lillian Hellman
722:Lillian Furness
714:W. E. B. DuBois
694:Robert W. Kenny
670:Charles Preston
622:Harvey O'Connor
614:Yasuo Kuniyoshi
546:Granville Hicks
542:Louis B. Boudin
538:William Gropper
454:
410:Robert W. Kenny
402:Osmond Fraenkel
379:
374:
335:
300:Osmond Fraenkel
291:Clarence Norris
279:Abraham Lincoln
229:
227:
202:Scottsboro Boys
198:Clarence Darrow
186:Scottsboro Boys
182:
157:Scottsboro Boys
102:
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50:Scottsboro Boys
35:
28:
27:American lawyer
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2005:
1992:New York Times
1979:
1965:
1945:
1923:
1907:
1885:
1872:New York Times
1859:
1846:New York Times
1833:
1799:
1786:978-0691140476
1785:
1765:
1748:Wilson, Edmund
1739:
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1513:New York Times
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1327:Daniel Lapidus
1309:People's Songs
1305:
1295:
1288:Richard Wright
1216:Robert W. Dunn
1208:John M. Coffee
1176:
1175:
1116:John L. Spivak
1098:Joseph Freeman
1067:
1057:
1038:Jacob Rothbaum
1022:Clifford Odets
982:Abraham Flaxer
931:
896:John L. Spivak
884:Clifford Odets
832:Joseph Freeman
792:Corliss Lamont
784:Malcolm Cowley
765:
758:Freda Kirchwey
738:Corliss Lamont
718:Joseph Freeman
690:Malcolm Cowley
678:Regina Rakoczy
674:Russell Thayer
672:, Aaron Wool,
646:John M. Coffee
644:, Congressman
638:Melvyn Douglas
570:Frances Farmer
558:Corliss Lamont
510:James B. Carey
498:Henri Barbusse
469:People's Songs
453:
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32:Joseph Brodsky
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2026:9781416576686
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2018:
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2009:
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1966:9781592135998
1962:
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1401:Abraham Unger
1398:
1397:Irving Potash
1394:
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1387:, ACPFB head
1386:
1382:
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1375:, CPUSA head
1374:
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1365:
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1273:
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1164:Raphael Soyer
1161:
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1157:
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1125:
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1121:
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1039:
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905:
904:John Strachey
901:
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876:Lewis Mumford
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:Joshua Kunitz
857:
853:
849:
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833:
829:
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808:Roger Baldwin
805:
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734:Joshua Kunitz
731:
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702:Oliver Larkin
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
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671:
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663:
662:Samuel Ornitz
659:
655:
654:John P. Davis
651:
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631:
627:
623:
619:
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610:Rockwell Kent
607:
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583:
582:Lewis Mumford
579:
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571:
567:
566:Muriel Draper
563:
559:
555:
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547:
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539:
535:
531:
527:
526:Roger Baldwin
523:
519:
515:
514:Joseph Curran
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:, chaired by
495:
491:
489:
485:
484:
483:
480:
478:
477:Popular Front
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
449:
447:
443:
442:John P. Davis
439:
438:Maurice Sugar
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:Max Lowenthal
419:
418:Joseph Kovner
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
391:
388:was an early
387:
383:
376:
371:
369:
367:
363:
362:Abraham Unger
359:
355:
351:
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167:
163:
158:
154:
153:cause célèbre
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
111:
106:
99:
97:
95:
91:
87:
86:Walter Pollak
83:
82:Walter Nelles
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:Max Lowenthal
64:According to
59:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2337:Getty Images
2312:27 September
2310:. Retrieved
2299:
2289:27 September
2287:. Retrieved
2281:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2249:27 September
2247:. Retrieved
2232:
2225:
2215:27 September
2213:. Retrieved
2207:
2176:27 September
2174:. Retrieved
2164:
2154:27 September
2152:. Retrieved
2137:
2130:
2120:27 September
2118:. Retrieved
2108:
2098:27 September
2096:. Retrieved
2086:
2076:27 September
2074:. Retrieved
2064:
2054:27 September
2052:. Retrieved
2042:
2032:27 September
2030:. Retrieved
2015:
2008:
1998:27 September
1996:. Retrieved
1991:
1982:
1972:27 September
1970:. Retrieved
1955:
1948:
1938:27 September
1936:. Retrieved
1926:
1914:
1910:
1900:27 September
1898:. Retrieved
1888:
1878:27 September
1876:. Retrieved
1871:
1862:
1852:27 September
1850:. Retrieved
1845:
1836:
1826:27 September
1824:. Retrieved
1815:
1792:27 September
1790:. Retrieved
1775:
1768:
1758:27 September
1756:. Retrieved
1742:
1732:27 September
1730:. Retrieved
1721:
1696:27 September
1694:. Retrieved
1679:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1597:28 September
1595:. Retrieved
1585:
1575:27 September
1573:. Retrieved
1550:27 September
1548:. Retrieved
1542:
1519:27 September
1517:. Retrieved
1512:
1429:
1414:
1385:Paul Robeson
1366:
1362:Daily Worker
1361:
1359:
1344:
1307:
1297:
1240:Albert Maltz
1179:
1156:Albert Maltz
1140:Thomas Wolfe
1108:Michael Gold
1101:
1069:
1059:
1034:Maxwell Ross
990:V. J. Jerome
933:
912:Ernst Toller
892:Edwin Seaver
880:Joseph North
872:Loren Miller
844:Michael Gold
836:Hugo Gellert
771:
767:
746:Bruce Bliven
730:Michael Gold
686:Israel Amter
682:Lee Pressman
650:Jerome Davis
618:Alfred Kamin
602:Earl Browder
554:T. A. Bisson
522:Paul Robeson
486:
481:
474:
430:Lee Pressman
395:
386:Lee Pressman
372:Associations
347:
343:Orphan Jones
339:Bernard Ades
336:
304:
260:
253:
250:
234:
223:
219:
214:Daily Worker
212:
210:
206:
183:
168:to form the
161:
145:civil rights
115:
63:
37:
36:
2353:1947 deaths
1644:27 December
1622:27 December
1449:Isaac Shorr
1389:Abner Green
1315:Pete Seeger
1284:Ella Winter
1168:Martha Dodd
1014:Harry Mintz
994:Moishe Katz
958:Max Bedacht
954:Jacob Adler
938:Birobidzhan
924:Ella Winter
920:John Wexley
828:Waldo Frank
820:Jack Conroy
812:Max Bedacht
768:Book Union"
666:Morris Katz
598:Ella Winter
594:Philip Loeb
461:Pete Seeger
434:Nathan Witt
426:Shad Polier
333:Other cases
126:Comintern's
2347:Categories
1490:References
1405:Max Yergan
1371:, US Rep.
1212:Bella Dodd
1196:Tom Mooney
1192:Max Yergan
1188:Franz Boas
1138:(lover of
1103:New Masses
1088:, and the
1026:Max Perlow
1006:J. H. Macy
978:Bella Dodd
642:Franz Boas
630:Max Yergan
626:Edgar Snow
518:Max Lerner
318:Schreiber.
314:Schreiber.
310:Schreiber.
108:Symbol of
94:Carl Stern
2263:From the
1292:Art Young
1018:Paul Muni
578:Wanda Gag
534:Sam Jaffe
267:communist
141:movements
1438:See also
1323:Lee Hays
1246:, Prof.
1120:Ben Gold
1076:and the
944:, Rabbi
942:Ben Gold
840:Ben Gold
704:, Prof.
700:, Prof.
640:, Prof,
562:Ben Gold
364:for the
271:Democrat
137:lynching
1921:, 1933.
1919:Decatur
1421:Marxism
1084:(IWO),
1004:, Mrs.
556:, Mrs.
190:Alabama
155:of the
149:defense
56:(IWO).
2240:
2145:
2023:
1963:
1783:
1687:
1411:Legacy
1329:, and
1311:, Inc.
1290:, and
1052:, and
1032:, Dr.
976:, Dr.
926:, and
760:, and
628:, Dr.
520:, and
60:Career
1820:(PDF)
1726:(PDF)
1393:ILGWU
606:CPUSA
78:Shorr
2314:2017
2291:2017
2251:2017
2238:ISBN
2217:2017
2178:2017
2156:2017
2143:ISBN
2122:2017
2100:2017
2078:2017
2056:2017
2034:2017
2021:ISBN
2000:2017
1974:2017
1961:ISBN
1940:2017
1902:2017
1880:2017
1854:2017
1828:2017
1794:2017
1781:ISBN
1760:2017
1734:2017
1698:2017
1685:ISBN
1646:2010
1624:2010
1599:2017
1577:2017
1552:2017
1521:2017
1086:ICOR
143:for
84:and
70:Hale
1395:'s
608:),
592:),
532:,
390:IJA
354:AFL
96:).
2349::
2186:^
1990:.
1917:.
1870:.
1844:.
1802:^
1706:^
1665:^
1607:^
1560:^
1529:^
1511:.
1498:^
1407:.
1391:,
1325:,
1321:,
1274:,
1270:,
1266:,
1262:,
1258:,
1254:,
1250:,
1242:,
1214:,
1210:,
1158:,
1130:,
1110:,
1048:,
1044:,
1040:,
1036:,
1028:,
1024:,
1020:,
1016:,
1012:,
1000:,
996:,
992:,
988:,
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980:,
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960:,
956:,
952:,
948:,
922:,
918:,
914:,
910:,
906:,
902:,
898:,
894:,
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