51:
62:
formed in the
Weddell and Ross Seas is a major source of oceanic deep water and changes affecting the formation of these water masses are liable to have an effect on the circulation of deep water globally. The water of the Weddell Sea is about 1400 m deep at its deepest point; it is exceptionally
63:
clear (the Secchi disk visibility reading at 80 metres recorded in the
Weddell Sea on 13 October 1986 was the deepest ever, at the theoretical maximum in absolutely pure water). Much of the southern part of the sea is permanent ice, the
183:
Introduction, page 1, "Oceanography of the
Weddell Sea in 1969" by Gary L. Hufford and Lcdr. James M. Seabrooke, United States Coast Guard Oceanographic Report No. 31, publ. Washington DC, Feb. 1970
85:
of the
Weddell Sea, the population dynamics of Antarctic seals and sedimentation processes in the Weddell Sea and carried out physical, chemical and photographic oceanographic surveys.
109:
modified for oceanographic research which in 1968 was the first ship to cross the
Weddell Sea from the edge of the ice pack to the continental landmass. At the time, the
267:
81:, and the US Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit studied the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water, the population density and diversity of the deep sea
130:"The Antarctic CORC/ARCHES Expedition - Reports From the Field, week of 7 May 2003", Columbia University Earth Institute News, posted 04/10/03
277:
318:
343:
58:
The
Weddell Sea, part of the Southern Ocean, is a unique scientific research environment. The outflow of Weddell Sea Bottom Water and
338:
198:
323:
163:
328:
144:
333:
300:
Fred's Place website USCGC Glacier
Archive, personal report by SO1 John Murphy of Glacier's 1968 IWSOE Weddell Sea voyage
348:
209:. Historikk (in Norwegian and English). Bergen, Norway: Christian Michelsen Research AS: 24. 2007. Archived from
64:
59:
70:
IWSOE research projects have involved a variety of institutions and covered a wide range of disciplines.
182:
161:"Antarctic Ice Velocity Data", National Snow and Ice Data Center, Antarctic Glaciological Data Center
74:
142:
W.W.C. Gieskes, C. Veth, A. Woehrmann and M.Graefe, EOS, 1987, reported at the Secchi Dip-In website
100:
266:; Langdon B. Quetin (1996). Robin M. Ross; Eileen Elizabeth Hofmann; Langdon B. Quetin (eds.).
299:
273:
129:
244:
167:
148:
210:
263:
312:
88:
Other subjects of IWSOE research include the
Weddell Sea currents and the biology of
44:
160:
50:
141:
93:
28:
235:
Michel, Robert L. (1978). "Tritium
Distributions in Weddell Sea Water Masses".
106:
248:
82:
36:
32:
269:
Foundations for ecological research West of the
Antarctic Peninsula
89:
40:
78:
16:
Series of scientific research expeditions to the Weddell Sea
73:
For example, in 1969 scientists from the Universities of
27:
are a series of scientific research expeditions to the
178:
176:
54:
Weddell Sea ice formation (Shackleton expedition 1916)
21:
International Weddell Sea Oceanographic Expeditions
99:The expeditions were initially led aboard the
8:
31:began in 1967, involving cooperation among
272:. American Geophysical Union. p. 6.
77:(Norway) and Minnesota, Connecticut and
49:
122:
193:
191:
7:
113:was the world's largest icebreaker.
67:, which can be up to 600 m thick.
14:
237:Journal of Geophysical Research
1:
79:California, Los Angeles (USA)
201:[CMR Årsrapport 07]
199:"Har du møtt Peder pingvin?"
319:British Antarctic Territory
365:
344:20th century in Antarctica
339:Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
264:Eileen Elizabeth Hofmann
65:Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
324:Chile and the Antarctic
302:, accessed 1 March 2011
249:10.1029/jc083ic12p06192
185:, accessed 1 March 2011
170:, accessed 5 March 2011
151:, accessed 5 March 2011
132:, accessed 5 March 2011
96:abundance in the area.
60:Antarctic Bottom Water
55:
329:History of Antarctica
53:
334:Argentine Antarctica
207:CMR Annual Report 07
349:1967 in Antarctica
243:(C12): 6192–6198.
166:2014-01-14 at the
147:2011-07-19 at the
56:
279:978-0-87590-891-5
356:
303:
297:
291:
290:
288:
286:
262:Ross, Robin M.;
259:
253:
252:
232:
226:
225:
223:
221:
215:
204:
195:
186:
180:
171:
158:
152:
139:
133:
127:
364:
363:
359:
358:
357:
355:
354:
353:
309:
308:
307:
306:
298:
294:
284:
282:
280:
261:
260:
256:
234:
233:
229:
219:
217:
216:on 24 July 2011
213:
202:
197:
196:
189:
181:
174:
168:Wayback Machine
159:
155:
149:Wayback Machine
140:
136:
128:
124:
119:
92:, a species of
17:
12:
11:
5:
362:
360:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
311:
310:
305:
304:
292:
278:
254:
227:
187:
172:
153:
134:
121:
120:
118:
115:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
361:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
314:
301:
296:
293:
281:
275:
271:
270:
265:
258:
255:
250:
246:
242:
238:
231:
228:
212:
208:
200:
194:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
157:
154:
150:
146:
143:
138:
135:
131:
126:
123:
116:
114:
112:
108:
104:
103:
102:USCGC Glacier
97:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
71:
68:
66:
61:
52:
48:
46:
45:United States
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
295:
283:. Retrieved
268:
257:
240:
236:
230:
218:. Retrieved
211:the original
206:
156:
137:
125:
110:
101:
98:
87:
72:
69:
57:
24:
20:
18:
220:18 February
94:zooplankton
29:Weddell Sea
313:Categories
117:References
107:icebreaker
164:Archived
145:Archived
43:and the
285:1 March
111:Glacier
83:benthos
276:
75:Bergen
37:Canada
33:Norway
214:(PDF)
203:(PDF)
105:, an
90:krill
41:Chile
25:IWSOE
287:2011
274:ISBN
222:2011
19:The
245:doi
23:or
315::
241:83
239:.
205:.
190:^
175:^
47:.
39:,
35:,
289:.
251:.
247::
224:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
