962:
the issuance of a warrant of arrest for
Lubanga, which was granted by the Pre-Trial Chamber I on 10 February 2006. On 17 March 2006 Congolese authorities surrendered Lubanga to the Court, where he was held in their detention center in the Hague until 20 March 2006, where he made his first court appearance to confirm his identity, ensure he was informed of the crimes of which he was accused, and receive a counsel of defense. From 26 August 2011 to 14 March 2012, the Trial Chamber I, composed of judges from France, the Dominican Republic, and Hungary, heard Lubanga’s case, which included 36 witnesses, including 3 experts called by the Office of the Prosecutor, 24 witnesses called by the defense and three witnesses called by the legal representatives of the victims participating in the proceedings. The Chamber also called four experts and a total of 129 victims, represented by two teams of legal representatives and the Office of Public Counsel for Victims. Trial Chamber I unanimously found Lubanga guilty as a co-perpetrator of the war crimes of conscripting and enlisting children under the age of 15 and using them to participate actively in hostilities from 1 September 2002 to 13 August 2003.
749:
582:
38:
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for the defense, ensure that a person is not detained for an unreasonable period prior to trial, and safeguard information affecting national security Trial: three judges decide if there is enough evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty as charged, sentence those found guilty, and pronounce the sentence in public, order reparation to victims, including restitution, compensation and rehabilitation
5028:
509:, or the process of transforming societies into rights-respecting democracies and addressing past human rights violations. Investigations and trials of leaders who have committed crimes and caused mass political or military atrocities is a key demand of victims of human rights abuses. Prosecution of such criminals can play a key role in restoring dignity to victims, and restoring trusting relationships in society.
5042:
689:
1178:, was arrested on 20 July 2011. The ICTY's final judgment was issued on 29 November 2017 and the institution formally ceased to exist on 31 December 2017. Residual functions of the ICTY, including oversight of sentences and consideration of any appeal proceedings initiated since 1 July 2013, are under the jurisdiction of a successor body, the
949:
proceedings and that the sentence is proportionate to the crimes. The appeal judges are also empowered to confirm, reverse or amend an order for reparations revise the final judgment of conviction or the sentence, and hear appeals on a decision on jurisdiction or admissibility, interim release decisions and interlocutory matters
1515:, p. 6: "Genocide is an action-oriented model designed for moral condemnation, prevention, intervention or punishment. In other words, genocide is a normative, action-oriented concept made for the political struggle, but in order to be operational it leads to simplification, with a focus on government policies.";
953:
but not in the Court’s custody, and one is appealing his conviction. Seventeen proceedings have been completed, resulting in three convictions, one acquittal, six had the charges against them dismissed, two had the charges against them withdrawn, one had his case declared inadmissible, and four died before trial.
941:
summonses to appear, authorize victims to participate, and order witness protection measures. They elect among themselves the ICC president and two vice presidents who head the court. The Court has three
Judicial Divisions who hear matters at different stages of the proceedings: Pre-Trial, Trial, and Appeals.
961:
region between 2002 and 2003. FPLC recruited children as young as 11 from their homes and schools to participate in an ethnic fighting, and many were taken to military camps, where they were beaten, drugged, and girls used as sex slaves. On 13 January 2006 the ICC Prosecution filed an application for
944:
Pre-Trial: three judges decide if there is enough evidence for a case to go to trial, and if so, confirm the charges and commit the case to trial. They are responsible to issue arrest warrants or summonses to appeal, preserve evidence, protect suspects and witnesses, appoint counsel or other support
266:
The rules or principles applied to a case will depend on the type of body presiding over the matter. National courts may not necessarily apply rules and principles from international law as an international tribunal might. The law as applied by specific tribunals may vary depending on the
Statute of
1061:
So far, the
Tribunal has finished 50 trials and convicted 29 accused persons. Another 11 trials are in progress. 14 individuals are awaiting trial in detention; but the prosecutor intends to transfer 5 to national jurisdiction for trial. 13 others are still at large, some suspected to be dead. The
952:
The Court's Pre-Trial
Chambers has publicly indicted 41 people, and issued arrest warrants for 33 others, and summonses to eight more. Seven people are currently in ICC detention. At the trial stage, there are 23 ongoing proceedings, as 12 people are at large as fugitives, three are under arrest
948:
Appeal: five judges handle appeals filed by parties that confirm, reverse or amend a decision on guilt or innocence or on the sentence and potentially order a new trial before a different Trial
Chamber. They also ensure that the conviction was not materially affected by errors or by unfairness of
956:
An example to illustrate the Court’s proceedings is Thomas
Lubanga, 51, a Congolese warlord and the first person convicted by the Court for his crimes of recruiting and using child soldiers. In March 2012, Lubanga was found guilty and sentenced to 14 years in prison for abducting boys and girls
940:
The judicial division of the court consists of 18 judges who are elected by the
Assembly of State Parties for their qualifications, impartiality, and integrity, and serve nine-year, non-renewable terms. The judges are responsible to ensure fair trials, render decisions, issue arrest warrants or
124:
to address the most grievous atrocities. It has not been an ideal instrument to make the fine and nuanced distinctions typical of national law, for these shift focus from those large scale atrocities that "shock the conscience", with which it is concerned. This creates significant differences of
917:
57 people. Proceedings against 25 are ongoing: 20 are at large as fugitives and five are on trial. Proceedings against 32 have been completed: two are serving sentences, seven have finished sentences, four have been acquitted, seven have had the charges against them dismissed, four have had the
523:
is the rule rather than the exemption. A recent documentary, for instance, states that more than 800,000 SS soldiers survived the war. While several thousand were prosecuted for war crimes, only 124 were convicted. The apprehension and conviction rates for international tribunals are as equally
396:
defines genocide as any of five "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group." These five acts are: killing members of the group, causing them serious bodily or mental harm, imposing living conditions intended to destroy the group,
572:
in
Colombia until 1999. The application of human rights treaties to these groups remains the exception, rather than the rule. Human rights are usually understood conceptually as those rights individuals hold against the state, and some scholars argue that they are poorly suited to the task of
1224:, "apply the definition of the crime of aggression" established in customary international law and "have the power to issue international arrest warrants and not be limited by State immunity or the immunity of heads of State and government and other State officials." In November 2022 the
557:
and other payments for damages caused by violations of international law, but does not impose criminal responsibility on organizations in their capacity as organizations. Under
Article 9, the SS and several Nazi other organizations were criminalized, including the Leadership Corps of the
867:. It is designed to complement existing national judicial systems: it can exercise its jurisdiction only when national courts are unwilling or unable to investigate or prosecute such crimes. Primary responsibility to investigate and punish crimes is therefore left to individual states.
1511:, pp. 5–17: "On any ranking of crimes or atrocities, it would be difficult to name an act or event regarded as more heinous. Genocide arguably appears now as the most serious offense in humanity’s lengthy—and, we recognize, still growing—list of moral or legal violations.";
397:
preventing births, and forcibly transferring children out of the group. Victims are targeted because of their real or perceived membership of a group, not randomly. Genocide, especially large-scale genocide, is widely considered to signify the epitome of human
553:(SS), allows the criminalization of certain organizations (presumably state-supported) and prosecution for membership by allowing individuals to be prosecuted where evidence was otherwise insufficient. It also has some implications concerning asset seizures,
483:
of ports. Aggression is generally a leadership crime that can be committed only by those with the power to shape a state's policy of aggression, rather than those who carry it out. The philosophical basis for the wrongness of aggression is found in
3526:
publishes developments in The Hague courts, tribunals and organisations including the International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, and the International Criminal
844:
on 6 May 2002, Sudan on 26 August 2008, and Russia on 30 November 2016—have informed the UN Secretary General that they no longer intend to become states parties and, as such, have no legal obligations arising from their signature of the Statute.
879:
544:
At the trial of any individual member of any group of organization the Tribunal may declare (in connection with any act of which the individual may be convicted) that the group or organization of which the individual was a member was a criminal
799:
The court's creation perhaps constitutes the most significant reform of international law since 1945. It gives authority to the two bodies of international law that deal with treatment of individuals: human rights and humanitarian law.
1232:
and called upon the international community to "take collective action towards the establishment of an international tribunal to prosecute the crime of aggression committed by Russia with its war against Ukraine." In November 2022 the
910:, Nigeria, Georgia, Honduras, South Korea, Ukraine and Venezuela. Preliminary investigations were closed in Gabon; Honduras; registered vessels of Comoros, Greece, and Cambodia; South Korea; and Colombia on events since 1 July 2002.
504:
The prosecution of severe international crimes—including genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes—is necessary to enforce international criminal law and deliver justice to victims. This is an important component of
60:
designed to prohibit certain categories of conduct commonly viewed as serious atrocities and to make perpetrators of such conduct criminally accountable for their perpetration. The core crimes under international law are
820:
242:
International criminal law is a subset of international law. As such, its sources are those that comprise international law. The classical enumeration of those sources is in Article 38(1) of the 1946 Statute of the
839:
obliges these states to refrain from "acts which would defeat the object and purpose" of the treaty until they declare they do not intend to become a party to the treaty. Four signatory states—Israel in 2002, the
659:
937:
in the situation of the DR Congo) is to start in July 2011 while two new cases (against a total of six persons in the situation of Kenya) will begin with the suspects' first appearances in April 2011.
1039:. Through several resolutions, the Security Council called on the Tribunal to complete its investigations by end of 2004, complete all trial activities by end of 2008, and complete all work in 2012.
899:
2038:
436:. Like genocide, crimes against humanity can be committed against people who do not fulfill the criteria of protected persons in the context of interstate conflicts and are part of an official
914:
1191:
907:
3755:
1094:
871:
604:
201:
1101:
International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991
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1849:
1804:
1179:
1078:
903:
895:
519:
genocide is worth it because not only does it often work, but the chances of punishment for those who orchestrate and carry it out are, if existent, relatively inconsequential.
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891:
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only in cases where the accused is a national of a state party, the alleged crime took place on the territory of a state party, or a situation is referred to the court by the
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883:
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841:
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186:
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30:
This article is about international criminal law and crimes against international law. For crimes that have actual or potential effect across national borders, see
3010:
Practice and Procedure of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia with selected materials from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
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1028:
1001:
89:
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under the age of 15 and forcing them to fight in for his army, the Force Patriotique pour la Libération du Congo (FPLC), in the Democratic Republic of Congo’s
141:. However, it was only after the war that a truly international crime tribunal was envisaged to try perpetrators of crimes committed in this period. Thus, the
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The sum of (a) states parties, (b) signatories and (c) non-signatory United Nations member states is 195. This number is two more than the number of
5009:
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1148:
836:
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1171:. Various countries reached agreements with the UN to carry out custodial sentences. The last indictment issued by the ICTY was on 15 March 2004.
594:
2104:
1922:
1884:
100:, thus inventing international criminal law. After being dormant for decades, international criminal law was revived in the 1990s to address the
1639:
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were member states, but later withdrew effective 27 October 2017 and 17 March 2019, respectively. A further 31 countries have signed but not
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933:. Another two people have been committed to a fourth trial in the situation of Darfur, Sudan. One confirmation of charges hearing (against
615:
Apart from these institutions, some "hybrid" courts and tribunals exist—judicial bodies with both international and national judges:
496:
ruled in 1946 that aggression was "the supreme international crime" because "it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole".
2614:
2468:
1147:, which was passed on 25 May 1993. It had jurisdiction over four clusters of crime that had been committed on the territory of the former
2130:
5087:
3568:
2687:
1292:
856:, are critical of the Court. Ukraine, a non-ratifying signatory, has accepted the Court's jurisdiction for a period starting in 2013.
1519:, pp. 149–189: "... genocide has become the yardstick, the gold standard for identifying and measuring political evil in our times
3617:
3262:
3449:
3424:
2768:"PACE calls for an ad hoc international criminal tribunal to hold to account perpetrators of the crime of aggression against Ukraine"
4435:
3993:
3892:
3381:
3364:
3213:
3194:
3101:
3087:
3070:
3021:
2001:
1976:
735:
1728:
748:
255:, general principles of law (and as a subsidiary measure judicial decisions and the most highly qualified juristic writings). The
4549:
4418:
3203:
2377:"Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, concerning referral from the Gabonese Republic"
922:
181:
held its first session in 1945 and pronounced judgments on 30 September / 1 October 1946. A similar tribunal was established for
5004:
4351:
4252:
2563:
2539:
2515:
2491:
1320:
1141:
1082:
997:
864:
710:
493:
197:
101:
42:
1074:, all first-instance cases were to have completed trial by the end of 2008 (this date was later extended to the end of 2009).
4511:
4145:
3821:
3765:
3537:
Web Archives (archived 2004-01-13) – provides access to several databases on human rights and international criminal law.
1277:
709:
Too much specific info is currently included after "It 'ICC indictees'"; this section should be a summary/overview only; see
619:
268:
244:
2006:
1455:
906:. Additionally, the Office of the Prosecutor conducted preliminary examinations in situations in Bolivia, Colombia, Guinea,
96:
revolutionized international law by applying its prohibitions directly to individuals, in this case the defeated leaders of
3864:
3637:
2588:
1946:
1237:
said the EU will work to establish an ad hoc criminal tribunal to investigate and prosecute Russia's crime of aggression.
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contains an exhaustive list of acts of aggression that can give rise to individual criminal responsibility, which include
3530:
2962:
459:
is the planning, initiation, or execution of a large-scale and serious act of aggression using state military force. The
4671:
4150:
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2242:
1776:
1267:
678:
639:
590:
449:
260:
237:
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217:
109:
811:, entered into force—and it can only prosecute crimes committed on or after that date. The court's official seat is in
704:
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3826:
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3144:
1708:
1225:
1205:
252:
2437:
2308:
2181:
5092:
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3117:
581:
146:
823:, including all the countries of South America, nearly all of Europe, most of Oceania and roughly half of Africa.
4724:
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3026:(fr) Jean Albert (dir.), L'avenir de la justice pénale internationale, Institut Presage, Bruylant, 2018, 383 p. (
401:, and can be committed against protected or non-protected persons alike in the context of interstate conflicts.
37:
4519:
4501:
3013:
930:
367:
57:
4170:
3548:, prominent international criminal law blog covering current developments, often cited in media including the
3272:
1495:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide art. 2, 78 U.N.T.S. 277, 9 December 1948.
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to finish its work by December 31, 2014, and to prepare its closure and transition of cases to the Mechanism.
573:
resolving disputes that arise in the course of armed conflict between the state and armed opposition groups.
4894:
4681:
4155:
3674:
3484:
3186:
1212:, have called for the establishment of an international criminal tribunal to "investigate and prosecute the
1047:
404:
325:
294:
166:
121:
70:
2853:"NATO Parliamentary Assembly designates Russia as a terrorist state, calls for Tribunal - Euromaidan Press"
2674:
1960:
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As of March 2011, three trials against four people are underway: two trials regarding the situation in the
918:
charges against them withdrawn, and eight have died before the conclusion of the proceedings against them.
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3699:
3555:
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1262:
1252:
1229:
1164:
1070:, interim Prime Minister, pleaded guilty. According to the ICTR's Completion Strategy, in accordance with
848:
Forty-one additional states have neither signed nor acceded to the Rome Statute. Some of them, including
785:
623:
348:
193:
158:
1174:
A total of 161 persons were indicted by the ICTY during the course of its existence. The final fugitive,
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4324:
4135:
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will begin functioning with respect to the work begun by the ICTR. The ICTR has been called upon by the
934:
375:
371:
3268:
2376:
2091:
2060:
1909:
1871:
1349:
Genocide, Torture and Terrorism: Ranking International Crimes and Justifying Humanitarian Intervention
4774:
4120:
3775:
3632:
2867:"Statement by President von der Leyen on Russian accountability and the use of Russian frozen assets"
1842:"United Nations Treaty Database entry regarding the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
1805:"United Nations Treaty Database entry regarding the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
1677:
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142:
81:
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182:
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31:
3357:
The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation
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379:
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2475:
1726:"The International Criminal Court – A Historic Development in the Fight for Justice"
17:
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2196:
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1968:
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1054:, which are defined as violations of Common Article Three and Additional Protocol II of the
1005:
359:
105:
2818:"President Zelensky: We are doing everything to create Special Tribunal for Russian crimes"
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Some domestic courts have also been established to hear international crimes, such as the
485:
448:(1948). Crimes against humanity have been prosecuted by international courts (such as the
174:
93:
3199:
1965:
The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents
1725:
3042:
1996:
819:, but its proceedings may take place anywhere. As of February 2024, 124 states are
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contains an analogous, though not identical, set of sources that the court may rely on.
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2238:"Ukraine accepts ICC jurisdiction over alleged crimes committed since 20 February 2014"
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2033:
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the Tribunal. They may also apply national laws if given the authority to do so as the
1589:""Genocide Is Worth It": Broadening the Logic of Atrocity Prevention for State Actors"
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4914:
4873:
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International Criminal Court is sometimes abbreviated as ICCt to distinguish it from
1120:
1067:
550:
150:
3165:
2944:"Russia-Ukraine War: Top E.U. Official Calls for Tribunal for War Crimes in Ukraine"
5046:
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4215:
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4019:
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3047:
2892:"Ukraine: Commission presents options to make sure that Russia pays for its crimes"
1784:
1312:
1257:
1063:
1016:, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.
860:
832:
796:(although it cannot currently exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression).
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565:
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International criminal law does not, at present, apply to armed opposition groups.
512:
460:
441:
421:
351:
347:. They also include, for any individual that is part of the command structure, who
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establishing the ICC was signed. The ICC issued its first arrest warrants in 2005.
225:
170:
154:
126:
97:
85:
3374:
Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations
3205:
Global Justice or Global Revenge? International Criminal Justice at the Crossroads
407:
are widespread or systemic criminal acts which are committed by or on behalf of a
2793:"Ukraine calls for international tribunal to bring Putin to justice more quickly"
1439:
432:, and they apply to widespread practices rather than acts which are committed by
153:. In the event, however, the Kaiser was granted asylum in the Netherlands. After
5027:
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4909:
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4272:
4237:
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2714:"ICTY President Agius delivers final address to United Nations General Assembly"
2323:
1992:
1605:
1588:
1316:
1246:
1156:
1134:
828:
816:
476:
433:
138:
2592:
1397:"The ICTR in Brief | United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda"
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4841:
4779:
4524:
4445:
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4398:
4380:
4368:
4329:
4175:
4165:
4125:
4110:
4094:
4044:
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3976:
3429:
United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect
3369:
3352:
2029:"Annan regrets US decision not to ratify International Criminal Court statute"
1221:
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559:
472:
363:
309:
162:
137:
Some precedents in international criminal law can be found in the time before
3560:
3404:
2208:
2154:
1220:." Under the Council of Europe's proposal, the tribunal should be located in
4939:
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4846:
4821:
4686:
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4544:
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4363:
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1703:
1130:
812:
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633:
425:
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344:
305:
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66:
3330:, University of Cambridge Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 11/2022 (2022)
2651:"History | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia"
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2344:
2200:
2146:
428:, crimes against humanity do not have to take place within the context of
4988:
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4676:
4561:
4358:
3902:
3689:
3157:
3113:
Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World
2963:"E.U. proposes special tribunal to investigate Russian crimes in Ukraine"
2220:
1997:"International Criminal Court: Letter to UN Secretary General Kofi Annan"
1324:
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777:
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Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide (2014).
1396:
824:
340:
332:
321:
3523:
3142:(1 July 2012). "Perspectives on Norman Naimark's Stalin's Genocides".
2688:"The ICTY renders its final judgement in the Prlić et al. appeal case"
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4831:
4576:
4467:
4462:
4408:
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3531:
The Documentation Centre Netherlands Institute for Human Rights (SIM)
2092:"Reference: C.N.886.2016.TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification)"
1910:"Reference: C.N.138.2018.TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification)"
1872:"Reference: C.N.805.2016.TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification)"
1680:. However, the more common abbreviation ICC is used in this article.
1373:"History | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia"
1125:
1116:
1020:
1013:
804:
524:
disconcerting, even as they are empowering for would-be perpetrators.
437:
209:
45:
in Nuremberg was the first court to apply international criminal law.
3082:. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2003, xxxvi + 823 pp.
2636:
1529:
388:
is the intentional destruction of a people in whole or in part. The
220:
had commenced preparatory work for the establishment of a permanent
3540:
2989:"EU special tribunal on Russia an 'important move' to show Ukraine"
1629:. Cambridge Studies in Internation and Comparative Law. p. 56.
1481:
Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide 2014
1186:
Proposed international criminal tribunal for the Russian Federation
120:
International criminal law is best understood as an attempt by the
80:
Classical international law governs the relationships, rights, and
4919:
4863:
4769:
4610:
4413:
3912:
3327:
The Americas in and before a Century of International Criminal Law
3043:
Crime and Global Justice. The Dynamics of International Punishment
2917:"EU Explores New Steps to Probe Russian Crimes, Use Frozen Assets"
853:
849:
747:
580:
568:
standards have been applied to these groups in some cases, as the
36:
3545:
3288:
1653:"Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor's Office"
4801:
4749:
4605:
4003:
3919:
2469:"Case Information Sheet: The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo"
1702:
United Nations Department of Public Information, December 2002.
398:
3846:
3564:
3501:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, xlviii + 530 pp.
1058:(dealing with war crimes committed during internal conflicts).
125:
analysis between the legal systems, notably for the concept of
3873:
2650:
2355:
2327:
2061:"Reference: C.N.612.2008.TREATIES-6 (Depositary Notification)"
1627:
Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International Law
1372:
682:
429:
317:
145:
stated that an international tribunal was to be set up to try
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1216:" committed by "the political and military leadership of the
660:
Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor’s Office
3094:
Judging War Criminals. The Politics of International Justice
1771:
1769:
1767:
1652:
3518:
2578: page 1. 18 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
2438:"Thomas Lubanga sentenced to 14 years for Congo war crimes"
2418:
1787:
being states parties but not United Nations member states.
1192:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Russian Federation
224:
in 1993; in 1998, at a diplomatic conference in Rome, the
3756:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
3389:"Quantifying Genocide: What Are We Really Counting (On)?"
3178:, International Criminal Law Review 9 (3), 445-499 (2009)
2718:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
2692:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
1444:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 63–66.
1105:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1095:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1089:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1035:). In 1998 the operation of the Tribunal was expanded in
803:
It came into being on July 1, 2002—the date its founding
655:
War Crimes Chamber of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
605:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
549:
Article 9, which was used to prosecute membership in the
202:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
3791:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
3208:, Vienna / New York: Springer, 2003, ix + 449 pp.
1180:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
1079:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
3842:
1535:, Bartram S. Brown, ed., Edgar Elgar Publishing, 2011.
1424:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 41.
1422:
The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice
316:
responsibility for actions committed in connection to
2615:"Rwanda genocide court says mandate extended to 2009"
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1031:. (From 2006, Arusha also became the location of the
312:
treaties or provisions that gives rise to individual
3096:. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999, xvii + 230 pp.
4997:
4887:
4710:
4619:
4510:
4389:
4291:
4012:
3880:
3799:
3730:
3661:
3598:
3499:
International Criminal Law: A Critical Introduction
3065:. London etc.: Cavendish, 2001, lvi + 323 pp.
3746:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
3472:Gerhard Werle, Lovell Fernandez, Moritz Vormbaum,
3257:. Cambridge University Press, 2009, vii + 257 pp.
2530: 22 February 1995. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
1961:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
440:or tolerated by authorities. A global standard of
2506: 8 November 1994. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
1947:The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
585:The Lebanon Tribunal in Leidschendam, Netherlands
161:set up an international tribunal to try not only
3776:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
3751:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3225:Genocide and Human Rights: A Philosophical Guide
2942:Olson, Carly; Surman, Matt (November 30, 2022).
1484:
809:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
630:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
187:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2554: 30 April 1998. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2413:
1959:Schindler, Dietrich; Toman, JirĂ, eds. (2004).
1533:Research Handbook on International Criminal Law
874:, the Central African Republic, CĂ´te d'Ivoire,
517:
320:. These actions include intentionally killing,
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
1678:several other organisations abbreviated as ICC
1476:
1288:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)
589:Today, the most important institution is the
335:; unnecessarily destroying protected civilian
108:, leading to the establishment of a permanent
90:Charter of the International Military Tribunal
3858:
3576:
3479:Gerhard Werle and Florian Jessberger (eds.),
3324:Francisco-José Quintana and Justina Uriburu,
1576:International Center for Transitional Justice
1004:in order to judge people responsible for the
870:To date, the Court: opened investigations in
752:The International Criminal Court in The Hague
8:
3336:'Crimes Against Peace' and International Law
2129:Jianping, Lu; Zhixiang, Wang (6 July 2005).
285:The core crimes under international law are
3474:Africa and the International Criminal Court
3061:Ilias Bantekas, Susan Nash, Mark Mackarel,
1167:. The maximum sentence it could impose was
986:Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda
3865:
3851:
3843:
3761:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3583:
3569:
3561:
3080:Introduction to International Criminal Law
2675:Serbia's last war crimes fugitive arrested
1273:International Criminal Police Organization
1033:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
978:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
972:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
966:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
667:International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)
610:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
577:Institutions of international criminal law
214:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3781:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
3175:Regionalizing International Criminal Law?
2189:Journal of International Criminal Justice
2135:Journal of International Criminal Justice
1967:(Fourth Revised and Completed ed.).
1604:
1547:Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups
1516:
736:Learn how and when to remove this message
650:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
570:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
490:war without a just cause for self-defense
5010:History of the American legal profession
3481:Principles of International Criminal Law
3008:John E. Ackerman and Eugene O'Sullivan,
1949:, Article 18. Accessed 23 November 2006.
1249:(database on International Criminal Law)
622:(investigating the crimes committed the
2987:Carbonaro, Giulia (November 30, 2022).
1724:Amnesty International (11 April 2002).
1620:
1618:
1616:
1559:
1512:
1339:
1304:
1228:designated the Russian Federation as a
1208:and several governments, including the
366:despite surrender; the conscription of
2762:
2760:
2758:
2250:from the original on 17 September 2015
2041:from the original on 27 September 2021
1504:
362:of protected persons; the granting of
3556:Peace Palace Library - Research Guide
2110:from the original on 20 December 2016
446:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
232:Sources of international criminal law
7:
3312:from the original on 30 January 2016
1928:from the original on 3 November 2018
1890:from the original on 29 October 2016
1508:
1441:Cassese's International Criminal Law
1129:court, the tribunal was situated in
1123:, and to try their perpetrators. An
1008:and other serious violations of the
996:established in November 1994 by the
642:(investigating the assassination of
3497:Alexander Zahar and Goran Sluiter,
3279:Moscow: Yurait Publ., 2019, 509 p.
3277:International Criminal Law. 4th ed.
2961:Rauhala, Emily (30 November 2022).
1458:from the original on April 29, 2016
1293:World Day for International Justice
1103:, more commonly referred to as the
1042:The tribunal has jurisdiction over
821:parties to the Statute of the Court
275:Core crimes under international law
3448:Voice of America (15 March 2016).
2613:Obulutsa, George (July 29, 2008).
2131:"China's Attitude Towards the ICC"
1351:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 89.
1151:since 1991: grave breaches of the
192:After the beginning of the war in
189:). It operated from 1946 to 1948.
25:
3994:Restitution and unjust enrichment
2002:United States Department of State
1852:from the original on 23 July 2021
1115:established to prosecute serious
859:The court can generally exercise
632:(investigating the crimes of the
452:) as well as by domestic courts.
5041:
5040:
5026:
3519:The International Criminal Court
2324:"Situations under investigation"
2180:Ramanathan, Usha (6 July 2005).
2009:from the original on 31 May 2002
1846:United Nations Treaty Collection
1809:United Nations Treaty Collection
1705:The International Criminal Court
1206:NATO Parliamentary Assembly
1072:Security Council Resolution 1503
923:Democratic Republic of the Congo
880:Democratic Republic of the Congo
687:
5005:History of the legal profession
2677:, Al Jazeera.net, 20 July 2011.
2564:United Nations Security Council
2540:United Nations Security Council
2516:United Nations Security Council
2492:United Nations Security Council
2358:from the original on 2022-03-01
2330:from the original on 2021-12-28
1593:Genocide Studies and Prevention
1142:United Nations Security Council
1083:United Nations Security Council
998:United Nations Security Council
865:United Nations Security Council
494:International Military Tribunal
198:United Nations Security Council
102:war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars
43:International Military Tribunal
18:International criminal tribunal
3822:International humanitarian law
3766:Special Court for Sierra Leone
3376:. Nijhoff, 1992, 252 pp.
3338:. Cambridge University Press.
3296:"Legal definition of genocide"
2307:International Criminal Court.
1420:Cassese, Antonia, ed. (2009).
1278:International humanitarian law
908:Iraq / the United Kingdom
768:; commonly referred to as the
620:Special Court for Sierra Leone
269:Special Court for Sierra Leone
245:International Court of Justice
204:(ICTY) in 1993 and, after the
1:
3359:. Kluwer, 1997, 508 pp.
3255:Making Sense of Mass Atrocity
2923:. Bloomberg. 30 November 2022
2436:Smith, David (10 July 2012).
1019:In 1995 it became located in
780:to prosecute individuals for
5083:International Criminal Court
3786:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
3771:International Criminal Court
3189:, 2002, xxxi + 482 pp.
2268:Articles 12 & 13 of the
2243:International Criminal Court
1777:United Nations member states
1268:International Criminal Court
1140:The ICTY was established by
758:International Criminal Court
679:International Criminal Court
673:International Criminal Court
640:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
591:International Criminal Court
450:International Criminal Court
349:orders any attempt to commit
261:International Criminal Court
238:Sources of international law
222:International Criminal Court
218:International Law Commission
110:International Criminal Court
3827:International speech crimes
3608:Customary international law
3145:Journal of Cold War Studies
3016:, 2002, xxi + 555 pp.
2298:. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
2285:. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
1715:. Accessed 5 December 2006.
1606:10.5038/1911-9933.13.3.1675
1226:NATO Parliamentary Assembly
707:. The specific problem is:
253:customary international law
5109:
5088:International criminal law
4672:International legal theory
4151:International slavery laws
4146:International human rights
4141:International criminal law
3648:Convention Against Torture
3592:International criminal law
3183:International Criminal Law
3181:Kriangsak Kittichaisaree,
3118:Cambridge University Press
3063:International Criminal Law
2352:"Preliminary examinations"
2272:. Accessed 20 March 2008.
1735:. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
1642:. Accessed 13 August 2015.
1625:Zegveld, Liesbeth (2002).
1189:
1092:
969:
766:Cour PĂ©nale Internationale
703:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
676:
593:(ICC), as well as several
278:
235:
50:International criminal law
29:
5020:
4725:Administration of justice
3817:Joint criminal enterprise
3541:Cambodia Tribunal Monitor
3334:Sellars, Kirsten (2013).
1761:. Accessed 20 March 2008.
1748:. Accessed 20 March 2008.
1693:. Accessed 20 March 2008.
1530:"Crimes Against Humanity"
370:; and flouting the legal
4502:Basic structure doctrine
4352:Natural and legal rights
4233:Public international law
3737:(in order of foundation)
3524:The Hague Justice Portal
3387:Towner, Emil B. (2011).
3273:Alexei G. Kibalnik (eds)
3014:Kluwer Law International
2950:– via NYTimes.com.
2589:"ICTR - Status of Cases"
2313:. Accessed 21 July 2007.
2310:Office of the Prosecutor
1347:Thomas W. Simon (2016).
931:Central African Republic
368:children in the military
58:public international law
27:Public international law
4682:Principle of typicality
4156:International trade law
3675:Crimes against humanity
3485:Oxford University Press
3237:10.1057/9780230554832_1
3187:Oxford University Press
1048:crimes against humanity
786:crimes against humanity
444:was articulated in the
405:Crimes against humanity
295:crimes against humanity
167:crimes against humanity
122:international community
71:crimes against humanity
3832:Universal jurisdiction
3807:Command responsibility
3700:Incitement to genocide
3638:United Nations Charter
3221:"The Evil in Genocide"
2739:"UNSC Resolution 1966"
1587:Waller, James (2019).
1311:Usually defined as an
1263:Incitement to genocide
1253:Command responsibility
1230:terrorist organization
1165:crime against humanity
1157:laws or customs of war
894:, Bangladesh/Myanmar,
835:the Rome Statute. The
765:
753:
624:Sierra Leone Civil War
586:
547:
526:
308:is a violation of the
46:
4677:Principle of legality
4436:Delegated legislation
4136:Intellectual property
3425:"Genocide Background"
3050:, 2018, 288 pp.
2637:"Completion Strategy"
1528:Margaret M. DeGuzman,
1485:Voice of America 2016
1210:Government of Ukraine
1119:committed during the
751:
584:
542:
475:by the use of force,
420:that grossly violate
40:
4895:Barristers' chambers
4837:Legal representation
4775:Justice of the peace
4121:Financial regulation
3733:International courts
3633:Nuremberg principles
3219:Lang, Berel (2005).
3158:10.1162/JCWS_a_00250
2625:on January 12, 2009.
2246:. 8 September 2015.
2169:on 14 December 2005.
2103:. 30 November 2016.
1507:, pp. 625–638;
1155:, violations of the
1111:, was a body of the
1077:On July 1, 2012, an
718:improve this section
507:transitional justice
488:, in which waging a
143:Treaty of Versailles
4930:Election commission
4642:Expressive function
4171:Landlord–tenant law
4070:Consumer protection
3680:Crime of aggression
3643:Genocide Convention
3546:Justice in Conflict
3535:Library of Congress
3450:"What Is Genocide?"
3231:UK. pp. 5–17.
3076:M. Cherif Bassiouni
2896:European Commission
2871:European Commission
2855:. 21 November 2022.
2824:. 30 November 2022.
2201:10.1093/jicj/mqi055
2182:"India and the ICC"
2147:10.1093/jicj/mqi056
1883:. 28 October 2016.
1545:Zegveld, Liesbeth.
1477:United Nations 2019
1235:European Commission
1214:crime of aggression
1202:European Commission
994:international court
794:crime of aggression
469:military occupation
457:crime of aggression
394:Genocide Convention
299:crime of aggression
183:Japanese war crimes
75:crime of aggression
32:Transnational crime
4888:Legal institutions
4755:Lawsuit/Litigation
4745:Dispute resolution
4550:Catholic canon law
4258:State of emergency
4221:Will and testament
3945:Law of obligations
3898:Constitutional law
3888:Administrative law
3685:Crime of apartheid
3623:Geneva Conventions
3229:Palgrave Macmillan
3108:Gerlach, Christian
3012:. The Hague etc.:
2948:The New York Times
2694:. 29 November 2017
2294:Article 20 of the
2281:Article 17 of the
1815:on 18 January 2011
1781:State of Palestine
1744:Article 11 of the
1731:2014-12-24 at the
1711:2006-12-05 at the
1572:"Criminal Justice"
1218:Russian Federation
1153:Geneva Conventions
1056:Geneva Conventions
754:
587:
380:military necessity
179:Nuremberg Tribunal
92:and the following
47:
5093:International law
5070:
5069:
4730:Constitutionalism
4652:Law and economics
4490:Act of parliament
4228:Product liability
4181:Legal archaeology
4106:Environmental law
4100:Entertainment law
3940:International law
3840:
3839:
3666:international law
3628:Nuremberg Charter
3618:Hague Conventions
3507:978-0-406-95904-1
3493:978-0-19-870359-4
3487:, 3rd. ed. 2014,
3476:. Springer, 2014.
3460:on 11 August 2017
3345:978-1-107-02884-5
3285:978-5-534-11607-6
3269:Anatoly V. Naumov
3246:978-0-230-55483-2
3127:978-1-139-49351-2
3056:978-1-50951-262-1
3040:and Alice Pease,
3038:Daniele Archibugi
3032:978-2-8027-5345-2
2822:www.ukrinform.net
2772:Council of Europe
2379:. ICC. 2016-09-29
1921:. 19 March 2018.
1779:(193) due to the
1757:Article 3 of the
1689:Article 5 of the
1451:978-0-19-969492-1
1358:978-1-349-56169-8
1283:International law
1198:Council of Europe
1169:life imprisonment
1066:, began in 1997.
1064:Jean-Paul Akayesu
1010:international law
915:publicly indicted
776:) is a permanent
746:
745:
738:
705:quality standards
696:This section may
538:Nuremberg Charter
536:Article 9 of the
330:protected persons
84:of states. After
16:(Redirected from
5100:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5031:
5030:
4854:Question of fact
4735:Criminal justice
4065:Construction law
4060:Conflict of laws
4025:Agricultural law
3867:
3860:
3853:
3844:
3800:Related concepts
3738:
3695:Genocidal intent
3585:
3578:
3571:
3562:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3456:. Archived from
3454:Voice of America
3444:
3442:
3440:
3435:on 17 April 2023
3431:. Archived from
3416:
3399:(3/4): 625–638.
3349:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3300:
3250:
3172:Charles Jalloh,
3169:
3135:
3092:Yves Beigbeder,
2997:
2996:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:"Resolution 479"
2832:
2826:
2825:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2764:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2621:. Archived from
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2591:. Archived from
2585:
2579:
2576:S/RES/1824(2008)
2561:
2555:
2552:S/RES/1165(1998)
2537:
2531:
2513:
2507:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2481:on June 2, 2016.
2480:
2474:. Archived from
2473:
2465:
2446:
2445:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2415:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2219:. Archived from
2186:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2165:. Archived from
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2072:. 27 August 2008
2065:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1971:. p. 1383.
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1811:. Archived from
1801:
1788:
1773:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1722:
1716:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1584:
1578:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1526:
1520:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1436:Cassese, Antonio
1432:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1401:unictr.irmct.org
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1344:
1328:
1309:
1062:first trial, of
1006:Rwandan genocide
741:
734:
730:
727:
721:
691:
690:
683:
515:concludes that
492:is unjust. The
360:ethnic cleansing
200:established the
106:Rwandan genocide
82:responsibilities
21:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5039:
5025:
5016:
4993:
4984:Political party
4957:Legal education
4945:Law enforcement
4925:Court of equity
4883:
4859:Question of law
4812:Practice of law
4792:Judicial review
4706:
4657:Legal formalism
4637:Comparative law
4632:Contract theory
4615:
4535:Legal pluralism
4506:
4495:Act of Congress
4419:Executive order
4385:
4287:
4206:Nationality law
4131:Immigration law
4055:Competition law
4008:
3876:
3871:
3841:
3836:
3812:Superior orders
3795:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3726:
3668:
3665:
3657:
3613:Peremptory norm
3594:
3589:
3550:Washington Post
3515:
3483:. Oxford etc.:
3463:
3461:
3447:
3438:
3436:
3419:
3386:
3346:
3333:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3298:
3293:
3247:
3218:
3185:. Oxford etc.:
3140:Hollander, Paul
3138:
3128:
3106:
3005:
3000:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2967:Washington Post
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2607:
2598:
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2587:
2586:
2582:
2562:
2558:
2538:
2534:
2528:S/RES/977(1995)
2514:
2510:
2504:S/RES/955(1994)
2490:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2449:
2435:
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2423:www.icc-cpi.int
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2226:on 14 May 2006.
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2012:
2010:
1993:Bolton, John R.
1991:
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1243:
1194:
1188:
1097:
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1037:Resolution 1165
974:
968:
876:Darfur in Sudan
837:law of treaties
742:
731:
725:
722:
715:
692:
688:
681:
675:
579:
531:
502:
486:just war theory
479:, and military
376:proportionality
339:; deception by
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135:
118:
94:Nuremberg trial
56:) is a body of
35:
28:
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15:
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5033:Law portal
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4376:Legal treatise
4373:
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4342:Letters patent
4339:
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4297:
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4293:Sources of law
4289:
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4278:Unenforced law
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4050:Commercial law
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3664:Crimes against
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3513:External links
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3477:
3470:
3445:
3421:United Nations
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3303:United Nations
3291:
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3263:978-0521861854
3251:
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3197:
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3170:
3152:(3): 149–189.
3136:
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2340:
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2300:
2296:"Rome Statute"
2287:
2283:"Rome Statute"
2274:
2261:
2229:
2195:(3): 627–634.
2172:
2141:(3): 608–620.
2121:
2100:United Nations
2083:
2069:United Nations
2052:
2037:. 8 May 2002.
2034:United Nations
2020:
1995:(6 May 2002).
1984:
1977:
1951:
1939:
1918:United Nations
1901:
1880:United Nations
1863:
1826:
1789:
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1750:
1737:
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1695:
1682:
1669:
1657:www.scp-ks.org
1644:
1632:
1612:
1579:
1564:
1562:, p. 165.
1552:
1549:. p. 107.
1537:
1521:
1517:Hollander 2012
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1242:
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1190:Main article:
1187:
1184:
1145:Resolution 827
1113:United Nations
1093:Main article:
1090:
1087:
1029:Resolution 977
1002:Resolution 955
970:Main article:
967:
964:
929:regarding the
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743:
695:
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677:Main article:
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390:United Nations
318:armed conflict
281:Atrocity crime
276:
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259:governing the
247:and comprise:
233:
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175:Imperial Japan
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4874:Trier of fact
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4760:Legal opinion
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4589:Byzantine law
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4540:Religious law
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4268:Transport law
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4186:Legal fiction
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4116:Financial law
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4075:Corporate law
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3999:Statutory law
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3881:Core subjects
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3712:Slave trading
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3398:
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3390:
3385:
3383:
3382:0-7923-1453-0
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:Lyal S. Sunga
3368:
3366:
3365:90-411-0472-0
3362:
3358:
3354:
3353:Lyal S. Sunga
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3214:3-211-00795-4
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3201:
3198:
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3195:0-19-876577-0
3192:
3188:
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3159:
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3141:
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3129:
3123:
3120:. p. 6.
3119:
3115:
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3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:0-333-68153-3
3099:
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3091:
3089:
3088:1-57105-286-0
3085:
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3071:1-85941-557-1
3068:
3064:
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3057:
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3049:
3046:. Cambridge:
3045:
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3019:
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2921:Bloomberg.com
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2595:on 2009-07-21
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2008:
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1998:
1994:
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1978:90-04-13818-8
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1599:(3): 97–110.
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1121:Yugoslav Wars
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1068:Jean Kambanda
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842:United States
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719:
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711:the talk page
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551:Schutzstaffel
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545:organization.
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352:mass killings
350:
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216:in 1994. The
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190:
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184:
180:
176:
172:
169:committed by
168:
164:
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159:Allied powers
156:
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151:German Empire
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39:
33:
19:
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5052:
5038:
5024:
4797:Jurisdiction
4765:Legal remedy
4720:Adjudication
4620:Legal theory
4458:Ratification
4453:Promulgation
4424:Proclamation
4404:Codification
4337:Human rights
4325:Divine right
4315:Constitution
4283:Women in law
4201:Military law
4196:Marriage law
4191:Maritime law
4140:
4090:Election law
4030:Aviation law
4020:Abortion law
3972:Property law
3908:Criminal law
3663:
3653:Rome Statute
3591:
3498:
3480:
3473:
3462:. Retrieved
3458:the original
3437:. Retrieved
3433:the original
3428:
3396:
3392:
3373:
3356:
3335:
3325:
3314:. Retrieved
3287:
3276:
3254:
3253:Mark Osiel,
3224:
3204:
3200:Hans Köchler
3182:
3173:
3149:
3143:
3132:Google Books
3130:– via
3112:
3093:
3079:
3062:
3048:Polity Press
3041:
3009:
3003:Bibliography
2992:
2982:
2970:. Retrieved
2966:
2956:
2947:
2937:
2925:. Retrieved
2920:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2861:
2847:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2802:17 September
2800:. Retrieved
2797:The Guardian
2796:
2787:
2777:17 September
2775:. Retrieved
2745:. Retrieved
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2717:
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2691:
2682:
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2655:www.icty.org
2654:
2645:
2631:
2623:the original
2618:
2608:
2597:. Retrieved
2593:the original
2583:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2476:the original
2442:the Guardian
2441:
2431:
2422:
2381:. Retrieved
2371:
2360:. Retrieved
2332:. Retrieved
2318:
2309:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2270:Rome Statute
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2241:
2232:
2221:the original
2192:
2188:
2175:
2167:the original
2138:
2134:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2098:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2067:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2032:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2000:
1987:
1964:
1954:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1916:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1878:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1845:
1817:. Retrieved
1813:the original
1808:
1785:Cook Islands
1759:Rome Statute
1753:
1746:Rome Statute
1740:
1720:
1704:
1698:
1691:Rome Statute
1685:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1656:
1647:
1640:trial-ch.org
1635:
1626:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1560:Sellars 2013
1555:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1513:Gerlach 2010
1500:
1491:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1440:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1404:. Retrieved
1400:
1391:
1380:. Retrieved
1377:www.icty.org
1376:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1307:
1258:Criminal law
1195:
1176:Goran Hadžić
1173:
1139:
1124:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1076:
1060:
1041:
1018:
989:
985:
981:
977:
975:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
920:
912:
869:
861:jurisdiction
858:
847:
802:
798:
773:
769:
757:
755:
732:
723:
716:Please help
708:
697:
664:
644:Rafik Hariri
614:
595:
588:
566:Human rights
564:
548:
543:
535:
532:
518:
513:James Waller
511:
503:
500:Prosecutions
461:Rome Statute
454:
442:human rights
422:human rights
412:
403:
384:
372:distinctions
328:, or taking
303:
284:
265:
257:Rome Statute
241:
226:Rome Statute
191:
171:Nazi Germany
155:World War II
136:
127:legal intent
119:
98:Nazi Germany
86:World War II
79:
53:
49:
48:
4969:Legislature
4900:Bureaucracy
4697:Rule of man
4692:Rule of law
4667:Libertarian
4530:Chinese law
4431:Legislation
4381:Regulations
4369:Law reports
4347:Natural law
4243:Reparations
4238:Refugee law
4161:Jurimetrics
4102:(Media law)
4040:Banking law
4035:Amnesty law
4013:Disciplines
3950:Private law
3316:22 February
2747:21 December
2723:29 November
2698:29 November
2660:21 December
1505:Towner 2011
1247:Legal Tools
1135:Netherlands
900:Philippines
872:Afghanistan
829:Philippines
817:Netherlands
720:if you can.
555:reparations
529:Limitations
477:bombardment
434:individuals
139:World War I
5077:Categories
4962:Law school
4842:Prosecutor
4780:Magistrate
4567:Jewish law
4525:Common law
4446:Rulemaking
4441:Regulation
4391:Law making
4330:Divine law
4306:Legal code
4253:Sports law
4176:Law of war
4126:Health law
4111:Family law
4095:Energy law
4045:Bankruptcy
3982:Punishment
3977:Public law
3717:Starvation
3464:22 October
2927:1 December
2901:1 December
2876:1 December
2599:2010-04-13
2568:Resolution
2544:Resolution
2520:Resolution
2496:Resolution
2383:2016-09-30
2362:2022-03-01
2334:2022-03-01
2254:7 December
2114:7 December
2076:7 December
2045:7 December
2013:7 December
1932:7 December
1894:28 October
1856:7 December
1662:15 January
1462:October 5,
1406:2024-03-05
1382:2024-03-05
1335:References
1222:Strasbourg
1149:Yugoslavia
1052:war crimes
984:), or the
935:one person
792:, and the
790:war crimes
726:March 2023
560:Nazi Party
473:annexation
426:war crimes
364:no quarter
354:including
310:law of war
297:, and the
287:war crimes
279:See also:
236:See also:
163:war crimes
147:Wilhelm II
116:Background
73:, and the
67:war crimes
4940:Judiciary
4935:Executive
4910:The bench
4847:Solicitor
4822:Barrister
4702:Sociology
4687:Pseudolaw
4627:Anarchist
4584:Roman law
4572:Parsi law
4557:Hindu law
4545:Canon law
4520:Civil law
4473:Concordat
4364:Precedent
4273:Trust law
4248:Space law
4085:Drugs law
3955:Procedure
3893:Civil law
3722:War crime
3405:2162-5190
2209:1478-1387
2155:1478-1387
1509:Lang 2005
1325:religious
1182:(IRMCT).
1131:The Hague
992:), is an
927:one trial
904:Venezuela
896:Palestine
813:The Hague
634:Red Khmer
598:tribunals
424:. Unlike
418:authority
345:pillaging
322:torturing
306:war crime
112:in 2001.
5047:Category
4989:Tribunal
4974:Military
4817:Attorney
4787:Judgment
4647:Feminist
4562:Jain law
4359:Case law
4080:Cyberlaw
3987:Corporal
3965:Criminal
3935:Evidence
3925:Doctrine
3903:Contract
3690:Genocide
3439:20 April
3423:(2019).
3413:41709663
3307:Archived
3166:57560838
3110:(2010).
2993:euronews
2356:Archived
2328:Archived
2248:Archived
2105:Archived
2039:Archived
2007:Archived
1923:Archived
1885:Archived
1850:Archived
1819:10 March
1729:Archived
1709:Archived
1456:Archived
1438:(2013).
1317:national
1241:See also
1161:genocide
1044:genocide
1027:, under
1025:Tanzania
833:ratified
827:and the
782:genocide
778:tribunal
698:require
540:states:
521:Impunity
481:blockade
465:invasion
414:de facto
386:Genocide
356:genocide
337:property
333:hostages
314:criminal
291:genocide
249:treaties
206:genocide
104:and the
63:genocide
5061:Outline
4998:History
4905:The bar
4879:Verdict
4827:Counsel
4807:Justice
4662:History
4485:Statute
4301:Charter
4263:Tax law
4211:Probate
3600:Sources
3533:at the
2972:4 April
2841:. NATO.
2619:Reuters
2574:.
2550:.
2526:.
2502:.
2354:. ICC.
2326:. ICC.
825:Burundi
700:cleanup
341:perfidy
149:of the
133:History
4979:Police
4950:Agency
4832:Lawyer
4577:Sharia
4468:Treaty
4463:Repeal
4409:Decree
4320:Custom
4216:Estate
4166:Labour
3930:Equity
3707:Piracy
3527:Court.
3505:
3491:
3411:
3403:
3380:
3363:
3342:
3283:
3261:
3243:
3212:
3193:
3164:
3124:
3100:
3086:
3069:
3054:
3030:
3020:
2570:
2546:
2522:
2498:
2419:"Home"
2217:915739
2215:
2207:
2163:915740
2161:
2153:
1975:
1448:
1355:
1327:group.
1321:racial
1313:ethnic
1204:, the
1200:, the
1163:, and
1133:, the
1126:ad hoc
1117:crimes
1021:Arusha
1014:Rwanda
902:, and
898:, the
892:Uganda
878:, the
807:, the
805:treaty
762:French
596:ad hoc
438:policy
343:; and
326:raping
212:, the
210:Rwanda
196:, the
194:Bosnia
177:. The
165:, but
157:, the
88:, the
5054:Index
4920:Court
4864:Trial
4770:Judge
4611:Yassa
4414:Edict
3960:Civil
3913:Crime
3409:JSTOR
3310:(PDF)
3299:(PDF)
3162:S2CID
2839:(PDF)
2742:(PDF)
2566:
2542:
2518:
2494:
2479:(PDF)
2472:(PDF)
2224:(PDF)
2185:(PDF)
2108:(PDF)
2095:(PDF)
2064:(PDF)
1969:Brill
1926:(PDF)
1913:(PDF)
1888:(PDF)
1875:(PDF)
1323:, or
1299:Notes
959:Ituri
888:Libya
884:Kenya
854:India
850:China
409:state
392:1948
271:was.
185:(the
4802:Jury
4750:Fiqh
4606:Xeer
4004:Tort
3920:Deed
3503:ISBN
3489:ISBN
3466:2017
3441:2023
3401:ISSN
3378:ISBN
3361:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3318:2017
3281:ISBN
3271:and
3259:ISBN
3241:ISBN
3210:ISBN
3191:ISBN
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