228:, a portmanteau of malicious software, is any software used to disrupt computer operation, gather sensitive information, or gain access to private computer systems. Malware is defined by its malicious intent, acting against the requirements of the computer user, and does not include software that unintentionally causes harm due to some deficiency. The term badware applies to both malware and unintentionally harmful software.
1907:
639:(VPN) to encrypt communications between their mail servers. Unlike methods that only encrypt a message body, a VPN can encrypt all communication over the connection, including email header information such as senders, recipients, and subjects. However, a VPN does not provide a message signing mechanism, nor can it provide protection for email messages along the entire route from sender to recipient.
25:
575:. The token has built-in computations and manipulates numbers based on the current time. This means that every thirty seconds only a certain array of numbers validate access. The website is made aware of that device's serial number and knows the computation and correct time to verify the number. After 30–60 seconds the device presents a new random six-digit number to log into the website.
701:. Only authorized traffic is allowed to pass through it. Firewalls create checkpoints between networks and computers. Firewalls can block traffic based on IP source and TCP port number. They can also serve as the platform for IPsec. Using tunnel mode, firewalls can implement VPNs. Firewalls can also limit network exposure by hiding the internal network from the public Internet.
591:
messages are composed, delivered, and stored in a multiple step process, which starts with the message's composition. When a message is sent, it is transformed into a standard format according to RFC 2822. Using a network connection, the mail client sends the sender's identity, the recipient list and
334:
Phishing targets online users in an attempt to extract sensitive information such as passwords and financial information. Phishing occurs when the attacker pretends to be a trustworthy entity, either via email or a web page. Victims are directed to web pages that appear to be legitimate, but instead
634:
The first two methods, message signing and message body encryption, are often used together; however, encrypting the transmissions between mail servers is typically used only when two organizations want to protect emails regularly sent between them. For example, the organizations could establish a
688:
controls access to a single computer. A network firewall controls access to an entire network. A firewall is a security device — computer hardware or software — that filters traffic and blocks outsiders. It generally consists of gateways and filters. Firewalls can also screen network traffic and
315:(DoS) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS) is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users. It works by making so many service requests at once that the system is overwhelmed and becomes unable to process any of them. DoS may target
200:
use AI to produce audio and video that seems real but are actually fake, which increases the danger of fraud and false information. Furthermore, traditional risks can be automated and strengthened by AI-driven attacks, making them harder to identify and neutralize.
267:
is a program of usually limited or no benefit, containing malicious payloads, that is sold via unethical marketing practices. The selling approach uses social engineering to cause shock, anxiety, or the perception of a threat, generally directed at an unsuspecting
883:
A promising technology with low production and installation costs, unattended network operation, and autonomous longtime operation. According to research, building a secure
Internet of Things (IoT) should start with securing WSNs ahead of other components.
407:(2FA) and stressing the usage of strong, one-of-a-kind passwords are essential for protecting personal information. Additionally, users need to understand the dangers of oversharing on social media and how crucial it is to change their privacy settings.
1315:
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mechanism – two or more from the following categories: knowledge (something they know), possession (something they have), and inference (something they are). Internet resources, such as websites and email, may be secured using this technique.
410:
It's critical to educate people on how to spot secure websites (search for HTTPS), steer clear of dubious downloads, and use caution when clicking links. Also, users need to be aware of the dangers of utilizing open WiFi networks without a
319:
systems. According to business participants in an international security survey, 25% of respondents experienced a DoS attack in 2007 and another 16.8% in 2010. DoS attacks often use bots (or a botnet) to carry out the attack.
714:
A packet filter processes network traffic on a packet-by-packet basis. Its main job is to filter traffic from a remote IP host, so a router is needed to connect the internal network to the
Internet. The router is known as a
518:
The algorithm allows these sets to work independently without affecting other parts of the implementation. The IPsec implementation is operated in a host or security gateway environment giving protection to IP traffic.
1135:
Yan, Q.; Yu, F. R.; Gong, Q.; Li, J. (2016). "Software-Defined
Networking (SDN) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks in Cloud Computing Environments: A Survey, Some Research Issues, and Challenges".
779:
application level. A network packet is forwarded only if a connection is established using a known protocol. Application-level gateways are notable for analyzing entire messages rather than individual packets.
361:
A man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack is a type of cyber attack. Cybercriminals can intercept data sent between people to steal, eavesdrop or modify data for certain malicious purposes, such as extorting money and
661:
to digitally sign a message. This method outputs a MAC value that can be decrypted by the receiver, using the same secret key used by the sender. The
Message Authentication Code protects both a message's
846:
is a software application that creates, stores and provides passwords to applications. Password managers encrypt passwords. The user only needs to remember a single master password to access the store.
400:
emails by looking for odd sender addresses, cliched salutations, and language that seems urgent. Both simulated phishing exercises and real-world examples can be incorporated into training programs.
249:
are programs that can replicate their structures or effects by infecting other files or structures on a computer. The typical purpose of a virus is to take over a computer to steal data.
478:(IETF). It provides security and authentication at the IP layer by transforming data using encryption. Two main types of transformation form the basis of IPsec: the
1801:
527:
Threat
Modeling tools helps you to proactively analyze the cyber security posture of a system or system of systems and in that way prevent security threats.
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is a type of malware that restricts access to the computer system that it infects, and demands a ransom in order for the restriction to be removed.
1002:
1264:
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refers to programs that surreptitiously monitor activity on a computer system and report that information to others without the user's consent.
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As cyberthreats become more complex, user education is essential for improving internet security. Important areas of attention consist of:
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as a whole. Its objective is to establish rules and measures to use against attacks over the
Internet. The Internet is an inherently
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108:
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provides confidentiality by encrypting messages to be transmitted or data files to be stored using an encryption algorithm such as
2081:
961:
296:, is a general term for malware that pretends to be harmless, so that a user will be convinced to download it onto the computer.
89:
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and other components. They also offer theft protection, portable storage device safety check, private
Internet browsing, cloud
571:
Some online sites offer customers the ability to use a six-digit code which randomly changes every 30–60 seconds on a physical
475:
61:
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759:(NAT), which can hide the user's IP address from the Internet, effectively protecting internal information from the outside.
46:
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Encrypting the communications between mail servers to protect the confidentiality of both message body and message header.
474:
IPsec is designed to protect TCP/IP communication in a secure manner. It is a set of security extensions developed by the
281:
malware. Often referred to as keylogging or keyboard capturing, is the action of recording (logging) the keys struck on a
1463:
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the message content to the server. Once the server receives this information, it forwards the message to the recipients.
68:
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1764:- Firefox & IE browser extensions that transparently convert a user's password into a domain-specific password.
982:
768:
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875:, a file shredder or make security-related decisions (answering popup windows) and several were free of charge.
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1936:
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904:) introduced the earliest products designed for dealing with online security. Atalla later added its Identikey
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1649:
Butun, Ismail (2020). "Security of the
Internet of Things: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Countermeasures".
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bugs or flawed authentication checks. Such bugs can give network attackers full control over the computer.
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1111:"101 Data Protection Tips: How to Keep Your Passwords, Financial & Personal Information Safe in 2020"
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926:, the Identikey system was extended to shared-facility operations. It was compatible with various
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617:. Email messages can be protected by using cryptography in various ways, such as the following:
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Proceedings of the 4th
International Symposium on Information and Communication Technologies
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Applications used to access
Internet resources may contain security vulnerabilities such as
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366:. Public WiFi is often insecure because monitoring or intercepting Web traffic is unknown.
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At the National Association of Mutual Savings Banks (NAMSB) conference in January 1976,
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1996:
1976:
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933:, and was capable of resetting itself electronically to any one of 64,000 irreversible
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is granted access only after successfully presenting separate pieces of evidence to an
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Emerging cyberthreats are a result of recent technological breakthroughs. For example,
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2006:
1758:-Computer Security Resource Center -Guidelines on Electronic Mail Security, version 2
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1383:"How to extract data from an iCloud account with two-factor authentication activated"
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1316:"Justice Department charges Russian spies and criminal hackers in Yahoo intrusion"
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2016:
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claimed that phishing accounted for worldwide losses of $ 10.8 billion in 2016.
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Encrypting the message body of an email message to ensure its confidentiality.
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and statically defines what traffic will be allowed. Circuit proxies forward
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attempt to make emails appear to be from legitimate senders, or long complex
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1981:
1949:
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Web browser market share predicts the share of hacker attacks. For example,
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1752:- Information Technology portal with links to computer- and cyber security
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1964:
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824:. A variety of techniques are used, such as signature-based, heuristics,
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are programs that can replicate themselves throughout a computer network.
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the message to ensure its integrity and confirm the sender's identity.
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2011:
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1083:
Internet Security: Cryptographic Principles, Algorithms and Protocols
923:
856:
429:
232:
1229:"Characteristics and Responsibilities Involved in a Phishing Attack"
1776:- Broadband Reports, FAQs and forums on Internet security, est 1999
1663:
588:
483:
479:
469:
457:
1291:"Improving Web Application Security: Threats and Countermeasures"
755:. The main advantage of a proxy server is its ability to provide
500:
Security association for policy management and traffic processing
1783:
1359:"Two-factor authentication: What you need to know (FAQ) – CNET"
1227:
van der Merwe, Alta; Loock, Marianne; Dabrowski, Marek (2005).
820:
can protect a programmable device by detecting and eliminating
490:
services. These protocols can be used alone or in combination.
486:. They provide data integrity, data origin authentication, and
1773:
412:
340:
18:
1905:
1173:"Welke virusscanners zijn het beste voor macOS High Sierra"
719:, which screens packets leaving and entering the network.
1756:
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST.gov)
1750:
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST.gov)
243:
that performs large-scale malicious acts for its creator.
179:
Many methods are used to combat these threats, including
798:
6, which used to lead the market, was heavily attacked.
747:(formatted data) containing a given port number, if the
1341:"Securing the Network Layer Against Malicious Attacks"
855:
Security suites were first offered for sale in 2003 (
335:
route information to the attackers. Tactics such as
2217:
1917:
1817:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1204:Handbook of Information and Communication Security
1053:
944:information. In 1979, Atalla introduced the first
1695:"Four Products for On-Line Transactions Unveiled"
209:Malicious software comes in many forms, such as
1532:"It's Time to Finally Drop Internet Explorer 6"
775:operates at the very top of the OSI model, the
1202:. In Stamp, Mark; Stavroulakis, Peter (eds.).
1795:
8:
1428:Resnick, Peter W. (2001). Resnick, P (ed.).
503:Manual and automatic key management for the
152:for information exchange, with high risk of
1770:- surveying federal Internet security work.
657:(MAC) is a cryptography method that uses a
1802:
1788:
1780:
2346:Security information and event management
1662:
1651:IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials
1441:
1138:IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials
972:Cybersecurity information technology list
739:that operates at the network level of an
697:Firewalls restrict incoming and outgoing
343:hide the actual website. Insurance group
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1707:(4). IDG Enterprise: 3. 26 January 1976.
1489:"What Is a Message Authentication Code?"
239:that have been taken over by a robot or
1020:
1003:Usability of web authentication systems
771:is a third-generation firewall where a
1200:"Phishing attacks and countermeasures"
396:Users should have the ability to spot
2323:Host-based intrusion detection system
1029:"What Is Internet Security? | McAfee"
741:Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model
7:
1554:"Build Your Own Free Security Suite"
1265:"Fraud Insights Through Integration"
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2354:Runtime application self-protection
1235:. Trinity College Dublin: 249–254.
689:block traffic deemed unauthorized.
1263:Long, Mathew (February 22, 2017).
977:Cyberspace Electronic Security Act
464:Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)
277:One particular kind of spyware is
14:
2286:Security-focused operating system
1406:Margaret Rouse (September 2005).
497:Security protocols for AH and ESP
2082:Insecure direct object reference
962:Comparison of antivirus software
896:(founded by Mohamed Atalla) and
23:
2336:Information security management
1636:"Free products for PC security"
988:Internet Crime Complaint Center
879:Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
476:Internet Engineering Task Force
34:needs additional citations for
1613:. PC World.com. Archived from
1584:. scsccbkk.org. Archived from
900:(founded by George Bunker and
432:protocols may be secured with
1:
1683:– via PISCATAWAY: IEEE.
1579:"USE A FREE PASSWORD MANAGER"
460:for network layer security.
2341:Information risk management
2262:Multi-factor authentication
1818:Related security categories
1762:PwdHash Stanford University
1718:Burkey, Darren (May 2018).
1552:Larkin, Eric (2008-08-26).
1408:"What is a security token?"
757:Network Address Translation
655:Message authentication code
649:Message Authentication Code
643:Message Authentication Code
542:Multi-factor authentication
537:Multi-factor authentication
531:Multi-factor authentication
370:Application vulnerabilities
16:Branch of computer security
2401:
2318:Intrusion detection system
2276:Computer security software
1932:Advanced persistent threat
1673:10.1109/COMST.2019.2953364
1150:10.1109/COMST.2015.2487361
983:Identity driven networking
835:
810:
787:
769:application-level firewall
723:Stateful packet inspection
677:
646:
599:
564:
534:
493:Basic components include:
467:
440:. These protocols include
373:
354:
327:
304:
183:and ground-up engineering.
1903:
1897:Digital rights management
1768:Cybertelecom.org Security
1464:"Virtual Private Network"
1430:"Internet Message Format"
1387:iphonebackupextractor.com
1198:Ramzan, Zulfikar (2010).
1060:. Indianapolis: Que Pub.
763:Application-level gateway
596:Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
405:two-factor authentication
301:Denial-of-service attacks
136:, web site security, and
2042:Denial-of-service attack
1937:Arbitrary code execution
1720:"Data Security Overview"
1052:Gralla, Preston (2007).
906:hardware security module
579:Electronic mail security
446:Transport Layer Security
357:Man-in-the-middle attack
313:denial-of-service attack
307:Denial-of-service attack
2252:Computer access control
2204:Rogue security software
1867:Electromagnetic warfare
998:Network security policy
967:Comparison of firewalls
898:Bunker Ramo Corporation
637:virtual private network
140:as it applies to other
2298:Obfuscation (software)
2027:Browser Helper Objects
1911:
1609:Rebbapragada, Narasu.
1466:. NASA. Archived from
1056:How the Internet Works
919:. Designed to process
425:Network layer security
292:, commonly known as a
2385:Web security exploits
2293:Data-centric security
2174:Remote access trojans
1909:
1611:"All-in-one Security"
1267:. RSA. Archived from
733:circuit-level gateway
505:Internet key exchange
480:Authentication Header
456:(PGP) for email, and
128:. It encompasses the
2225:Application security
2119:Privilege escalation
1987:Cross-site scripting
1840:Cybersex trafficking
1811:Information security
1510:"Browser Statistics"
1410:. SearchSecurity.com
1081:Rhee, M. Y. (2003).
751:is permitted by the
680:Firewall (computing)
444:(SSL), succeeded by
442:Secure Sockets Layer
376:Application security
43:improve this article
1872:Information warfare
1830:Automotive security
1617:on October 27, 2010
1347:. October 27, 2020.
1271:on October 20, 2018
913:online transactions
607:Pretty Good Privacy
602:Pretty Good Privacy
454:Pretty Good Privacy
58:"Internet security"
2281:Antivirus software
2149:Social engineering
2114:Polymorphic engine
2067:Fraudulent dialers
1972:Hardware backdoors
1912:
1295:msdn.microsoft.com
949:security processor
894:Atalla Corporation
818:Antivirus software
813:Antivirus software
548:method in which a
438:security protocols
205:Malicious software
156:or fraud, such as
2380:Internet security
2367:
2366:
2329:Anomaly detection
2234:Secure by default
2087:Keystroke loggers
2022:Drive-by download
1910:vectorial version
1877:Internet security
1825:Computer security
1242:978-1-59593-169-6
1213:978-3-642-04117-4
1067:978-0-7897-2132-7
921:bank transactions
832:Password managers
828:, and real-time.
796:Internet Explorer
729:stateful firewall
705:Types of firewall
686:computer firewall
622:Digitally signing
351:Man in the middle
146:operating systems
126:computer security
122:Internet security
119:
118:
111:
93:
2392:
2238:Secure by design
2169:Hardware Trojans
2002:History sniffing
1992:Cross-site leaks
1887:Network security
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1177:Virusscanner MAC
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917:network security
908:, and supported
844:password manager
838:Password manager
790:Browser security
717:screening router
247:Computer viruses
235:is a network of
192:Emerging Threats
150:insecure channel
138:network security
134:browser security
114:
107:
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100:
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1892:Copy protection
1882:Mobile security
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993:Internet safety
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940:as directed by
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851:Security suites
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745:network packets
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32:This article
30:
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2303:Data masking
1876:
1862:Cyberwarfare
1730:. Retrieved
1713:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1604:
1593:. Retrieved
1586:the original
1573:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:the original
1547:
1536:. Retrieved
1525:
1514:. Retrieved
1504:
1493:. Retrieved
1483:
1472:. Retrieved
1468:the original
1458:
1447:. Retrieved
1433:
1423:
1412:. Retrieved
1401:
1390:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1362:
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1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:
1310:
1299:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1232:
1222:
1206:. Springer.
1203:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1176:
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1137:
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1119:. Retrieved
1117:. 2019-12-16
1114:
1105:
1082:
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1055:
1047:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
1023:
1008:Web literacy
891:
882:
869:anti-spyware
854:
841:
816:
793:
773:proxy server
766:
737:proxy server
726:
713:
696:
693:Web security
683:
668:authenticity
652:
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570:
544:(MFA) is an
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436:methods and
428:
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290:Trojan horse
208:
195:
178:
142:applications
121:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2243:Misuse case
2077:Infostealer
2052:Email fraud
2017:Data breach
1852:Cybergeddon
1727:Micro Focus
1275:October 20,
979:(in the US)
802:Protections
488:anti-replay
450:web traffic
279:key logging
2374:Categories
2308:Encryption
2184:Web shells
2124:Ransomware
2072:Hacktivism
1835:Cybercrime
1664:1910.13312
1621:2010-11-09
1595:2016-06-17
1564:2010-11-09
1538:2010-11-09
1516:2011-08-10
1495:2013-04-20
1474:2014-02-14
1449:2021-05-01
1414:2014-02-14
1392:2016-06-08
1368:2015-10-31
1301:2016-04-05
1179:(in Dutch)
1121:2020-10-23
1038:2021-09-05
1016:References
1010:(Security)
938:algorithms
910:processing
902:Simon Ramo
865:anti-virus
659:secret key
611:Triple DES
584:Background
448:(TLS) for
259:Ransomware
181:encryption
170:ransomware
99:April 2009
69:newspapers
2139:Shellcode
2134:Scareware
1982:Crimeware
1942:Backdoors
1732:21 August
1681:204950321
1248:4 January
1183:4 January
942:card data
935:nonlinear
928:switching
873:anti-spam
861:firewalls
807:Antivirus
753:algorithm
674:Firewalls
482:(AH) and
403:Enabling
265:Scareware
237:computers
198:deepfakes
160:, online
154:intrusion
2313:Firewall
2218:Defenses
2144:Spamming
2129:Rootkits
2102:Phishing
2062:Exploits
1325:15 March
1158:20786481
955:See also
931:networks
777:IP suite
615:CAST-128
398:phishing
330:Phishing
324:Phishing
283:keyboard
158:phishing
130:Internet
2154:Spyware
2097:Payload
2092:Malware
2032:Viruses
2012:Botnets
1919:Threats
951:(NSP).
946:network
888:History
826:rootkit
822:malware
272:Spyware
226:Malware
219:spyware
211:viruses
187:Threats
166:trojans
162:viruses
83:scholar
2348:(SIEM)
2325:(HIDS)
2209:Zombie
1946:Bombs
1927:Adware
1679:
1239:
1210:
1156:
1093:
1064:
924:online
857:McAfee
430:TCP/IP
294:Trojan
233:botnet
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2194:Worms
2189:Wiper
2107:Voice
1955:Logic
1723:(PDF)
1677:S2CID
1659:arXiv
1589:(PDF)
1582:(PDF)
1154:S2CID
1087:Wiley
735:is a
727:In a
589:Email
507:(IKE)
470:IPsec
458:IPsec
268:user.
174:worms
90:JSTOR
76:books
1960:Time
1950:Fork
1734:2019
1363:CNET
1327:2017
1277:2018
1250:2018
1237:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1185:2018
1091:ISBN
1062:ISBN
915:and
749:port
731:the
550:user
341:URLs
172:and
62:news
1965:Zip
1669:doi
1438:doi
1146:doi
767:An
613:or
484:ESP
413:VPN
345:RSA
241:bot
144:or
45:by
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
