29:
751:. The IMAP SOC at LASP will be responsible for all aspects of instrument operations: planning, commanding, health and status monitoring, anomaly response, and sustaining engineering for the instruments. The SOC will also handle science data processing (including data calibration, validation and preliminary analysis), distribution, archiving, and maintaining the IMAP data management plan. Science data will be produced centrally using algorithms, software, and calibration data provided and managed by each instrument team.
903:
583:. Ultra's primary differences from JENI are the use of two identical copies, one mounted perpendicular to the IMAP spin axis (Ultra90) and one mounted at 45° from the anti-sunward spin axis (Ultra45) for better sky coverage, and the use of slightly thicker, UV-filtering foils covering the back plane MCPs to reduce backgrounds associated with interstellar Lyman-α photons.
459:
1417:
1382:
1347:
1315:
1116:
1078:
1041:
978:
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Science
Objectives and Goals. TechDemo investigations must be proposed for flight as a secondary payload with the IMAP mission. Up to two ports on the ESPA Grande ring may be allocated for TechDemo. The payloads are designated as Class D as defined in NPR 8705.4. Down-selection is targeted for the third quarter FY 2020.
715:
IMAP's daily spin axis redirection, allowing for sequential observations of the structure of the solar wind from separate locations around the Sun. The Lyman-α photon counts from these observations can be used to build a more comprehensive picture of the solar wind structure and how it changes through the solar cycles.
768:
data in the full-rate science data stream, which the MOC receives from the DSN and forwards to the SOC. In either case, the SOC processes these real-time observations to create the data products required by the space weather community. Data include all of the important parameters currently provided by
877:
The
Announcement of Opportunity for the 2018 Heliophysics Science Missions of Opportunity (MoO) included the option of proposing a Small Complete Mission (SCM) to utilize the IMAP ESPA Grande to launch a secondary payload. Up to two ports on the ESPA Grande ring may be allocated for Science MoOs. The
714:
Photons enter the detector through a collimator with a baffle that restricts the photons to those only from GLOWS’ field of view (FOV). A spectral filter allows only photons found in the Lyman-α wavelength band into a channel electron multiplier (CEM) detector that counts them. GLOWS’ FOV shifts with
650:
versus energy (TOF/E) subsystem to measure the 3D velocity distribution functions (VDFs) and ionic charge state and mass composition of ~0.5–80 keV/q ions. CoDICEHi uses the common TOF/E subsystem to measure the mass composition and arrival direction of ~0.03–5 MeV/nuc ions and ~20–600 keV electrons.
710:
The GLObal Solar Wind
Structure (GLOWS) is a non-imaging single-pixel Lyman-α photometer that will be used to observe the sky distribution of the helioglow to better understand the evolution of the solar wind structure. The helioglow is formed by the interaction between interstellar neutral hydrogen
754:
All science and other data will be shared with the heliophysics community as rapidly as practical with an open data policy compliant with the NASA Heliophysics
Science Data Management Policy. The NASA Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) is the final archive for IMAP, with regular transfer of data to
676:
that measure the 3D interplanetary magnetic field. Both magnetometers are mounted on a 1.8 m boom, one on the end and the other in an intermediate position. This configuration, through gradiometry, reduces the effect of spacecraft magnetic fields on the measurements of the instrument by dynamically
659:
The High-energy Ion
Telescope (HIT) uses silicon solid-state detectors to measure the elemental composition, energy spectra, angular distributions, and arrival times of H to Ni ions over a species-dependent energy range from ~2 to ~40 MeV/nuc. HIT, heavily based on the Low Energy Telescope (LET) on
767:
data through its "IMAP Active Link for Real-Time" or I-ALiRT. IMAP will continuously broadcast a small subset (500 bit/s) of the science data for I-ALiRT to supporting ground stations around the world when not in contact with the DSN. During DSN tracks, the flight system includes the space weather
566:
The IMAP-Ultra instrument images the emission of ENAs produced in the heliosheath and beyond, primarily in H atoms between ~3 and 300 keV, but it is also sensitive to contributions from He and O. Ultra is nearly identical to the
Jupiter Energetic Neutral Imager (JENI), in development for flight on
509:
species (core and halo), interstellar and inner source pick-up ions, suprathermal, energetic, and accelerated ions from SEPs, interplanetary shocks, as well as ACRs. SWE, CoDICE and HIT also provide energy and angular distributions of the solar wind ion and electron core, halo, strahl, as well as
890:
The
Announcement of Opportunity for the 2018 Heliophysics Technology Demonstration (TechDemo) Missions of Opportunity requested SCM proposals for spaceflight demonstration of innovative medium Technology Readiness Level (TRL) technologies that enable significant advances in NASA's Heliophysics
856:) Grande ring below the IMAP spacecraft, which will give the opportunity for 4 or 5 secondary payloads to ride along with the IMAP launch. Deployment of the secondary payloads will occur after IMAP deployment into a transfer orbit to the Earth-Sun L1
1399:
740:(DSN). This is sufficient to upload any commands, download the week's worth of science data and housekeeping, and perform spacecraft ranging required for navigation. DSN will communicate with the IMAP Mission Operation Center (MOC) at
1098:
446:) spacecraft with ten instruments. Daily attitude maneuvers will be used to keep the spin axis and top deck (with solar arrays) pointed in the direction of the incoming solar wind, which is a few degrees away from the Sun. In the L1
1364:
601:
Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) instrument. SWAPI is a simplification of SWAP, and by removal of SWAP's retarding potential analyzer, significantly increases transmission and improves sensitivity, further enhancing PUI observations.
693:
particles. IDEX's sensor head has a large effective target area (700 cm ), which allows it to collect a statistically significant number of dust impacts (> 100/year). This instrument was constructed at the
1893:
868:
as part of the Third Stand Alone
Missions of Opportunity Notice (SALMON-3) Program Element Appendix (PEA), with proposals for both due on 30 November 2018. Selection for Phase A studies should be announced in 2019.
1989:
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The
Compact Dual Ion Composition Experiment (CoDICE) measures charged particles in two separate energy ranges in a compact, combined instrument. CoDICELo is an electrostatic analyzer with a
719:
554:-Hi ENA Imager but incorporate key modifications that enable substantially improved resolution, spectral range, and collection power. The instrument also incorporates a
470:
detectors (IMAP-Lo, IMAP-Hi, and IMAP-Ultra); 2) Charged particle detectors (SWAPI, SWE, CoDICE, and HIT); and 3) Other coordinated measurements (MAG, IDEX, GLOWS).
2180:
1876:
357:. Understanding how these particles are energized and form the seed population of the energetic particles is one of the science topics that IMAP will investigate.
1493:
695:
263:. These science topics are coupled because particles accelerated in the inner heliosphere play crucial roles in the outer heliospheric interaction. In 2018,
430:(L1). The spacecraft will then use on-board propulsion to insert into an approximately 10° x 5° Lissajous orbit around L1, very similar to the orbit of
689:
The
Interstellar Dust Experiment (IDEX) is a high-resolution dust analyzer that provides the elemental composition, speed and mass distributions of
664:, delivers full-sky coverage with a large geometry factor. A portion of the HIT viewing area is also optimized to measure 0.5 - 1.0 MeV electrons.
538:
longitude and energy resolved global maps of ENA H and O. IMAP-Lo has heritage from the IBEX-Lo on IBEX but provides much larger collection power.
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Particle energy spectra for ions and energetic neutral atoms (inset) at 1 AU and the corresponding particle populations and IMAP instrument ranges.
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Advance understanding of the temporal and spatial evolution of the boundary region in which the solar wind and the interstellar medium interact.
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829:
151:
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1063:
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747:, which will operate the spacecraft. All science and ancillary data will pass through the MOC to the Science Operations Center (SOC) at
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IMAP's science goals are based on the four science objectives specified in the IMAP Announcement of Opportunity (from the outside in):
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Identify and advance understanding of particle injection and acceleration processes near the Sun, in the heliosphere and heliosheath.
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1950:
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2009:
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505:(IBEX). (Middle panel) SWAPI, CoDICE, and HIT provide comprehensive composition, energy, and angular distributions for all major
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Identify and advance the understanding of processes related to the interactions of the magnetic field of the Sun and the LISM.
1971:
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with a science payload of ten instruments. IMAP will also continuously broadcast real-time in-situ data that can be used for
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IMAP-Hi consists of two identical, single-pixel high energy ENA Imagers that measure H, He, and heavier ENAs from the outer
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1026:
2038:
934:
922:
865:
793:
769:
619:
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431:
840:. As of April 2020, the preliminary total cost of the mission is estimated to be US$ 707.7 million to US$ 776.3 million.
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2005:
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After launch, the spacecraft will take several months to transit to about 1,500,000 km (930,000 mi) away from
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938:
861:
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349:, and other locations. The precise processes behind this acceleration are not well understood. There are intermediate
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106:
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28:
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solar wind observations necessary to understand the local structures that can affect acceleration and transport.
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478:
279:
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741:
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IMAP-Lo is a single-pixel neutral atom imager that gives energy and angle-resolved measurements of ISN atoms (
434:(ACE). The baseline mission is 3 years, but all expendables are designed for a lifetime of more than 5 years.
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the SPDF so that the data can be made available through their Coordinated Data Analysis Web (CDAWeb) site.
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Acceleration of charged particles up to high energy is ubiquitous throughout the universe, occurring at
477:(ACE) during a 3-year period, with representative particle spectra obtained for gradual and impulsive
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and some may be used by other government agencies. Two opportunities for slots were competed for the
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1981:
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1400:"Announcement of Opportunity for 2018 Heliophysics Technology Demonstration Mission of Opportunity"
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260:
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to implement the mission, which is currently scheduled to launch on 29 April 2025. IMAP will be a
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1961:
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Improve understanding of the composition and properties of the local interstellar medium (LISM).
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of the interstellar medium, because they flow through the heliosphere relatively unmodified.
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mission that will simultaneously investigate two important and coupled science topics in the
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Shown here (top panel) are oxygen fluences measured at 1 AU by several instruments onboard
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580:
447:
350:
772:(ACE), but at significantly higher cadence, and also include several new key parameters.
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H and He and interstellar He and H pick-up ions (PUIs). SWAPI is nearly identical to the
1179:
711:(ISN H) and solar photons in a specific ultraviolet region called the Lyman-α waveband.
1743:
1739:
1704:
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solar wind electrons at L1 to provide context for the ENA measurements and perform the
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and its associated magnetic field have blown a bubble in interstellar space called the
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thermal and suprathermal electrons from 1 eV to 5 keV. SWE is based on the heritage
450:, the rear deck, with its communication antenna, approximately points at the Earth.
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2220:
1999:
673:
597:
511:
381:
353:
particles which have energies between the energetic particles and the bulk thermal
248:
1921:
1814:
1365:"Announcement of Opportunity for 2018 Heliophysics Science Mission of Opportunity"
821:
The mission is cost-capped at US$ 564 million, excluding cost for the launch on a
2270:
2014:
1862:
1809:
1804:
1755:
1710:
1687:
1635:
1623:
1607:
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690:
547:
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369:
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338:
252:
54:
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1882:
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1163:
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611:
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1099:"Announcement of Opportunity for Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe"
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1629:
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960:
928:
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2174:
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1966:
1841:
1835:
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1715:
1465:
1198:
1064:"NASA Selects Mission to Study Solar Wind Boundary of Outer Solar System"
610:
The Solar Wind Electron (SWE) instrument measures the 3D distribution of
535:
523:
1164:"Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP): A New NASA Mission"
2168:
2132:
2050:
1994:
1956:
1872:
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1720:
1276:
Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) mission at Princeton
837:
576:
1471:
2225:
2138:
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1829:
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822:
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The IMAP magnetometer (MAG) consists of a pair of identical triaxial
531:
527:
466:
The ten instruments on IMAP can be grouped into three categories: 1)
373:
314:
161:
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736:
Nominally, IMAP will have two 4-hour contacts per week through the
2101:
1537:
457:
419:
330:
306:
287:
1420:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1385:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1350:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1318:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1217:"Quick Facts: Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP)"
1119:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1081:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1044:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
981:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
372:
where the solar wind collides with material from the rest of the
255:: the acceleration of energetic particles and interaction of the
1824:
1784:
748:
264:
1475:
380:(ENAs), IMAP will image this interaction region from the inner
2197:
1438:
423:
283:
75:
966:. Government Accountability Office. 29 April 2020. p. 39
1246:
497:
observations from Voyager and remote ENA observations from
860:. Some of the slots may be used by other divisions in the
591:
The Solar Wind and Pickup Ion (SWAPI) instrument measures
481:(SEPs), corotating interaction regions (CIRs), Anomalous
33:
Artist concept of IMAP imaging the heliospheric boundary.
677:
removing the spacecraft field. The MAG are based on the
1333:"NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for IMAP Mission"
1027:"NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for IMAP Mission"
550:. Each IMAP-Hi Imager is very similar in design to the
931:- The Voyager 1 spacecraft, launched in September 1977
626:/GEM instruments, with updated electronics based on
2249:
2196:
2023:
1980:
1903:
1765:
1673:
1666:
1616:
1547:
1516:
1507:
384:. In addition, IMAP will also directly measure the
209:
190:
180:
175:
157:
143:
133:
125:
120:
102:
97:
81:
71:
61:
50:
38:
961:"GAO-20-405, NASA: Assessments of Major Projects"
1058:
1056:
1054:
662:Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO)
642:Compact Dual Ion Composition Experiment (CoDICE)
558:(TOF) system for identification of ENA species.
489:(GCRs), and (top panel inset) ion fluxes in the
919:- The IBEX spacecraft, launched in October 2008
1487:
993:
991:
955:
953:
925:- The ACE spacecraft, launched in August 1997
510:energetic and relativistic electrons up to 1
8:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
784:. The Heliophysics Program Office at NASA's
696:Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics
21:
1462:- University of Colorado, Boulder IMAP page
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
792:, manages the STP program for the agency's
242:Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe
22:Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe
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1513:
1494:
1480:
1472:
1211:
1209:
20:
1197:
1187:
1093:
1091:
1029:(Press release). NASA. 25 September 2020
802:The mission's principal investigator is
718:GLOWS design and assembly is led by the
301:It is the fifth mission selected in the
949:
830:Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40
534:, Ne, and D) tracked over >180° in
2285:List of proposed missions to the Moon
1272:"GLOWS (Global Solar Wind Structure)"
442:IMAP is a simple spin-stabilized (~4
7:
2290:List of proposed space observatories
1653:Chinese Crewed Lunar Landing Mission
1468:- Official NASA Heliophysics webpage
780:This is the fifth mission in NASA's
763:IMAP will supply critical real-time
818:, will provide project management.
706:GLObal solar Wind Structure (GLOWS)
685:Interstellar Dust Experiment (IDEX)
630:/HOPE. SWE is optimized to measure
834:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
587:Solar Wind and Pick-up Ion (SWAPI)
14:
1951:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
854:Evolved expendable launch vehicle
814:'s Applied Physics Laboratory in
679:Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
231:Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
16:Planned NASA heliophysics mission
1415:
1380:
1345:
1313:
1114:
1076:
1039:
976:
901:
782:Solar Terrestrial Probes program
303:Solar Terrestrial Probes program
223:Solar Terrestrial Probes program
27:
1162:McComas, D.J. (December 2018).
937:- NASA science division in the
655:High-energy Ion Telescope (HIT)
1443:- Official Princeton IMAP site
917:Interstellar Boundary Explorer
850:EELV Secondary Payload Adapter
700:University of Colorado Boulder
503:Interstellar Boundary Explorer
1:
935:Heliophysics Science Division
923:Advanced Composition Explorer
866:Heliophysics Science Division
794:Heliophysics Science Division
770:Advanced Composition Explorer
475:Advanced Composition Explorer
432:Advanced Composition Explorer
1004:NASA Launch Services Program
726:, Warsaw, Poland (CBK PAN).
426:at what is called the first
1449:- Official Caltech ACE site
939:Science Mission Directorate
878:payloads are designated as
862:Science Mission Directorate
848:NASA plans on including an
786:Goddard Space Flight Center
76:https://imap.princeton.edu/
2337:
2129:ISS Deorbit Vehicle (2030)
1297:"Solar Terrestrial Probes"
882:as defined in NPR 8705.4.
745:Applied Physics Laboratory
724:Polish Academy of Sciences
107:Applied Physics Laboratory
66:Applied Physics Laboratory
2316:Solar space observatories
2280:
1370:. NASA. 26 September 2017
1335:. NASA. 25 September 2020
1189:10.1007/s11214-018-0550-1
606:Solar Wind Electron (SWE)
573:Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer
479:Solar Energetic Particles
280:spin-stabilized satellite
219:
214:
205:
171:
167:
116:
112:
93:
89:
46:
26:
2237:Uranus Orbiter and Probe
1458:26 November 2021 at the
1104:. NASA. 1 September 2017
812:Johns Hopkins University
742:Johns Hopkins University
844:Missions of Opportunity
738:NASA Deep Space Network
378:Energetic Neutral Atoms
267:selected a team led by
129:29 April 2025 (planned)
674:fluxgate magnetometers
468:Energetic neutral atom
463:
368:. IMAP will study the
2096:Venus Orbiter Mission
1168:Space Science Reviews
720:Space Research Center
569:European Space Agency
485:(ACRs), and Galactic
461:
181:Reference system
98:Spacecraft properties
886:TechDemo opportunity
828:launch vehicle from
808:Princeton University
370:heliosphere boundary
273:Princeton University
2321:2025 in spaceflight
1502:Future spaceflights
1180:2018SSRv..214..116M
1066:. NASA. 1 June 2018
999:"Upcoming Missions"
873:Science opportunity
790:Greenbelt, Maryland
575:(JUICE) mission to
282:in orbit about the
261:interstellar medium
23:
1580:Boeing Starliner-1
909:Spaceflight portal
759:Space weather data
668:Magnetometer (MAG)
464:
347:supernova remnants
185:Heliocentric orbit
176:Orbital parameters
2311:NASA space probes
2298:
2297:
2245:
2244:
2106:Comet Interceptor
2070:Rosalind Franklin
1789:Lunar Trailblazer
1662:
1661:
691:interstellar dust
386:neutral particles
238:
237:
85:3 years (planned)
2328:
1671:
1514:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1473:
1453:IMAP Quick Facts
1442:
1441:
1439:Official website
1425:
1419:
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1404:
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1301:science.nasa.gov
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1234:
1232:
1223:. Archived from
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1201:
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1159:
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1103:
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995:
986:
980:
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965:
957:
911:
906:
905:
904:
816:Laurel, Maryland
804:David J. McComas
798:Washington, D.C.
628:Van Allen Probes
493:direction using
269:David J. McComas
138:Falcon 9 Block 5
121:Start of mission
82:Mission duration
31:
24:
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2329:
2327:
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2300:
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2192:
2019:
1976:
1899:
1761:
1658:
1612:
1574:Axiom Mission 4
1543:
1503:
1500:
1460:Wayback Machine
1437:
1436:
1433:
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1416:
1408:
1406:
1402:
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1227:on 19 June 2022
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681:magnetometers.
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589:
564:
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499:Cassini–Huygens
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448:Lissajous orbit
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259:with the local
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2273:(11 September)
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2267:(10 September)
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2000:NEO Surveyor
1794:
1626:(March 2026)
1466:Heliophysics
1407:. Retrieved
1394:
1372:. Retrieved
1359:
1339:25 September
1337:. Retrieved
1327:
1305:. Retrieved
1300:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1275:
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1229:. Retrieved
1225:the original
1220:
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1068:. Retrieved
1033:25 September
1031:. Retrieved
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1002:
968:. Retrieved
889:
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832:(SLC-40) at
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622:/SWEPAM and
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422:towards the
417:
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382:Solar System
359:
351:suprathermal
328:
300:
298:prediction.
277:Sun-tracking
249:heliophysics
244:
241:
239:
221:
103:Manufacturer
51:Mission type
18:
2271:Soyuz MS-26
2233:(mid 2020s)
2171:(2031–2032)
2126:(2029–2031)
2015:Superbird-9
2002:(September)
1953:(2026–2027)
1863:Space Rider
1810:Gaganyaan-3
1805:Gaganyaan-2
1752:(September)
1726:Hakuto-R M2
1711:Gaganyaan-1
1690:(September)
1688:Bion-M No.2
1636:Gaganyaan-5
1624:Soyuz MS-29
1608:Gaganyaan-4
1603:Shenzhou 21
1594:(September)
1588:(September)
1586:Soyuz MS-28
1569:Shenzhou 20
1563:Soyuz MS-27
1540:(late 2024)
1532:Shenzhou 19
1528:(September)
836:(CCSFS) in
548:heliosphere
487:Cosmic Rays
483:Cosmic Rays
454:Instruments
366:heliosphere
339:black holes
253:heliosphere
210:Instruments
144:Launch site
126:Launch date
55:Heliosphere
2305:Categories
2259:Türksat 6A
1883:SSC Demo-1
1879:(February)
1832:(February)
1758:(November)
1694:Blue Ghost
1559:(February)
1534:(November)
1174:(8): 116.
945:References
776:Management
618:/ SWOOPS,
612:solar wind
593:solar wind
562:IMAP-Ultra
507:solar wind
438:Spacecraft
362:solar wind
257:solar wind
195:Halo orbit
158:Contractor
2145:Spektr-UV
2139:SAOCOM-2B
2118:Tianwen-4
2090:Tianwen-3
2078:SAOCOM-2A
2039:Dragonfly
2033:Chang'e 8
1936:ispace M3
1922:Chang'e 7
1888:Tianwen-2
1815:Garatéa-L
1791:(January)
1746:(October)
1707:(October)
1647:Artemis 5
1641:Artemis 4
1630:Artemis 3
1592:Artemis 2
1447:ACE Home
1409:9 January
1374:9 January
1108:8 January
929:Voyager 1
491:Voyager 1
2261:(8 July)
2252:launched
2250:Recently
2175:LiteBIRD
2157:EnVision
2151:Spektr-M
2124:Venera-D
1967:ULTRASAT
1926:Rashid 2
1844:Series B
1842:MetOp-SG
1838:Series A
1836:MetOp-SG
1780:ESCAPADE
1744:Juventas
1716:GOSAT-GW
1667:Uncrewed
1582:(August)
1576:(Spring)
1456:Archived
1281:10 April
1256:10 April
1011:3 August
970:30 April
895:See also
852:(ESPA) (
826:Falcon 9
581:Ganymede
536:ecliptic
376:. Using
305:, after
62:Operator
57:research
2231:TEREX-1
2169:DAVINCI
2163:VERITAS
2153:(2030+)
2133:Luna 28
2112:Harmony
2051:Luna 27
2045:JASMINE
1995:Luna 26
1957:Xuntian
1896:(April)
1894:TRACERS
1873:SPHEREx
1830:LOXSAT1
1801:(April)
1799:SWFO-L1
1775:DESTINY
1750:PROBA-3
1721:GSAT-20
1683:Biomass
1655:(~2030)
1565:(March)
1247:"GLOWS"
1231:23 June
1176:Bibcode
880:Class D
838:Florida
636:in situ
632:in situ
624:Genesis
616:Ulysses
577:Jupiter
542:IMAP-Hi
518:IMAP-Lo
495:in situ
414:Profile
409:Mission
325:Science
72:Website
2226:PETREL
2189:(2035)
2183:(2035)
2181:Athena
2177:(2032)
2165:(2031)
2159:(2031)
2147:(2030)
2141:(2030)
2135:(2030)
2120:(2029)
2114:(2029)
2108:(2029)
2098:(2028)
2092:(2028)
2086:(2028)
2080:(2028)
2074:(2028)
2065:(2028)
2059:(2028)
2053:(2028)
2047:(2028)
2041:(2028)
2035:(2028)
1913:ALTIUS
1868:SPARCS
1820:HTV-X1
1740:Milani
1649:(2030)
1643:(2028)
1632:(2026)
1598:Vast-1
1509:Crewed
1405:. NASA
1307:5 June
1303:. NASA
1070:5 June
823:SpaceX
810:. The
374:galaxy
355:plasma
315:STEREO
311:Hinode
245:(IMAP)
191:Regime
162:SpaceX
134:Rocket
2216:MOM 2
2211:Janus
2102:ARIEL
2072:rover
2025:2028+
1990:FORUM
1972:VOICE
1962:PLATO
1941:LUPEX
1931:IHP-2
1890:(May)
1877:PUNCH
1858:SMILE
1853:NISAR
1731:IHP-1
1700:DISHA
1617:2026+
1538:Fram2
1403:(PDF)
1368:(PDF)
1251:GLOWS
1102:(PDF)
964:(PDF)
420:Earth
331:stars
307:TIMED
288:Earth
247:is a
152:LC-40
148:CCSFS
39:Names
2187:LISA
2010:HALO
1982:2027
1917:FLEX
1905:2026
1848:MULA
1825:IM-3
1795:IMAP
1785:IM-2
1767:2025
1736:Hera
1675:2024
1549:2025
1518:2024
1411:2019
1376:2019
1341:2020
1309:2018
1283:2023
1258:2023
1233:2022
1221:LASP
1110:2019
1072:2018
1035:2020
1013:2024
972:2020
749:LASP
660:the
579:and
567:the
552:IBEX
501:and
360:The
317:and
265:NASA
240:The
42:IMAP
2198:TBA
2063:MSR
2006:PPE
1946:MMX
1194:hdl
1184:doi
1172:214
806:of
796:in
788:in
620:ACE
571:'s
512:MeV
444:RPM
424:Sun
319:MMS
290:L1
284:Sun
271:of
2307::
2104:/
2008:/
1924:/
1915:/
1875:/
1797:/
1787:/
1742:/
1738:/
1696:M1
1299:.
1274:.
1249:.
1219:.
1208:^
1192:.
1182:.
1170:.
1166:.
1128:^
1090:^
1053:^
1001:.
990:^
952:^
722:,
702:.
530:,
528:He
526:,
514:.
345:,
341:,
337:,
333:,
321:.
313:,
309:,
199:L1
150:,
1495:e
1488:t
1481:v
1424:.
1413:.
1389:.
1378:.
1354:.
1343:.
1322:.
1311:.
1285:.
1260:.
1235:.
1202:.
1196::
1186::
1178::
1123:.
1112:.
1085:.
1074:.
1048:.
1037:.
1015:.
985:.
974:.
532:O
524:H
286:–
201:)
197:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
