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The absence of e-mail notifications is often seen as counterproductive because of the required "catch-up" time periods after a long time between email checking. Alternatively, there are several attempts to design software applications that deliver notifications when there is an identified break from work, or categorize notifications based on their relative importance (e.g. Oasis).
52:, concurrent multitasking) is the presence of primary task which must be returned to upon completing a secondary interrupting task. For instance, talking on the phone while driving is generally considered an instance of concurrent multitasking; stopping a data entry task to check emails is generally considered an instance of an interruption.
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Research has also investigated the effects of relevant interruptions, and found notifications relevant to the current task are less disruptive than if it were unrelated. Overall task performance is most impacted when an instant message is received during fast and stimulus-driven tasks such as typing,
211:
Several solutions have been proposed to this problem. One study suggested entirely disable email notifications. The down side was it may induce a pressure to constant need to check their email accounts. In fact, entirely removing notifications may lead people to spend more time checking their email.
198:
switches tasks every three minutes, and, once distracted, a worker can take nearly a half-hour to resume the original task". Mark conducted a study on office workers, which revealed that "each employee spent only 11 minutes on any given project before being interrupted". Kelemen et al. showed that a
207:
One of the major challenges associated with increased reliance on information technologies is they will send users notifications, without considering current task demands. Answering notifications impedes task performance and the ability to resume to the original task at hand. In addition, even just
223:
to reduce the amount of interruption and decline in productivity. This technique was used in the aim to provide calmer and less disruptive work spaces. If users are busy, alerts and notifications are put aside and delivered only when users are in a position to receive notifications without harming
39:
Being ubiquitous in life and an intuitive concept, there are few formal definitions of interruption. A commonly agreed upon definition proposed by Boehm-Davis and
Remington specifies an interruption is "the suspension of one stream of work prior to completion, with the intent of returning to and
255:
Interruption caused by smartphone use in health-care settings can be deadly. Hence, it may be worthwhile for health care organizations to craft effective cellphone usage policies to maximize technological benefits and minimize unnecessary distraction associated with smartphone use.
1477:
http://lib.myilibrary.com/detail.asp?ID=279322\nhttp://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/DECRead?standardNoType=1&standardNo=0199733562&sessionid=0&srcdbname=worldcat&key=455a3d5fd3b04b30b7e62eefaccb0a6c37c006d081c99153ebf63d6646df2b41&ectype=MOREINFO\nhttp://fir
135:: people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed tasks. In the 1940s, Fitts and Jones reported that interruptions were a cause of pilot errors and flying accidents, and made recommendations on reducing these disruptive effects.
1193:
Cades, D. M., Davis, D. A. B., Trafton, J. G., & Monk, C. A. (2007). Does the difficulty of an interruption affect our ability to resume? In
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 51, pp. 234–238). SAGE
55:
Interruptions, in almost all instances, are disruptive to performance and induce errors. Therefore, interruption science typically examines the effects of interruptions in high-risk workplace environments such as
1190:
Bailey, B. P., Konstan, J. A., & Carlis, J. V. (2001). The
Effects of Interruptions on Task Performance, Annoyance, and Anxiety in the User Interface. Proceedings of INTERACT '01, IOS Press, 593–601.
23:
scientific study concerned with how interruptions affect human performance, and the development of interventions to ameliorate the disruption caused by interruptions. Interruption science is a branch of
224:
their work. The bounded deferral method has proven to be useful and has the potential to become even more effective on a wider scale, as it has showed how an effective notification system can operate.
340:
Boehm-Davis, Deborah A.; Remington, Roger (September 2009). "Reducing the disruptive effects of interruption: A cognitive framework for analysing the costs and benefits of intervention strategies".
199:
team of programmers is interrupted through a technical Skype support chat up to 150 times a day, but these interruptions can be reduced by introducing a dispatcher role and a knowledge base.
1299:
Grundgeiger, T.; Sanderson, P.; MacDougall, H. G.; Venkatesh, B. (2010). "Interruption
Management in the Intensive Care Unit: Predicting Resumption Times and Assessing Distributed Support".
240:, interruption during an operation could have serious consequences. Yet in some cases, a surgeon may need to be interrupted to make him or her aware of new issues arising with the patient.
577:
Bailey, Brian P.; Konstan, Joseph A. (July 2006). "On the need for attention-aware systems: Measuring effects of interruption on task performance, error rate, and affective state".
1592:
403:
612:
Cades, D. M.; Werner, N. E.; Boehm-Davis, D. A.; Arshad, Z. (1 September 2010). "What makes Real-World
Interruptions Disruptive? Evidence from an Office Setting".
1012:
Brixey J. J., Robinson D. J., Tang Z., Johnson T. R., Zhang J. & Turley J. P. (2005) "Interruptions in
Workflow for RNs in a Level-One Trauma Center", in:
1484:"How do interruptions affect clinician performance in healthcare? Negotiating fidelity, control, and potential generalizability in the search for answers"
481:"How do interruptions affect clinician performance in healthcare? Negotiating fidelity, control, and potential generalizability in the search for answers"
1472:
Remington, R. W., & Loft, S. (2015). Attention and multitasking. APA Handbook of Human
Systems Integration., (1918), 261–276. doi 10.1037/14528-017
1518:
Sasangohar, F.; Scott, S. D.; Donmez, B. (2013). "Interruption
Management and Recovery in Time-critical Supervisory-level Tasks A Literature Review".
1401:
Latorella, K. A. (1999). Investigating interruptions: Implications for flight deck performance (Technical
Memorandum NASA/TM-1999-209707), (October).
725:
Kelemen, Zádor Dániel; Tódor, Balázs; Hodosi, Sándor; Somfai, Ákos (2016-11-01). "Refactoring technical support to reduce interrupts of developers".
1017:
233:
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190:, and phone calls. One line of research in interruption science examines the disruptive effects of these technologies and how to improve the
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Salvucci, D. D., & Taatgen, N. A. (2011). The multitasking mind. Oxford series on cognitive models and architectures. Retrieved from
1118:
Adamczyk P. D. & Bailey B. P. (2004) If not now, when?: The effects of interruption at different moments within task execution, in:
1405:
Monk, C. A.; Trafton, J. G.; Boehm-Davis, D. A. (2008). "The effect of interruption duration and demand on resuming suspended goals".
387:
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Ratwani, R. M.; Trafton, J. G.; Myers, C. (2006). "Helpful or harmful? Examining the effects of interruptions on task performance".
926:
802:
647:
Gillie, Tony; Broadbent, Donald (April 1989). "What makes interruptions disruptive? A study of length, similarity, and complexity".
538:
72:
can have serious, potentially disastrous consequences. Interruptions are also explored in less safety-critical workplaces, such as
219:
Bounded deferral is a restricted notification method that entails users waiting a prescribed amount of time before they access a
29:
444:
Latorella, K. A. (1 October 1998). "Effects of
Modality on Interrupted Flight Deck Performance: Implications for Data Link".
1030:
Paxton, F.; Heaney, D. J.; Howie, J. G.; Porter, A. M. (1996). "A study of interruption rates for practice nurses and GPs".
1237:
Gillie, T.; Broadbent, D. (1989). "What makes interruptions disruptive? A study of length, similarity, and complexity".
25:
703:
49:
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Hodgetts H. M., Jones D. M. (2006) Interruption of the Tower of London task: Support for a goal-activation approach,
826:
Stothart, C; Mitchum, A; Yehnert, C (29 June 2015). "The Attentional Cost of Receiving a Cell Phone Notification".
1602:
1582:
291:"Interruption science as a research field: Towards a taxonomy of interruptions as a foundation for the field"
1597:
1361:"Integrating knowledge of multitasking and Interruptions across different Perspectives and research methods"
1414:
1308:
1207:
904:
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Gloria Mark; Daniela Gudith; Ulrich Klocke (2008). "The cost of interrupted work: more speed and stress".
707:
1268:"What does it mean for an interruption to be relevant? An investigation of relevance as a memory effect"
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870:
33:
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1313:
959:"Notification, Disruption, and Memory: Effects of Messaging Interruptions on Memory and Performance"
871:"Notification, Disruption, and Memory: Effects of Messaging Interruptions on Memory and Performance"
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Kim, Seungjun; Chun, Jaemin; Dey, Anind K. (2015). "Sensors Know when to Interrupt You in the Car".
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completing the original stream of work". Interruptions are considered to be on the spectrum of
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knowing that one has received a notification can negatively impact sustained attention.
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Edwards, M. B.; Gronlund, S. D. (1998). "Task interruption and its effects on memory".
1093:
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989:"Balancing Awareness and Interruption: Investigation of Notification Deferral Policies"
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Office workers face a number of interruptions due to information technologies such as
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Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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CHI '08 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
1359:
Janssen, C. P.; Gould, S. J. J.; Li, S. Y. W.; Brumby, D. P.; Cox, A. L. (2015).
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Trafton, Gregory J.; Monk, Christopher A. (1 March 2007). "Task Interruptions".
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252:. Another study has been done on the interruption rates of nurses and doctors.
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1067:"Distraction: an assessment of smartphone usage in health care work settings"
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Proceedings of the 2010 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
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Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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76:, where interruptions can induce stress, anxiety, and poorer performance.
897:"Effects of intelligent notification management on users and their tasks"
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In nursing, a study has been conducted of the impact of interruptions on
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Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
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Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
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Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
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Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
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Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
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The first formal investigation into interruptions was conducted by
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231:
1128:"Timecourse of recovery from task interruption: Data and a model"
785:
Iqbal, Shamsi T.; Horvitz (2010). "Notifications and awareness".
142:
83:
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Human Factors in Computing Systems: Proceedings of CHI'04,
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Sanderson, Penelope M.; Grundgeiger, Tobias (July 2015).
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of such devices. According to Gloria Mark, "the average
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in the 1920s. Their seminary research demonstrated the
100:
48:. The distinguishing feature of an interruption (see
1547:Trafton, J. G.; Monk (2007). "Task interruptions".
1266:Gould, S. J. J.; Brumby, D. P.; Cox, A. L. (2013).
1491:International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
1365:International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
488:International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
216:pressing buttons, or examining search results.
1163:"Memory for goals: An activation-based model"
957:Cutrell, Edward; Czerwinski, Horvitz (2001).
378:Taatgen, Dario D. Salvucci, Niels A. (2011).
8:
1347:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
402:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1407:Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
1354:https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.135.1.103
1301:Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
1065:Gill, P.S.; Kamath, A.; Gill, T.S. (2012).
1482:Sanderson, P. M.; Grundgeiger, T. (2015).
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1549:Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics
1161:Altmann, E. M.; Trafton, J. G. (2002).
1126:Altmann, E. M.; Trafton, J. G. (2007).
419:Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics
289:Stangl, Fabian J.; Riedl, René (2022).
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1014:AMIA 2005 Annual Symposium Proceedings
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1071:Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
382:. New York: Oxford University Press.
7:
966:INTERACT 2001 Conference Proceedings
684:"Fighting a War Against Distraction"
44:and in this context referred to as
342:Accident Analysis & Prevention
14:
1132:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
895:Iqbal, Shamsi T; Bailey (2008).
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682:Alboher, Marci (22 June 2008).
1:
1122:New York: ACM Press, 271-278
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1377:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.03.002
579:Computers in Human Behavior
500:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2014.11.003
50:Task switching (psychology)
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1588:Human–computer interaction
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1183:10.1207/s15516709cog2601_2
626:10.1177/154193121005400437
458:10.1177/154193129804200120
308:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1043426
30:human–computer interaction
591:10.1016/j.chb.2005.12.009
354:10.1016/j.aap.2009.06.029
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1532:10.1177/1541931213571389
1284:10.1177/1541931213571034
431:10.1518/155723408X299852
26:human factors psychology
1044:10.7748/ns.10.43.33.s53
919:10.1145/1357054.1357070
795:10.1145/1718918.1718926
708:"Meet the Life Hackers"
531:10.1145/2702123.2702409
295:Frontiers in Psychology
46:sequential multitasking
1239:Psychological Research
1200:Memory (Hove, England)
649:Psychological Research
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155:This section is empty.
380:The multitasking mind
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994:. Microsoft Research
876:. Microsoft Research
525:. pp. 487–496.
192:usability and design
34:cognitive psychology
17:Interruption science
1084:10.2147/RMHP.S34813
903:. pp. 93–102.
706:(16 October 2005).
566:. pp. 107–110.
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840:10.1037/xhp0000100
789:. pp. 27–30.
661:10.1007/BF00309260
266:Human multitasking
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139:Theoretical models
99:. You can help by
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1170:Cognitive Science
869:Cutrell, Edward.
271:Ovsiankina effect
178:Knowledge workers
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66:vehicle operation
28:and emerged from
21:interdisciplinary
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