17:
145:
at a point between its contact with the postorbital and supratemporal. When the intertemporal bone is lost, either the postfrontal and supratemporal lengthen to contact each other (or the
504:
431:
Zhu, You-an; Li, Qiang; Lu, Jing; Chen, Yang; Wang, Jianhua; Gai, Zhikun; Zhao, Wenjin; Wei, Guangbiao; Yu, Yilun; Ahlberg, Per E.; Zhu, Min (2022).
784:
234:"A Gigantic Sarcopterygian (Tetrapodomorph Lobe-Finned Fish) from the Upper Devonian of Gondwana (Eden, New South Wales, Australia)"
374:"Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix"
183:"New holostean fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii) from the Middle Triassic of the Monte San Giorgio (Canton Ticino, Switzerland)"
291:
Jollie, Malcolm (1986). "A primer of bone names for the understanding of the actinopterygian head and pectoral girdle skeletons".
497:
60:
Many lineages of four-limbed vertebrates ("tetrapods" in the broad sense) have lost the intertemporal bone. These include
866:
490:
1708:
1535:
1703:
1145:
153:
1272:
1282:
444:
335:
245:
1247:
883:
720:
157:
935:
811:
1005:
945:
745:
705:
648:
1065:
985:
772:
658:
351:
138:
51:
1131:
1126:
725:
568:
980:
16:
1565:
1542:
1458:
990:
832:
468:
460:
413:
395:
273:
214:
740:
1528:
1311:
1080:
1070:
778:
611:
452:
403:
385:
343:
300:
263:
253:
204:
194:
149:
in case the supratemporal is also lost), or the parietal widens to contact the postorbital.
134:
130:
1655:
1230:
1154:
626:
448:
339:
249:
1318:
1055:
1038:
888:
838:
750:
730:
585:
408:
373:
268:
233:
209:
182:
161:
142:
83:
22:
1697:
1449:
1404:
1381:
1215:
1182:
1103:
1060:
893:
843:
826:
790:
700:
679:
636:
606:
591:
432:
319:
181:
López-Arbarello, Adriana; Bürgin, Toni; Furrer, Heinz; Stockar, Rudolf (2016-07-19).
126:
111:
43:
355:
1399:
1394:
1239:
1121:
919:
915:
877:
816:
735:
663:
642:
621:
562:
232:
Young, Ben; Dunstone, Robert L.; Senden, Timothy J.; Young, Gavin C. (2013-03-06).
146:
95:
87:
78:
68:
62:
482:
258:
1581:
1478:
1276:
1267:
820:
715:
616:
125:
Tetrapod groups which do possess an intertemporal typically have it contact the
119:
73:
456:
1660:
1599:
1569:
1353:
1261:
1000:
995:
962:
951:
631:
601:
554:
103:
27:
464:
399:
1650:
1644:
1604:
1575:
1487:
1358:
1172:
1094:
1047:
925:
766:
653:
115:
107:
47:
1681:
Parentheses denote bones that receive a different name in particular clades
472:
417:
277:
218:
1483:
1414:
1325:
1287:
1251:
1202:
1177:
1162:
957:
907:
520:
517:
54:
433:"The oldest complete jawed vertebrates from the early Silurian of China"
1638:
1473:
1438:
1389:
1293:
1210:
1192:
1187:
1166:
940:
929:
710:
596:
545:
390:
199:
91:
1609:
1432:
1363:
1332:
1257:
1087:
1075:
870:
347:
304:
141:
along its rear edge. Rarely, the intertemporal may also contact the
1427:
1422:
972:
853:
847:
581:
533:
152:
It has been suggested that the intertemporal is homologous to the
39:
1684:
Italics denote neomorphic bones present only in particular clades
1220:
1113:
513:
99:
1026:
531:
486:
324:, a New Colosteid Tetrapod from the Mississippian of Iowa"
57:. It lies in the rear part of the skull, behind the eyes.
114:
lack an intertemporal, though several early groups like
1630:
1558:
1520:
1497:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1413:
1380:
1303:
1238:
1229:
1201:
1153:
1144:
1112:
1046:
1037:
971:
906:
804:
759:
693:
672:
553:
544:
372:Marjanović, David; Laurin, Michel (2019-01-04).
122:, and various other basal taxa retain the bone.
498:
8:
30:which retains the intertemporal (in maroon).
318:John R. Bolt & R. Eric Lombard (2010).
137:along its front and/or outer edge, and the
1463:
1454:
1445:
1300:
1235:
1226:
1150:
1043:
1034:
1023:
769:(Supraoccipital+Exoccipital+Basioccipital)
756:
669:
550:
541:
528:
505:
491:
483:
407:
389:
267:
257:
208:
198:
76:(except for a vestigial intertemporal in
15:
173:
7:
1572:) (Tibiale+Intermedium+Centrale 3+4)
367:
365:
110:) also lack an intertemporal. Most
14:
793:(Squamosal+Petrosal+Ectotympanic)
46:(lobe-finned fish) and extinct
1:
98:(i.e. modern amphibians like
259:10.1371/journal.pone.0053871
781:(Parasphenoid+Basisphenoid)
293:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1725:
457:10.1038/s41586-022-05136-8
129:along its inner edge, the
1677:
1595:
1349:
1033:
1022:
862:
540:
527:
775:(Exoccipital+Opisthotic)
42:bone present in certain
328:Journal of Paleontology
322:Deltaherpeton hiemstrae
1536:Intermediate cuneiform
682:(Postparietal+Tabular)
156:of placoderms and the
31:
19:
1028:Postcranial skeleton
787:(Prootic+Opisthotic)
1584:(Distal tarsal 4+5)
449:2022Natur.609..954Z
340:2010JPal...84.1135B
250:2013PLoSO...853871Y
164:(ray-finned fish).
1066:Cervical vertebrae
391:10.7717/peerj.5565
200:10.7717/peerj.2234
139:supratemporal bone
36:intertemporal bone
32:
1709:Amphibian anatomy
1691:
1690:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1591:
1590:
1559:Composite tarsals
1543:Lateral cuneiform
1541:Distal tarsal 3 (
1534:Distal tarsal 2 (
1527:Distal tarsal 1 (
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1345:
1344:
1331:Distal carpal 4 (
1324:Distal carpal 3 (
1317:Distal carpal 2 (
1310:Distal carpal 1 (
1140:
1139:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
902:
901:
800:
799:
689:
688:
443:(7929): 954–958.
244:(3). US: e53871.
154:postorbital plate
135:postorbital bones
1716:
1529:Medial cuneiform
1467:Proximal tarsals
1464:
1455:
1446:
1301:
1273:Lateral centrale
1236:
1227:
1151:
1081:Caudal vertebrae
1071:Dorsal vertebrae
1044:
1035:
1024:
779:Parabasisphenoid
757:
670:
551:
542:
529:
507:
500:
493:
484:
477:
476:
428:
422:
421:
411:
393:
369:
360:
359:
348:10.1666/10-020.1
334:(6): 1135–1151.
315:
309:
308:
288:
282:
281:
271:
261:
229:
223:
222:
212:
202:
178:
162:actinopterygians
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1665:
1656:Ossified tendon
1614:
1587:
1554:
1551:Distal tarsal 5
1548:Distal tarsal 4
1516:
1493:
1444:
1409:
1368:
1341:
1338:Distal carpal 5
1299:
1283:Medial centrale
1225:
1197:
1155:Pectoral girdle
1136:
1108:
1100:
1029:
1010:
967:
898:
858:
796:
760:Composite bones
755:
685:
673:Composite bones
668:
536:
523:
511:
481:
480:
430:
429:
425:
371:
370:
363:
317:
316:
312:
305:10.1139/z86-058
290:
289:
285:
231:
230:
226:
180:
179:
175:
170:
44:sarcopterygians
12:
11:
5:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1578:(Centrale 1+2)
1573:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1521:Distal tarsals
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1304:Distal carpals
1298:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1265:
1255:
1244:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
977:
975:
969:
968:
966:
965:
960:
955:
948:
943:
938:
933:
923:
912:
910:
904:
903:
900:
899:
897:
896:
891:
889:Sclerotic ring
886:
884:Extracolumella
881:
874:
863:
860:
859:
857:
856:
851:
841:
836:
829:
824:
814:
808:
806:
802:
801:
798:
797:
795:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
763:
761:
754:
753:
751:Supraoccipital
748:
743:
738:
733:
731:Orbitosphenoid
728:
723:
721:Laterosphenoid
718:
713:
708:
703:
697:
695:
691:
690:
687:
686:
684:
683:
676:
674:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
579:
572:
565:
559:
557:
548:
538:
537:
532:
525:
524:
512:
510:
509:
502:
495:
487:
479:
478:
423:
361:
310:
299:(2): 365–379.
283:
224:
172:
171:
169:
166:
158:dermosphenotic
143:squamosal bone
96:Lissamphibians
84:diadectomorphs
23:Proterogyrinus
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1721:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:Miscellaneous
1629:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1405:Epipubic bone
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1382:Pelvic girdle
1379:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:Radius (bone)
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:Interclavicle
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1104:Haemal arches
1102:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
976:
974:
970:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
953:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
931:
927:
924:
921:
917:
914:
913:
911:
909:
905:
895:
894:Wormian bones
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:
875:
872:
868:
865:
864:
861:
855:
852:
849:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
834:
830:
828:
825:
822:
818:
815:
813:
812:Ectopterygoid
810:
809:
807:
803:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
764:
762:
758:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
701:Basioccipital
699:
698:
696:
692:
681:
680:Interparietal
678:
677:
675:
671:
665:
662:
660:
659:Supratemporal
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
644:
640:
638:
637:Quadratojugal
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
587:
583:
580:
578:
577:
576:Intertemporal
573:
571:
570:
566:
564:
561:
560:
558:
556:
552:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
526:
522:
519:
515:
508:
503:
501:
496:
494:
489:
488:
485:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
427:
424:
419:
415:
410:
405:
401:
397:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
368:
366:
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
323:
314:
311:
306:
302:
298:
294:
287:
284:
279:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
228:
225:
220:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
193:. US: e2234.
192:
188:
184:
177:
174:
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:parietal bone
123:
121:
117:
113:
112:temnospondyls
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
69:Icththyostega
65:
64:
58:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
25:
24:
20:The skull of
18:
1704:Fish anatomy
1643:
1637:
1437:
1292:
1146:Appendicular
1122:Cervical rib
1093:
1086:
1006:Tympanohyoid
950:
946:Prearticular
920:Ectotympanic
878:Entotympanic
876:
831:
817:Epipterygoid
746:Sphenethmoid
736:Parasphenoid
706:Basisphenoid
649:Septomaxilla
641:
622:Postparietal
575:
574:
567:
440:
436:
426:
381:
377:
331:
327:
321:
313:
296:
292:
286:
241:
237:
227:
190:
186:
176:
151:
147:tabular bone
124:
88:lepospondyls
79:Greererpeton
77:
67:
63:Acanthostega
61:
59:
38:is a paired
35:
33:
21:
1479:Intermedium
1268:Intermedium
986:Ceratohyoid
821:Alisphenoid
773:Otoccipital
716:Exoccipital
617:Postorbital
612:Postfrontal
131:postfrontal
104:salamanders
1698:Categories
1661:Osteoderms
1600:Metatarsal
1566:Astragalus
1513:Centrale 4
1510:Centrale 3
1507:Centrale 2
1504:Centrale 1
1354:Metacarpal
1262:Triquetral
1132:Caudal rib
1127:Dorsal rib
1001:Thyrohyoid
996:Stylohyoid
963:Surangular
952:Predentary
726:Opisthotic
632:Premaxilla
627:Prefrontal
569:Internasal
555:Skull roof
168:References
120:dvinosaurs
108:caecilians
74:colosteids
28:embolomere
1651:Gastralia
1645:Baubellum
1605:Phalanges
1576:Navicular
1498:Centralia
1488:Calcaneum
1359:Phalanges
1319:Trapezoid
1312:Trapezium
1173:Cleithrum
1095:Pygostyle
1048:Vertebrae
981:Basihyoid
926:Articular
867:Columella
839:Pterygoid
767:Occipital
694:Braincase
654:Squamosal
586:Zygomatic
465:1476-4687
400:2167-8359
384:: e5565.
55:tetrapods
48:amphibian
1484:Fibulare
1415:Hindlimb
1326:Capitate
1288:Pisiform
1252:Scaphoid
1203:Forelimb
1178:Coracoid
1163:Clavicle
991:Epihyoid
958:Splenial
936:Coronoid
908:Mandible
844:Quadrate
833:Prevomer
827:Palatine
791:Temporal
785:Petrosal
607:Parietal
592:Lacrimal
521:skeleton
518:tetrapod
473:36171378
418:30631641
356:83774501
278:23483884
238:PLOS ONE
219:27547543
160:bone of
116:edopoids
92:amniotes
1639:Baculum
1474:Tibiale
1439:Patella
1390:Ischium
1294:Pteroid
1248:Radiale
1211:Humerus
1193:Sternum
1188:Scapula
1167:Furcula
941:Dentary
930:Malleus
916:Angular
741:Prootic
711:Ethmoid
664:Tabular
643:Rostral
597:Maxilla
563:Frontal
546:Cranium
516:in the
445:Bibcode
409:6322490
336:Bibcode
269:3590215
246:Bibcode
210:4957996
40:cranial
1610:Ungual
1582:Cuboid
1459:Tarsus
1433:Fibula
1364:Ungual
1333:Hamate
1277:Lunate
1258:Ulnare
1240:Carpus
1088:Coccyx
1076:Sacrum
871:Stapes
805:Palate
471:
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437:Nature
416:
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106:, and
90:, and
1570:Talus
1428:Tibia
1423:Femur
1400:Pubis
1395:Ilium
1231:Manus
1056:Atlas
1039:Axial
973:Hyoid
854:Vomer
848:Incus
602:Nasal
582:Jugal
534:Skull
514:Bones
378:PeerJ
352:S2CID
187:PeerJ
100:frogs
52:grade
26:, an
1221:Ulna
1114:Ribs
1061:Axis
469:PMID
461:ISSN
414:PMID
396:ISSN
274:PMID
215:PMID
133:and
34:The
1450:Pes
453:doi
441:609
404:PMC
386:doi
344:doi
301:doi
264:PMC
254:doi
205:PMC
195:doi
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