1556:
360:
1597:
1636:
640:
35:. It is part of the temporal region (the portion of the skull roof behind the eyes), usually lying medial (inwards) relative to the
353:
78:
suggests that the supratemporal fuses with the squamosal in early development. A separate supratemporal was retained by early
722:
346:
1621:
1590:
227:"Amphibian skull evolution: The developmental and functional context of simplification, bone loss and heterotopy"
1626:
1641:
1391:
1616:
1583:
1001:
1128:
1138:
1103:
739:
576:
791:
667:
861:
801:
601:
561:
504:
921:
841:
628:
431:
324:
187:
168:
122:) have a prominent supratemporal, but it is absent or fused to adjacent bones in modern turtles.
52:
987:
982:
581:
424:
836:
258:"Skull morphology of the oldest turtles: a preliminary description of Proganochelys quenstedti"
141:"Cranial morphology of the Silurian sarcopterygian Guiyu oneiros (Gnathostomata: Osteichthyes)"
1421:
1398:
1314:
846:
688:
316:
277:
207:
160:
1567:
596:
1384:
1167:
936:
926:
634:
467:
308:
269:
238:
199:
152:
48:
1511:
1086:
1010:
482:
226:
29:
1631:
1174:
911:
894:
744:
694:
606:
586:
441:
36:
1610:
1305:
1260:
1237:
1071:
1038:
959:
916:
749:
699:
682:
646:
556:
535:
492:
462:
447:
296:
140:
112:
40:
172:
1255:
1250:
1095:
977:
775:
771:
733:
672:
591:
519:
498:
477:
418:
328:
273:
118:
67:
56:
44:
338:
295:
Bever, G. S.; Lyson, Tyler R.; Field, Daniel J.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S. (2015).
257:
1437:
1334:
1132:
1123:
676:
571:
472:
1516:
1455:
1425:
1209:
1117:
856:
851:
818:
807:
487:
457:
410:
203:
156:
95:
75:
71:
320:
281:
231:
Journal of
Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
211:
164:
1506:
1500:
1460:
1431:
1343:
1214:
1028:
950:
903:
781:
622:
509:
91:
63:
1537:
Parentheses denote bones that receive a different name in particular clades
1339:
1270:
1181:
1143:
1107:
1058:
1033:
1018:
813:
763:
376:
373:
87:
79:
25:
312:
242:
1563:
1494:
1329:
1294:
1245:
1149:
1066:
1048:
1043:
1022:
796:
785:
566:
452:
401:
83:
1465:
1288:
1219:
1188:
1113:
943:
931:
726:
107:
103:
66:, though it is apparently absent in the lightweight skulls of living
62:
The supratemporal is a common component of the skull in many extinct
1283:
1278:
828:
709:
703:
437:
389:
21:
1540:
Italics denote neomorphic bones present only in particular clades
90:(lizards and snakes) still possess a small supratemporal, though
1076:
969:
369:
99:
32:
1555:
882:
387:
342:
188:"V.— A note on the supratemporal and tabular bones in reptiles"
1571:
256:
Gaffney, Eugene S.; Meeker, Lorraine J. (1983-03-01).
59:(which lies backwards), when those bones are present.
1486:
1414:
1376:
1353:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1269:
1236:
1159:
1094:
1085:
1057:
1009:
1000:
968:
902:
893:
827:
762:
660:
615:
549:
528:
409:
400:
1591:
354:
8:
86:, but was strongly reduced in many groups.
1598:
1584:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1156:
1091:
1082:
1006:
899:
890:
879:
625:(Supraoccipital+Exoccipital+Basioccipital)
612:
525:
406:
397:
384:
361:
347:
339:
297:"Evolutionary origin of the turtle skull"
131:
39:and lateral (outwards) relative to the
192:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
7:
1552:
1550:
1428:) (Tibiale+Intermedium+Centrale 3+4)
1570:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
262:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
649:(Squamosal+Petrosal+Ectotympanic)
1554:
274:10.1080/02724634.1983.10011953
1:
145:Science China Earth Sciences
139:Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (2010).
637:(Parasphenoid+Basisphenoid)
1658:
1637:Bones of the head and neck
1549:
225:Schoch, Rainer R. (2014).
47:. It may also contact the
1533:
1451:
1205:
889:
878:
718:
396:
383:
204:10.1080/00222933708655315
186:Parrington, F.R. (1937).
157:10.1007/s11430-010-4089-6
70:(frogs and salamanders).
55:(which lie forwards), or
631:(Exoccipital+Opisthotic)
1392:Intermediate cuneiform
538:(Postparietal+Tabular)
106:lack it. Some extinct
24:bone present in many
884:Postcranial skeleton
643:(Prootic+Opisthotic)
1440:(Distal tarsal 4+5)
313:10.1038/nature14900
243:10.1002/jez.b.22599
922:Cervical vertebrae
18:supratemporal bone
1622:Amphibian anatomy
1579:
1578:
1547:
1546:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1447:
1446:
1415:Composite tarsals
1399:Lateral cuneiform
1397:Distal tarsal 3 (
1390:Distal tarsal 2 (
1383:Distal tarsal 1 (
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1201:
1200:
1187:Distal carpal 4 (
1180:Distal carpal 3 (
1173:Distal carpal 2 (
1166:Distal carpal 1 (
996:
995:
874:
873:
870:
869:
758:
757:
656:
655:
545:
544:
307:(7568): 239–242.
151:(12): 1836–1848.
1649:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1558:
1551:
1385:Medial cuneiform
1323:Proximal tarsals
1320:
1311:
1302:
1157:
1129:Lateral centrale
1092:
1083:
1007:
937:Caudal vertebrae
927:Dorsal vertebrae
900:
891:
880:
635:Parabasisphenoid
613:
526:
407:
398:
385:
363:
356:
349:
340:
333:
332:
292:
286:
285:
253:
247:
246:
222:
216:
215:
183:
177:
176:
136:
110:relatives (like
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1627:Reptile anatomy
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1548:
1543:
1521:
1512:Ossified tendon
1470:
1443:
1410:
1407:Distal tarsal 5
1404:Distal tarsal 4
1372:
1349:
1300:
1265:
1224:
1197:
1194:Distal carpal 5
1155:
1139:Medial centrale
1081:
1053:
1011:Pectoral girdle
992:
964:
956:
885:
866:
823:
754:
714:
652:
616:Composite bones
611:
541:
529:Composite bones
524:
392:
379:
367:
337:
336:
294:
293:
289:
255:
254:
250:
224:
223:
219:
185:
184:
180:
138:
137:
133:
128:
12:
11:
5:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1559:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1434:(Centrale 1+2)
1429:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1378:
1377:Distal tarsals
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1160:Distal carpals
1154:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1121:
1111:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1015:
1013:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
993:
991:
990:
985:
980:
974:
972:
966:
965:
963:
962:
957:
955:
954:
947:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
908:
906:
897:
887:
886:
883:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
833:
831:
825:
824:
822:
821:
816:
811:
804:
799:
794:
789:
779:
768:
766:
760:
759:
756:
755:
753:
752:
747:
745:Sclerotic ring
742:
740:Extracolumella
737:
730:
719:
716:
715:
713:
712:
707:
697:
692:
685:
680:
670:
664:
662:
658:
657:
654:
653:
651:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
619:
617:
610:
609:
607:Supraoccipital
604:
599:
594:
589:
587:Orbitosphenoid
584:
579:
577:Laterosphenoid
574:
569:
564:
559:
553:
551:
547:
546:
543:
542:
540:
539:
532:
530:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
435:
428:
421:
415:
413:
404:
394:
393:
388:
381:
380:
368:
366:
365:
358:
351:
343:
335:
334:
287:
248:
237:(8): 619–630.
217:
198:(115): 69–76.
178:
130:
129:
127:
124:
68:lissamphibians
30:tetrapodomorph
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1654:
1643:
1642:Anatomy stubs
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1566:article is a
1565:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:Miscellaneous
1485:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1261:Epipubic bone
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1238:Pelvic girdle
1235:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1072:Radius (bone)
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:Interclavicle
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
999:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
971:
967:
961:
960:Haemal arches
958:
953:
952:
948:
946:
945:
941:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
905:
901:
898:
896:
892:
888:
881:
877:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
832:
830:
826:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
809:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
787:
783:
780:
777:
773:
770:
769:
767:
765:
761:
751:
750:Wormian bones
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
735:
731:
728:
724:
721:
720:
717:
711:
708:
705:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
690:
686:
684:
681:
678:
674:
671:
669:
668:Ectopterygoid
666:
665:
663:
659:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
620:
618:
614:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
557:Basioccipital
555:
554:
552:
548:
537:
536:Interparietal
534:
533:
531:
527:
521:
518:
516:
515:Supratemporal
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
500:
496:
494:
493:Quadratojugal
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
443:
439:
436:
434:
433:
432:Intertemporal
429:
427:
426:
422:
420:
417:
416:
414:
412:
408:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
382:
378:
375:
371:
364:
359:
357:
352:
350:
345:
344:
341:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
291:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
252:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
221:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
182:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
135:
132:
125:
123:
121:
120:
115:
114:
113:Proganochelys
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:Embryological
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
53:intertemporal
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1617:Fish anatomy
1572:expanding it
1561:
1499:
1493:
1293:
1148:
1002:Appendicular
978:Cervical rib
949:
942:
862:Tympanohyoid
806:
802:Prearticular
776:Ectotympanic
734:Entotympanic
732:
687:
673:Epipterygoid
602:Sphenethmoid
592:Parasphenoid
562:Basisphenoid
514:
505:Septomaxilla
497:
478:Postparietal
430:
423:
304:
300:
290:
268:(1): 25–28.
265:
261:
251:
234:
230:
220:
195:
191:
181:
148:
144:
134:
119:Eunotosaurus
117:
111:
96:crocodilians
61:
45:postparietal
20:is a paired
17:
15:
1335:Intermedium
1124:Intermedium
842:Ceratohyoid
677:Alisphenoid
629:Otoccipital
572:Exoccipital
473:Postorbital
468:Postfrontal
76:salamanders
74:studies of
49:postorbital
1611:Categories
1517:Osteoderms
1456:Metatarsal
1422:Astragalus
1369:Centrale 4
1366:Centrale 3
1363:Centrale 2
1360:Centrale 1
1210:Metacarpal
1118:Triquetral
988:Caudal rib
983:Dorsal rib
857:Thyrohyoid
852:Stylohyoid
819:Surangular
808:Predentary
582:Opisthotic
488:Premaxilla
483:Prefrontal
425:Internasal
411:Skull roof
126:References
92:archosaurs
64:amphibians
1507:Gastralia
1501:Baubellum
1461:Phalanges
1432:Navicular
1354:Centralia
1344:Calcaneum
1215:Phalanges
1175:Trapezoid
1168:Trapezium
1029:Cleithrum
951:Pygostyle
904:Vertebrae
837:Basihyoid
782:Articular
723:Columella
695:Pterygoid
623:Occipital
550:Braincase
510:Squamosal
442:Zygomatic
321:1476-4687
282:0272-4634
212:0374-5481
165:1674-7313
88:Squamates
80:synapsids
37:squamosal
26:tetrapods
1340:Fibulare
1271:Hindlimb
1182:Capitate
1144:Pisiform
1108:Scaphoid
1059:Forelimb
1034:Coracoid
1019:Clavicle
847:Epihyoid
814:Splenial
792:Coronoid
764:Mandible
700:Quadrate
689:Prevomer
683:Palatine
647:Temporal
641:Petrosal
463:Parietal
448:Lacrimal
377:skeleton
374:tetrapod
173:54963054
84:reptiles
41:parietal
1564:anatomy
1495:Baculum
1330:Tibiale
1295:Patella
1246:Ischium
1150:Pteroid
1104:Radiale
1067:Humerus
1049:Sternum
1044:Scapula
1023:Furcula
797:Dentary
786:Malleus
772:Angular
597:Prootic
567:Ethmoid
520:Tabular
499:Rostral
453:Maxilla
419:Frontal
402:Cranium
372:in the
329:4401555
104:mammals
57:tabular
43:and/or
22:cranial
1466:Ungual
1438:Cuboid
1315:Tarsus
1289:Fibula
1220:Ungual
1189:Hamate
1133:Lunate
1114:Ulnare
1096:Carpus
944:Coccyx
932:Sacrum
727:Stapes
661:Palate
327:
319:
301:Nature
280:
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171:
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108:turtle
102:) and
1632:Skull
1562:This
1426:Talus
1284:Tibia
1279:Femur
1256:Pubis
1251:Ilium
1087:Manus
912:Atlas
895:Axial
829:Hyoid
710:Vomer
704:Incus
458:Nasal
438:Jugal
390:Skull
370:Bones
325:S2CID
169:S2CID
100:birds
1568:stub
1077:Ulna
970:Ribs
917:Axis
317:ISSN
278:ISSN
208:ISSN
161:ISSN
116:and
98:and
82:and
33:fish
28:and
16:The
1306:Pes
309:doi
305:525
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239:doi
235:322
200:doi
153:doi
51:or
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