202:
59:), the postfrontal is absent, having failed to ossify during development. The postfrontal is present but reduced in some reptiles, including modern
102:"Amphibian skull evolution: The developmental and functional context of simplification, bone loss and heterotopy: AMPHIBIAN SKULL EVOLUTION"
127:
Benton, Michael J.; Clark, James M. (1988). "8. Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the
Crocodylia". In Benton, Michael J. (ed.).
482:
195:
43:
The postfrontal forms part of the rear and upper border of the eye socket when present. It is particularly large in many extinct
1401:
564:
188:
1233:
843:
970:
980:
945:
581:
418:
143:
633:
509:
703:
643:
443:
403:
346:
763:
683:
470:
356:
273:
829:
824:
423:
266:
678:
1263:
1240:
1156:
688:
530:
163:
438:
1226:
1009:
778:
768:
476:
155:
109:
37:
1353:
928:
852:
324:
68:
52:
25:
129:
The
Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds
1016:
753:
736:
586:
536:
448:
428:
283:
1395:
1147:
1102:
1079:
913:
880:
801:
758:
591:
541:
524:
488:
398:
377:
334:
304:
289:
48:
33:
1097:
1092:
937:
819:
617:
613:
575:
514:
433:
361:
340:
319:
260:
159:
56:
29:
180:
1279:
1176:
974:
965:
518:
413:
314:
55:, thus separating the frontal from the rim of the orbit. In living amphibians (
1358:
1297:
1267:
1051:
959:
698:
693:
660:
649:
329:
299:
252:
72:
167:
106:
Journal of
Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
1348:
1342:
1302:
1273:
1185:
1056:
870:
792:
745:
623:
464:
351:
80:
44:
1379:
Parentheses denote bones that receive a different name in particular clades
144:"The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"
1181:
1112:
1023:
985:
949:
900:
875:
860:
655:
605:
218:
215:
76:
60:
21:
1336:
1171:
1136:
1087:
991:
908:
890:
885:
864:
638:
627:
408:
294:
243:
101:
1307:
1130:
1061:
1030:
955:
785:
773:
568:
64:
113:
1125:
1120:
670:
551:
545:
279:
231:
63:(lizards and snakes). It is lost or fused to surrounding bones in
1382:
Italics denote neomorphic bones present only in particular clades
51:(lobe-finned fish) ancestors, stretching forwards to contact the
918:
811:
211:
724:
229:
184:
24:. It occupies an area of the skull roof between and behind the
79:(including birds), though it is present in other extinct
1328:
1256:
1218:
1195:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1111:
1078:
1001:
936:
927:
899:
851:
842:
810:
744:
735:
669:
604:
502:
457:
391:
370:
251:
242:
142:Sereno, Paul C.; Novas, Fernando E. (1994-01-14).
196:
8:
131:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 295–338.
1161:
1152:
1143:
998:
933:
924:
848:
741:
732:
721:
467:(Supraoccipital+Exoccipital+Basioccipital)
454:
367:
248:
239:
226:
203:
189:
181:
92:
20:is a paired cranial bone found in many
7:
1270:) (Tibiale+Intermedium+Centrale 3+4)
148:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
491:(Squamosal+Petrosal+Ectotympanic)
160:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011525
28:(eye sockets), lateral to the
1:
479:(Parasphenoid+Basisphenoid)
36:bones, and anterior to the
1418:
100:Schoch, Rainer R. (2014).
1375:
1293:
1047:
731:
720:
560:
238:
225:
473:(Exoccipital+Opisthotic)
1234:Intermediate cuneiform
380:(Postparietal+Tabular)
726:Postcranial skeleton
485:(Prootic+Opisthotic)
1282:(Distal tarsal 4+5)
1402:Vertebrate anatomy
764:Cervical vertebrae
1389:
1388:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1289:
1288:
1257:Composite tarsals
1241:Lateral cuneiform
1239:Distal tarsal 3 (
1232:Distal tarsal 2 (
1225:Distal tarsal 1 (
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1043:
1042:
1029:Distal carpal 4 (
1022:Distal carpal 3 (
1015:Distal carpal 2 (
1008:Distal carpal 1 (
838:
837:
716:
715:
712:
711:
600:
599:
498:
497:
387:
386:
1409:
1227:Medial cuneiform
1165:Proximal tarsals
1162:
1153:
1144:
999:
971:Lateral centrale
934:
925:
849:
779:Caudal vertebrae
769:Dorsal vertebrae
742:
733:
722:
477:Parabasisphenoid
455:
368:
249:
240:
227:
205:
198:
191:
182:
172:
171:
139:
133:
132:
124:
118:
117:
97:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1363:
1354:Ossified tendon
1312:
1285:
1252:
1249:Distal tarsal 5
1246:Distal tarsal 4
1214:
1191:
1142:
1107:
1066:
1039:
1036:Distal carpal 5
997:
981:Medial centrale
923:
895:
853:Pectoral girdle
834:
806:
798:
727:
708:
665:
596:
556:
494:
458:Composite bones
453:
383:
371:Composite bones
366:
234:
221:
209:
178:
176:
175:
141:
140:
136:
126:
125:
121:
108:(9999B): 1–12.
99:
98:
94:
89:
69:crocodylomorphs
12:
11:
5:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1276:(Centrale 1+2)
1271:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1219:Distal tarsals
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1002:Distal carpals
996:
995:
988:
983:
978:
968:
963:
953:
942:
940:
931:
922:
921:
916:
911:
905:
903:
897:
896:
894:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
857:
855:
846:
840:
839:
836:
835:
833:
832:
827:
822:
816:
814:
808:
807:
805:
804:
799:
797:
796:
789:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
750:
748:
739:
729:
728:
725:
718:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
675:
673:
667:
666:
664:
663:
658:
653:
646:
641:
636:
631:
621:
610:
608:
602:
601:
598:
597:
595:
594:
589:
587:Sclerotic ring
584:
582:Extracolumella
579:
572:
561:
558:
557:
555:
554:
549:
539:
534:
527:
522:
512:
506:
504:
500:
499:
496:
495:
493:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
461:
459:
452:
451:
449:Supraoccipital
446:
441:
436:
431:
429:Orbitosphenoid
426:
421:
419:Laterosphenoid
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
393:
389:
388:
385:
384:
382:
381:
374:
372:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
277:
270:
263:
257:
255:
246:
236:
235:
230:
223:
222:
210:
208:
207:
200:
193:
185:
174:
173:
154:(4): 451–476.
134:
119:
114:10.1002/.22599
91:
90:
88:
85:
57:lissamphibians
49:sarcopterygian
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1414:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:Miscellaneous
1327:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1103:Epipubic bone
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1080:Pelvic girdle
1077:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1000:
994:
993:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
976:
972:
969:
967:
964:
961:
957:
954:
951:
947:
944:
943:
941:
939:
935:
932:
930:
926:
920:
917:
915:
914:Radius (bone)
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
902:
898:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
881:Interclavicle
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
866:
862:
859:
858:
856:
854:
850:
847:
845:
841:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
815:
813:
809:
803:
802:Haemal arches
800:
795:
794:
790:
788:
787:
783:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
747:
743:
740:
738:
734:
730:
723:
719:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
674:
672:
668:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
651:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
629:
625:
622:
619:
615:
612:
611:
609:
607:
603:
593:
592:Wormian bones
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
577:
573:
570:
566:
563:
562:
559:
553:
550:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
532:
528:
526:
523:
520:
516:
513:
511:
510:Ectopterygoid
508:
507:
505:
501:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
462:
460:
456:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:Basioccipital
397:
396:
394:
390:
379:
378:Interparietal
376:
375:
373:
369:
363:
360:
358:
357:Supratemporal
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
342:
338:
336:
335:Quadratojugal
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
285:
281:
278:
276:
275:
274:Intertemporal
271:
269:
268:
264:
262:
259:
258:
256:
254:
250:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
217:
213:
206:
201:
199:
194:
192:
187:
186:
183:
179:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
138:
135:
130:
123:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
96:
93:
86:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1341:
1335:
1135:
990:
844:Appendicular
820:Cervical rib
791:
784:
704:Tympanohyoid
648:
644:Prearticular
618:Ectotympanic
576:Entotympanic
574:
529:
515:Epipterygoid
444:Sphenethmoid
434:Parasphenoid
404:Basisphenoid
347:Septomaxilla
339:
320:Postparietal
309:
272:
265:
177:
151:
147:
137:
128:
122:
105:
95:
73:crocodilians
42:
17:
15:
1177:Intermedium
966:Intermedium
684:Ceratohyoid
519:Alisphenoid
471:Otoccipital
414:Exoccipital
315:Postorbital
310:Postfrontal
71:(including
38:postorbital
18:postfrontal
1359:Osteoderms
1298:Metatarsal
1264:Astragalus
1211:Centrale 4
1208:Centrale 3
1205:Centrale 2
1202:Centrale 1
1052:Metacarpal
960:Triquetral
830:Caudal rib
825:Dorsal rib
699:Thyrohyoid
694:Stylohyoid
661:Surangular
650:Predentary
424:Opisthotic
330:Premaxilla
325:Prefrontal
267:Internasal
253:Skull roof
87:References
81:archosaurs
53:prefrontal
47:and their
45:amphibians
1349:Gastralia
1343:Baubellum
1303:Phalanges
1274:Navicular
1196:Centralia
1186:Calcaneum
1057:Phalanges
1017:Trapezoid
1010:Trapezium
871:Cleithrum
793:Pygostyle
746:Vertebrae
679:Basihyoid
624:Articular
565:Columella
537:Pterygoid
465:Occipital
392:Braincase
352:Squamosal
284:Zygomatic
168:0272-4634
77:dinosaurs
61:squamates
22:tetrapods
1396:Category
1182:Fibulare
1113:Hindlimb
1024:Capitate
986:Pisiform
950:Scaphoid
901:Forelimb
876:Coracoid
861:Clavicle
689:Epihyoid
656:Splenial
634:Coronoid
606:Mandible
542:Quadrate
531:Prevomer
525:Palatine
489:Temporal
483:Petrosal
305:Parietal
290:Lacrimal
219:skeleton
216:tetrapod
34:parietal
1337:Baculum
1172:Tibiale
1137:Patella
1088:Ischium
992:Pteroid
946:Radiale
909:Humerus
891:Sternum
886:Scapula
865:Furcula
639:Dentary
628:Malleus
614:Angular
439:Prootic
409:Ethmoid
362:Tabular
341:Rostral
295:Maxilla
261:Frontal
244:Cranium
214:in the
65:mammals
30:frontal
1308:Ungual
1280:Cuboid
1157:Tarsus
1131:Fibula
1062:Ungual
1031:Hamate
975:Lunate
956:Ulnare
938:Carpus
786:Coccyx
774:Sacrum
569:Stapes
503:Palate
166:
75:) and
40:bone.
26:orbits
1268:Talus
1126:Tibia
1121:Femur
1098:Pubis
1093:Ilium
929:Manus
754:Atlas
737:Axial
671:Hyoid
552:Vomer
546:Incus
300:Nasal
280:Jugal
232:Skull
212:Bones
919:Ulna
812:Ribs
759:Axis
164:ISSN
32:and
16:The
1148:Pes
156:doi
110:doi
1398::
162:.
152:13
150:.
146:.
104:.
83:.
67:,
1340:/
1266:(
1243:)
1236:)
1229:)
1188:)
1184:(
1033:)
1026:)
1019:)
1012:)
977:)
973:(
962:)
958:(
952:)
948:(
867:)
863:(
630:)
626:(
620:)
616:(
571:)
567:(
548:)
544:(
521:)
517:(
286:)
282:(
204:e
197:t
190:v
170:.
158::
116:.
112::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.