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Compartments have three main roles. One is to establish physical boundaries for biological processes that enables the cell to carry out different metabolic activities at the same time. This may include keeping certain biomolecules within a region, or keeping other molecules outside. Within the
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Often, cellular compartments are defined by membrane enclosure. These membranes provide physical barriers to biomolecules. Transport across these barriers is often controlled in order to maintain the optimal concentration of biomolecules within and outside of the compartment.
292:. In terms of protein synthesis, the necessary organelles are relatively near one another. The nucleolus within the nuclear envelope is the location of ribosome synthesis. The destination of synthesized ribosomes for protein translation is
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Mans BJ, Anantharaman V, Aravind L, Koonin EV. Comparative genomics, evolution and origins of the nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex. Cell Cycle. 2004 Dec;3(12):1612-37. doi: 10.4161/cc.3.12.1345. Epub 2004 Dec 20. PMID
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is also near the rough ER for packaging and redistributing. Likewise, intracellular compartmentalization allows specific sites of related eukaryotic cell functions isolated from other processes and therefore efficient.
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Another is to generate a specific micro-environment to spatially or temporally regulate a biological process. As an example, a yeast vacuole is normally acidified by proton transporters on the membrane.
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Bernstein H, Bernstein C. Sexual communication in archaea, the precursor to meiosis. pp. 103-117 in
Biocommunication of Archaea (Guenther Witzany, ed.) 2017. Springer International Publishing
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revealed that prokaryotic cells are capable of making compartmentalized structures, albeit these are in most cases not surrounded by a lipid bilayer, but of pure proteinaceous built.
265:, different enzyme systems, and other differences are isolated from other organelles and cytosol. With mitochondria, the cytosol has an oxidizing environment which converts
346:(membrane), a defining characteristic of the eukaryotic cell, was suggested to have arisen as an adaptation for segregating the original archaeal host DNA
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The intercisternal space which comprises the space between the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (which is continuous with the nuclear envelope)
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Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert B. (2008).
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188:(in photosynthetic organisms), are compartments that are believed to be of endosymbiotic origin. Other compartments such as
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A third role is to establish specific locations or cellular addresses for which processes should occur. For example, a
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Diekmann, Y; Pereira-Leal, JB (15 January 2013). "Evolution of intracellular compartmentalization".
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It was thought that compartmentalization is not found in prokaryotic cells., but the discovery of
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Grant, CR; Wan, J; Komeili, A (6 October 2018). "Organelle
Formation in Bacteria and Archaea".
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Organelles (the mitochondrion in all eukaryotes and the plastid in phototrophic eukaryotes)
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to NAD+. With these cases, the compartmentalization is physical.
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away from the proto-mitochondria, the main source of damaging
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In general, there are 4 main cellular compartments, they are:
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are not of endosymbiotic origin. Smaller elements like
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466:Cornejo, E; Abreu, N; Komeili, A (February 2014).
398:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
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322:is thought to have arisen when an ancestral
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338:was triggered by this archaeo-bacterial
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261:membrane-bound compartments, different
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