786:, because the damage herniation can cause is so severe that it may be worthwhile to constrict blood vessels even if doing so reduces blood flow. ICP can also be lowered by raising the head of the bed, improving venous drainage. A side effect of this is that it could lower pressure of blood to the head, resulting in a reduced and possibly inadequate blood supply to the brain. Venous drainage may also be impeded by external factors such as hard collars to immobilize the neck in trauma patients, and this may also increase the ICP. Sandbags may be used to further limit neck movement.
782:, but the induced constriction of blood vessels limits blood flow to the brain at a time when the brain may already be ischemic—hence it is no longer widely used. Furthermore, the brain adjusts to the new level of carbon dioxide after 48 to 72 hours of hyperventilation, which could cause the vessels to rapidly dilate if carbon-dioxide levels were returned to normal too quickly. Hyperventilation is still used if ICP is resistant to other methods of control, or there are signs of
579:
a temporal relation to the low CSF pressure or leakage and the headache cannot be better explained by another ICHD diagnosis. The final criteria is that in the rare cases of spontaneous intracranial hypotension with no headache present, the neurologic symptoms that are present must be attributable to low CSF or explained by the diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension.
84:
36:
578:
The
International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) Third Edition diagnostic criteria for spontaneous intracranial hypotension includes any headache attributed to low CSF pressure (low CSF opening pressure) or CSF leakage (evidence of CSF leakage on imaging). Further, the headache must have
663:
The principal buffers for increased volumes include CSF and, to a lesser extent, blood volume. These buffers respond to increases in volume of the remaining intracranial constituents. For example, an increase in lesion volume (e.g., epidural hematoma) will be compensated by the downward displacement
652:
The Monro–Kellie hypothesis states that the cranial compartment is inelastic and that the volume inside the cranium is fixed. The cranium and its constituents (blood, CSF, and brain tissue) create a state of volume equilibrium, such that any increase in volume of one of the cranial constituents must
474:
and other conditions, directly correlated with poor outcome, is an elevated intracranial pressure. ICP is very likely to cause severe harm if it rises too high. Very high intracranial pressures are usually fatal if prolonged, but children can tolerate higher pressures for longer periods. An increase
559:
may occur as a result of an occult leak of CSF at the level of the spine, into another body cavity. More commonly, decreased ICP is the result of lumbar puncture or other medical procedure involving the spinal cord. Various medical imaging technologies exist to assist in identifying the cause of
836:
demands and oxygen consumption, as well as increasing blood pressure. Analgesia and sedation are used to reduce agitation and metabolic needs of the brain, but these medications may cause low blood pressure and other side effects. Thus if full sedation alone is ineffective, people may be
2149:
Bechtel K. 2004. "Pediatric
Controversies: Diagnosis and Management of Traumatic Brain Injuries." Trauma Report. Supplement to Emergency Medicine Reports, Pediatric Emergency Medicine Reports, ED Management, and Emergency Medicine Alert. Volume 5, Number 3. Thomsom American Health
606:. This results in increased cerebral blood volume, which increases ICP, lowering CPP further and causing a vicious cycle. This results in widespread reduction in cerebral flow and perfusion, eventually leading to ischemia and brain infarction. Increased blood pressure can also make
887:. The section of bone removed, known as a bone flap, can be stored in the patient's abdomen and resited back to complete the skull once the acute cause of raised ICP's has resolved. Alternatively a synthetic material may be used to replace the removed bone section (see
726:) is used. In cases of confirmed brain neoplasm, dexamethasone is given to decrease ICP. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, current research shows that dexamethasone is capable of decreasing peritumoral water content and local tissue pressure to decrease ICP.
151:
Changes in ICP are attributed to volume changes in one or more of the constituents contained in the cranium. CSF pressure has been shown to be influenced by abrupt changes in intrathoracic pressure during coughing (which is induced by contraction of the
594:(MAP) or abnormal ICP the cerebral perfusion pressure is calculated by subtracting the intracranial pressure from the mean arterial pressure: CPP = MAP − ICP . One of the main dangers of increased ICP is that it can cause
2103:
Burgess S, Abu-Laban RB, Slavik RS, Vu EN, Zed PJ (April 2016). "A Systematic Review of
Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing Hypertonic Sodium Solutions and Mannitol for Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Emergency Department Management".
798:
is the body's way of forcing blood into the brain, medical professionals do not normally interfere with it when it is found in a person with a head injury. When it is necessary to decrease cerebral blood flow, MAP can be lowered using common
664:
of CSF and venous blood. Additionally, there is some evidence that brain tissue itself may provide an additional buffer for elevated ICP in circumstances of acute intracranial mass effect via cell volume regulation.
353:(swelling of the optic disc) can be a reliable sign of elevated ICP. Unlike other conditions that may result in the swelling of the optic disc, it is in the case of papilledema that vision may go largely unaffected.
714:
The treatment for ICP depends on the cause. In addition to management of the underlying causes, major considerations in acute treatment of increased ICP relates to the management of stroke and cerebral trauma.
202:), refers to elevated pressure in the cranium. 20–25 mmHg is the upper limit of normal at which treatment is necessary, though it is common to use 15 mmHg as the threshold for beginning treatment.
3004:
258:
may worsen during the night due to the lying position. The headache is worse on coughing, sneezing, or bending, and progressively worsens over time. There may also be personality or behavioral changes.
320:
As a rule, patients with normal blood pressure retain normal alertness with ICP of 25–40 mmHg (unless tissue shifts at the same time). Only when ICP exceeds 40–50 mmHg does CPP and cerebral
3390:
3385:
3402:
3380:
2024:
Alnemari AM, Krafcik BM, Mansour TR, Gaudin D (October 2017). "A Comparison of
Pharmacologic Therapeutic Agents Used for the Reduction of Intracranial Pressure After Traumatic Brain Injury".
702:
In situations when only small amounts of CSF are to be drained to reduce ICP's (e.g. in idiopathic intracranial hypertension), drainage of CSF via lumbar puncture can be used as a treatment.
2237:
2553:
2138:
based on limited data, clinically important differences in mortality, neurological outcomes, and ICP reduction were not observed between HTS or mannitol in the management of severe TBI
754:) cause cerebral blood vessels to dilate, increasing the flow of blood to the brain and causing the ICP to rise. Inadequate oxygenation also forces brain cells to produce energy using
148:. The body has various mechanisms by which it keeps the ICP stable, with CSF pressures varying by about 1 mmHg in normal adults through shifts in production and absorption of CSF.
2292:
242:, and eventually blindness. The headache is classically a morning headache that may wake the person up. The brain is relatively poorly supplied by oxygen as a result of mild
703:
1051:
Spentzas T, Henricksen J, Patters AB, Chaum E (September 2010). "Correlation of intraocular pressure with intracranial pressure in children with severe head injuries".
794:
In the hospital, the blood pressure can be increased in order to increase CPP, increase perfusion, oxygenate tissues, remove wastes, and thereby lessen swelling. Since
598:
by decreasing CPP. Once the ICP approaches the level of the mean systemic pressure, cerebral perfusion falls. The body's response to a fall in CPP is to raise systemic
2749:
2744:
872:
or relieve pressure from parts of the brain. As raised ICP's may be caused by the presence of a mass, removal of this via craniotomy will decrease raised ICP's.
1171:
2546:
3372:
2213:
2091:
We observed no mortality benefit or effect on the control of intracranial pressure with the use of hypertonic saline when compared to other solutions.
849:, and the drugs can have other harmful effects. Paralysing drugs are only introduced if patients are fully sedated (this is essentially the same as a
3362:
2539:
2285:
2245:
766:, also dilating blood vessels and exacerbating the problem. Conversely, blood vessels constrict when carbon dioxide levels are below normal, so
3342:
3015:
3367:
2999:
1410:
1281:
1250:
1794:
Macintyre I (May 2014). "A hotbed of medical innovation: George Kellie (1770-1829), his colleagues at Leith and the Monro-Kellie doctrine".
3205:
3193:
2655:
1747:"Tissue Compliance and Intracranial Pressure Responses to Large Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Young and Aged Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats"
515:
458:
1565:
3424:
3357:
2912:
2278:
567:
may be applied to seal the site of CSF leakage. Various medical treatments have been proposed; only the intravenous administration of
421:
45:
3127:
2930:
2455:
2450:
133:
1631:
2333:
347:(IOP) but seems to lack the accuracy necessary for close management of intracranial pressure in the acute post-traumatic period.
3246:
2404:
659:
and open suture lines in infants that have not yet fused means there is potential for a change in size and intracranial volume.
1888:
Piper RJ, Kalyvas AV, Young AM, Hughes MA, Jamjoom AA, Fouyas IP, et al. (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group) (August 2015).
432:
2761:
2737:
2567:
227:
2953:
2061:"Hypertonic saline in severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
1606:
Kellie G (1824). "Appearances observed in the dissection of two individuals; death from cold and congestion of the brain".
3440:
3325:
3241:
3183:
2732:
3409:
2783:
718:
For long-term or chronic forms of raised ICP, especially idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), a specific type of
406:
590:(CPP), the pressure of blood flowing to the brain, is normally fairly constant due to autoregulation, but for abnormal
3486:
2919:
755:
646:
587:
398:
1182:
343:(soft spots on the head where the skull bones have not yet fused) bulge when ICP gets too high. ICP correlates with
3397:
2947:
2619:
696:
672:
54:
3289:
1690:"An update to the Monro-Kellie doctrine to reflect tissue compliance after severe ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke"
3347:
3315:
3267:
3116:
2695:
1241:
Graham DI, Gennarelli TA (2000). "Pathology of Brain Damage After Head Injury". In Cooper PR, Golfinos J (eds.).
910:
876:
695:
and can be used to drain CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) in order to decrease ICPs. This type of drain is known as an
3481:
3414:
3188:
2602:
2264:
551:
3419:
811:
687:
The most definitive way of measuring the intracranial pressure is with transducers placed within the brain. A
3352:
3108:
2926:
2778:
2768:
2612:
2409:
2162:"Decompressive craniectomy for the treatment of high intracranial pressure in closed traumatic brain injury"
1302:"Drug-Induced Intracranial Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Critical Assessment of Drug-Induced Causes"
900:
804:
607:
560:
decreased ICP. Often, the syndrome is self-limiting, especially if it is the result of a medical procedure.
413:
279:
223:
2221:
290:, and an abnormal respiratory pattern. In children, a low heart rate is especially suggestive of high ICP.
3471:
3284:
3276:
3231:
2907:
2879:
2727:
2493:
2445:
2389:
2364:
800:
779:
591:
471:
263:
297:, in which breathing is rapid for a period and then absent for a period, occurs because of injury to the
3299:
2991:
2969:
2884:
2807:
2717:
2704:
2629:
869:
476:
366:
Causes of increased intracranial pressure can be classified by the mechanism in which ICP is increased:
1939:"Effects of dexamethasone on cerebral perfusion and water diffusion in patients with high-grade glioma"
294:
3476:
3236:
3053:
2942:
2498:
2473:
1701:
564:
344:
293:
Irregular respirations occur when injury to parts of the brain interfere with the respiratory drive.
267:
141:
734:
In people who have high ICP due to an acute injury, it is particularly important to ensure adequate
50:
3165:
2812:
2667:
2607:
2488:
2394:
905:
850:
626:
409:. These conditions tend to decrease the cerebral perfusion pressure but with minimal tissue shifts.
394:
298:
113:
3335:
3320:
3308:
3058:
3009:
2846:
2709:
2597:
2435:
2260:
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1819:
1659:
1497:
1142:
1076:
998:
692:
630:
523:
492:
153:
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275:
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decrease to a level that results in loss of consciousness. Any further elevations will lead to
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2935:
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2425:
2191:
2121:
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1960:
1919:
1870:
1811:
1776:
1727:
1688:
Kalisvaart AC, Wilkinson CM, Gu S, Kung TF, Yager J, Winship IR, et al. (December 2020).
1651:
1546:
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1406:
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1360:
1321:
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1273:
1267:
1246:
1134:
1068:
990:
955:
829:
It is unclear whether mannitol or hypertonic saline is superior, or if they improve outcomes.
823:
778:
can temporarily reduce ICP. Hyperventilation was formerly a part of the standard treatment of
743:
539:
271:
161:
1569:
447:), or obstruction in cerebral convexities and superior sagittal sinus (decreased absorption).
3221:
3092:
3087:
2872:
2867:
2440:
2399:
2381:
2181:
2173:
2113:
2072:
2033:
1950:
1909:
1901:
1860:
1850:
1803:
1766:
1758:
1717:
1709:
1643:
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1528:
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1313:
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982:
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325:
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1745:
Wilkinson CM, Kalisvaart AC, Kung TF, Abrahart AH, Khiabani E, Colbourne F (January 2024).
3143:
2834:
2484:
1094:
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The pressure–volume relationship between ICP, volume of CSF, blood, and brain tissue, and
336:
243:
145:
129:
2007:
1983:
1224:
1207:
1034:
1771:
1746:
1705:
17:
3200:
3149:
2977:
2686:
2563:
2516:
2302:
2186:
2161:
1955:
1938:
1937:
Bastin ME, Carpenter TK, Armitage PA, Sinha S, Wardlaw JM, Whittle IR (February 2006).
1914:
1889:
1865:
1838:
1722:
1689:
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1541:
1516:
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599:
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is a condition of higher than normal intracranial pressure with the main cause being a
480:
283:
255:
157:
1762:
1301:
986:
3465:
3226:
3178:
3048:
2817:
2773:
2624:
1823:
1517:"Reduced brain perfusion and cognitive performance due to constitutional hypotension"
1501:
1356:
865:
723:
676:
634:
618:
531:
484:
428:
417:
266:
is present with resulting displacement of brain tissue, additional signs may include
239:
2133:
1855:
1080:
1002:
83:
2722:
2592:
2575:
2270:
2177:
1905:
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1340:
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888:
795:
603:
572:
302:
251:
845:. Paralysis allows the cerebral veins to drain more easily, but can mask signs of
518:, however the etiology in this instance is a drug. The most frequent symptoms are
1402:
1064:
2681:
2642:
2584:
2321:
815:
759:
751:
699:(EVD). This is rarely required outside brain injury and brain surgery settings.
625:
in which the brain moves toward one side as the result of massive swelling in a
535:
402:
371:
350:
329:
287:
247:
235:
165:
2037:
1713:
1390:
1317:
2792:
2662:
1532:
884:
880:
861:
842:
833:
771:
656:
613:
Severely raised ICP, if caused by a unilateral space-occupying lesion (e.g. a
451:
444:
310:
2117:
2059:
Berger-Pelleiter E, Émond M, Lauzier F, Shields JF, Turgeon AF (March 2016).
1807:
1364:
1325:
563:
If persistent intracranial hypotension is the result of a lumbar puncture, a
2902:
2853:
2841:
2824:
2756:
2430:
2012:
1988:
1449:
1432:
1229:
1212:
1099:
1039:
838:
668:
440:
436:
379:
321:
314:
231:
2195:
2125:
2086:
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1964:
1923:
1874:
1815:
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1655:
1647:
1550:
1493:
1458:
1372:
1138:
1072:
994:
959:
160:
muscles, the latter of which also increases intra-abdominal pressure), the
1485:
3082:
3074:
3040:
2894:
2797:
1839:"Noninvasive intracranial pressure monitoring methods: a critical review"
950:
933:
819:
719:
688:
614:
595:
568:
527:
519:
431:(blockage in ventricles or subarachnoid space at base of brain, e.g., by
383:
340:
215:
211:
173:
2077:
2060:
1208:
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology
2316:
883:
is expanded to allow the brain to swell without crushing it or causing
846:
622:
387:
335:
In infants and small children, the effects of ICP differ because their
1472:
Schievink WI (December 2021). "Spontaneous
Intracranial Hypotension".
1129:
1112:
3121:
2862:
2829:
2359:
2343:
739:
735:
219:
169:
1269:
First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1)
238:. If papilledema is protracted, it may lead to visual disturbances,
3377:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
1632:"The Monro-Kellie hypothesis: applications in CSF volume depletion"
461:, a common cause in otherwise well people especially younger women)
2338:
375:
210:
In general, symptoms and signs that suggest a rise in ICP include
121:
117:
2238:"Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury"
1593:
Observations on the structure and function of the nervous system
511:
483:, can crush brain tissue, shift brain structures, contribute to
393:
Generalized brain swelling can occur in ischemic-anoxia states,
125:
2535:
2274:
1300:
Tan MG, Worley B, Kim WB, ten Hove M, Beecker J (April 2020).
29:
1397:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 169–180,
1341:"Medication-Induced Intracranial Hypertension in Dermatology"
1113:"AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure"
27:
Pressure exerted by fluids inside the skull and on the brain
1433:"Intracranial hypotension syndrome: a comprehensive review"
763:
649:(CPP) is known as the Monro–Kellie doctrine or hypothesis.
491:, and restrict blood supply to the brain. It is a cause of
655:*This concept only applies to adults, as the presence of
475:
in pressure, most commonly due to head injury leading to
1890:"Interventions for idiopathic intracranial hypertension"
427:
Obstruction to CSF flow and/or absorption can occur in
1179:
Orlando
Regional Healthcare, Education and Development
973:
Ghajar J (September 2000). "Traumatic brain injury".
832:
Struggling, restlessness, and seizures can increase
534:. The only observable signs of the condition may be
422:
obstruction of superior mediastinal or jugular veins
3298:
3275:
3266:
3259:
3214:
3164:
3136:
3107:
3073:
3035:
3024:
2990:
2968:
2893:
2703:
2694:
2680:
2640:
2583:
2574:
2509:
2466:
2418:
2380:
2373:
2352:
2309:
1431:Paldino M, Mogilner AY, Tenner MS (December 2003).
691:can be surgically inserted into one of the brain's
653:be compensated by a decrease in volume of another.
454:, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or choroid plexus tumor.
124:
tissue. ICP is measured in millimeters of mercury (
95:
76:
879:, in which a part of the skull is removed and the
206:Signs and symptoms of raised intracranial pressure
91:Severely high ICP can cause the brain to herniate.
704:Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure
864:are holes drilled in the skull with the help of
1225:Initial Evaluation and Management of CNS Injury
1019:. Chapter 22, "Head and Facial Trauma." Mosby.
1245:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 133–54.
2547:
2286:
1978:
1976:
1974:
504:Drug-induced intracranial hypertension (DIIH)
8:
1172:"Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries"
508:medication-induced intracranial hypertension
112:) is the pressure exerted by fluids such as
2166:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1894:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
934:"Monitoring the injured brain: ICP and CBF"
667:The Monro–Kellie hypothesis is named after
128:) and at rest, is normally 7–15 mmHg for a
3272:
3263:
3032:
2700:
2691:
2580:
2554:
2540:
2532:
2377:
2293:
2279:
2271:
1017:Mosby's Paramedic Textbook, 2nd revised Ed
412:Increase in venous pressure can be due to
82:
73:
2263:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2185:
2160:Sahuquillo J, Dennis JA (December 2019).
2076:
1954:
1913:
1864:
1854:
1770:
1721:
1540:
1448:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1128:
949:
927:
925:
875:A drastic treatment for increased ICP is
1943:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
1625:
1623:
1621:
1391:"Drug-Induced Intracranial Hypertension"
1345:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
1306:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
357:Causes of abnormal intracranial pressure
278:. Cushing's triad involves an increased
921:
3343:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
3016:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
2218:Neurosurgery Infonet. USC Neurosurgery
540:sixth cranial nerve (abducens) palsies
499:Drug-induced intracranial hypertension
450:Increased CSF production can occur in
435:), extensive meningeal disease (e.g.,
390:all tend to deform the adjacent brain.
1384:
1382:
1295:
1293:
1029:
1027:
1025:
575:has shown to be particularly useful.
246:during the sleeping hours leading to
7:
3194:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
1515:Duschek S, Schandry R (April 2007).
932:Steiner LA, Andrews PJ (July 2006).
557:Spontaneous intracranial hypotension
516:idiopathic intracranial hypertension
470:One of the most damaging aspects of
459:idiopathic intracranial hypertension
1474:The New England Journal of Medicine
1395:Drug-induced Neurological Disorders
610:bleed faster, also increasing ICP.
3425:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
1984:Traumatic Brain Injury in Children
1595:. Edinburgh: Creech & Johnson.
742:. Inadequate blood oxygen levels (
46:Intracranial hypertension syndrome
25:
3128:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
2931:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
1763:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21628
629:. Midline shift can compress the
339:have not closed. In infants, the
3148:For more detailed coverage, see
3126:For more detailed coverage, see
3097:For more detailed coverage, see
3063:For more detailed coverage, see
3014:For more detailed coverage, see
2334:Lateralization of brain function
2244:. Firstgov. 2005. Archived from
2242:National Guideline Clearinghouse
1837:Moraes FM, Silva GS (May 2021).
1357:10.2165/00128071-200506010-00004
1266:Rao DA, Le T, Bhushan V (2007).
1053:Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
1015:Sanders MJ and McKenna K. 2001.
34:
2405:Somatosensory evoked potentials
1856:10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0300
1389:Jain KK (2021), Jain KK (ed.),
1272:. McGraw-Hill Medical. p.
911:Pressure reactivity index (PRx)
826:) may be used to decrease ICP.
514:. This condition is similar to
2178:10.1002/14651858.CD003983.pub3
1906:10.1002/14651858.CD003434.pub3
938:British Journal of Anaesthesia
228:altered level of consciousness
1:
3441:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3326:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
3184:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
2106:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
1843:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
1566:"Tutorial: CT in Head Trauma"
1111:Polson J, Lee WM (May 2005).
987:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02689-1
457:Idiopathic or unknown cause (
262:In addition to the above, if
164:, and communication with the
3410:Progressive muscular atrophy
1796:Journal of Medical Biography
1403:10.1007/978-3-030-73503-6_12
1065:10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181ce755c
407:Reye hepatocerebral syndrome
196:raised intracranial pressure
99:Increased, normal, decreased
2920:Primary progressive aphasia
1521:Clinical Autonomic Research
647:cerebral perfusion pressure
588:Cerebral perfusion pressure
399:hypertensive encephalopathy
132:adult. This equals to 9–20
43:It has been suggested that
3503:
3242:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
2948:Posterior cortical atrophy
2769:Striatonigral degeneration
2620:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
2038:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.07.009
1714:10.1038/s41598-020-78880-4
1339:Friedman DI (2005-02-01).
1318:10.1007/s40257-019-00485-z
697:external ventricular drain
549:
433:Arnold–Chiari malformation
3348:Spinal muscular atrophies
3316:Primary lateral sclerosis
3174:Intracranial hypertension
2954:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2400:Auditory evoked potential
1533:10.1007/s10286-006-0379-7
877:decompressive craniectomy
180:Intracranial hypertension
90:
81:
60:Proposed since July 2024.
3415:Progressive bulbar palsy
3206:Intracranial hypotension
3189:Choroid plexus papilloma
2603:Herpesviral encephalitis
2265:Medical Subject Headings
2118:10.1177/1060028016628893
1808:10.1177/0967772013479271
1608:Trans Med Chir Sci Edinb
805:calcium channel blockers
780:traumatic brain injuries
608:intracranial hemorrhages
552:Cerebrospinal fluid leak
18:Intracranial hypotension
2927:Frontotemporal dementia
2613:Encephalitis lethargica
2410:Visual evoked potential
1450:10.3171/foc.2003.15.6.8
901:Brain Trauma Foundation
801:antihypertensive agents
641:Monro–Kellie hypothesis
414:venous sinus thrombosis
382:, subdural or epidural
280:systolic blood pressure
3232:Hepatic encephalopathy
2494:Long-term potentiation
2446:Postsynaptic potential
2390:Bereitschaftspotential
1648:10.1212/WNL.56.12.1746
1181:. 2004. Archived from
870:intracranial hematomas
810:If there is an intact
746:) or excessively high
592:mean arterial pressure
3290:Ataxia–telangiectasia
3247:Static encephalopathy
2970:Mitochondrial disease
2808:Spasmodic torticollis
2718:Basal ganglia disease
2329:Intracranial pressure
2261:Intracranial Pressure
1630:Mokri B (June 2001).
1486:10.1056/NEJMra2101561
1035:Pediatric Head Trauma
477:intracranial hematoma
106:Intracranial pressure
77:Intracranial pressure
3237:Toxic encephalopathy
2943:Lewy bodies dementia
2499:Long-term depression
2474:Axoplasmic transport
2214:"Monro-Kellie Model"
756:anaerobic metabolism
602:and dilate cerebral
530:, and impairment of
370:Mass effect such as
345:intraocular pressure
299:cerebral hemispheres
268:pupillary dilatation
140:, which is a common
53:into this article. (
3285:Friedreich's ataxia
2668:Meningoencephalitis
2608:Limbic encephalitis
2489:Synaptic plasticity
2481:/Nerve regeneration
2078:10.1017/cem.2016.12
1706:2020NatSR..1022013K
1437:Neurosurgical Focus
1188:on 27 February 2008
906:Copper beaten skull
851:general anaesthetic
841:with drugs such as
812:blood–brain barrier
627:cerebral hemisphere
395:acute liver failure
309:can occur when the
114:cerebrospinal fluid
3487:Ventricular system
3321:Pseudobulbar palsy
3059:Status epilepticus
3010:Multiple sclerosis
2847:Myoclonic epilepsy
2710:movement disorders
2656:Acute disseminated
2598:Viral encephalitis
2436:Membrane potential
2301:Physiology of the
2026:World Neurosurgery
1694:Scientific Reports
1572:on 6 November 2005
951:10.1093/bja/ael110
706:is being studied.
693:lateral ventricles
524:pulsatile tinnitus
493:reflex bradycardia
374:, infarction with
295:Biot's respiration
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3255:
3254:
3160:
3159:
3099:Template:Headache
3065:Template:Epilepsy
2986:
2985:
2960:Vascular dementia
2803:Status dystonicus
2676:
2675:
2651:Encephalomyelitis
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2479:Neuroregeneration
2426:Neurotransmission
1642:(12): 1746–1748.
1564:Downie A (2001).
1480:(23): 2173–2178.
1412:978-3-030-73503-6
1283:978-0-07-149868-5
1252:978-0-8385-3687-2
1130:10.1002/hep.20703
981:(9233): 923–929.
824:hypertonic saline
758:, which produces
738:, breathing, and
162:valsalva maneuver
116:(CSF) inside the
103:
102:
71:Medical condition
67:
66:
62:
16:(Redirected from
3494:
3273:
3264:
3222:Brain herniation
3033:
2873:Intention tremor
2868:Essential tremor
2733:Postencephalitic
2701:
2692:
2581:
2562:Diseases of the
2556:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2441:Action potential
2419:Other short term
2382:Evoked potential
2378:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2272:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2220:. Archived from
2212:Gruen P (2002).
2200:
2199:
2189:
2172:(12): CD003983.
2157:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2080:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2021:
2015:
2004:
1991:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1666:. Archived from
1627:
1616:
1615:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1591:Monro A (1783).
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1568:. Archived from
1561:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1238:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1176:
1168:
1151:
1150:
1132:
1123:(5): 1179–1197.
1108:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1048:
1042:
1031:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1006:
970:
964:
963:
953:
929:
784:brain herniation
770:a person with a
768:hyperventilating
617:) can result in
489:brain herniation
465:Craniosynostosis
443:, granuloma, or
326:brain infarction
307:Hyperventilation
272:abducens palsies
146:lumbar punctures
86:
74:
58:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3482:Neurophysiology
3462:
3461:
3460:
3447:
3373:Congenital DSMA
3294:
3251:
3210:
3156:
3144:Sleep disorders
3132:
3109:Cerebrovascular
3103:
3069:
3026:
3020:
2982:
2964:
2889:
2835:Choreoathetosis
2708:
2685:
2672:
2636:
2570:
2560:
2530:
2521:
2505:
2485:Neuroplasticity
2462:
2414:
2369:
2348:
2305:
2299:
2251:
2249:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2005:
1994:
1981:
1972:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1900:(8): CD003434.
1887:
1886:
1882:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1222:
1218:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1154:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1092:
1088:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1010:
972:
971:
967:
931:
930:
923:
919:
897:
859:
792:
732:
712:
685:
673:Alexander Monro
643:
585:
583:Pathophysiology
554:
548:
501:
401:, hypercarbia (
364:
359:
337:cranial sutures
276:Cushing's triad
244:hypoventilation
208:
186:), also called
137:
72:
63:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3500:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3345:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3201:Cerebral edema
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3150:Template:Sleep
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2978:Leigh syndrome
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2714:
2712:
2705:Extrapyramidal
2698:
2689:
2687:encephalopathy
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2647:
2645:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2564:nervous system
2561:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2517:Myelinogenesis
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2303:nervous system
2300:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2234:
2207:
2206:External links
2204:
2202:
2201:
2152:
2142:
2112:(4): 291–300.
2095:
2071:(2): 112–120.
2051:
2016:
1992:
1970:
1949:(2): 402–408.
1929:
1880:
1849:(5): 437–446.
1829:
1786:
1757:(1): 151–161.
1737:
1680:
1617:
1598:
1583:
1556:
1507:
1464:
1423:
1411:
1378:
1331:
1312:(2): 163–172.
1289:
1282:
1258:
1251:
1233:
1216:
1199:
1152:
1103:
1086:
1059:(5): 593–598.
1043:
1021:
1008:
965:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
908:
903:
896:
893:
866:cranial drills
858:
855:
791:
788:
776:bag valve mask
748:carbon dioxide
731:
728:
711:
708:
684:
681:
642:
639:
621:, a dangerous
600:blood pressure
584:
581:
550:Main article:
547:
544:
538:and bilateral
500:
497:
481:cerebral edema
468:
467:
462:
455:
448:
425:
410:
391:
363:
360:
358:
355:
284:pulse pressure
256:Cerebral edema
224:ocular palsies
207:
204:
158:abdominal wall
135:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
88:
87:
79:
78:
70:
65:
64:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3499:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:Medical signs
3470:
3469:
3467:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Reye syndrome
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Hydrocephalus
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2992:Demyelinating
2989:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Restless legs
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2818:Blepharospasm
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Hemiballismus
2772:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:Brain abscess
2623:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:Primarily PNS
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:Primarily CNS
2308:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2248:on 2007-03-10
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2224:on 2005-10-26
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
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1825:
1821:
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1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:(2): 93–100.
1801:
1797:
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1724:
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1681:
1670:on 2009-03-21
1669:
1665:
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1518:
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1479:
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1460:
1456:
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1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
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1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
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1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
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1296:
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1290:
1285:
1279:
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1262:
1259:
1254:
1248:
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1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1217:
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1209:
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1200:
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1173:
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1140:
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1122:
1118:
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1107:
1104:
1101:
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1096:
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1087:
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1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1000:
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992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
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957:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
926:
922:
916:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
894:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
856:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
830:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
797:
789:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
727:
725:
724:acetazolamide
721:
716:
709:
707:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
682:
680:
678:
677:George Kellie
674:
670:
665:
661:
660:
658:
650:
648:
640:
638:
636:
635:hydrocephalus
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:midline shift
616:
611:
609:
605:
604:blood vessels
601:
597:
593:
589:
582:
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
561:
558:
553:
545:
543:
541:
537:
533:
532:visual acuity
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
485:hydrocephalus
482:
478:
473:
466:
463:
460:
456:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:hydrocephalus
426:
423:
419:
418:heart failure
415:
411:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:
367:
362:Increased ICP
361:
356:
354:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:optic atrophy
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
205:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:increased ICP
185:
181:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
149:
147:
143:
139:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
98:
94:
89:
85:
80:
75:
69:
61:
56:
52:
48:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3435:
3334:
3307:
3268:Degenerative
3173:
3005:Inflammatory
2952:
2885:Stiff-person
2723:Parkinsonism
2696:Degenerative
2593:Encephalitis
2576:Inflammation
2566:, primarily
2328:
2250:. Retrieved
2246:the original
2241:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:the original
2217:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2150:Consultants.
2145:
2137:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2006:
1982:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1754:
1751:Hypertension
1750:
1740:
1700:(1): 22013.
1697:
1693:
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1639:
1635:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1559:
1527:(2): 69–76.
1524:
1520:
1510:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1416:, retrieved
1394:
1351:(1): 29–37.
1348:
1344:
1334:
1309:
1305:
1268:
1261:
1242:
1236:
1223:
1219:
1206:
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1183:the original
1178:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1093:
1089:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1033:
1016:
1011:
978:
974:
968:
944:(1): 26–38.
941:
937:
889:cranioplasty
874:
862:Craniotomies
860:
831:
828:
809:
796:hypertension
793:
733:
722:medication (
717:
713:
701:
686:
666:
662:
654:
651:
644:
633:and lead to
612:
586:
577:
573:theophylline
562:
556:
555:
507:
503:
502:
472:brain trauma
469:
365:
349:
334:
319:
317:is damaged.
303:diencephalon
292:
282:, a widened
261:
252:vasodilation
209:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:
150:
109:
105:
104:
68:
59:
44:
3477:Neurotrauma
3420:Fazio–Londe
3260:Both/either
3054:Generalised
2913:Early-onset
2908:Alzheimer's
2643:spinal cord
2322:Wakefulness
2032:: 509–528.
2008:Head Trauma
1443:(6): ECP2.
1243:Head Injury
1095:Papilledema
816:osmotherapy
762:and lowers
760:lactic acid
752:hypercapnia
740:oxygenation
730:Ventilation
657:fontanelles
565:blood patch
536:papilledema
403:hypercapnia
372:brain tumor
351:Papilledema
330:brain death
288:bradycardia
264:mass effect
248:hypercapnia
236:papilledema
166:vasculature
120:and on the
3466:Categories
3028:paroxysmal
3000:Autoimmune
2793:Dyskinesia
2663:Meningitis
2641:Brain and
2456:Inhibitory
2451:Excitatory
1674:2008-11-15
1418:2024-06-23
1192:16 January
1117:Hepatology
917:References
885:herniation
881:dura mater
868:to remove
843:atracurium
790:Medication
772:ventilator
631:ventricles
452:meningitis
445:hemorrhage
380:contusions
311:brain stem
176:systems).
3025:Episodic/
2903:Tauopathy
2854:Akathisia
2842:Myoclonus
2825:Athetosis
2757:Tauopathy
2467:Long term
2431:Chronaxie
2365:Sensation
2252:4 January
2228:4 January
2013:eMedicine
1989:eMedicine
1824:206608492
1636:Neurology
1614:: 84–169.
1576:4 January
1502:244829127
1365:1179-1888
1326:1175-0561
1230:eMedicine
1213:eMedicine
1100:eMedicine
1040:eMedicine
839:paralyzed
834:metabolic
710:Treatment
683:Diagnosis
669:Edinburgh
520:headaches
441:carcinoma
437:infection
388:abscesses
341:fontanels
322:perfusion
315:tegmentum
232:back pain
154:diaphragm
3391:SMALED2B
3386:SMALED2A
3083:Migraine
3075:Headache
3041:epilepsy
3037:Seizures
2895:Dementia
2798:Dystonia
2196:31887790
2134:23859003
2126:26825644
2087:26988719
2046:28712906
1965:16484419
1924:26250102
1875:34161530
1816:24585579
1781:37909235
1772:10734784
1732:33328490
1656:11425944
1551:17106628
1494:34874632
1459:15305844
1373:15675888
1139:15841455
1081:11716075
1073:20081553
1003:45288155
995:11036909
960:16698860
895:See also
847:seizures
820:mannitol
803:such as
750:levels (
720:diuretic
689:catheter
671:doctors
615:hematoma
596:ischemia
569:caffeine
528:diplopia
487:, cause
384:hematoma
218:without
216:vomiting
212:headache
174:arterial
144:used in
3403:SMA-PME
3398:SMA-PCH
3381:SMALED1
3093:Tension
3088:Cluster
2813:Meige's
2630:Amoebic
2317:Arousal
2187:6953357
1956:8148795
1915:7173709
1866:9394557
1723:7745016
1702:Bibcode
1664:1443175
1542:1858602
1147:6216605
857:Surgery
744:hypoxia
623:sequela
546:Low ICP
405:), and
55:Discuss
3122:Stroke
2936:Pick's
2863:Tremor
2830:Chorea
2360:Reflex
2344:Memory
2267:(MeSH)
2194:
2184:
2132:
2124:
2085:
2044:
1963:
1953:
1922:
1912:
1873:
1863:
1822:
1814:
1779:
1769:
1730:
1720:
1662:
1654:
1549:
1539:
1500:
1492:
1457:
1409:
1371:
1363:
1324:
1280:
1249:
1145:
1137:
1079:
1071:
1001:
993:
975:Lancet
958:
736:airway
274:, and
220:nausea
170:venous
130:supine
51:merged
3436:both:
3368:DSMA1
3363:SMAX2
3358:SMAX1
3338:only:
3311:only:
3215:Other
3137:Other
3049:Focal
2682:Brain
2585:Brain
2510:Other
2339:Sleep
2130:S2CID
1820:S2CID
1660:S2CID
1498:S2CID
1186:(PDF)
1175:(PDF)
1143:S2CID
1077:S2CID
999:S2CID
420:, or
386:, or
376:edema
194:) or
142:scale
122:brain
118:skull
96:Types
3039:and
2750:PKAN
2745:NBIA
2395:P300
2374:Both
2254:2007
2230:2007
2192:PMID
2170:2019
2122:PMID
2083:PMID
2065:CJEM
2042:PMID
1961:PMID
1920:PMID
1898:2015
1871:PMID
1812:PMID
1777:PMID
1728:PMID
1652:PMID
1578:2007
1547:PMID
1490:PMID
1455:PMID
1407:ISBN
1369:PMID
1361:ISSN
1322:ISSN
1278:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1194:2008
1135:PMID
1069:PMID
991:PMID
956:PMID
675:and
571:and
512:drug
328:and
250:and
234:and
200:RICP
192:IICP
172:and
156:and
126:mmHg
3353:SMA
3336:LMN
3309:UMN
3300:MND
3166:CSF
3117:TIA
2762:PSP
2738:NMS
2707:and
2568:CNS
2182:PMC
2174:doi
2114:doi
2073:doi
2034:doi
2030:106
2011:at
1987:at
1951:PMC
1910:PMC
1902:doi
1861:PMC
1851:doi
1804:doi
1767:PMC
1759:doi
1718:PMC
1710:doi
1644:doi
1537:PMC
1529:doi
1482:doi
1478:385
1445:doi
1399:doi
1353:doi
1314:doi
1274:254
1228:at
1211:at
1125:doi
1098:at
1061:doi
1038:at
983:doi
979:356
946:doi
822:or
774:or
506:or
479:or
313:or
301:or
134:cmH
110:ICP
49:be
3468::
3277:SA
2784:OA
2779:HD
2728:PD
2240:.
2216:.
2190:.
2180:.
2168:.
2164:.
2136:.
2128:.
2120:.
2110:50
2108:.
2089:.
2081:.
2069:18
2067:.
2063:.
2040:.
2028:.
1995:^
1973:^
1959:.
1947:27
1945:.
1941:.
1918:.
1908:.
1896:.
1892:.
1869:.
1859:.
1847:79
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1818:.
1810:.
1800:22
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1775:.
1765:.
1755:81
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1024:^
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764:pH
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305:.
286:,
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254:.
230:,
226:,
222:,
214:,
184:IH
2929:/
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2256:.
2232:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
