74:(CSF) cytology should be performed to further rule out CNS disease. Histopathologic identification of atypical lymphocytes is considered the gold standard for diagnosing PCNSL/PIOL. If CSF cytology is negative or inconclusive and PIOL is suspected, a vitrectomy is often performed with cytologic analysis. Furthermore, adjunctive testing including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to identify monoclonal rearrangements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene (for B-cell lymphomas) or T-cell receptor (TCR, for the very rare T-cell lymphomas) can be performed.
39:(WHO) classification of lymphomas. The most common symptoms of PIOL include blurred or decreased vision due to tumor cells in the vitreous. Most cases of PIOL eventuate to central nervous system involvement (PCNSL) while only 20% of PCNSL lead to intraocular (PIOL) involvement. PIOL and PCNSL remain enigmas because both structures are immunologically privileged sites (the brain sits behind the
47:) and so do not normally have immune cells trafficking through these structures. What is more, while the vast majority of PCNSL in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is related to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the development of PCNSL and PIOL in immunocompetent patients is unknown and shows no general relation to infectious DNAs.
70:
recalcitrant to treatment, or shows worsening with discontinuation of corticosteroid treatment that another cause is sought out. If PIOL is suspected, it is important to first obtain a magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the brain to rule out cerebral involvement (PCNSL). If MRI is negative, lumbar puncture with
69:
because it frequently simulates the signs and symptoms of uveitis. As such, PIOL is frequently treated with corticosteroids. Occasionally, PIOL has mimicked a retinitis and has been treated with antiviral medication. It is not until the supposed uveitis fails to respond to treatment, becomes
143:
Cassoux, N; Merle-Beral, H; Leblond, V; Bodaghi, B; Miléa, D; Gerber, S; Fardeau, C; Reux, I; Xuan, KH; Chan, CC; LeHoang, P (Dec 2000). "Ocular and central nervous system lymphoma: clinical features and diagnosis".
228:
Coupland, Sarah E.; Anastassiou, Gerasimos; Bornfeld, Norbert; Hummel, Michael; Stein, Harald (March 2005). "Primary intraocular lymphoma of T-cell type: report of a case and review of the literature".
519:
62:
may reveal "leopard spot" patterns due to sub-RPE infiltrates that stain early and progressively or mottling of the RPE due to hyper- and hypofluorescent window defects.
321:
Anthony, Casey L.; Bavinger, J. Clay; Shantha, Jessica G.; O’Keefe, Ghazala D.; Pearce, William A.; Voloschin, Alfredo; Grossniklaus, Hans E.; Yeh, Steven (2021-12-04).
189:"Utility of microdissection and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and translocation in primary intraocular lymphoma"
32:
398:
35:(PCNSL). PCNSL (and PIOL) are most commonly a diffuse large B-cell immunohistologic subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma according to the
23:. Intraocular lymphoma may affect the eye secondarily from a metastasis from a non-ocular tumor or may arise within the eye primarily (
468:
51:
514:
36:
391:
40:
59:
483:
488:
428:
44:
384:
71:
449:
254:
169:
509:
473:
362:
344:
303:
246:
210:
161:
125:
78:
463:
352:
334:
293:
285:
238:
200:
153:
115:
444:
323:"Clinical outcomes following intravitreal methotrexate for primary vitreoretinal lymphoma"
187:
Shen, DF; Zhuang, Z; LeHoang, P; Böni, R; Zheng, S; Nussenblatt, RB; Chan, CC (Sep 1998).
478:
423:
357:
322:
298:
273:
55:
205:
503:
258:
173:
407:
102:
Shen, DF; Herbort, CP; Tuaillon, N; Buggage, RR; Egwuagu, CE; Chan, CC (Oct 2001).
82:
339:
289:
242:
157:
120:
103:
20:
348:
366:
307:
250:
165:
129:
104:"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in primary intraocular B-cell lymphoma"
58:
frequently reveals creamy yellow-to-orange colored subretinal infiltrates.
214:
453:
415:
274:"Biopsy techniques and yields in diagnosing primary intraocular lymphoma"
66:
54:(RPE), can invade into the retina, the vitreous, and the optic nerve.
188:
380:
376:
231:
Graefe's
Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
437:
414:
272:Gonzales, John A.; Chan, Chi-Chao (August 2007).
81:was the mainstay treatment for PCNSL/PIOL, but
392:
8:
327:International Journal of Retina and Vitreous
399:
385:
377:
356:
338:
297:
204:
119:
94:
33:primary central nervous system lymphoma
520:Epstein–Barr virus–associated diseases
7:
146:Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
14:
43:and the retina sits behind the
1:
469:Optic nerve sheath meningioma
206:10.1016/S0161-6420(98)99036-4
25:primary intraocular lymphoma
19:is a rare malignant form of
278:International Ophthalmology
85:has now become first-line.
536:
340:10.1186/s40942-021-00346-0
52:retinal pigment epithelium
290:10.1007/s10792-007-9065-6
243:10.1007/s00417-004-0890-2
158:10.1076/ocii.8.4.243.6463
121:10.1038/modpathol.3880424
37:World Health Organization
60:Fluorescein angiography
31:). PIOL is a subset of
489:Visual pathway glioma
429:Ciliary body melanoma
50:PIOL affects the sub-
45:blood-retinal barrier
459:Intraocular lymphoma
17:Intraocular lymphoma
72:cerebrospinal fluid
67:masquerade syndrome
65:PIOL is known as a
41:blood–brain barrier
450:Medulloepithelioma
497:
496:
474:Optic nerve tumor
79:radiation therapy
527:
515:Ocular neoplasia
464:Orbital lymphoma
401:
394:
387:
378:
371:
370:
360:
342:
318:
312:
311:
301:
269:
263:
262:
225:
219:
218:
208:
184:
178:
177:
140:
134:
133:
123:
108:Modern Pathology
99:
535:
534:
530:
529:
528:
526:
525:
524:
500:
499:
498:
493:
445:Choroidal nevus
433:
410:
405:
375:
374:
320:
319:
315:
271:
270:
266:
227:
226:
222:
186:
185:
181:
142:
141:
137:
101:
100:
96:
91:
12:
11:
5:
533:
531:
523:
522:
517:
512:
502:
501:
495:
494:
492:
491:
486:
481:
479:Retinoblastoma
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
447:
441:
439:
435:
434:
432:
431:
426:
424:Uveal melanoma
420:
418:
412:
411:
406:
404:
403:
396:
389:
381:
373:
372:
313:
284:(4): 241–250.
264:
237:(3): 189–197.
220:
179:
135:
93:
92:
90:
87:
56:Ophthalmoscopy
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
532:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
505:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
440:
436:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
382:
379:
368:
364:
359:
354:
350:
346:
341:
336:
332:
328:
324:
317:
314:
309:
305:
300:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
268:
265:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
224:
221:
216:
212:
207:
202:
199:(9): 1664–9.
198:
194:
193:Ophthalmology
190:
183:
180:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:(4): 243–50.
151:
147:
139:
136:
131:
127:
122:
117:
114:(10): 995–9.
113:
109:
105:
98:
95:
88:
86:
84:
80:
75:
73:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
458:
408:Eye neoplasm
330:
326:
316:
281:
277:
267:
234:
230:
223:
196:
192:
182:
149:
145:
138:
111:
107:
97:
83:methotrexate
77:Previously,
76:
64:
49:
28:
24:
16:
15:
504:Categories
484:Schwannoma
89:References
21:eye cancer
349:2056-9920
333:(1): 72.
510:Lymphoma
454:Diktyoma
416:Melanoma
367:34863313
308:17440686
259:24772799
251:15806372
174:39345449
166:11262654
130:11598169
358:8645085
299:2048742
215:9754175
365:
355:
347:
306:
296:
257:
249:
213:
172:
164:
128:
438:Other
255:S2CID
170:S2CID
363:PMID
345:ISSN
304:PMID
247:PMID
211:PMID
162:PMID
126:PMID
29:PIOL
353:PMC
335:doi
294:PMC
286:doi
239:doi
235:243
201:doi
197:105
154:doi
116:doi
506::
361:.
351:.
343:.
329:.
325:.
302:.
292:.
282:27
280:.
276:.
253:.
245:.
233:.
209:.
195:.
191:.
168:.
160:.
148:.
124:.
112:14
110:.
106:.
27:,
452:/
400:e
393:t
386:v
369:.
337::
331:7
310:.
288::
261:.
241::
217:.
203::
176:.
156::
150:8
132:.
118::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.