Extraversion and introversion

1483:, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992) showed that although extraverts chose social jobs relatively more frequently (51%) than nonsocial jobs compared to introverts (38%), they were happier than introverts regardless of whether their occupations had social or nonsocial character. Secondly, it was found that extraverts only sometimes reported greater amounts of social activity than introverts, but in general extraverts and introverts do not differ in the quantity of their socialization. Similar finding was reported by Srivastava, Angelo, and Vallereux (2008), who found that extraverts and introverts both enjoy participating in social interactions, but extraverts participate socially more. Thirdly, studies have shown that both extraverts and introverts participate in social relations, but that the quality of this participation differs. The more frequent social participation among extraverts could be explained by the fact that extraverts know more people, but those people are not necessarily their close friends, whereas introverts, when participating in social interactions, are more selective and have only few close friends with whom they have special relationships. 33: 1177:

asked to role-play by pretending to teach a math class. The students' level of extraversion and introversion were rated based on their external/expressive behaviors such as stride length, graphic expansiveness, the percentage of time they spent talking, the amount of time they spent making eye contact, and the total time of each teaching session. This study found that actual introverts were perceived and judged as having more extraverted-looking expressive behaviors because they were higher in terms of their self-monitoring. This means that the introverts consciously put more effort into presenting a more extraverted, and rather socially desirable, version of themselves. Thus, individuals are able to regulate and modify behavior based on their environmental situations.

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they were acting at multiple times during their daily lives. Fleeson and Gallagher (2009) found that extraverts regularly behave in an introverted way, and introverts regularly behave in an extraverted way. Indeed, there was more within-person variability than between-person variability in extraverted behaviors. The key feature that distinguishes extraverts and introverts was that extraverts tend to act moderately extraverted about 5–10% more often than introverts. From this perspective, extraverts and introverts are not "fundamentally different". Rather, an "extravert" is just someone who acts more extraverted more often, suggesting that extraversion is more about what one "does" than what one "has".

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measures of extraversion-introversion have similarly acceptable psychometric properties in North American populations to lexical measures, their generally emic development makes them less suited to use in other populations. For example, statements asking about talkativeness in parties are hard to answer meaningfully by those who do not attend parties, as Americans are assumed to do. Moreover, the sometimes colloquial North American language of statements makes them less suited for use outside America. For instance, statements like "Keep in the background" and "Know how to captivate people" are sometimes hard for non-native English-speakers to understand, except in a literal sense.

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situations. For example, Brian Little's free trait theory suggests that people can take on "free traits", behaving in ways that may not be their "first nature", but can strategically advance projects that are important to them. Together, this presents an optimistic view of what extraversion is. Rather than being fixed and stable, individuals vary in their extraverted behaviors across different moments, and can choose to act extraverted to advance important personal projects or even increase their happiness, as mentioned above.

1206:, and extraversion. Meyers bases his conclusions on studies that report extraverts to be happier; these findings have been questioned in light of the fact that the "happiness" prompts given to the studies' subjects, such as "I like to be with others" and "I'm fun to be with," only measure happiness among extraverts. Also, according to Carl Jung, introverts acknowledge more readily their psychological needs and problems, whereas extraverts tend to be oblivious to them because they focus more on the outer world. 1217:. Conversely, while introversion is perceived as less socially desirable, it is strongly associated with positive traits such as intelligence and "giftedness." Though more recent, large-scale meta-analyses have found that the activity facet of extraversion has the most sizable positive relations with cognitive abilities. For many years, researchers have found that introverts tend to be more successful in academic environments, which extraverts may find boring. 858: 1613:. This means that in ambiguous situations (situations where positive and negative moods are introduced and mixed in similar proportions) extraverts show a slower decrease of positive affect, and, as a result, they maintained a more positive affect balance than introverts. Extraverts may also choose activities that facilitate happiness (e.g., recalling pleasant vs. unpleasant memories) more than introverts when anticipating difficult tasks. 1169:

energetic music than introverts. Personality also influences how people arrange their work areas. In general, extraverts decorate their offices more, keep their doors open, keep extra chairs nearby, and are more likely to put dishes of candy on their desks. These are attempts to invite co-workers and encourage interaction. Introverts, in contrast, decorate less and tend to arrange their workspace to discourage social interaction.

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between extraversion and deactivated positive affect (i.e. a positive relationship between introversion and calm positive affect). Moreover, the relationship between extraversion and activated positive affect is only significant for agentic extraversion, i.e. there is no significant relationship between affiliative extraversion and activated positive affect, especially when controlling for neuroticism.

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other researchers have also suggested that, at least in more individualistic cultures, having a coherent sense of one's personality (and acting in a way that conforms to that self-concept) is positively related to well-being. Thus, focusing solely on extraversion—or even extraversion and neuroticism—is likely to provide an incomplete picture of the relationship between happiness and personality.

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controlled for neuroticism have found no significant relationship between extraversion and subjective well-being. Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) showed that extraverts respond more to positive affect than to negative affect, since they exhibit more positive-affect reactivity to the positive-affect induction, yet they do not react more negatively to the negative-affect induction.

667:) tends to be manifested in outgoing, talkative, energetic behavior, whereas introversion is manifested in more reflective and reserved behavior. Jung defined introversion as an "attitude-type characterised by orientation in life through subjective psychic contents", and extraversion as "an attitude-type characterised by concentration of interest on the external object". 742:

of enthusiastic get-togethers. He is not a good mixer. What he does, he does in his own way, barricading himself against influences from outside. He is apt to appear awkward, often seeming inhibited, and it frequently happens that, by a certain brusqueness of manner, or by his glum unapproachability, or some kind of malapropism, he causes unwitting offence to people...

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conjunction with neuroticism, while the other two assessment outcomes were better predicted by conscientiousness and neuroticism. In addition to the importance of including other factors in happiness assessments, this study also demonstrates the manner in which an operational definition of well-being changes whether extraversion emerges as a salient predictive factor.

6502: 1500:, energy, and excitement, that person is seen favorably by others and he or she gains others' attention. This favorable reaction from others likely encourages extraverts to engage in further extraverted behavior. Ashton, Lee, and Paunonen's (2002) study showed that their measure of social attention, the Social Attention Scale, was much more highly 1224:, the psychological processes that infer infection risk from perceptual cues and respond to these perceptual cues through the activation of aversive emotions, may influence gregariousness. Although extraversion is associated with many positive outcomes like higher levels of happiness, those extraverted people are also more likely to be exposed to 1039:. Extraverts seek excitement and social activity in an effort to raise their naturally low arousal level, whereas introverts tend to avoid social situations in an effort to avoid raising their naturally high arousal level too far. Eysenck designated extraversion as one of three major traits in his P-E-N model of personality, which also includes 674:, so to be higher in one necessitates being lower in the other. Jung provides a different perspective and suggests that everyone has both an extraverted side and an introverted side, with one being more dominant than the other. Virtually all comprehensive models of personality include these concepts in various forms. Examples include the 1717: 1062: 601: 1658:

results showed no significant difference between the happiness levels of stable introverts and stable extraverts, while unstable extraverts and introverts both demonstrated significantly less happiness than their counterparts. In this study, neuroticism appeared to be the more salient factor for overall well-being.

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by some in terms of a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating external environment. They prefer to concentrate on a single activity at a time and like to observe situations before they participate, especially observed in developing children and adolescents. They are more analytical before speaking.

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introverts has been interpreted as evidence for this hypothesis. Other evidence of the "stimulation" hypothesis is that introverts salivate more than extraverts in response to a drop of lemon juice. This is due to increased activity in their ARAS, which responds to stimuli like food or social contact.

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According to the set-point model, levels of positive and negative affects are more or less fixed within each individual, hence, after a positive or negative event, people's moods tend to go back to the pre-set level. According to the set-point model, extraverts experience more happiness because their

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at two points in time, during which data were collected: first between 1971 and 1975, and later between 1981 and 1984. However, the latter study did not control for neuroticism, an important covariate when investigating relationships between extraversion and positive affect or wellbeing. Studies that

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Some claim that Americans live in an "extraverted society" that rewards extravert behavior and rejects introversion. This is because the U.S. is a culture of external personality, whereas in some other cultures people are valued for their "inner selves and their moral rectitude". Other cultures, such

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Researchers have found a correlation between extraversion and self-reported happiness. That is, more extraverted people tend to report higher levels of happiness than introverts. Other research has shown that being instructed to act in an extraverted manner leads to increases in positive affect, even

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of motivation. He later developed his own arousal theory to explain individual differences in the trait, suggesting that the brains of extraverts were chronically under-aroused, leading them to seek out stimulation from the environment. The trait of introversion-extraversion would become one of three

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For him self-communings are a pleasure. His own world is a safe harbor, a carefully tended and walled-in garden, closed to the public and hidden from prying eyes. His own company is the best. He feels at home in his world, where the only changes are made by himself. His best work is done with his own

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Researchers have hypothesized a number of factors that could be responsible for these differences between countries, including national differences in overall income levels, self-serving biases and self-enhancement, and approach and avoidance orientations. Taken together, these findings suggest that

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There is also evidence that other non-trait elements of personality may correlate with happiness. For instance, one study demonstrated that various features of one's goals, such as progress towards important goals or conflicts between them, can affect both emotional and cognitive well-being. Several

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Similarly, interactions between extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness have demonstrated significant impacts on subjective well-being. In one study, researchers used three scales to assess subjective well-being. They found that extraversion only served as a predictor for one assessment, in

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from such situations than introverts do. The support for this theory comes from work of Brian R. Little, who popularized concept of "restorative niches". Little claimed that life often requires people to participate in social situations, and since acting social is out of character for introverts, it

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than introverts. However, this relationship has only been found between extraversion and activated forms of positive affect. There is no relationship between extraversion and deactivated (calm) forms of positive affect such as contentment or serenity, although one study found a negative relationship

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Despite these differences, a meta-analysis of 15 experience sampling studies has suggested that there is a great deal of overlap in the way that extraverts and introverts behave. In these studies, participants used mobile devices to report how extraverted (e.g., bold, talkative, assertive, outgoing)

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William McDougall discussed Jung's conception, and reached this conclusion: "the introverts are those in whom reflective thought inhibits and postpones action and expression: the extroverts are those in whom the energies liberated upon the stirring of any propensity flow out freely in outward action

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He holds aloof from external happenings, does not join in, has a distinct dislike of society as soon as he finds himself among too many people. In a large gathering he feels lonely and lost. The more crowded it is, the greater becomes his resistance. He is not in the least "with it," and has no love

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For example, one researcher found that between 1958 and 1987, Japanese life satisfaction fluctuated around 6 on a 10-point scale, while Denmark's fluctuated around 8. Comparing ethnic groups within the United States, another study found that European Americans reported being "significantly happier"

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Likewise, in later studies, researchers used assessment scales to test for categories such as self-esteem and life-goal orientation, which they had positively correlated with happiness. Participants' responses to these scales suggested that neuroticism actually had a larger impact than extraversion

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In multiple studies, neuroticism has been shown to have an equal, if not larger, impact on happiness and subjective well-being than extraversion. One study classified school children into four categories based on their scores in assessments of extraversion and emotional stability (neuroticism). The

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markers. Saucier (1994) developed a briefer 8-word measure as part of his 40-word mini-markers. However, the psychometric properties of Saucier's original mini-markers have been found to be suboptimal with samples outside of North America. As a result, a systematically revised measure was developed

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activities such as reading, writing, or meditating. An introvert is likely to enjoy time spent alone and find less reward in time spent with large groups of people. Introverts are easily overwhelmed by too much stimulation from social gatherings and engagement, introversion having even been defined

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etc. prevail, prize introversion. These cultural differences predict individuals' happiness in that people who score higher in extraversion are happier, on average, in particularly extraverted cultures and vice versa. Despite this, extraverts are still seen as prototypical leaders in traditionally

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Eysenck originally suggested that extraversion was a combination of two major tendencies, impulsiveness and sociability. He later added several other more specific traits, namely liveliness, activity level, and excitability. These traits are further linked in his personality hierarchy to even more

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Humans are complex and unique, and because introversion-extraversion varies along a continuum, individuals may have a mixture of both orientations. A person who acts introverted in one situation may act extraverted in another, and people can learn to act in "counter dispositional" ways in certain

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Additionally, a study by Lippa (1978) found evidence for the extent to which individuals present themselves in a different way. This is called expressive behavior, and it is dependent upon the individuals' motivation and ability to control that behavior. Lippa (1978) examined 68 students who were

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Statement measures tend to contain more words, and hence consume more research instrument space, than lexical measures. Respondents are asked the extent to which they, for example, "Talk to a lot of different people at parties or Often feel uncomfortable around others". While some statement-based

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misjudges the capabilities of introverted people, leading to a waste of talent, energy, and happiness. Cain describes how society is biased against introverts, and that, with people being taught from childhood that to be sociable is to be happy, introversion is now considered "somewhere between a

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Though extraversion and neuroticism seem to have the largest effect on personal happiness, other Big 5 personality factors have also been shown to correlate with happiness and subjective well-being. For example, one study showed that conscientiousness and agreeableness correlated about 0.20 with

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for introverts, resulting in introverts exhibiting low arousal when feeling pleasant. In other words, if everything is going well in an extravert's life, which is a source of pleasant feelings, extraverts see such a situation as an opportunity to engage in active behavior and goal pursuit, which

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Extraverts report experiencing more positive emotions, whereas introverts tend to be closer to neutral. This may be because extraversion is socially preferable in contemporary Western culture and thus introversion feels less desirable. In addition to the research on happiness, other studies have

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Lexical measures use individual adjectives that reflect extravert and introvert traits, such as outgoing, talkative, reserved and quiet. Words representing introversion are reverse-coded to create composite measures of extraversion-introversion running on a continuum. Goldberg (1992) developed a

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gatherings, such as parties, community activities, public demonstrations, and business or political groups. They also tend to work well in groups. An extraverted person is likely to enjoy time spent with people and find less reward in time spent alone. They tend to be energized when around other

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However, a variety of findings contradict the claims of the social activity hypothesis. Firstly, it was found that extraverts were happier than introverts even when alone. Specifically, extraverts tend to be happier regardless of whether they live alone or with others, or whether they live in a

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Researchers have found that people who live on islands tend to be less extraverted (more introverted) than those living on the mainland, and that people whose ancestors had inhabited the island for twenty generations tend to be less extraverted than more recent arrivals. Furthermore, people who

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Eysenck proposed that extraversion was caused by variability in cortical arousal. He hypothesized that introverts are characterized by higher levels of activity than extraverts and so are chronically more cortically aroused than extraverts. That extraverts require more external stimulation than

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A study by Peter Kuppens (2008) showed that extraverts and introverts engage in different behaviors when feeling pleasant, which may explain underestimation of the frequency and intensity of happiness exhibited by introverts. Specifically, Kuppens (2008) found that arousal and pleasantness are

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between extraversion and happiness comes from the study by Ashton, Lee, and Paunonen (2002). They suggested that the core element of extraversion is a tendency to behave in ways that attract, hold, and enjoy social attention, and not reward sensitivity. They claimed that one of the fundamental

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Various differences in behavioral characteristics are attributed to extraverts and introverts. According to one study, extraverts tend to wear more decorative clothing, whereas introverts prefer practical, comfortable clothes. Extraverts are more likely to prefer more upbeat, conventional, and

1125:, and posterior thalamus, which are involved in sensory and emotional experience. This study and other research indicate that introversion-extraversion is related to individual differences in brain function. A study on regional brain volume found a positive correlation between introversion and 1692:

In addition, one's culture may also influence happiness and overall subjective well-being. The overall level of happiness fluctuates from culture to culture, as does preferred expression of happiness. Comparing various international surveys across countries reveals that different nations, and

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The extent of extraversion and introversion is most commonly assessed through self-report measures, although peer-reports and third-party observation can also be used. Self-report measures are either lexical or based on statements. The type of measure is determined by an assessment of

722:. A transcript of this lecture was then published with two others in a journal in 1910, the first time the term appeared in print. In the lecture he mentions that love that is "introverted", "is turned inward into the subject and there produces increased imaginative activity". 1101:

to potentially rewarding stimuli. This in part explains the high levels of positive affect found in extraverts, since they will more intensely feel the excitement of a potential reward. One consequence of this is that extraverts can more easily learn the contingencies for

1002:, for assessing extraversion-introversion and other five-factor personality dimensions, both within and, especially, without American populations. Internal consistency reliability of the extraversion measure for native English-speakers is reported as a 1705:

while extraversion-introversion does have a strong correlation with happiness, it does not stand alone as a sole predictor of subjective well-being, and that other factors must be accounted for when trying to determine the correlates of happiness.

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and Lu (1990) extraverts were found to be less likely to avoid participation in noisy social activities, and to be more likely to participate in social activities such as party games, jokes, or going to the cinema. Similar results were reported by

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tends to expand through reflection and dwindle during interaction. This is similar to Jung's view, although he focused on mental energy rather than physical energy. Few modern conceptions make this distinction. Introverts often take pleasure in

1232:, as they tend to have more contact with people. When individuals are more vulnerable to infection, the cost of being social will be relatively greater. Therefore, people tend to be less extraversive when they feel vulnerable and vice versa. 1026:

described extraversion-introversion as the degree to which a person is outgoing and interactive with other people. These behavioral differences are presumed to be the result of underlying differences in brain physiology. Eysenck associated

1442:. Specifically, the personality trait of extraversion is seen as a facilitator of more social interactions, since the low cortical arousal among extraverts results in them seeking more social situations in order to increase their arousal. 4349:

Vittersø, J., & Nilsen, F. (2002). The conceptual and relational structure of subjective well-being, neuroticism, and extraversion: Once again, neuroticism is the important predictor of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 57(1),

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Forsman, L. J., de Manzano, Ö., Karabanov, A., Madison, G., & Ullén, F. (2012). Differences in regional brain volume related to the extraversion–introversion dimension—a voxel based morphometry study. Neuroscience research, 72(1),

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The social reactivity theory alleges that all humans, whether they like it or not, are required to participate in social situations. Since extraverts prefer engaging in social interactions more than introverts, they also derive more

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was shown to harm their well-being. Therefore, one way to preserve introverts' well-being is for them to recharge as often as possible in places where they can return to their true selves—places Little calls "restorative niches".

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induction has a greater effect on them than on introverts, thus extraverts are more prone to react to pleasant effects. For example, Gable, Reis, and Elliot (2000). found in two consecutive studies that people with more sensitive

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Though extraversion has consistently been shown to have a strong correlation with happiness and well-being, these findings are complicated by the presence of other personality traits that act as strong indicators of happiness.

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have found a genetic component of 39% to 58%. In terms of the environmental component, the shared family environment appears to be far less important than individual environmental factors that are not shared between siblings.

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measure levels of extraversion-introversion as part of a single, continuous dimension of personality, with some scores near one end, and others near the halfway mark. Ambiversion is falling more or less in the middle.

1401:, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992), which assessed 14,407 participants from 100 areas of continental United States. Using the abbreviated General Well-Being Schedule, which tapped positive and negative affects, and 752:

His relations with other people become warm only when safety is guaranteed, and when he can lay aside his defensive distrust. All too often he cannot, and consequently the number of friends and acquaintances is very

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Fleeson W, Malanos AB, Achille NM (December 2002). "An intraindividual process approach to the relationship between extraversion and positive affect: is acting extraverted as "good" as being extraverted?".

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and Brewin's study (1990) suggest that extraverts enjoy and participate more in social activities than introverts, and as a result extraverts report a higher level of happiness. Also, in the study of

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is a common error. Introversion is a preference, while shyness stems from distress. Introverts prefer solitary to social activities, but do not necessarily fear social encounters like shy people do.

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disappointment and pathology". In contrast, Cain says that introversion is not a "second-class" trait but that both introverts and extraverts enrich society, with examples including the introverts

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brings about an active, aroused pleasant state. When everything is going well for introverts, they see it as an opportunity to let down their guard, resulting in them feeling relaxed and content.

3850:, Kruglanski AW, Kim-Prieto C, Diener E, Pierro A, et al. (November 2010). "On "feeling right" in cultural contexts: how person-culture match affects self-esteem and subjective well-being". 4123:

Smillie LD, Geaney JT, Wilt J, Cooper AJ, Revelle W (2013). "Aspects of extraversion are unrelated to pleasant affective-reactivity: Further examination of the affective-reactivity hypothesis".

2365: 2544: 1373:(EPQ), was positively and significantly correlated with positive affect, as measured by the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Using the same positive affect and extraversion scales, Hills and 2338: 1622:

pre-set level of positive affect is set higher than the pre-set point of positive affect in introverts, therefore extraverts require less positive reinforcement in order to feel happy.

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However, it was also found that extraverts did not respond stronger to social situations than introverts, nor did they report bigger boosts of positive affect during such interactions.

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Goldberg LR, Johnson JA, Eber HW, Hogan R, Ashton MC, Cloninger CR, et al. (2006). "The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures".

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Although extraversion is perceived as socially desirable in Western culture, it is not always an advantage. For example, extraverted youths are more likely to engage in antisocial or

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for extraverts, which means that pleasant feelings are more likely to be accompanied by high arousal for extraverts. On the other hand, arousal and pleasantness are negatively

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Johnson DL, Wiebe JS, Gold SM, Andreasen NC, Hichwa RD, Watkins GL, et al. (February 1999). "Cerebral blood flow and personality: a positron emission tomography study".

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subjective well-being. While the effect of these traits was not as strong as extraversion or neuroticism, it is clear that they still have some impact on happiness outcomes.

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An influential review article concluded that personality, specifically extraversion and emotional stability, was the best predictor of subjective well-being. As examples,

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defines introversion and extraversion in terms of preferences for different levels of stimulation—distinguishing it from shyness (fear of social judgment and humiliation).

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Rentfrow PJ, Gosling SD, Potter J (September 2008). "A Theory of the Emergence, Persistence, and Expression of Geographic Variation in Psychological Characteristics".

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Higgins ET, Grant H, Shah J (1999). Kahneman D, Diener E, Schwarz N (eds.). "Self regulation and quality of life: emotional and non-emotional life experiences".

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Lucas RE, Le K, Dyrenforth PS (June 2008). "Explaining the extraversion/positive affect relation: sociability cannot account for extraverts' greater happiness".

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Tellegen A (1985). "Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report". In Tuma AH, Maser JD (eds.).

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Piedmont RL, Chae JH (1997). "Cross-Cultural Generalizability of the Five-Factor Model of Personality: Development and Validation of the NEO PI-R for Koreans".

820: 5410: 1543:) are high in reward responsiveness and are predisposed to the personality trait of extraversion, while people with a stronger behavioral inhibition system ( 1058:

of ancient medicine, with choleric and sanguine temperaments equating to extraversion, and melancholic and phlegmatic temperaments equating to introversion.

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reported studies indicating that 33 to 50% of the American population are introverts. Particular demographics have higher prevalence, with a 6,000-subject

699: 3170:"The implications of Big Five standing for the distribution of trait manifestation in behavior: fifteen experience-sampling studies and a meta-analysis" 2196: 1475:, and Emmons (1984) who found that extraverts seek social situations more often than introverts, especially when engaging in recreational activities. 5300: 2123: 2898:

Depue RA, Collins PF (June 1999). "Neurobiology of the structure of personality: dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion".

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Behavioral and psychological characteristics distinguishing introversion and extraversion, which are generally conceived as lying along a continuum

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Little BR (2000). "Free traits and personal contexts: Expending a social ecological model of well-being". In Welsh WB, Craik KH, Price RH (eds.).

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Costa PT, McCrae RR (June 1986). "Cross-sectional studies of personality in a national sample: 1. Development and validation of survey measures".

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Srivastava S, Angelo KM, Vallereux SR (2008). "Extraversion and positive affect: A day reconstruction study of person–environment transactions".

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The affective reactivity model states that the strength of a person's reactions to affect-relevant events are caused by people's differences in

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Crowds, majority views, public opinion, popular enthusiasm never convince him of anything, but mere make him creep still deeper into his shell.

663:, though both the popular understanding and current psychological usage are not the same as Jung's original concept. Extraversion (also spelled 3469:

Rushton P, Chrisjohn R (1981). "Extraversion, neurotiscism, psychoticism and self-reported delinquency: evidence from eight separate samples".

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Revelle, W. & Oehlberg, K. (2008). Integrating experimental and observational personality research – the contributions of Hans Eysenck.

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According to the social activity hypothesis, more frequent participation in social situations creates more frequent, and higher levels, of

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Lim Leung S, Bozionelos N (2004). "Five-factor model traits and the prototypical image of the effective leader in the Confucian culture".

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Tellegen A, Lykken DT, Bouchard TJ, Wilcox KJ, Segal NL, Rich S (June 1988). "Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together".

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Diener E, Larsen RJ, Emmons RA (September 1984). "Person x situation interactions: choice of situations and congruence response models".

1454:. Therefore, it is believed that since extraverts are characterized as more sociable than introverts, they also possess higher levels of 1274:

emigrate from islands to the mainland tend to be more extraverted than people that stay on islands, and those that immigrate to islands.

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Rentfrow PJ, Gosling SD (June 2003). "The do re mi's of everyday life: the structure and personality correlates of music preferences".

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Another possible explanation for more happiness among extraverts comes from the fact that extraverts are able to better regulate their

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Ashton MC, Lee K, Paunonen SV (July 2002). "What is the central feature of extraversion? Social attention versus reward sensitivity".

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Shiner R, Caspi A (January 2003). "Personality differences in childhood and adolescence: measurement, development, and consequences".

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Bullock WA, Gilliland K (January 1993). "Eysenck's arousal theory of introversion-extraversion: a converging measures investigation".

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Cohen D, Schmidt JP (October 1979). "Ambiversion: characteristics of midrange responders on the Introversion-Extraversion continuum".

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Introversion is the state of primarily obtaining gratification from one's own mental life. Introverts are typically perceived as more

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Young R, Bradley M (2008). "Social withdrawal: self-efficacy, happiness, and popularity in introverted and extraverted adolescents".

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Diener E, Oishi S, Lucas RE (2003). "Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: emotional and cognitive evaluations of life".

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DeNeve KM, Cooper H (September 1998). "The happy personality: a meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being".

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give rise to conditions and actions, which have affective consequences, and thus generate individual differences in emotionality.

6405: 2870: 1745: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1117:, which are areas dealing with internal processing, such as planning and problem solving. Extraverts have more blood flow in the 624: 548: 6525: 5072: 4221: 994:

to have better psychometric properties, the International English Mini-Markers. The International English Mini-Markers has good

960: 703: 6561: 6486: 6352: 5797: 5146: 5041: 4797: 4285:

Diener E, Sandvik E, Pavot W, Fujita F (1992). "Extraversion and subjective well-being in a U.S. National probability sample".

3577: 3439: 3408: 1821: 942: 4187: 4026: 3331: 2511: 5886: 543: 371: 1202:

bias in the survey itself. Dr. David Meyers has claimed that happiness is a matter of possessing three traits: self-esteem,

3515:

Newman JP, Widom CS, Nathan S (May 1985). "Passive avoidance in syndromes of disinhibition: psychopathy and extraversion".

6458: 5948: 5870: 2206: 1463: 1374: 1366: 573: 140: 5514: 3552:"Survey of the relationship between five factor model and psychopathic personality in a sample of male prisoners in Iran" 2303: 807:. Extraverts are energized and thrive off being around other people. They take pleasure in activities that involve large 6266: 6240: 5704: 583: 496: 946:

Research indicates that the prevalence of extraversion is greater for people at progressively higher management levels.

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among extraverts could be that extraversion helps in the creation of life circumstances, which promote high levels of

1145:

has shown that extraversion is associated with increased activity in the anterior cingulate gyrus, prefrontal cortex,

990: 675: 617: 1496:

qualities of social attention is its potential of being rewarding. Therefore, if a person shows positive emotions of

5418: 4061:

Smillie LD, DeYoung CG, Hall PJ (October 2015). "Clarifying the Relation Between Extraversion and Positive Affect".

3767: 1876:

Jones RA (September 2011). "Storytelling scholars and the mythic child: Rhetorical aesthetics in two case studies".

1213:

behavior. In line with this, certain evidence suggest that the trait of extraversion may also be related to that of

6505: 5782: 1636: 1632: 1501: 1492: 1378: 87: 1572:

reported higher levels of positive affect. Also, Zelenski and Larsen (1999) found that people with more sensitive

6382: 5972: 4419:

Zelenski JM, Larsen RJ (October 1999). "Susceptibility to affect: a comparison of three personality taxonomies".

1118: 538: 529: 451: 271: 152: 6515: 4151: 3219:"Expressive control, expressive consistency, and the correspondence between expressive behavior and personality" 4367:

Larsen RJ, Ketelaar T (July 1991). "Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states".

3218: 2597: 1221: 1134: 162: 130: 4897:

Lischetzke T, Eid M (August 2006). "Why extraverts are happier than introverts: the role of mood regulation".

3303: 1156:

Extraversion has also been linked to physiological factors such as respiration, through its association with

6331: 5929: 5649: 1142: 829: 563: 461: 232: 197: 182: 177: 167: 116: 76: 6174: 6091: 5905: 5854: 5839: 5729: 5613: 5567: 5537: 5356: 5302:

Culture and memory for emotional experiences: on-line vs. retrospective judgments of subjective well-being

4836: 3371: 2799: 2115: 1788: 1740: 1103: 845: 695: 656: 578: 511: 401: 311: 266: 242: 217: 147: 135: 101: 3248:

Little BR (1996). "Free traits, personal projects and idio-tapes: Three tiers for personality research".

6235: 5679: 1730: 1435: 1310: 1225: 1199: 1146: 1082: 999: 964: 679: 558: 553: 471: 336: 301: 276: 172: 71: 66: 5397: 2473:"How Special Are Executives? HowSpecial Should Executive Selection Be?Observations and Recommendations" 6521: 3409:"Direct or indirect, that is the question: A re-evaluation of extraversion's influence on self-esteem" 6347: 6286: 5777: 5749: 5734: 5244:

Scheier MF, Carver CS (1993). "On the power of positive thinking: the benefits of being optimistic".

3658: 1594: 1576:

reported more positive emotions during the positive mood induction, while people with more sensitive

1556: 1455: 1451: 1439: 1390: 1386: 1358: 1210: 995: 733:

in English in 1923. It described the "introverted" in detail for the first time. In his later paper,

456: 381: 291: 126: 111: 5509: 4841: 3376: 2804: 2635:

Saucier G (December 1994). "Mini-markers: a brief version of Goldberg's unipolar big-five markers".

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Gable SL, Reis HT, Elliot AJ (June 2000). "Behavioral activation and inhibition in everyday life".

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Snyder M (1981). "On the influence of individuals on situations". In Cantor N, Kihlstrom J (eds.).

3821: 2201: 1610: 1528: 1003: 386: 376: 361: 326: 321: 306: 286: 281: 157: 96: 761:

theorized that the trait of introversion-extraversion could be explained in terms of Clark Hull's

6566: 6535: 6399: 6099: 5982: 5818: 5759: 5642: 5603: 5261: 5127: 5022: 4775: 4392: 4004: 3945: 3875: 3847: 3122: 2966: 2923: 2772: 2755:

Laura P (November 1965). "The Eysenck Personality Inventory by H. J. Eysenck; S. G. B. Eysenck".

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Yik MS, Russell JA (2001). "Predicting the Big Two of affect from the Big Five of personality".

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Little BR (2008). "Personal Projects and Free Traits: Personality and Motivation Reconsidered".

2131: 6423: 5572: 5530: 5333: 5119: 4955: 4934:"Differential preferences for happiness: extraversion and trait-consistent emotion regulation" 4914: 4877: 4854: 4740: 4695: 4625: 4568: 4541: 4499: 4459: 4436: 4384: 4329: 4078: 3937: 3867: 3748: 3684: 3532: 3501: 3389: 3199: 3145: 3114: 3060: 3025: 2958: 2915: 2852: 2842: 2817: 2737: 2652: 2453: 2386: 2358:"Book Review: Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking by Susan Cain" 2256: 2158: 2004: 1949: 1893: 1856: 1722: 1694: 1560: 1536: 1254: 1130: 1055: 605: 406: 331: 237: 222: 106: 4978:

Kuppens P (2008). "Individual differences in the relationship between pleasure and arousal".

4731:

Gray JA (1994). "Personality dimensions and emotion systems". In Ekman P, Davidson R (eds.).

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and Lu (1990) found that the trait of extraversion, as measured by Extraversion Scale of the

6441: 6435: 6418: 6230: 5772: 5767: 5694: 5325: 5253: 5189: 5158: 5111: 5084: 5053: 5014: 4987: 4945: 4906: 4846: 4809: 4798:"Moods as sources of stimulation: Relationships between personality and desired mood states" 4767: 4732: 4687: 4655: 4617: 4491: 4428: 4376: 4321: 4294: 4264: 4233: 4199: 4163: 4132: 4105: 4070: 4038: 3996: 3929: 3902: 3859: 3772: 3738: 3730: 3674: 3666: 3589: 3524: 3478: 3451: 3420: 3381: 3343: 3284: 3257: 3230: 3189: 3181: 3106: 3052: 3015: 3007: 2950: 2907: 2809: 2764: 2729: 2679: 2644: 2609: 2570: 2484: 2445: 1939: 1931: 1885: 1833: 1581: 1277:

In the United States, researchers have found that people living in the midwestern states of

1229: 914: 857: 719: 411: 366: 351: 346: 227: 202: 5329: 5280: 6468: 6429: 6413: 6326: 6291: 6276: 6256: 5739: 3165: 2282: 2178: 1944: 1028: 898: 889: 691: 207: 6189: 1085:

in determining the level of extraversion is controversial and the focus of many studies.

3723:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

3679: 3662: 3646: 6306: 6225: 6184: 6179: 5802: 4562: 4534: 3743: 3718: 3234: 3194: 3169: 3078:

Sharma RS (1980). "Clothing behavior, personality, and values: A correlational study".

3020: 2995: 1459: 1313:

also score high on this personality trait. The most introverted states in the U.S. are

902: 5162: 5088: 5057: 4237: 3593: 3455: 3424: 1998: 1547:) are lower in reward responsiveness and are more predisposed to personality trait of 6550: 6473: 6261: 6220: 6215: 5921: 5833: 5823: 5699: 5582: 5265: 5209:"Life task participation and well-being: the importance of taking part in daily life" 5026: 4950: 4933: 4910: 4813: 4779: 4733: 4495: 4298: 4203: 4042: 3933: 3482: 3347: 3288: 2691: 2621: 2488: 2472: 1905: 1402: 1318: 1122: 977: 788: 516: 476: 396: 391: 5131: 4396: 4008: 3958: 3949: 3879: 3126: 2970: 2582: 2335:"'Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking,' by Susan Cain" 1568:

reported higher levels of average negative affect, while people with more sensitive

5623: 5479: 3440:"Personality, self-esteem, and demographic predictions of happiness and depression" 2927: 1750: 1516: 1423: 1282: 1278: 1138: 1110: 1086: 1065: 1040: 1023: 930: 894: 792: 767: 762: 758: 687: 683: 652: 501: 192: 5392:(January 2012), talks about reasons we should celebrate and encourage introversion 1976: 5257: 2380: 1776:. Translated by Baynes HG. Zürich, Leipzig, Stuttgart: Rascher & Verlag, A.G. 980:

properties, and the time and space constraints of the research being undertaken.

6296: 5744: 5587: 5193: 5115: 4850: 4268: 4167: 3528: 3385: 3110: 2813: 2539: 2449: 2192: 1552: 1548: 1512: 1409:'s Extraversion scale, the authors reported that extraverts experienced greater 1214: 1195: 1126: 1044: 910: 841: 416: 121: 56: 5474: 5427: 5018: 4691: 4621: 4380: 4000: 3651:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3261: 2733: 2648: 1837: 6271: 6199: 6165: 5522: 5383: 4991: 4659: 4325: 4136: 3906: 3011: 2911: 2574: 2311: 1822:"Development and Validation of an International English Big-Five Mini-Markers" 1712: 1497: 1410: 956: 918: 879: 867: 804: 316: 212: 48: 5282:

Happiness in Nations: Subjective Appreciation of Life in 56 Nations 1946–1992

4771: 3863: 2856: 2683: 2613: 1953: 1897: 1889: 1385:(1986) showed that extraversion correlates positively and significantly with 6194: 5792: 5665: 4432: 3670: 3056: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1398: 1382: 1294: 1290: 1036: 906: 850: 837: 800: 796: 791:

from outside oneself. Extraverts tend to enjoy human interactions and to be

660: 466: 17: 5337: 4959: 4918: 4858: 4699: 4503: 4440: 4109: 4082: 3941: 3871: 3752: 3734: 3688: 3626:

Hoehn L, Birely M (1988). "Mental process preferences of gifted children".

3393: 3203: 3118: 3064: 3029: 2919: 2457: 844:. Some popular psychologists have characterized introverts as people whose 5178:"Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being" 5123: 4629: 4388: 4333: 3536: 2962: 2954: 2836: 2821: 2741: 2656: 1515:

view is based on the notion that there is a direct link between people's

1314: 1298: 1286: 1262: 1258: 1203: 1157: 1150: 1114: 1069: 491: 486: 446: 1061: 812:

people, and they are more prone to boredom when they are by themselves.

6479: 4074: 2776: 1961: 1693:

different ethnic groups within nations, exhibit differences in average

1539:, which states that people with stronger behavioral activation system ( 1357:

As earlier stated, extraverts are often found to have higher levels of

1346: 1342: 1334: 1306: 875: 825: 2535:"Most lawyers are introverted, and that's not necessarily a bad thing" 2055:

The Energies of Men: A Study of the Fundamentals of Dynamic Psychology

737:, he gives a more concise definition of the introverted type, writing: 6357: 3719:"The behavioural immune system and the psychology of human sociality" 3185: 2838:

Personality psychology : domains of knowledge about human nature

1330: 1322: 1266: 808: 3985:"Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The Full Five-Factor Model and Well-Being" 2768: 2174:"'Mind Reading': Q&A with Susan Cain on the Power of Introverts" 2116:"Introversion, Shyness & Social Anxiety: What's the Difference?" 1935: 4756:"Action, Emotion, and Personality: Emerging Conceptual Integration" 4253:"Influence of impulsivity and sociability on subjective well-being" 3647:"Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability" 1137:, as well as a positive correlation between introversion and total 3045:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

2278:"Mind Reading: Q&A with Susan Cain on the Power of Introverts" 1338: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1060: 941: 856: 819: 31: 5389:

Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking

2505:

Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking

2382:

Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking

2155:

Quiet: the power of introverts in a world that can't stop talking

885:

Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking

4876:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates. pp. 87–116. 1458:

brought on by social interactions. Specifically, the results of

1434:

According to the instrumental view, one explanation for greater

1302: 1006:(α) of 0.92, that for non-native English-speakers is α of 0.85. 506: 5638: 5526: 2079: 2077: 1479:

vibrant city or quiet rural environment. Similarly, a study by

670:

Extraversion and introversion are typically viewed as a single

4874:

Person-environment Psychology: New Directions and Perspectives

2598:"The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure" 1051:

specific habitual responses, such as partying on the weekend.

714:

In September 1909, Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung used the term

5434:. Translated by Baynes HG. Toronto, Ontario: York University. 5147:"Big 5 correlates of three measures of subjective well-being" 1551:

and introversion. Therefore, extraverts are seen as having a

5634: 2253:

The introvert advantage: how to thrive in an extrovert world

1504:

with extraversion than were measures of reward sensitivity.

1109:

One study found that introverts have more blood flow in the

5305:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 5042:"Happiness, introversion-extraversion and happy introverts" 3607:

Gallagher SA (1990). "Personality patterns of the gifted".

3407:

Swickert R, Hittner JB, Kitos N, Cox-Fuenzalida LE (2004).

963:-based survey indicating that 60% of attorneys, and 90% of 2197:"The Power of Introverts: A Manifesto for Quiet Brillianc" 1377:(2001) found that positive affect was again significantly 1198:

than introverts. Others suggest that such results reflect

1097:

Extraversion has been linked to higher sensitivity of the

2841:. David M. Buss. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. p. 200. 1519:

and their sensitivity to positive and negative affects.

746:

resources, on his own initiative, and in his own way...

5073:"Emotional stability as a major dimension of happiness" 4222:"Emotional stability as a major dimension of happiness" 1644:

Complications to the extraversion-happiness correlation

2996:"Functional neuroimaging of extraversion-introversion" 1194:

found that extraverts tend to report higher levels of

4673: 4671: 4669: 3795:"Quiet, Please: Unleashing 'The Power Of Introverts'" 2003:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1106:, since the reward itself is experienced as greater. 659:

theory. The terms were introduced into psychology by

4345: 4343: 3841: 3839: 1301:

score higher than the U.S. average on extraversion.

6451: 6391: 6340: 6319: 6249: 6208: 6163: 6156: 6073:

Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self

5993: 5940: 5914:

Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self

5897: 5862: 5853: 5811: 5758: 5720: 5713: 5672: 5596: 5560: 3550:Ghaderi D, Borjali A, Bahrami H, Sohrabi F (2011). 2508:at page 3 (Introduction) and page 280 (note 11). • 2415:"Chapter 4: Trait Theory: The OCEAN of Personality" 4739:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 4533: 4152:"Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress" 1430:Personality trait as a cause of higher sociability 824:Introversion is a personality trait distinct from 5288:. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Erasmus University. 1767: 1765: 1381:with extraversion. Also, the study by Emmons and 787:Extraversion is the state of primarily obtaining 2893: 2891: 2227:Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence 2157:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Crown Publishers. 1337:. People who live in the northwestern states of 2556: 2554: 2040:Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1976). 1068:indicate that extraversion-introversion has a 5650: 5538: 5231:Well-Being: Foundations of Hedonic Psychology 5216:Well-Being: Foundations of Hedonic Psychology 4735:The nature of emotions: Fundamental questions 4641: 4639: 4590:Personality, cognition and social interaction 4150:Diener E, Suh EM, Lucas RE, Smith HL (1999). 4056: 4054: 4052: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 625: 8: 5182:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4829:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4680:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4610:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4369:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4257:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3517:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3364:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3174:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3099:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2792:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2722:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5246:Current Directions in Psychological Science 4973: 4971: 4969: 4720:. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 681–706. 4711: 4709: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 2042:Psychoticism as a dimension of personality. 1190:for people who are trait-level introverts. 1113:of their brain and the anterior or frontal 700:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 6160: 5859: 5717: 5657: 5643: 5635: 5545: 5531: 5523: 5441:"Will the Real Introverts Please Stand Up" 4791: 4789: 4760:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 4603: 4601: 4599: 4592:. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 309–29. 4532:Campbell A, Converse P, Rodgers W (1976). 4020: 4018: 3989:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2362:Seattle Post-Intelligencer (SeattlePI.com) 1922:Jung CG (1910). "The Association Method". 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1617:The set-point model aka affect-level model 1405:and McCrae's (1986). short version of the 632: 618: 39: 6067:Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious 5357:"Secrets of a super successful introvert" 4949: 4840: 4754:Carver CS, Sutton SK, Scheier MF (2000). 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4280: 4278: 4181: 4179: 4177: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3742: 3678: 3375: 3277:Social and Personality Psychology Compass 3193: 3019: 2803: 1943: 1855:. London: Fontana Press. pp. 414–5. 5411:"Not all successful CEOs are extroverts" 4477: 4475: 4215: 4213: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 2477:Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2057:, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, p. 184. 1393:. Similar results were found in a large 989:20-word measure as part of his 100-word 3628:Illinois Council for the Gifted Journal 1761: 1701:with their lives than Asian Americans. 47: 6511: 6363:Int'l Assoc. for Analytical Psychology 6060:Structure & Dynamics of the Psyche 5330:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056 5151:Personality and Individual Differences 5077:Personality and Individual Differences 5046:Personality and Individual Differences 4802:Personality and Individual Differences 4564:Personality and individual differences 4226:Personality and Individual Differences 4192:Personality and Individual Differences 4031:Personality and Individual Differences 3582:Personality and Individual Differences 3471:Personality and Individual Differences 3444:Personality and Individual Differences 3413:Personality and Individual Differences 3336:Personality and Individual Differences 2757:British Journal of Educational Studies 1826:Personality and Individual Differences 1679:Other contributing personality factors 6373:Jungian Society for Scholarly Studies 5432:Classics in the History of Psychology 5007:Canadian Journal of School Psychology 4521:. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. 3922:Perspectives on Psychological Science 3704:Readings in Extraversion-Introversion 3576:Furnham A, Forde L, Cotter T (1998). 2994:Lei X, Yang T, Wu T (December 2015). 2709:. Springfield, IL: Thomas Publishing. 2547:from the original on January 8, 2016. 2351: 2349: 2229:. Gale Research. 1998. Archived from 2067: 2065: 2063: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1917: 1915: 1789:"Is it extraversion or extroversion?" 1033:ascending reticular activation system 7: 6501: 3330:Pavot W, Diener E, Fujita F (1990). 2672:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2522:from the original on March 15, 2012. 2142:from the original on August 1, 2022. 2132:"Social Anxiety? Introvert? Or Shy?" 2126:from the original on August 1, 2022. 1666:Other Big 5 factors and extraversion 1584:during the negative mood induction. 1491:Yet another explanation of the high 1422:The instrumental view proposes that 6052:Two Essays on Analytical Psychology 5609:International Personality Item Pool 4519:The biological basis of personality 2707:The biological basis of personality 2368:from the original on July 12, 2023. 2341:from the original on July 12, 2023. 1054:Eysenck compared this trait to the 1031:inhibition and excitation with the 757:In the 1950s, British psychologist 6113:Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature 5428:"General description of the types" 4980:Journal of Research in Personality 4648:Journal of Research in Personality 4287:Journal of Research in Personality 4125:Journal of Research in Personality 4098:Journal of Research in Personality 3235:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb01011.x 2943:The American Journal of Psychiatry 2563:Journal of Research in Personality 1924:The American Journal of Psychology 25: 5619:Revised NEO Personality Inventory 5458:"What Kind of Introvert Are You?" 5456:Kaufman SB (September 29, 2014). 4718:Anxiety and the anxiety disorders 2906:(3): 491–517, discussion 518–69. 2900:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2637:Journal of Personality Assessment 2438:Journal of Personality Assessment 2421:. AllPsych Online. Archived from 2089:The Myers & Briggs Foundation 1371:Eysenck Personality Questionnaire 1349:are also relatively introverted. 1035:(ARAS), a pathway located in the 863:Quiet: The Power of Introverts... 6531: 6530: 6520: 6510: 6500: 6368:Int'l Assoc. for Jungian Studies 4951:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00554.x 4911:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00405.x 4496:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00490.x 4458:. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 3934:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00084.x 3768:"The Therapeutic Power of Sleep" 3645:Stanek KC, Ones DS (June 2023). 3289:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00106.x 2512:"The Secret Power Of Introverts" 2489:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2009.01127.x 2343:(Glor's interview of Susan Cain) 2276:Szalavitz M (January 27, 2012). 2172:Szalavitz M (January 27, 2012). 1978:C.G. Jung - Psychologische Typen 1746:Reinforcement sensitivity theory 1715: 1533:reinforcement sensitivity theory 599: 55: 6487:The Secret of the Golden Flower 6021:Psychogenesis of Mental Disease 5798:Wise Old Man and Wise Old Woman 5207:Cantor N, Sanderson CA (1999). 4561:Eysenck HJ, Eysenck MW (1985). 3766:Diamond SA (November 7, 2008). 3168:, Gallagher P (December 2009). 2510:Goudreau J (January 26, 2012). 2044:London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1305:and the southeastern states of 6353:C. G. Jung Institute in Zürich 5887:Modern Man in Search of a Soul 5396:Helgoe L (September 1, 2010). 4796:Rusting CL, Larsen RJ (1995). 4567:. New York, NY: Plenum Press. 3957:Simon S (September 23, 2008). 3578:"Personality and intelligence" 2413:Heffner CL (March 23, 2004) . 2114:Peterson AL (April 11, 2019). 2085:"Extraversion or Introversion" 1945:11858/00-001M-0000-002B-AD55-2 1: 6459:Archetypal literary criticism 6037:Psychology of the Unconscious 5949:Memories, Dreams, Reflections 5871:Psychology of the Unconscious 5829:Extraversion and introversion 5501:Extraversion and introversion 5409:Jones D (September 3, 2011). 5163:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00057-0 5089:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00229-4 5058:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00058-1 4238:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00229-4 4188:"The happiness of extraverts" 4025:Furnham A, Brewin CR (1990). 3594:10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00169-4 3559:Annals of Biological Research 3456:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00078-8 3425:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00080-1 2533:Gordon LA (January 1, 2016). 2356:Nair D (September 12, 2012). 2302:Whitten M (August 21, 2001). 2013:– via Internet Archive. 1853:Memories, Dreams, Reflections 1531:. This model is based on the 1255:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 342:Industrial and organizational 5515:Resources in other libraries 5258:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770572 4814:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00157-N 4536:The quality of American life 4299:10.1016/0092-6566(92)90039-7 4251:Emmons RA, Diener E (1986). 4204:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90128-E 4043:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90138-H 3983:McCrae RR, Costa PT (1991). 3717:Schaller M (December 2011). 3483:10.1016/0191-8869(81)90047-7 3348:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90157-M 3332:"Extraversion and happiness" 2471:Ones DS, Dilchert S (2009). 1787:Barnett G (August 2, 2016). 1653:Neuroticism and extraversion 766:central traits in Eysenck's 497:Human factors and ergonomics 5554:Big Five personality traits 5475:"Caring for Your Introvert" 5439:Kaufman SB (June 9, 2014). 5355:Cain S (February 6, 2012). 5318:Annual Review of Psychology 5194:10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1058 5116:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197 4851:10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1135 4269:10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1211 4168:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 4027:"Personality and happiness" 3959:"The United States of Mind" 3529:10.1037/0022-3514.48.5.1316 3438:Cheng H, Furnham A (2003). 3386:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1409 3111:10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1236 2814:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1031 2450:10.1207/s15327752jpa4305_14 2379:Cain S (January 24, 2012). 2333:Glor J (January 26, 2012). 2071:Merriam Webster Dictionary. 2053:McDougall, W. (1923/1932). 1736:Big Five personality traits 1662:in measures of well-being. 1081:The relative importance of 967:attorneys, are introverts. 874:Mistaking introversion for 704:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 6583: 6125:Development of Personality 6079:Civilization in Transition 6027:Freud & Psychoanalysis 5690:Interpretation of religion 5398:"Revenge of the Introvert" 5145:Hayes N, Joseph S (2003). 5071:Hills P, Argyle M (2001). 5040:Hills P, Argyle M (2001). 5019:10.1177/082957359801400103 4692:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.245 4622:10.1037/0022-3514.47.3.580 4381:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.132 4220:Hills P, Argyle M (2001). 4001:10.1177/014616729101700217 3304:"The Secrets of Happiness" 3262:10.1207/s15327965pli0704_6 2734:10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.113 2649:10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_8 2130:Brown A (March 13, 2022). 1838:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013 1523:Affective reactivity model 1446:Social activity hypothesis 1099:mesolimbic dopamine system 6496: 6119:Practice of Psychotherapy 6033:Symbols of Transformation 5973:Seven Sermons to the Dead 5965:The Red Book: Liber Novus 5510:Resources in your library 5370:"The power of introverts" 4992:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.10.007 4660:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.05.002 4326:10.1037/0882-7974.1.2.140 4137:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.04.008 3907:10.1108/01425450410506904 3818:"The Power of Introverts" 3144:. New York: Basic Books. 3012:10.1007/s12264-015-1565-1 2912:10.1017/S0140525X99002046 2575:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007 2255:. New York: Workman Pub. 1626:Pleasure-arousal relation 1083:nature versus environment 998:reliabilities, and other 272:Applied behavior analysis 6139:(Revised Edition) (1990) 4772:10.1177/0146167200268008 3864:10.1177/0956797610384742 3609:Understanding Our Gifted 2871:"Lemon juice experiment" 2684:10.1177/0022022197282001 2614:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26 2602:Psychological Assessment 1890:10.1177/1354067X11408135 1878:Culture & Psychology 1588:Social reactivity theory 1222:behavioral immune system 1135:temporoparietal junction 1119:anterior cingulate gyrus 1010:Statement self-reporting 735:Psychologische Typologie 6332:C. G. Jung House Museum 6107:Mysterium Coniunctionis 6085:Psychology and Religion 6015:Experimental Researches 5930:Mysterium Coniunctionis 4433:10.1111/1467-6494.00072 4186:Argyle M, Lu L (1990). 3963:The Wall Street Journal 3797:. NPR. January 30, 2012 3671:10.1073/pnas.2212794120 3498:Theories of Personality 3057:10.1111/1469-7610.00101 1487:Social attention theory 1143:functional neuroimaging 830:social anxiety disorder 462:Behavioral neuroscience 117:Behavioral neuroscience 6562:Personality typologies 6383:Psychology Club Zürich 6175:Marie-Louise von Franz 6092:Psychology and Alchemy 5906:Psychology and Alchemy 5840:Participation mystique 5730:Collective unconscious 5568:Openness to experience 5473:Rauch J (March 2003). 5104:Psychological Bulletin 4938:Journal of Personality 4932:Tamir M (April 2009). 4899:Journal of Personality 4540:. New York, NY: Sage. 4484:Journal of Personality 4421:Journal of Personality 4156:Psychological Bulletin 4110:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2322 4063:Journal of Personality 3735:10.1098/rstb.2011.0029 3302:Myers DG (July 1992). 3223:Journal of Personality 2025:Journal of Personality 1270:introverted cultures. 1104:positive reinforcement 1073: 1018: 984:Lexical self-reporting 947: 871: 833: 755: 696:16 personality factors 512:Psychology of religion 452:Behavioral engineering 136:Cognitive neuroscience 102:Affective neuroscience 37: 6035:(1967, a revision of 5680:Analytical psychology 5421:on September 3, 2011. 3852:Psychological Science 3820:. TED. Archived from 3250:Psychological Inquiry 3080:Psychological Studies 3000:Neuroscience Bulletin 2955:10.1176/ajp.156.2.252 2314:on September 12, 2016 2209:on February 19, 2012. 2120:Mental Health at Home 1731:Analytical psychology 1436:subjective well-being 1353:Relation to happiness 1226:communicable diseases 1147:middle temporal gyrus 1141:volume. Task-related 1064: 965:intellectual property 945: 888:, argues that modern 882:, author of the book 860: 823: 739: 680:analytical psychology 606:Psychology portal 35: 6348:Bollingen Foundation 6287:Laurens van der Post 6137:General Bibliography 5750:Personal unconscious 5614:Personality theories 5279:Veenhoven R (1993). 4456:Mood and Temperament 4314:Psychology and Aging 2596:Goldberg LR (1992). 2502:Cain, Susan (2012), 2419:Personality Synopsis 2233:on January 29, 2009. 2195:(January 24, 2012). 1820:Thompson ER (2008). 1793:The Predictive Index 1774:Psychologische Typen 1605:Affective regulation 1253:, and regions where 1220:Research shows that 1129:volume in the right 996:internal consistency 727:Psychologische Typen 6464:Archetypal pedagogy 6378:Philemon Foundation 6282:Joseph L. Henderson 6044:Psychological Types 6009:Psychiatric Studies 5996:The Collected Works 5957:Man and His Symbols 5879:Psychological Types 5685:Cognitive functions 5468:on October 8, 2014. 5462:Scientific American 5445:Scientific American 4517:Eysenck HJ (1967). 3729:(1583): 3418–3426. 3702:Eysenck HJ (1971). 3663:2023PNAS..12012794S 3657:(23): e2212794120. 2705:Eysenck HJ (1967). 2304:"All About Shyness" 2202:Scientific American 2000:Psychological types 1230:airborne infections 938:Relative prevalence 655:dimension in human 457:Behavioral genetics 372:Occupational health 112:Behavioral genetics 43:Part of a series on 6557:Personality traits 6400:A Dangerous Method 6100:Alchemical Studies 5819:Active imagination 5760:Jungian archetypes 5705:Theory of neurosis 5604:Facet (psychology) 5380:on March 15, 2012. 5176:Emmons RA (1986). 4075:10.1111/jopy.12138 3895:Employee Relations 3706:. New York: Wiley. 3496:Ryckman R (2004). 3140:Gosling S (2008). 2835:Larsen RJ (2014). 1555:predisposition to 1517:personality traits 1508:Temperamental view 1424:personality traits 1395:longitudinal study 1236:Regional variation 1077:Biological factors 1074: 948: 929:Most contemporary 872: 834: 688:three-factor model 574:Schools of thought 412:Sport and exercise 258:Applied psychology 38: 6544: 6543: 6315: 6314: 6152: 6151: 6131:The Symbolic Life 5849: 5848: 5632: 5631: 5573:Conscientiousness 5496:Library resources 4883:978-0-8058-2470-4 4454:Watson D (2000). 3858:(11): 1563–1569. 3824:on March 15, 2012 3502:Thomson/Wadsworth 3151:978-0-465-02781-1 2848:978-0-07-803535-7 2291:on March 2, 2012. 2262:978-0-7611-2369-9 2251:Laney MO (2002). 2187:on March 2, 2012. 2164:978-0-307-35214-9 2010:978-0-691-09770-1 1862:978-0-00-654027-4 1723:Psychology portal 1695:life satisfaction 1582:negative emotions 1537:Jeffrey Alan Gray 1418:Instrumental view 1131:prefrontal cortex 1056:four temperaments 779:and expression." 731:Personality Types 729:was published as 642: 641: 539:Counseling topics 482:Consumer behavior 223:Psycholinguistics 107:Affective science 27:Personality trait 16:(Redirected from 6574: 6534: 6533: 6526:Wikisource texts 6524: 6514: 6513: 6504: 6503: 6436:Persona (series) 6231:Sabina Spielrein 6161: 5860: 5768:Anima and animus 5718: 5695:Personality type 5659: 5652: 5645: 5636: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5524: 5484: 5469: 5464:. 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healer 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5639: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490:External links 5488: 5486: 5485: 5470: 5453: 5436: 5423: 5406: 5393: 5365: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5308: 5291: 5271: 5236: 5221: 5199: 5188:(5): 1058–68. 5168: 5157:(4): 723–727. 5137: 5110:(2): 197–229. 5094: 5063: 5052:(4): 595–608. 5032: 4997: 4965: 4944:(2): 447–470. 4924: 4889: 4882: 4864: 4819: 4808:(3): 321–329. 4785: 4746: 4723: 4705: 4686:(1): 245–252. 4665: 4635: 4616:(3): 580–592. 4595: 4580: 4573: 4553: 4546: 4524: 4509: 4490:(3): 385–414. 4471: 4464: 4446: 4427:(5): 761–791. 4402: 4375:(1): 132–140. 4352: 4339: 4320:(2): 140–143. 4304: 4293:(3): 205–215. 4274: 4243: 4232:(8): 1357–64. 4209: 4198:(10): 1011–7. 4173: 4162:(2): 276–302. 4142: 4131:(5): 580–587. 4115: 4104:(3): 247–277. 4088: 4069:(5): 564–574. 4048: 4037:(10): 1093–6. 4014: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3928:(5): 339–369. 3912: 3885: 3835: 3808: 3786: 3758: 3709: 3694: 3637: 3618: 3599: 3568: 3542: 3507: 3488: 3461: 3430: 3399: 3353: 3313: 3294: 3267: 3256:(4): 340–344. 3240: 3229:(3): 438–461. 3209: 3157: 3150: 3132: 3089: 3070: 3035: 3006:(6): 663–675. 2986: 2976: 2949:(2): 252–257. 2933: 2887: 2862: 2847: 2827: 2782: 2747: 2728:(1): 113–123. 2712: 2697: 2678:(2): 131–155. 2662: 2643:(3): 506–516. 2627: 2588: 2550: 2525: 2495: 2483:(2): 163–170. 2463: 2444:(5): 514–516. 2428: 2405: 2391: 2371: 2345: 2325: 2294: 2268: 2261: 2236: 2223:"Introversion" 2214: 2212: 2211: 2189: 2163: 2145: 2106: 2073: 2059: 2046: 2033: 2016: 2009: 1984: 1967: 1930:(2): 219–269. 1911: 1884:(3): 339–358. 1868: 1861: 1843: 1805: 1779: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1710: 1707: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1667: 1664: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1606: 1603: 1589: 1586: 1580:reported more 1524: 1521: 1509: 1506: 1488: 1485: 1447: 1444: 1431: 1428: 1419: 1416: 1354: 1351: 1237: 1234: 1200:socio-cultural 1186: 1183: 1165: 1162: 1123:temporal lobes 1078: 1075: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1008: 985: 982: 972: 969: 939: 936: 931:trait theories 926: 923: 903:Mahatma Gandhi 817: 814: 784: 781: 775: 772: 725:His 1921 book 711: 708: 676:Big Five model 651:are a central 640: 639: 637: 636: 629: 622: 614: 611: 610: 609: 608: 593: 592: 587: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 535: 534: 533: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 430: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 263: 262: 261: 256: 255: 252: 251: 246: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 153:Cross-cultural 150: 145: 144: 143: 133: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 93: 92: 91: 86: 85: 82: 81: 80: 79: 74: 69: 61: 60: 52: 51: 45: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6579: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6537: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6517: 6509: 6507: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6407:Synchronicity 6404: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341:Organizations 6339: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6267:Erich Neumann 6265: 6263: 6262:James Hillman 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221:Maria Moltzer 6219: 6217: 6216:Sigmund Freud 6214: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6144: 6143:General Index 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6001: 6000:of C. G. Jung 5997: 5992: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5922:Answer to Job 5919: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5835: 5834:Individuation 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5824:Enantiodromia 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5700:Synchronicity 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5660: 5655: 5653: 5648: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5583:Agreeableness 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5489: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5309: 5304: 5303: 5295: 5292: 5284: 5283: 5275: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4986:(4): 1053–9. 4985: 4981: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4766:(6): 741–51. 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4727: 4724: 4719: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4654:(6): 1613–8. 4653: 4649: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4581: 4576: 4574:9780306418440 4570: 4566: 4565: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4547:9780871541949 4543: 4538: 4537: 4528: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4465:1-57230-526-6 4461: 4457: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4263:(6): 1211–5. 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3995:(2): 227–32. 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3710: 3705: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3588:(2): 187–92. 3587: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3569: 3565:(6): 116–122. 3564: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3450:(6): 921–42. 3449: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3419:(1): 207–17. 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2831: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2701: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2406: 2394: 2392:9780307452207 2388: 2384: 2383: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2326: 2313: 2309: 2308:Psych Central 2305: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2107: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1979: 1971: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1687: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1650: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1625: 1623: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553:temperamental 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1513:Temperamental 1507: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389:but not with 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319:New Hampshire 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:frontal lobes 1107: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1016: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 983: 981: 979: 970: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 953: 944: 937: 935: 932: 924: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 891: 887: 886: 881: 877: 869: 865: 864: 859: 855: 852: 847: 843: 839: 831: 827: 822: 815: 813: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 789:gratification 782: 780: 773: 771: 769: 764: 760: 754: 750: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 709: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 635: 630: 628: 623: 621: 616: 615: 613: 612: 607: 597: 596: 595: 594: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 559:Psychologists 557: 555: 552: 550: 549:Organizations 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 536: 531: 526: 525: 518: 517:Psychometrics 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 477:Consciousness 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 438: 437: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 397:Psychotherapy 395: 393: 392:Psychometrics 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 259: 254: 253: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 163:Developmental 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 142: 139: 138: 137: 134: 132: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 89: 84: 83: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 64: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 50: 46: 42: 41: 34: 30: 19: 6536:All articles 6485: 6478: 6440: 6428: 6406: 6398: 6236:Victor White 6190:Aniela Jaffé 6164: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6098: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6058: 6050: 6042: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 5999: 5995: 5981: 5971: 5963: 5955: 5947: 5928: 5920: 5912: 5904: 5885: 5877: 5869: 5855:Publications 5838: 5828: 5624:Trait theory 5578:Extraversion 5577: 5500: 5480:The Atlantic 5478: 5466:the original 5461: 5449:the original 5444: 5431: 5419:the original 5414: 5401: 5387: 5386:, author of 5378:the original 5373: 5360: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5301: 5294: 5281: 5274: 5252:(1): 26–30. 5249: 5245: 5239: 5230: 5224: 5215: 5202: 5185: 5181: 5171: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5013:(1): 21–35. 5010: 5006: 5000: 4983: 4979: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4873: 4867: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4805: 4801: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4734: 4726: 4717: 4683: 4679: 4651: 4647: 4613: 4609: 4589: 4583: 4563: 4556: 4535: 4527: 4518: 4512: 4487: 4483: 4455: 4449: 4424: 4420: 4372: 4368: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4290: 4286: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4229: 4225: 4195: 4191: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4066: 4062: 4034: 4030: 3992: 3988: 3962: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3901:(1): 62–71. 3898: 3894: 3888: 3855: 3851: 3828:December 27, 3826:. 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Retrieved 2312:the original 2307: 2297: 2289:the original 2281: 2271: 2252: 2231:the original 2226: 2217: 2207:the original 2200: 2185:the original 2177: 2154: 2148: 2136:Mind Journal 2135: 2128:See also: ● 2119: 2109: 2097:. Retrieved 2093:the original 2088: 2054: 2049: 2041: 2036: 2031:, 1387-1414. 2028: 2024: 2019: 1999: 1977: 1970: 1927: 1923: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1852: 1846: 1832:(6): 542–8. 1829: 1825: 1798:February 21, 1796:. 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