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time-scale, the interactions between the dipoles do not always average away. At the slowest extreme the interaction time is effectively infinite and occurs where there are large, stationary field disturbances (e.g., a metallic implant). In this case the loss of coherence is described as a "static dephasing". T2* is a measure of the loss of coherence in an ensemble of spins that includes all interactions (including static dephasing). T2 is a measure of the loss of coherence that excludes static dephasing, using an RF pulse to reverse the slowest types of dipolar interaction. There is in fact a continuum of interaction time-scales in a given biological sample, and the properties of the refocusing RF pulse can be tuned to refocus more than just static dephasing. In general, the rate of decay of an ensemble of spins is a function of the interaction times and also the power of the RF pulse. This type of decay, occurring under the influence of RF, is known as T1Ļ. It is similar to T2 decay but with some slower dipolar interactions refocused, as well as static interactions, hence T1Ļā„T2.
849:
1254:
coherent. When the spins are rephased, they become coherent, and thus signal (or "echo") is generated to form images. Unlike spin echo, gradient echo does not need to wait for transverse magnetisation to decay completely before initiating another sequence, thus it requires very short repetition times (TR), and therefore to acquire images in a short time. After echo is formed, some transverse magnetisations remains. Manipulating gradients during this time will produce images with different contrast. There are three main methods of manipulating contrast at this stage, namely steady-state free-precession (SSFP) that does not spoil the remaining transverse magnetisation, but attempts to recover them (thus producing T2-weighted images); the sequence with spoiler gradient that averages the transverse magnetisations (thus producing mixed T1 and T2-weighted images), and RF spoiler that vary the phases of RF pulse to eliminates the transverse magnetisation, thus producing pure T1-weighted images.
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1373:, DWI is highly sensitive to the changes occurring in the lesion. It is speculated that increases in restriction (barriers) to water diffusion, as a result of cytotoxic edema (cellular swelling), is responsible for the increase in signal on a DWI scan. The DWI enhancement appears within 5ā10 minutes of the onset of
1493:
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imaging. This method exploits the susceptibility differences between tissues and uses a fully velocity-compensated, three-dimensional, RF-spoiled, high-resolution, 3D-gradient echo scan. This special data acquisition and image processing produces an enhanced contrast magnitude image very sensitive to
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that are now in human clinical trials. Because this method has been shown to be far more sensitive than the BOLD technique in preclinical studies, it may potentially expand the role of fMRI in clinical applications. The CBF method provides more quantitative information than the BOLD signal, albeit at
1564:
relative to deoxygenated hemoglobin. Because deoxygenated hemoglobin attenuates the MR signal, the vascular response leads to a signal increase that is related to the neural activity. The precise nature of the relationship between neural activity and the BOLD signal is a subject of current research.
879:
3536:
Giussani C, Roux FE, Ojemann J, Sganzerla EP, Pirillo D, Papagno C (January 2010). "Is preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging reliable for language areas mapping in brain tumor surgery? Review of language functional magnetic resonance imaging and direct cortical stimulation correlation
1851:
that is a function of the temperature and is expressed as translational and rotational motions, and by collisions between molecules. The moving dipoles disturb the magnetic field but are often extremely rapid so that the average effect over a long time-scale may be zero. However, depending on the
1539:
of the brain indicating the regions of the cortex that demonstrate a significant change in activity in response to the task. Compared to anatomical T1W imaging, the brain is scanned at lower spatial resolution but at a higher temporal resolution (typically once every 2ā3 seconds). Increases in
1253:
does not use a 180 degrees RF pulse to make the spins of particles coherent. Instead, it uses magnetic gradients to manipulate the spins, allowing the spins to dephase and rephase when required. After an excitation pulse, the spins are dephased, no signal is produced because the spins are not
1381:, which often does not detect changes of acute infarct for up to 4ā6 hours) and remains for up to two weeks. Coupled with imaging of cerebral perfusion, researchers can highlight regions of "perfusion/diffusion mismatch" that may indicate regions capable of salvage by reperfusion therapy.
1704:
and as they have a very short T2 decay they do not normally contribute to image contrast. However, because these protons have a broad resonance peak they can be excited by a radiofrequency pulse that has no effect on free protons. Their excitation increases image contrast by transfer of
1358:(DTI) enables diffusion to be measured in multiple directions, and the fractional anisotropy in each direction to be calculated for each voxel. This enables researchers to make brain maps of fiber directions to examine the connectivity of different regions in the brain (using
222:
Low signal for fat ā Note that this only applies to standard Spin Echo (SE) sequences and not the more modern Fast Spin Echo (FSE) sequence (also referred to as Turbo Spin Echo, TSE), which is the most commonly used technique today. In FSE/TSE, fat will have a high
1678:
and iron storage. It is used to enhance the detection and diagnosis of tumors, vascular and neurovascular diseases (stroke and hemorrhage), multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, and also detects traumatic brain injuries that may not be diagnosed using other methods.
1623:(vessel wall dilatations, at risk of rupture) or other abnormalities. MRA is often used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the renal arteries, and the legs (the latter exam is often referred to as a "run-off").
1568:
While BOLD signal analysis is the most common method employed for neuroscience studies in human subjects, the flexible nature of MR imaging provides means to sensitize the signal to other aspects of the blood supply. Alternative techniques employ
1724:
The most common use of this technique is for suppression of background signal in time of flight MR angiography. There are also applications in neuroimaging particularly in the characterization of white matter lesions in
3362:
Moseley ME, Cohen Y, Mintorovitch J, Chileuitt L, Shimizu H, Kucharczyk J, et al. (May 1990). "Early detection of regional cerebral ischemia in cats: comparison of diffusion- and T2-weighted MRI and spectroscopy".
848:
1716:
content in tissue. Implementation of homonuclear magnetization transfer involves choosing suitable frequency offsets and pulse shapes to saturate the bound spins sufficiently strongly, within the safety limits of
915:(TR). This image weighting is useful for assessing the cerebral cortex, identifying fatty tissue, characterizing focal liver lesions, and in general, obtaining morphological information, as well as for
3264:
Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Grenier P, Cabanis E, Laval-Jeantet M (November 1986). "MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders".
1978:"Impact of Machine Learning With Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast for Early Prediction of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Survival Outcomes in Breast Cancer Patients"
3966:
Sasaki M, Shibata E, Tohyama K, Takahashi J, Otsuka K, Tsuchiya K, et al. (July 2006). "Neuromelanin magnetic resonance imaging of locus ceruleus and substantia nigra in
Parkinson's disease".
1274:
is an MRI sequence that provides high contrast between tissue and lesion. It can be used to provide high T1 weighted image, high T2 weighted image, and to suppress the signals from fat, blood, or
1215:
Proton density (PD)- weighted images are created by having a long repetition time (TR) and a short echo time (TE). On images of the brain, this sequence has a more pronounced distinction between
1637:
Phase contrast MRI (PC-MRI) is used to measure flow velocities in the body. It is used mainly to measure blood flow in the heart and throughout the body. PC-MRI may be considered a method of
1455:
The acquired data is then postprocessed to obtain perfusion maps with different parameters, such as BV (blood volume), BF (blood flow), MTT (mean transit time) and TTP (time to peak).
1611:) is a group of techniques based to image blood vessels. Magnetic resonance angiography is used to generate images of arteries (and less commonly veins) in order to evaluate them for
854:
1470:, estimates the amount of tissue that is already necrotic, and the combination of those sequences can therefore be used to estimate the amount of brain tissue that is salvageable by
3713:
Reichenbach JR, Venkatesan R, Schillinger DJ, Kido DK, Haacke EM (July 1997). "Small vessels in the human brain: MR venography with deoxyhemoglobin as an intrinsic contrast agent".
2966:
2032:
1743:
Fat suppression is useful for example to distinguish active inflammation in the intestines from fat deposition such as can be caused by long-standing (but possibly inactive)
3580:
Thulborn KR, Waterton JC, Matthews PM, Radda GK (February 1982). "Oxygenation dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water protons in whole blood at high field".
1397:
350:
1712:
from the bound pool into the free pool, thereby reducing the signal of free water. This homonuclear magnetization transfer provides an indirect measurement of
911:; transverse to the static magnetic field). To create a T1-weighted image, magnetization is allowed to recover before measuring the MR signal by changing the
2898:
1257:
For comparison purposes, the repetition time of a gradient echo sequence is of the order of 3 milliseconds, versus about 30 ms of a spin echo sequence.
1632:
815:
1573:(ASL) or weighting the MRI signal by cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV). The CBV method requires injection of a class of MRI
685:
Magnetic labeling of arterial blood below the imaging slab, which subsequently enters the region of interest. It does not need gadolinium contrast.
2598:
Chua TC, Wen W, Slavin MJ, Sachdev PS (February 2008). "Diffusion tensor imaging in mild cognitive impairment and
Alzheimer's disease: a review".
62:
2521:"Signal evolution and infarction risk for apparent diffusion coefficient lesions in acute ischemic stroke are both time- and perfusion-dependent"
1351:
diffuse principally in one direction, the assumption can be made that the majority of the fibers in this area are parallel to that direction.
755:
Localizing brain activity from performing an assigned task (e.g. talking, moving fingers) before surgery, also used in research of cognition.
3950:
3757:
2131:
723:
379:
298:
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4151:
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Two gradients with equal magnitude, but opposite direction, are used to encode a phase shift, which is proportional to the velocity of
556:
Reduced T2 weighting by taking multiple conventional DWI images with different DWI weighting, and the change corresponds to diffusion.
1347:
membrane. Therefore, the molecule moves principally along the axis of the neural fiber. If it is known that molecules in a particular
312:
497:
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2040:
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Arterial spin labelling (ASL): Magnetic labeling of arterial blood below the imaging slab, without the need of gadolinium contrast.
613:
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319:
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1844:
T1 rho (T1Ļ) is an experimental MRI sequence that may be used in musculoskeletal imaging. It does not yet have widespread use.
1654:
1006:
631:
358:
284:
3132:
Gebker R, Schwitter J, Fleck E, Nagel E (2007). "How we perform myocardial perfusion with cardiovascular magnetic resonance".
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Like many other specialized applications, this technique is usually coupled with a fast image acquisition sequence, such as
667:
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The BOLD effect also allows for the generation of high resolution 3D maps of the venous vasculature within neural tissue.
3307:
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imaging. To create a T2-weighted image, magnetization is allowed to decay before measuring the MR signal by changing the
1865:
1553:
745:
733:
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Spoiled gradient recalled echo (GRE), fully flow compensated, long echo time, combines phase image with magnitude image
1777:
1441:
904:
701:
239:
127:
3335:"The History, Development and Impact of Computed Imaging in Neurological Diagnosis and Neurosurgery: CT, MRI, and DTI"
1759:. Without fat suppression techniques, fat and fluid will have similar signal intensities on fast spin-echo sequences.
1204:
1307:
of water molecules in biological tissues. Clinically, diffusion MRI is useful for the diagnoses of conditions (e.g.,
3407:
2642:
567:
538:
1744:
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116:
58:
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1878:(DDE) imaging are specific forms of MRI diffusion imaging, which can be used to measure diameters and lengths of
1821:
908:
690:
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2776:
211:
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1355:
3461:
2802:
Turnbull LW (January 2009). "Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer".
2749:
903:
Each tissue returns to its equilibrium state after excitation by the independent relaxation processes of T1 (
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2036:
1209:
826:
675:
451:
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1641:. Since modern PC-MRI typically is time-resolved, it also may be referred to as 4-D imaging (three spatial
1492:
1315:), and helps better understand the connectivity of white matter axons in the central nervous system. In an
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51:
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1976:
Tahmassebi A, Wengert GJ, Helbich TH, Bago-Horvath Z, Alaei S, Bartsch R, et al. (February 2019).
3664:
Wiggermann V, HernƔndez Torres E, Vavasour IM, Moore GR, Laule C, MacKay AL, et al. (July 2013).
2414:
2230:
2102:
1223:(darker grey), but with little contrast between brain and CSF. It is very useful for the detection of
2312:
1693:
Magnetization transfer (MT) is a technique to enhance image contrast in certain applications of MRI.
841:
801:
327:
3822:
Filippi M, Rocca MA, De
Stefano N, Enzinger C, Fisher E, Horsfield MA, et al. (December 2011).
3146:
2177:"A Current Review of the Meniscus Imaging: Proposition of a Useful Tool for Its Radiologic Analysis"
1659:
Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is a new type of contrast in MRI different from spin density,
1362:) or to examine areas of neural degeneration and demyelination in diseases like multiple sclerosis.
3226:
1463:
1459:
1445:
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medium (inside a glass of water for example), water molecules naturally move randomly according to
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2261:"Principles, techniques, and applications of T2*-based MR imaging and its special applications"
1836:
The following sequences are not commonly used clinically, and/or are at an experimental stage.
1773:
Frequency-selective saturation of the spectral peak of fat by a "fat sat" pulse before imaging.
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3983:
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2007:
1950:
1524:
3943:
How does MRI work?: An
Introduction to the Physics and Function of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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1997:
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Faster Gd contrast uptake along with other features is suggestive of malignancy (pictured).
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131:
3229:, Hajnal JV, Young IR (March 1998). "MRI: use of the inversion recovery pulse sequence".
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activity. It is used to understand how different parts of the brain respond to external
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2002:
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2673:"Magnetic resonance diffusion-perfusion mismatch in acute ischemic stroke: An update"
1962:
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1300:
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1236:
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1128:
1041:
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989:
907:; that is, magnetization in the same direction as the static magnetic field) and T2 (
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80:
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3808:
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Borthakur A, Mellon E, Niyogi S, Witschey W, Kneeland JB, Reddy R (November 2006).
3522:
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1817:
1797:
1793:
1752:
1557:
1556:) effect. Increased neural activity causes an increased demand for oxygen, and the
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1028:
789:, giving it a much higher signal when using short echo time and flow compensation.
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156:
95:
4038:"Sodium and T1rho MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage"
3079:
3031:
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308:
Maintenance of a steady, residual transverse magnetisation over successive cycles.
57:
A multiparametric MRI is a combination of two or more sequences, and/or including
3824:"Magnetic resonance techniques in multiple sclerosis: the present and the future"
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2611:
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1993:
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343:
268:
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Spoiled gradient recalled echo (GRE) with a long echo time and small flip angle
3311:
3155:
2098:
1770:
of its atoms, causing different time-dependent phase shifts compared to water.
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system actually overcompensates for this, increasing the amount of oxygenated
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993:
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17:
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is injected, and rapid repeated imaging (generally gradient-echo echo-planar
3890:"MR signal intensity: staying on the bright side in MR image interpretation"
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1316:
1304:
1114:
1032:
997:
942:
The standard display of MRI images is to represent fluid characteristics in
920:
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135:
111:
35:
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2011:
1954:
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Bloem JL, Reijnierse M, Huizinga TW, van der Helm-van Mil AH (June 2018).
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833:
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Measures changes over time in susceptibility-induced signal loss due to
3791:
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3194:
2175:
Lefevre N, Naouri JF, Herman S, Gerometta A, Klouche S, Bohu Y (2016).
1945:
1928:
1809:
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1701:
1186:
978:
3666:"Magnetic resonance frequency shifts during acute MS lesion formation"
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759:
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2815:
1697:
1512:
1370:
1344:
1308:
1124:
1001:
936:
3945:(2nd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 70.
3505:
3488:
1927:
Marino MA, Helbich T, Baltzer P, Pinker-Domenig K (February 2018).
1586:
1496:
A fMRI scan showing regions of activation in orange, including the
807:
3615:
Stankovic Z, Allen BD, Garcia J, Jarvis KB, Markl M (April 2014).
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have decreased perfusion and delayed contrast arrival (pictured).
1519:
or passive activity in a resting state, and has applications in
1340:
1174:
1137:
878:
439:
Fluid suppression by setting an inversion time that nulls fluids
3865:"Bowel wall thickening ā CT-pattern ā Type 4 ā Fat target sign"
1147:
1142:
970:
171:
3752:. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
2259:
Chavhan GB, Babyn PS, Thomas B, Shroff MM, Haacke EM (2009).
1440:
Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE): Measuring shortening of the
1868:(T1) more quickly than an inversion recovery pulse sequence.
73:
3775:"Non-contrast enhanced MR angiography: physical principles"
2519:
An H, Ford AL, Vo K, Powers WJ, Lee JM, Lin W (May 2011).
2124:
1535:. Researchers use statistical methods to construct a 3-D
3024:"Basic proton MR imaging. Tissue Signal Characteristics"
2070:"Basic proton MR imaging. Tissue Signal Characteristics"
1400:
MRI perfusion showing a delayed time-to-maximum flow (T
234:
Standard foundation and comparison for other sequences
187:
Standard foundation and comparison for other sequences
74:
3582:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
591:
of water molecules in the directions of nerve fibers.
2126:(6 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 292.
1783:
Spectral presaturation with inversion recovery (SPIR)
946:
images, where different tissues turn out as follows:
50:(MRI) is a particular setting of pulse sequences and
3408:"Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MR perfusion"
2643:"Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MR perfusion"
1552:
changes; this mechanism is referred to as the BOLD (
700:
Measures changes over time in the shortening of the
4114:"Advanced diffusion MRI for microstructure imaging"
2254:
2252:
1540:neural activity cause changes in the MR signal via
923:(TE). This image weighting is useful for detecting
2566:
2564:
1762:Techniques to suppress fat on MRI mainly include:
1343:of a neuron has a low probability of crossing the
3489:"What does fMRI tell us about neuronal activity?"
1437:) quantifies susceptibility-induced signal loss.
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1820:, and also detects signal intensity changes in
1466:has decreased perfusion. Another MRI sequence,
3435:"Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR perfusion"
2777:"Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR perfusion"
54:, resulting in a particular image appearance.
4112:Andrada I, Ivana D, Noam S, Daniel A (2016).
1929:"Multiparametric MRI of the breast: A review"
1578:a significant loss of detection sensitivity.
1208:Proton density-weighted image of a knee with
596:Evaluating white matter deformation by tumors
8:
3937:Weishaupt D, Koechli VD, Marincek B (2008).
3462:"Arterial spin labelling (ASL) MR perfusion"
3134:Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2750:"Arterial spin labelling (ASL) MR perfusion"
3009:
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3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2666:
2664:
1327:. In biological tissues however, where the
143:Lower signal for more water content, as in
2893:
2891:
2359:Berger F, de Jonge M, Smithuis R, Maas M.
2122:Graham D, Cloke P, Vosper M (2011-05-31).
890:Examples of T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and
785:Blood entering the imaged area is not yet
4129:
4061:
3913:
3839:
3790:
3689:
3640:
3504:
3346:
3202:
3145:
2698:
2688:
2544:
2496:"MRI Physics: Diffusion-Weighted Imaging"
2284:
2224:
2222:
2202:
2192:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2001:
1944:
1633:Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging
1425:(PWI) is performed by 3 main techniques:
816:Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging
3939:"Chapter 9: Fast Suppression Techniques"
3050:
3048:
2408:
2406:
1365:Another application of diffusion MRI is
948:
85:
29:
2387:"Fluid attenuation inversion recoveryg"
1892:
1776:Short tau inversion recovery (STIR), a
1590:Time-of-flight MRA at the level of the
1429:Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC):
371:Detecting small amounts of hemorrhage (
3773:Wheaton AJ, Miyazaki M (August 2012).
2899:"Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)"
2367:. Radiology Society of the Netherlands
2306:
2304:
1507:(fMRI) measures signal changes in the
27:A pulse sequence during a medical test
3779:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
3310:. Stanford University. Archived from
3183:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
3074:
3072:
2847:"Milestone 19: (1990) Functional MRI"
1933:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1872:Double-oscillating-diffusion-encoding
1339:. For example, a molecule inside the
931:, and assessing zonal anatomy in the
7:
3621:Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy
2924:Keshavamurthy J, Ballinger R et al.
2415:"Double inversion recovery sequence"
2385:Hacking C, Taghi Niknejad M, et al.
346:deposits (pictured) and hemorrhages.
219:Higher signal for more water content
59:other specialized MRI configurations
3633:10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2014.01.02
3487:Heeger DJ, Ress D (February 2002).
1832:Uncommon and experimental sequences
1408:in a case of occlusion of the left
1311:) or neurological disorders (e.g.,
650:Provides measurements of blood flow
430:Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery
81:uncommon and experimental sequences
3980:10.1097/01.wnr.0000227984.84927.a7
3551:10.1227/01.NEU.0000360392.15450.C9
2231:"Steady-state free precession MRI"
25:
3863:Gore R, Smithuis R (2014-05-21).
2313:"Susceptibility weighted imaging"
1864:are rarely used, but can measure
1800:and can be used to visualize the
882:Effects of TR and TE on MR signal
587:(pictured) by an overall greater
402:where the signal of fat is zero.
847:
806:
758:
714:
666:
612:
566:
537:
496:
461:
420:
378:
349:
318:
283:
238:
191:
4131:10.3389/conf.FPHY.2016.01.00001
4087:"Saturation recovery sequences"
3727:10.1148/radiology.204.1.9205259
3278:10.1148/radiology.161.2.3763909
3177:Hargreaves BA (December 2012).
3085:UC San Diego School of Medicine
2181:Radiology Research and Practice
2099:"MRI Questions, Fast Spin Echo"
1655:Susceptibility weighted imaging
1649:Susceptibility weighted imaging
1007:Cortical pseudolaminar necrosis
632:Dynamic susceptibility contrast
448:multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques
3433:Gaillard F, Goel A, Murphy A.
3365:Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
2334:"Short tau inversion recovery"
1639:magnetic resonance velocimetry
1605:Magnetic resonance angiography
1600:Magnetic resonance angiography
1582:Magnetic resonance angiography
768:Magnetic resonance angiography
547:Apparent diffusion coefficient
530:High signal within minutes of
398:Fat suppression by setting an
214:by using long TR and TE times
1:
3243:10.1016/s0009-9260(98)80096-2
3179:"Rapid gradient-echo imaging"
1862:Saturation recovery sequences
1369:(DWI). Following an ischemic
657:, the infarcted core and the
3682:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31829bfd63
3594:10.1016/0304-4165(82)90333-6
3493:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
2967:"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"
2671:Chen F, Ni YC (March 2012).
2612:10.1097/WCO.0b013e3282f4594b
2600:Current Opinion in Neurology
2537:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.610501
2442:"Diffusion weighted imaging"
2332:Sharma R, Taghi Niknejad M.
2033:"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"
1994:10.1097/RLI.0000000000000518
1866:spin-lattice relaxation time
1554:blood-oxygen-level dependent
927:and inflammation, revealing
734:Blood-oxygen-level dependent
478:Simultaneous suppression of
390:Short tau inversion recovery
299:Steady-state free precession
79:This table does not include
3906:10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000728
3841:10.1001/archneurol.2011.914
1808:. It is used to detect the
4173:
4157:Nuclear magnetic resonance
4152:Magnetic resonance imaging
3750:MRI from picture to proton
3617:"4D flow imaging with MRI"
3107:"MRI sequences (overview)"
2677:World Journal of Radiology
2573:"Diffusion tensor imaging"
2467:Weerakkody Y, Gaillard F.
2150:"MRI sequences (overview)"
1902:"MRI sequences (overview)"
1745:inflammatory bowel disease
1736:
1686:
1652:
1630:
1597:
1485:
1423:Perfusion-weighted imaging
1415:
1367:diffusion-weighted imaging
1354:The recent development of
1285:
1264:
1234:
1152:Low proton density, as in
1097:More water content, as in
1015:More water content, as in
867:
752:reflects tissue activity.
103:Main clinical distinctions
48:magnetic resonance imaging
3156:10.1080/10976640600897286
2413:Di Muzio B, Abd Rabou A.
1876:double diffusion encoding
1822:major depressive disorder
1792:This method exploits the
1511:that are due to changing
766:
713:
710:
691:Dynamic contrast enhanced
665:
647:
620:
559:Low signal minutes after
504:
470:Double inversion recovery
409:, such as in more severe
386:
291:
261:(to reduce T1) and short
110:
3348:10.1038/npre.2009.3267.4
3080:"Structural MRI Imaging"
2926:"Phase contrast imaging"
2723:"Arterial spin labeling"
2311:Di Muzio B, Gaillard F.
2229:Luijkx T, Weerakkody Y.
1719:specific absorption rate
1356:diffusion tensor imaging
1117:, hyperacute or chronic
748:-dependent magnetism of
486:by two inversion times.
452:subarachnoid haemorrhage
163:, hyperacute or chronic
4085:Jones J, Ballinger JR.
2971:University of Wisconsin
2148:du Plessis V, Jones J.
2037:University of Wisconsin
1982:Investigative Radiology
1766:Identifying fat by the
1442:spinālattice relaxation
1335:, the diffusion may be
1210:synovial chondromatosis
891:
702:spinālattice relaxation
676:Arterial spin labelling
359:Susceptibility-weighted
248:Proton density weighted
128:spinālattice relaxation
38:type of pulse sequence.
3377:10.1002/mrm.1910140218
3055:Patil T (2013-01-18).
3028:Harvard Medical School
2904:Johns Hopkins Hospital
2868:Luijkx T, Gaillard F.
2728:University of Michigan
2074:Harvard Medical School
1689:Magnetization transfer
1683:Magnetization transfer
1615:(abnormal narrowing),
1595:
1571:arterial spin labeling
1501:
1468:diffusion-weighted MRI
1413:
1410:middle cerebral artery
1297:
1251:gradient echo sequence
1246:
1245:Gradient echo sequence
1212:
1044:in subacute hemorrhage
895:
883:
787:magnetically saturated
375:pictured) or calcium.
52:pulsed field gradients
39:
4009:Luijkx T, Morgan MA.
3828:Archives of Neurology
3105:Jones J, Gaillard F.
1900:Jones J, Gaillard F.
1589:
1498:primary visual cortex
1495:
1399:
1295:
1244:
1207:
889:
881:
601:fractional anisotropy
373:diffuse axonal injury
34:Timing diagram for a
33:
4118:Frontiers in Physics
3748:McRobbie DW (2007).
2690:10.4329/wjr.v4.i3.63
2277:10.1148/rg.295095034
2194:10.1155/2016/8329296
1788:Neuromelanin imaging
1700:are associated with
1533:eloquent brain areas
992:substances, such as
986:Slowly flowing blood
929:white matter lesions
527:of water molecules.
493:plaques (pictured).
212:spināspin relaxation
180:substances, such as
3869:Radiology Assistant
3314:on 24 December 2011
3308:"Diffusion Inaging"
2571:Smith D, Bashir U.
2365:Radiology Assistant
1814:Parkinson's disease
1812:of these nuclei in
1460:cerebral infarction
1446:gadolinium contrast
1431:Gadolinium contrast
1386:echo planar imaging
1379:computed tomography
1276:cerebrospinal fluid
975:Subacute hemorrhage
894:-weighted MRI scans
706:gadolinium contrast
655:cerebral infarction
643:gadolinium contrast
561:cerebral infarction
532:cerebral infarction
480:cerebrospinal fluid
387:Inversion recovery
182:MRI contrast agents
4042:NMR in Biomedicine
3792:10.1002/jmri.23641
3231:Clinical Radiology
3195:10.1002/jmri.23742
2804:NMR in Biomedicine
2469:"Ischaemic stroke"
2361:"Stress fractures"
1946:10.1002/jmri.25790
1727:multiple sclerosis
1596:
1527:, and in planning
1525:cognitive research
1502:
1444:(T1) induced by a
1414:
1392:Perfusion weighted
1331:is low enough for
1313:multiple sclerosis
1298:
1282:Diffusion weighted
1272:Inversion recovery
1267:Inversion recovery
1261:Inversion recovery
1247:
1213:
1191:Protein-rich fluid
1165:material, such as
983:Protein-rich fluid
896:
884:
704:(T1) induced by a
622:Perfusion weighted
506:Diffusion weighted
491:multiple sclerosis
444:lacunar infarction
315:videos (pictured).
265:(to minimize T2).
44:MRI pulse sequence
40:
3974:(11): 1215ā1218.
3952:978-3-540-37845-7
3834:(12): 1514ā1520.
3759:978-0-521-68384-5
3339:Nature Precedings
3333:Filler A (2009).
2440:Lee M, Bashir U.
2133:978-0-7020-4614-8
1847:Molecules have a
1780:-dependent method
1197:
1196:
861:
860:
746:oxygen saturation
274:High signal from
130:by using a short
16:(Redirected from
4164:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4065:
4054:10.1002/nbm.1102
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3794:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3508:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3189:(6): 1300ā1313.
3174:
3168:
3167:
3149:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3030:. Archived from
3019:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2973:. Archived from
2963:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2870:"Functional MRI"
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2816:10.1002/nbm.1273
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2196:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2103:MRIQuestions.com
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2076:. Archived from
2065:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2039:. Archived from
2029:
2016:
2015:
2005:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1948:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1897:
1802:substantia nigra
1592:Circle of Willis
1551:
1550:
1377:(as compared to
1169:, intracellular
949:
874:Relaxation (NMR)
851:
810:
774:) and venography
762:
718:
670:
616:
575:Diffusion tensor
570:
541:
500:
465:
424:
382:
353:
342:Low signal from
322:
287:
242:
195:
176:High signal for
170:High signal for
86:
77:
21:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4097:
4095:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4021:
4019:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3873:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3472:
3470:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3445:
3443:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3418:
3416:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3147:10.1.1.655.7675
3131:
3130:
3126:
3117:
3115:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3057:"MRI sequences"
3054:
3053:
3046:
3037:
3035:
3021:
3020:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2785:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2733:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2581:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2477:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2391:radiopaedia.org
2384:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2368:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2067:
2066:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2031:
2030:
2019:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1858:
1842:
1834:
1806:locus coeruleus
1790:
1741:
1739:Fat suppression
1735:
1733:Fat suppression
1691:
1685:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1635:
1629:
1602:
1584:
1575:contrast agents
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1490:
1484:
1420:
1403:
1394:
1375:stroke symptoms
1329:Reynolds number
1325:Brownian motion
1290:
1284:
1269:
1263:
1239:
1233:
1202:
1167:deoxyhemoglobin
1038:Extracellularly
944:black and white
913:repetition time
901:
876:
868:Main articles:
866:
852:
589:Brownian motion
525:Brownian motion
489:High signal of
442:High signal in
411:stress fracture
405:High signal in
329:
226:Low signal for
132:repetition time
78:
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4104:
4077:
4048:(7): 781ā821.
4028:
4001:
3958:
3951:
3929:
3900:(1): e000728.
3880:
3855:
3814:
3785:(2): 286ā304.
3765:
3758:
3740:
3721:(1): 272ā277.
3705:
3676:(3): 211ā218.
3656:
3627:(2): 173ā192.
3607:
3588:(2): 265ā270.
3572:
3545:(1): 113ā120.
3528:
3506:10.1038/nrn730
3499:(2): 142ā151.
3479:
3452:
3425:
3398:
3371:(2): 330ā346.
3354:
3325:
3299:
3272:(2): 401ā407.
3256:
3218:
3169:
3140:(3): 539ā547.
3124:
3097:
3068:
3044:
2987:
2943:
2916:
2887:
2860:
2837:
2794:
2767:
2740:
2714:
2660:
2633:
2590:
2560:
2531:(5): 1276ā81.
2511:
2486:
2459:
2432:
2402:
2377:
2351:
2324:
2300:
2271:(5): 1433ā49.
2248:
2218:
2167:
2140:
2132:
2114:
2090:
2053:
2017:
1988:(2): 110ā117.
1968:
1939:(2): 301ā315.
1919:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1869:
1857:
1854:
1849:kinetic energy
1841:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1796:properties of
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1768:chemical shift
1757:celiac disease
1737:Main article:
1734:
1731:
1714:macromolecular
1687:Main article:
1684:
1681:
1674:venous blood,
1670:
1663:
1653:Main article:
1650:
1647:
1631:Main article:
1628:
1627:Phase contrast
1625:
1598:Main article:
1583:
1580:
1547:
1537:parametric map
1505:Functional MRI
1488:Functional MRI
1486:Main article:
1483:
1482:Functional MRI
1480:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1438:
1416:Main article:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1286:Main article:
1283:
1280:
1265:Main article:
1262:
1259:
1235:Main article:
1232:
1229:
1201:
1200:Proton density
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1127:density as in
1121:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1052:Inter- mediate
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
987:
984:
981:
976:
973:
966:
960:
959:
956:
953:
900:
897:
865:
862:
859:
858:
845:
830:
823:
818:
812:
811:
804:
790:
783:
778:
777:Time-of-flight
775:
764:
763:
756:
753:
742:
737:
731:
724:Functional MRI
720:
719:
712:
709:
698:
693:
687:
686:
683:
678:
672:
671:
664:
663:
662:
651:
646:
639:
634:
629:
618:
617:
610:
609:
608:
597:
592:
581:
576:
572:
571:
564:
557:
554:
549:
543:
542:
535:
528:
521:
516:
513:
502:
501:
494:
487:
476:
471:
467:
466:
459:
440:
437:
432:
426:
425:
418:
403:
400:inversion time
396:
391:
388:
384:
383:
376:
369:
366:
361:
355:
354:
347:
340:
337:
332:
324:
323:
316:
309:
306:
301:
296:
289:
288:
281:
280:
279:
276:meniscus tears
266:
255:
250:
244:
243:
236:
232:
231:
224:
220:
215:
208:
203:
197:
196:
189:
185:
184:
174:
168:
139:
124:
119:
114:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
93:
90:
70:
69:Overview table
67:
26:
24:
18:Inversion time
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4169:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4108:
4105:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4081:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4029:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3881:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3480:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3326:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3237:(3): 159ā76.
3236:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3058:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3034:on 2016-03-05
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2977:on 2017-05-10
2976:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2591:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2352:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:Radiographics
2262:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2080:on 2016-03-05
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2043:on 2017-05-10
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1826:schizophrenia
1823:
1819:
1818:parkinsonisms
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1418:Perfusion MRI
1411:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:measures the
1302:
1301:Diffusion MRI
1294:
1289:
1288:Diffusion MRI
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1243:
1238:
1237:Gradient echo
1231:Gradient echo
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1219:(bright) and
1218:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:methemoglobin
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:calcification
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:calcification
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:methemoglobin
1039:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
988:
985:
982:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
967:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
951:
950:
947:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
917:post-contrast
914:
910:
906:
898:
893:
888:
880:
875:
871:
863:
856:
850:
846:
843:
839:
835:
832:Detection of
831:
828:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
792:Detection of
791:
788:
784:
782:
779:
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:
751:
747:
743:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
725:
722:
721:
717:
707:
703:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
669:
660:
656:
652:
649:
648:
644:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
603:may indicate
602:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
586:
582:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
565:
562:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
536:
533:
529:
526:
522:
520:
517:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
475:
472:
469:
468:
464:
460:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
423:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
397:
395:
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
352:
348:
345:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:Effective T2
326:
325:
321:
317:
314:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
294:
293:Gradient echo
290:
286:
282:
277:
273:
272:
270:
269:Joint disease
267:
264:
260:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
241:
237:
235:
229:
225:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
194:
190:
188:
183:
179:
175:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
109:
105:
102:
99:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
82:
76:
68:
66:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4096:. Retrieved
4090:
4080:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4020:. Retrieved
4014:
4004:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3942:
3932:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:
3858:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3749:
3743:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3542:
3539:Neurosurgery
3538:
3531:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3471:. Retrieved
3465:
3460:Gaillard F.
3455:
3444:. Retrieved
3438:
3428:
3417:. Retrieved
3411:
3406:Gaillard F.
3401:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3338:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3312:the original
3302:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3234:
3230:
3221:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3116:. Retrieved
3110:
3100:
3089:. Retrieved
3083:
3060:. Retrieved
3036:. Retrieved
3032:the original
3022:Johnson KA.
2979:. Retrieved
2975:the original
2935:. Retrieved
2929:
2919:
2908:. Retrieved
2902:
2879:. Retrieved
2873:
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2840:
2810:(1): 28ā39.
2807:
2803:
2797:
2786:. Retrieved
2780:
2775:Gaillard F.
2770:
2759:. Retrieved
2753:
2748:Gaillard F.
2743:
2732:. Retrieved
2726:
2717:
2683:(3): 63ā74.
2680:
2676:
2652:. Retrieved
2646:
2641:Gaillard F.
2636:
2606:(1): 83ā92.
2603:
2599:
2593:
2582:. Retrieved
2576:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:
2489:
2478:. Retrieved
2472:
2462:
2451:. Retrieved
2445:
2435:
2424:. Retrieved
2418:
2394:. Retrieved
2390:
2380:
2369:. Retrieved
2364:
2354:
2343:. Retrieved
2337:
2327:
2316:. Retrieved
2268:
2264:
2240:. Retrieved
2234:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2159:. Retrieved
2153:
2143:
2123:
2117:
2106:. Retrieved
2093:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:the original
2068:Johnson KA.
2045:. Retrieved
2041:the original
1985:
1981:
1971:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1911:. Retrieved
1905:
1895:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1846:
1843:
1840:T1 rho (T1Ļ)
1835:
1798:neuromelanin
1794:paramagnetic
1791:
1761:
1753:chemotherapy
1742:
1723:
1695:
1692:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1645:plus time).
1636:
1608:
1603:
1567:
1541:
1529:neurosurgery
1503:
1476:thrombectomy
1472:thrombolysis
1457:
1454:
1422:
1421:
1383:
1364:
1360:tractography
1353:
1333:laminar flow
1299:
1271:
1270:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1227:and injury.
1221:white matter
1214:
1163:Paramagnetic
1111:inflammation
1076:
1068:darker than
1066:White matter
1061:white matter
1059:darker than
1051:
1029:inflammation
990:Paramagnetic
963:
958:T2-weighted
941:
905:spin-lattice
902:
844:(pictured).
820:
780:
771:
739:
727:
695:
680:
636:
625:
585:tractography
578:
563:(pictured).
551:
534:(pictured).
518:
515:Conventional
509:
484:white matter
473:
434:
415:Shin splints
393:
363:
334:
330:or "T2-star"
311:Creation of
303:
278:. (pictured)
271:and injury.
252:
233:
228:paramagnetic
205:
186:
178:paramagnetic
157:inflammation
121:
72:
63:spectroscopy
56:
43:
41:
4092:Radiopaedia
4016:Radiopaedia
3968:NeuroReport
3467:Radiopaedia
3440:Radiopaedia
3413:Radiopaedia
3112:Radiopaedia
2931:Radiopaedia
2875:Radiopaedia
2782:Radiopaedia
2755:Radiopaedia
2648:Radiopaedia
2578:Radiopaedia
2500:XRayPhysics
2474:Radiopaedia
2447:Radiopaedia
2420:Radiopaedia
2339:Radiopaedia
2236:Radiopaedia
2187:: 8329296.
2155:Radiopaedia
1907:Radiopaedia
1874:(DODE) and
1747:, but also
1435:T2 weighted
1337:anisotropic
1225:arthropathy
1217:grey matter
1183:hemosiderin
1070:grey matter
1057:Grey matter
955:T1-weighted
744:Changes in
645:injection.
523:Measure of
458:(pictured).
344:hemosiderin
313:cardiac MRI
201:T2 weighted
117:T1 weighted
4146:Categories
4098:2017-10-15
4022:2017-10-15
3874:2017-09-27
3537:studies".
3473:2017-10-15
3446:2017-10-15
3419:2017-10-14
3118:2017-01-13
3091:2017-01-01
3062:2016-03-14
3038:2016-03-14
2981:2016-03-14
2937:2017-10-15
2910:2017-10-15
2881:2017-10-16
2788:2017-10-15
2761:2017-10-15
2734:2017-10-27
2654:2017-10-14
2584:2017-10-13
2505:2017-10-15
2494:Hammer M.
2480:2017-10-15
2453:2017-10-13
2426:2017-10-13
2396:2015-12-03
2371:2017-10-13
2345:2017-10-13
2318:2017-10-15
2242:2017-10-13
2161:2017-01-13
2108:2021-05-18
2084:2016-03-14
2047:2016-03-14
1913:2017-10-15
1887:References
1880:axon pores
1816:and other
1676:hemorrhage
1643:dimensions
1617:occlusions
1562:hemoglobin
1521:behavioral
1500:(V1, BA17)
1388:sequence.
1321:turbulence
1119:hemorrhage
1107:infarction
1025:infarction
994:gadolinium
842:dissection
802:dissection
750:hemoglobin
456:meningitis
230:substances
210:Measuring
165:hemorrhage
153:infarction
126:Measuring
3715:Radiology
3670:Neurology
3567:207142804
3266:Radiology
3227:Bydder GM
3142:CiteSeerX
2845:Chou Ih.
1963:206108382
1721:for MRI.
1707:saturated
1621:aneurysms
1404:) in the
1317:isotropic
1305:diffusion
1296:DTI image
1115:infection
1033:infection
998:manganese
921:echo time
909:spin-spin
899:T1 and T2
870:Spin echo
864:Spin echo
417:pictured:
161:infection
136:echo time
134:(TR) and
112:Spin echo
36:spin echo
4072:17075961
4011:"T1 rho"
3996:24597825
3988:16837857
3924:29955387
3894:RMD Open
3850:22159052
3809:24048799
3801:22807222
3700:23761621
3651:24834414
3559:19935438
3515:11836522
3393:23754356
3318:28 April
3294:14420005
3213:23097185
3164:17365233
2853:9 August
2849:. Nature
2824:18654999
2709:22468186
2628:24731783
2620:18180656
2555:21454821
2295:19755604
2213:27057352
2012:30358693
1955:28639300
1804:and the
1702:proteins
1613:stenosis
1558:vascular
1464:penumbra
1406:penumbra
1179:ferritin
1158:fibrosis
1040:located
933:prostate
838:stenosis
834:aneurysm
798:stenosis
794:aneurysm
659:penumbra
605:dementia
599:Reduced
106:Example
92:Sequence
61:such as
4063:2896046
3915:6018882
3735:9205259
3691:3770162
3642:3996243
3602:6275909
3523:7132655
3385:2345513
3286:3763909
3251:9528866
3204:3502662
2832:5305422
2700:3314930
2546:3384724
2286:2799958
2204:4766355
2003:6310100
1810:atrophy
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