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Unbeknownst to the participant, the decks differ from each other in the balance of reward versus penalty cards. Thus, some decks are "bad decks", and other decks are "good decks", because some decks will tend to reward the player more often than other decks. Participants are not told that the two
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A research group in Taiwan utilized an IGT-modified and relatively symmetrical gamble for gain-loss frequency and long-term outcome, namely the
Soochow gambling task (SGT) demonstrated a reverse finding of Iowa gambling task. Normal decision makers in SGT were mostly occupied by the immediate
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shows that healthy participants show a "stress" reaction to hovering over the bad decks after only 10 trials, long before conscious sensation that the decks are bad. By contrast, patients with amygdala lesions never develop this physiological reaction to impending punishment. In another test,
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Research by Chiu and Lin, the "sunken deck C" phenomenon was identified, which confirmed a serious confound embedded in the original design of IGT, this confound makes IGT serial studies misinterpret the effect of gain-loss frequency as final-outcome for somatic marker
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On balance, the penalties in the "bad" decks outweigh the higher rewards they give. Therefore, participants should choose the decks with smaller rewards, as they will also give significantly fewer penalties and give a better long-term payout.
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Participants are presented with four virtual decks of cards on a computer screen. They are told that each deck holds cards that will either reward or penalize them, using game money. The goal of the game is to win as much money as possible.
133:(vmPFC) dysfunction were shown to choose outcomes that yield high immediate gains in spite of higher losses in the future. Bechara and his colleagues explain these findings in terms of the
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Research by Lin, Chiu, Lee and Hsieh, who argue that a common result (the "prominent deck B" phenomenon) argues against some of the interpretations that the IGT has been claimed to support.
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Although the IGT has achieved prominence, it is not without its critics. Criticisms have been raised over both its design and its interpretation. Published critiques include:
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Most healthy participants sample cards from each deck, and after about 40 or 50 selections are fairly effective at identifying and sticking to the good decks. Patients with
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The IGT is thought to measure an individual's approach to risk-taking, impulsivity, and ability to delay short-term gratification to achieve long-term rewards.
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Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR (2000). "Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions".
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Fukui H, Murai T, Fukuyama H, Hayashi T, Hanakawa T (2005). "Functional activity related to risk anticipation during performance of the Iowa
Gambling Task".
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Busemeyer JR, Stout JC (2002). "A contribution of cognitive decision models to clinical assessment: Decomposing performance on the
Bechara gambling task".
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perspective of gain-loss and inability to hunch the long-term outcome in the standard procedure of IGT (100 trials under uncertainty). In his book,
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Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson SW (1994). "Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex".
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to investigate which brain regions are activated by the task in healthy volunteers as well as clinical groups with conditions such as
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754:. For free, you will need to contribute to the WIKI, financially, software development, or publish and cite the program.
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Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR (1997). "Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy".
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with the bad decks, sometimes even though they know that they are losing money overall. Concurrent measurement of
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A customizable version of the web implementation that works with Google
Spreadsheets (your own spreadsheet) is
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653:"Immediate gain is long-term loss: Are there foresighted decision makers in the Iowa Gambling Task?"
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71:, or the "OGT". Later, it has been referred to as the Iowa gambling task and, less frequently, as
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Dunn BD, Dalgleish T, Lawrence AD (2006). "The somatic marker hypothesis: a critical evaluation".
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The Iowa gambling task is currently being used by a number of research groups using
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322:"The Iowa Gambling Task and Risky Decision Making » AllPsych"
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Chiu YC, Lin CH, Huang JT, Lin S, Lee PL, Hsieh JC (March 2008).
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considered the serial findings of SGT may be congruent with the
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551:"Is deck B a disadvantageous deck in the Iowa Gambling Task?"
602:"Is deck C an advantageous deck in the Iowa Gambling Task?"
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Inside the
Investor's Brain: The Power of Mind Over Money
27:) is a psychological task thought to simulate real-life
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75:. The Iowa gambling task is widely used in research of
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Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain
730:"Nassim Nicholas Taleb Home & Professional Page"
222:'s suggestion on some fooled choices in investment.
67:The task was originally presented simply as the
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55:) in his best-selling book
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31:. It was introduced by
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175:. You can help by
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