694:
Bina, these type of "pressure groups are kept on the government's payroll and that their violence is often coordinated with the uniformed law enforcement forces against the public". Consequently, it is evident that during this time period conservatives constantly made efforts against liberals even through infliction of violence. The
Iranian student demonstrations of July 1999 reveal the desperate need for reform. From research it is evident that the protest against the closure of the Daily Saleem resulted in a 6-day protest. That was motivated by a limited group. The demonstrations of July 1999 engaged students in politics, protesting against government corruption, political repression, the clerical rule and Khamenei. In the bigger picture, the students were protesting against the system of the Islamic Republic in Iran. In the end the protest was an act upon their needs for reform that was fueled during the election on May 23, 1997, in Iran.
571:
Islamic
Republic in Iran has never been free. The basis of the Islamic Republic ipso facto was established upon the forceful closure of nearly all the existing free press, in the mid-summer of 1980. The only period that the press was free was from February through July 1980. In addition, since the establishment of the Islamic Republic, the many publications have been connected ideologically to the political sectors that exist in the regime. Still publications that are considered to be pro-reform have endured consequence of closure. Although liberal publications face opposition by law, "they have remained resilient beneath the political undercurrents of the society, as the advocates of freedom of the press, freedom of speech, etc". Nevertheless, liberal independent publications were under risk of extinction due to the marginalization inflicted by the Islamic Republic in Iran.
562:
apparent struggle of power between reformist president
Muhammad Khatami and the conservative leader of the Islamic republic, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. In efforts to decrease support for the president's liberalization agenda, the judiciary closed down newspapers that expressed reformative views. The judiciary justified the closure of several publications on the basis of "factional issues …The hardline judiciary close reformist publications, while hardline ones that commit similar violations rarely punished". The judiciary used press policies as a tool to promote conservative views. The judiciary was able to do this because press policies were vague and used to their benefit. Consequently, on 7 July 1999 the Salam daily was closed. The basis of the closure was because of a report revealing plans by the
539:
joined by large numbers of women." The election of
Khatami brought hope of economic, political and societal reform to Iranian citizens. One of the ways that Khatami appealed to women was by stating his belief that, "women should be active in all social, political and economic activities, and said he would welcome qualified women in his cabinet if he should win the presidency. Efforts should be made to do away with male supremacy". By holding such liberal ideas, Khatami sets himself up for battle against conservative ideology within the judicial sector of the government. In addition, "the Islamic Republic in 1997 was still an oligarchy, controlled by a network of
611:
protest was prompted by the closure of the daily Saleem which occurred on 7 July. The protesters expressed strong objection to the restriction on freedom of the press by the judicial sector. The protest reflects the collective resentment of the public against the suppression of the press and the restriction of basic freedoms and universal rights. After the attack on the students of Tehran
University by a hard-line vigilante group, Khatami delivered a speech three months later defending his reform program and insisting on the foundations of his government. He referred to the reformation of the system from within with holding two elements of Islamic and republic.
690:, and the state-supported terrorism In nearly one-third of the slogans used during the protest in 1999, students demonstrated opposition to Khamenei directly. For example, the slogan "Khamenei! Shame on You, Leadership Is Not for You" is one a very daring statement and is considered one of the "boldest yet to be found in any demonstration in the last decade in Iran". These straight forward criticisms toward Khamenei, combined with slogans against the cleric rule and the "20-year" repression under the Islamic order, reflect the failed velayat-e faghih as a model of government in Iran.
754:
450:, began attacking students, kicking down doors and smashing through halls, grabbing female students by the hair and setting fire to rooms. Several students were thrown off of third story balconies "onto pavement below, their bones crushed," and one student paralyzed. According to students' accounts, uniformed police stood by and did nothing. "Witnesses reported that at least one student was killed, 300 wounded, and thousands detained in the days that followed."
597:
organized a counter-demonstration rally which occurred on 14 July. Consequently, it is estimated that over 1,500 student protesters were arrested. Some scholars recognize the regime's "overreaction to both its own reform counterparts and the opposition forces reveal, how weak and insecure the ruling conservatives are". The reasoning behind this idea is that if the government was confident in its laws and policies, it would not demonstrate fear. In the
625:
362:
33:
605:
two dozen high-ranking Pasdar commanders present
President Khatarni an official letter of ultimatum, telling him that they have no choice except to seize power if he fails to crush the student rebellion soon … commanders, who are under direct authority of Khamenei, threatened the President that their
579:
In Iran, there has been a history of ideological and governmental conflicts that are revealed in the sphere of politics. Since the election of
Khatami, this issue where belief and government come into contact has become more and more apparent. The internal struggle and basic factional disputes within
504:
rallied in Tehran in a demonstration called by the
Organization for Islamic Propagation (Keesing's July 1999). "Reports characterize the demonstration as the régime's counterattack, claiming that the demonstrators include tens of thousands government employees who have been brought to Tehran by bus."
457:
are reported to have disguised themselves as students (wearing jeans, T-shirts, and shaving their faces) and thrown bricks into shop windows to discredit the student demonstrators. The five days of rioting "turned Tehran into a battlefield," and was "inarguably the worst mass disturbance" the
Islamic
686:
Tehran. Still, it is important that the slogans are analyzed in relation the objective of the overall protest. From all the slogans used throughout the protest there is one common theme that ties all of them together, opposition to Ali
Khamenei, the "Supreme Leader" as referenced in the slogans, his
591:
In response to the closure of the newspaper, hundreds of students from Tehran University participated in a demonstration on 8 July. This demonstration has been deemed to be peaceful. The day following the demonstration, security forces, including the police and the Ansar-e-Hezbollah, invaded student
548:
the universities, a goal of the conservative faction". This quote indicates that Khatami noticed the dissatisfaction with the conservative's agenda and consequently used this to his advantage. As a result, the election of Khatami publicized the Iranian citizens need for reform, especially in regards
538:
is symbolic of Iran's desire for reform. The elections resulted in higher voter turnout as a result of Khatami's liberal views that attracted large number of youth and women specifically. In fact, "Iran's youth…reportedly made up a large part of the 20 million who gave Khatami his victory. They were
566:
to restrict the press. The editor of the newspaper faced "charges of spreading fabrications, disturbing public opinion, and publishing classified documents". The judicial sector of the Iranian government had clear objectives to eradicate the spread of reformative views by closing down publications
513:
The Iranian student protests of July 1999 is considered to be the first massive uprising initiated by the generation born under the Islamic Republic Regime. The protest grew out of response to the Islamic Republic's violent attack on Tehran University's student dormitory on July 9, 1999, in which
488:
were scenes of violent and widespread demonstrations as well. The protests continued at Tabriz University on 11 July 1999 (20th of Tir) and police and hardliners responded similarly in Tabriz universities and schools, entering the universities and brutally attacked students. Four students died in
610:
The fact that the clerics and judicial sector felt the urgency to immediately stop the student protests is an indication of the fear they had and the amount of influence the protestors could have on Iranian society if their voices were not silenced. Therefore, it is clear that the initial student
543:
clerics who were disciples of Ayatollah Khomeini" and loyal followers of Islam. Therefore, the liberal views of Khatami did not coincide with those of the clerics. Still, it seems as if Khatami strategically attracts votes from youth and women through his liberalistic views. In fact he "distanced
693:
In addition students involved in the protest revealed resentment toward the Ansar-e Hezbollah. This resentment deriving from violent intervention, disruption of political meetings, peaceful demonstrations and university lectures in support of the cleric and the supreme leader. According to Cyrus
685:
The end results that the students were expecting from the protest are reflected in the slogans that they chanted during the protest. After researching the popular slogans used during the protest, it is evident that the student had multitude of demands as a result of the six-day demonstrations in
583:
The student protest of July 1999 occurred as a result of these restrictions of freedom of the press. Prior to the protest, the publisher of the Daily Saleem was "arrested, put on trial, and convicted for printing" false information. In the Daily Saleem, communication between Saeed Emami, former
570:
The press in Iran, within the boundaries of the established order which consist of the president and the clerics has reflected throughout history intergovernmental debates. These debates are dictated by the structure of governance in the Islamic Republic and who holds power. The press under the
561:
The control of the press that the Iranian government had was a result of the "dysfunctional dualism of political and ideological institutions". The struggle between conservative and moderate reform administration resulted in restriction of the press. During this time period, Iran experienced an
596:
protested, demanding more freedom and continuing the protests started at Tehran University. Following the invasion of student dormitories, intense pro-democracy demonstrations took place on 12 and 13 July. In response to the pro-democratic protest, Ali Khamenei and his conservative supporters
496:
magazine, the demonstrations "took a more violent turn on 13 July, when some of the students, deeply dissatisfied with the official response, tried to storm the Ministry of the Interior, the perceived seat of their troubles." On July 13 President Khatami issued a statement "disowning" the
716:
Another law prohibited "any contact or exchange of information, interviews or collusion with foreign embassies, organization, parties or media at whatever level which could be judged harmful to Iran's independence, national unity or the interests of the Islamic
1080:
465:. The death of Ebrahim-Nejad was the only one acknowledged by the state-controlled Iranian television, however, major student groups and the foreign media have claimed more than 17 dead during the week of violent protests. Another student
522:, in particular. Student protester's main demand called for the replacement of the Islamic Republic with a government that upheld the ideals of secular democracy. The student protests of July 1999 is considered to be a foundation for the
441:
On the evening of the protests, "about 400 plainclothes paramilitaries descended on a university dormitory, whispering into short-wave radios and wielding green sticks." The paramilitaries, thought to be
1249:. YekIran.com. Below the map pick July 2009, and then click on the arrows and/or scroll within the agenda tab to get to July 9, 2009 to see the full list of cities holding events that day.
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A "thought crime" law was passed prohibiting "any violent or peaceful act by a person or group against the regime" including speech, and punishing such criticism with stiff sentences.
1738:
948:
The armed forces, (including the police force), in Iran, is not controlled by the president or his cabinet, but by the hardline faction of the Iranian political establishment, (See
808:"The demonstrators made a moral point. They told the government in no uncertain terms they are still there and not going away," said an Iranian analyst who witnessed the mayhem.
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the state are reflected by the management of the press in general and the control of those publications that spoke on behalf of the controlled sects within the government.
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The next day, unrest began in earnest, spreading through Tehran and to other cities and continuing for almost a week, with unemployed youths joining the students. The
1431:
Interview from "Radio International" with Mansoor Hekmat, Iranian communist leader with the title of "Mass movement to overthrow the regime is starting" (in Persian)
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government banks and goods advertised on state television and turning on all their electrical appliances at the same time to try to overload the electricity grid."
438:, were protesting in support of Khatami against the closure of the newspaper by the judiciary, which was controlled by the hardline opponents of President Khatami.
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50:
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The raid sparked six days of demonstrations and rioting throughout the country, during which at least three other people were killed and more than 200 injured.
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numerous students were seriously injured and several killed. Over the next five days proceeding the attack, approximately 50,000 students protested in
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Republic had seen in its 20 years of existence. Running street battles left downtown Tehran "gutted," with burned-out buses, and smashed storefronts.
816:
reported: "The millions of Iranians who no longer dare to demonstrate have not gone away either. They are channelling their anger into a campaign of
518:, in addition to thousands more in various universities across Iran, against both conservatives and reformists under the Islamic Republic Regime and
1728:
790:, only to be confronted by a large presence of anti-riot police and plain-clothed security officials, possibly including members of the notorious
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was revealed to the public. The Daily Saleem published information about governmental plans to further restrict and control freedom of the press.
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745:, a lecturer in the U.K argued that the impact of the 1999 student protests became apparent 10 years later during the 2009 Green Movement.
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dormitories and resulted in injuries, arrest and extensive damages to the student dormitories. On July 9, 1999, the students of
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demonstrators, stating that continued defiance of the ban on demonstrations was "an attack on the foundations of the régime."
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331:. Following the demonstrations, a student dormitory was raided by riot police that night during which a student was killed.
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that spread truth to the public however the judiciary distorted the information to enable their control of the press.
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43:
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On 9 July 2009, "18 Tir" anniversary protests were scheduled for many cities in Iran and other cities worldwide.
726:
737:, viewed by the Iranian government as one of the leaders of the protests, was arrested and spent nine years in
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to screening candidates for parliament and president was vetoed, giving the guardians "absolute vetting power".
434:
belonged. The student groups, which at the time were considered one of the major supporters of Khatami and his
344:. In addition to an estimated 1,200–1,400 detainees, the "whereabouts and condition" of five students named by
1303:
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reported: "At least 200 demonstrators are reported to have gathered along Enghlab Avenue, around the gates of
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90:
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1361:"Amnesty International Charges That Iran Used Tear Gas Against Demonstrators Marking 18 Tir Anniversary"
783:
414:
The protests began on the eve of 9 July 1999 after a peaceful demonstration by a group of students of
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550:
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341:
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817:
730:
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As of 31 July 2006, several students involved in the demonstration such as Manouchehr Mohammadi,
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Deputy Minister of Intelligence of the Islamic Republic to his boss, Intelligence Ministry Chief
345:
315:
231:
1338:
1156:
461:
There were many arrests and injuries, and at least one confirmed fatal shooting, namely that of
1118:
Social Change in Iran: An Eyewitness Account of Dissent, Defiance, and New Movements for Rights
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17:
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1068:
1042:
1024:
767:
742:
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1181:"Iran: Imprisoned Dissident Dies in Custody; Investigate Mohammadi's Suspicious Death"
1712:
1588:
1425:
1360:
1281:
791:
466:
882:
725:, Farokh Shafiei, Hassan Zarezadeh Ardeshir, were still in jail. Of those students,
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545:
519:
927:
1102:
Iran and the rise of Neoconsevatives, the politics of Tehran's silent Revolution
841:
738:
624:
361:
282:
32:
1277:
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patience is running thin and that they can no longer stand on the sideline.
500:
The next day, 14 July, "Tens of thousands of supporters" of Supreme Leader
898:, by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House New York, 2006, p. 149
729:
died during a hunger strike while protesting against his prison sentence;
1430:
1308:
799:
501:
485:
477:
386: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
348:
who are believed to be detained by Iranian authorities remain unknown.
157:
772:
758:
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481:
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to commemorate the July 1999 student protests, and to protest the
752:
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A crackdown on reformists and reform policies followed the riots.
454:
447:
196:
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reported that thousands marched through the central districts of
1331:"On Scene: Tehran's Protests Surge — and the Basij Respond"
1227:"Iran's 1999 student protests: The hot summer that shook Tehran"
340:
In the aftermath of these incidents, more than seventy students
311:
303:
1439:
1239:
618:
355:
310:, the most widespread and violent public protests to occur in
26:
824:' from their rooftops every night, they have started writing
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called his death "suspicious" and demanded an investigation.
430:, the reformist political party to which the then president,
321:
The protests began on 8 July with peaceful demonstrations in
706:
A "long-negotiated compromise" that would have weakened the
878:
876:
805:
After dark, clashes continued and rubbish was set ablaze.
741:, including two in solitary confinement. According to the
1386:
1384:
1382:
601:, Cyrus Bina indicates that fear is demonstrated when:
426:
newspaper (Persian: روزنامه سلام) was operated by the
928:"New Arrests and "Disappearances" of Iranian Students"
544:
himself from the faltering and unpopular campaign to '
1100:
Anoushiravan Enteshami & Mahjoob Zweiri (2007).
1540:
1487:
1471:
246:
209:
164:
144:
136:
131:
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1671:Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests
489:the unrest and many were beaten while in custody.
469:disappeared after his arrest by security forces.
1037:quoting Keesings July 1999 and AFP 13 July 1999
910:"Looking Back at Tehran's 1999 Student Protests"
418:against the closure of the reformist newspaper,
325:against the closure of the reformist newspaper,
857:Tabriz University's student movement, July 1999
1426:BBC News' Iran student protests: Five years on
1739:History of civil rights and liberties in Iran
1451:
1157:"Outcry after dissident dies in Iranian jail"
8:
653:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
536:election of Mohammad Khatami on 23 May 1997
1458:
1444:
1436:
128:
1609:Iranian protests against compulsory hijab
1304:"Widespread Protests Anticipated in Iran"
673:Learn how and when to remove this message
402:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
599:Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis
1724:History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1392:"Britain offers N-deal as Tehran burns"
1081:"بازخوانی غائله 20تیر 78 دانشگاه تبریز"
872:
1624:2018–2019 general strikes and protests
132:Iranian Student Protests of July, 1999
930:. Human Rights Watch. 1 February 2013
564:Ministry of Intelligence and Security
509:Student Uprising: July 1999, "18 Tir"
277:Iranian student protests of July 1999
7:
1676:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
1666:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
651:adding citations to reliable sources
384:adding citations to reliable sources
55:adding citations to reliable sources
1563:2009 presidential election protests
1115:Yaghmaian, Behzad (February 2012).
299:
180:Tabriz University student movement
25:
1240:Iran Protest Schedule (Worldwide)
1190:Human Rights Watch, 3 August 2006
1594:2015 Fitilieh programme protests
623:
428:Association of Combatant Clerics
360:
31:
1729:Enforced disappearances in Iran
1302:David S. Morgan (8 July 2009).
914:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
777:June 2009 presidential election
757:July 9, 2009, protest march in
575:Press and the July 1999 protest
371:needs additional citations for
334:Violent public protests in Iran
306:) (7–13 July) were, before the
66:"1999 Iranian student protests"
42:needs additional citations for
1400:. 11 July 2009. Archived from
615:Student demands during protest
308:2009 Iranian election protests
1:
1337:. 9 July 2009. Archived from
1155:Robert Tait (1 August 2006).
908:Gorgin, Iraj (10 July 2008).
782:Early on during the protest,
472:Major Iranian cities such as
314:since the early years of the
18:Iran student riots, July 1999
1278:"The significance of 18 Tir"
1276:Jason Rezian (5 July 2009).
1599:2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt
1479:Tobacco Protest (1890–1892)
586:Qorban-Ali Dorri-Najafabadi
520:The Supreme Leader Khamenei
1775:
1067:November 26, 2005, at the
1041:November 26, 2005, at the
1023:November 26, 2005, at the
883:"Six days that shook Iran"
422:, by the press court. The
187:Government paramilitaries
1143:The Last Great Revolution
1104:. I.B.Tauris. p. 10.
749:2009 anniversary protests
251:
214:
169:
1759:July 1999 events in Asia
1744:Student protests in Iran
1644:2018 university protests
557:Government and the press
1582:2011 Khuzestan protests
1205:The Wall Street Journal
852:Iranian reform movement
820:. Apart from shouting '
1263:July 12, 2009, at the
1201:"Dissident Iran Rises"
978:, Norton, 2005, p. 202
885:BBC News, 11 July 2000
762:
608:
524:Green Movement of 2009
237:Supreme Leader of Iran
176:ACC Student Supporters
1639:2018 protest movement
1614:2018 Dervish protests
1548:2003 student protests
1532:1999 student protests
1365:Amnesty International
784:Amnesty International
756:
603:
247:Casualties and losses
1698:Mahsa Amini protests
1634:August 2018 uprising
1568:2009 Ashura protests
1510:1978 Tabriz protests
868:References and notes
847:Human rights in Iran
708:Council of Guardians
647:improve this section
551:freedom of the press
380:improve this article
51:improve this article
1686:2021 water protests
1629:2018 water protests
1515:Black Friday (1978)
1495:1963 demonstrations
1145:, c2000, pp. 268–72
828:name on banknotes,
802:to disperse them."
463:Ezzat Ebrahim-Nejad
259:1,000–1,500 arrests
1691:2022 food protests
1681:2021–2022 protests
1654:2019–2020 protests
1604:2017–2018 protests
1589:2015 Mahabad riots
1577:2011–2012 protests
1522:Women Day protests
1500:Iranian Revolution
1245:2009-07-06 at the
1207:. 30 December 2009
1186:2008-11-12 at the
1059:8 September 1999;
818:civil disobedience
763:
731:Human Rights Watch
346:Human Rights Watch
316:Iranian Revolution
300:فاجعهٔ کوی دانشگاه
232:Ayatollah Khamenei
1706:
1705:
1659:Mahshahr massacre
1553:2005 Ahvaz unrest
1363:(Press release).
991:, (2006), p. 149
788:Tehran University
735:Heshmat Tabarzadi
688:Ansar-e Hezbollah
683:
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594:Tabriz University
534:The presidential
444:Ansar-e-Hezbollah
416:Tehran University
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224:President of Iran
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192:Ansar-e Hezbollah
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16:(Redirected from
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1754:Protests in Iran
1505:1978 Qom protest
1466:Protests in Iran
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1341:on July 14, 2009
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1002:The Soul of Iran
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862:Pupil Day (Iran)
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432:Mohammad Khatami
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1404:on 15 July 2009
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40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
1734:1999 in Iran
1541:21st century
1488:20th century
1472:19th century
1406:. Retrieved
1402:the original
1395:
1369:. Retrieved
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1334:
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1313:. Retrieved
1307:
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1285:. Retrieved
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1209:. Retrieved
1204:
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1164:. Retrieved
1161:The Guardian
1160:
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932:. Retrieved
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826:Mr Mousavi's
822:God is great
811:
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804:
798:charges and
781:
766:
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723:Ahmad Batebi
720:
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645:Please help
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378:Please help
373:verification
370:
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210:Lead figures
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61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1211:29 December
1166:29 December
934:25 February
842:Evin Prison
794:, who used
739:Evin Prison
342:disappeared
257:5–17 deaths
1713:Categories
830:boycotting
717:republic."
663:April 2017
107:March 2015
77:newspapers
698:Aftermath
634:does not
546:Islamize'
392:July 2013
290:Daneshgah
1309:CBS News
1261:Archived
1243:Archived
1184:Archived
1065:Archived
1055:quoting
1039:Archived
1021:Archived
1015:quoting
1000:Molavi,
836:See also
800:tear gas
502:Khamenei
352:Overview
292:Disaster
281:18th of
145:Location
1408:10 July
1086:dana.ir
987:Ebadi,
961:Ebadi,
655:removed
640:sources
541:Shi'ite
486:Esfahan
478:Mashhad
296:Persian
264:Unknown
165:Parties
158:Isfahan
91:scholar
1371:9 July
1345:9 July
1315:9 July
1287:9 July
1125:
773:Tehran
759:Tehran
516:Tehran
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474:Tabriz
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154:Tabriz
150:Tehran
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455:Basij
448:Basij
424:Salam
420:Salam
328:Salam
302:) in
288:Kuye
197:Basij
98:JSTOR
84:books
1410:2009
1373:2009
1347:2009
1335:Time
1317:2009
1289:2009
1213:2009
1168:2009
1123:ISBN
1061:JIRA
936:2013
768:Time
638:any
636:cite
484:and
446:and
312:Iran
304:Iran
286:and
275:The
137:Date
70:news
649:by
549:to
382:by
283:Tir
53:by
1715::
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