Kurdistan Region - Knowledge (XXG)

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its consequences. The Kurdistan parliament in 2008 passed a draft law outlawing the practice, but the ministerial decree necessary to implement it, expected in February 2009, was cancelled. As reported to the Centre for Islamic Pluralism by the non-governmental organization, called as Stop FGM in Kurdistan, the Kurdistan Regional Government in northern Iraq, on 25 November, officially admitted the wide prevalence in the territory of female genital mutilation (FGM). Recognition by the KRG of the frequency of this custom among Kurds came during a conference program commemorating the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women. On 27 November 2010, the Kurdish government officially admitted to violence against women in Kurdistan and began taking serious measures. 21 June 2011 The Family Violence Bill was approved by the Kurdistan Parliament, it includes several provisions criminalizing the practice. A 2011 Kurdish law criminalized FGM practice in Iraqi Kurdistan and law was accepted four years later. The studies have shown that there is a trend of general decline of FGM.

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of a practical and formal HRD framework specific to the KRG's public sector, the absence of evaluation process, inadequate civil service training institutions, and corruption have hampered effective and efficient professional development and training in the public sector. Therefore, an assessment of such programmes and their outcomes is needed to identify any misuse of public funds, as well as to assist in the reducing of administrative and political corruption and to make policy recommendations. The government's policies for the public sector have also had an impact on the private sector. However, the government has played a much smaller role in the private sector. In Iraqi Kurdistan, the

4714: 138: 2142: 4725: 3143: 190: 4949: 3608:, the exact population and demographics of Kurdistan Region are unknown, but the government has started to publish more detailed figures. The population of the region is notoriously difficult to ascertain, as the Iraqi government has historically sought to minimize the importance of the Kurdish minority while Kurdish groups have had a tendency to exaggerate the numbers. Based on available data, Kurdistan has a young population with an estimated 36% of the population being under the age of 15. 1849: 3221: 3973: 4671:

Kurdistan". Kamil Haji Ali, the minister of endowments and religious affairs, said in this regard that the new law would “spread immorality” and “distort” Kurdish society. Following an outrage of religious movements, the KRG held a press conference, where the public were ensured that gender equality did not include giving marriage rights to homosexuals, whose existence is effectively invisible in Iraq due to restrictive traditional rules.

127: 4921: 4935: 208: 2083: 2034:(ISIL) only worsened. When Iraqi forces withdrew from the Syrian-Iraqi border and away from the disputed areas, the Kurdistan Region consequently had a 1,000 km front with ISIL, which put the region into an economic stalemate. However, Kurdistan did not compromise on their stance regarding financial independence from Baghdad. Due to the Iraqi withdrawal, Kurdish 786: 4686:, the Kurdistan Regional Government has been accused by the native Assyrian and Yazidi inhabitants of forcefully disarming them with the guarantee of protection in order to justify the Peshmerga’s presence in those regions. In 2014, when the Islamic State invaded Northern Iraq, the Peshmerga abandoned their posts in these areas without notifying the locals. 6691: 1857: 4484:

Iraqi Kurdistan has been investing in the growth of its human capital in general. Public sector employees are often enrolled in local training programmes or sent overseas to participate in training courses, technical classes, and professional development programmes. However, factors such as the lack

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group in Halabja area as Kurdistan hosted thousands of soldiers. The Kurdish autonomy which had existed since 1992 was formally recognized by the new Iraqi government in 2005 in the new Iraqi constitution and the KDP- and PUK-administered areas reunified in 2006, making the Kurdistan Region into one

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In 2009 Human Rights Watch found that some health providers in Iraqi Kurdistan had been involved in both performing and promoting misinformation about the practice of female genital mutilation. Girls and women receive conflicting and inaccurate messages from media campaigns and medical personnel on

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As of July 2007, the Kurdish government solicited foreign companies to invest in 40 new oil sites, with the hope of increasing regional oil production over the following 5 years by a factor of five, to about 1 million barrels per day (160,000 m/d). Notable companies active in Kurdistan include

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The Kurdistan region of Iraq enjoys more stability, economic development, and political pluralism than the rest of the country. And public opinion under the Kurdistan Regional Government demands rule-of-law-based governance. But power is concentrated in the hands of the ruling parties and families,

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from 1980 onwards. During the first years of the war in the early 1980s, the Iraqi government tried to accommodate the Kurds in order to focus on the war against Iran. In 1983, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan agreed to cooperate with Baghdad, but the Kurdistan Democratic Party remained opposed. In

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Due to the devastation of the campaigns of the Iraqi army under Saddam Hussein and other former Iraqi regimes, the Kurdistan Region's infrastructure was never able to modernize. After the 1991 safe haven was established, the Kurdistan Regional Government began projects to reconstruct the Kurdistan

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Summers are hot and dry, with high average temperatures ranging from 35 °C (95 °F) in the cooler northernmost areas to blistering 40 °C (104 °F) in the southwest, with lows around 21 °C (70 °F) to 24 °C (75 °F). Winter is dramatically cooler than the rest of

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In July 2012, Turkey and the Kurdistan Regional Government signed an agreement by which Turkey would supply the KRG with refined petroleum products in exchange for crude oil. However, in March 2023 the International Chamber of Commerce ruled that this agreement was illegal, causing the pumping of

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The Kurdistan Region has the lowest poverty rates in Iraq and the stronger economy of the Kurdistan Region attracted around 20,000 workers from other parts of Iraq between 2003 and 2005. The number of millionaires in the city of Sulaymaniyah grew from 12 to 2,000 in 2003, reflecting the economic

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reports detail the confiscation of Turkmen and Arab families' documents, preventing them from voting, buying property and travelling. Turkmen residents of Kirkuk were detained by Kurdish forces and compelled to leave the city. Kurdish authorities expelled hundreds of Arab families from the city,

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In 2010, it was reported that passing of a new law in Iraqi Kurdistan, guaranteeing “gender equality”, has deeply outraged some local religious community, including the minister of endowments and religious affairs and prominent imams, who interpreted the phrase as "legitimizing homosexuality in

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Before the establishment of the Kurdistan Regional Government, primary and secondary education was almost entirely taught in Arabic. Higher education was always taught in Arabic. This however changed with the establishment of the Kurdistan Autonomous Region. The first international school, the

2134:. Most of the northern and northeastern parts of the region are mountainous, especially those bordering Turkey and Iran. The region has several high mountains and mountain ranges. Other areas of the region are hills and plains, which make up the central and most southern parts of the region. 4502:

reported that journalists in the Kurdistan Region who criticize the regional government have faced substantial violence, threats, and lawsuits, and some have fled the country. Some journalists faced trial and threats of imprisonment for their reports about corruption in the region.

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Most of the precipitation there falls as rain or snow between November and April, annual precipitation ranges from about 375 to 724 mm. From ancient times this has made cultivation of winter crops (and vegetables and fruit in the summer) and the raising of livestock possible.

6680: 4575:, Kurdish authorities attempted to Kurdify the city. Turkmen and Arab residents in Kirkuk experienced intimidation, harassment and were forced to leave their homes, in order to increase the Kurdish demographic in Kirkuk and bolster their claims to the city. Multiple 4045:

The Kurdistan Region is hosting 1.2 million displaced Iraqis who have been displaced by the ISIS war, as of early December 2017. There were about 335,000 in the area prior to 2014 with the rest arriving in 2014 as a result of unrest in Syria and attacks by the

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and Matthew Joseph accused the Kurdistan Regional Government of issuing threats of violence against Assyrians living in the area who protested its independence referendum. These accusations were later confirmed when the KDP-controlled provincial council of

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Iraq, with highs averaging between 9 °C (48 °F) and 11 °C (52 °F) and with lows hovering around 3 °C (37 °F) in some areas and freezing in others, dipping to −2 °C (28 °F) and 0 °C (32 °F) on average.

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as Prime Minister in July 1992 and the main focus of the new cabinet was to mitigate the effect of the American-led sanctions on Iraq and to prevent internal Kurdish skirmishes. Nonetheless, the cabinet broke down due to plagues of embattlement and

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has primarily concentrated on activating training in the public sector, with the goal of expanding opportunities and improving the efficiency of the training process. In the long run, this will have an effect on private sector training and growth.

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in March 1991 to protect the Kurds, thereby facilitating Kurdish autonomy amid the vacuum and the first Kurdish elections were consequently held in May 1992, wherein the Kurdistan Democratic Party secured 45.3% of the vote and a majority of seats.

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In November 2011, Exxon challenged the Iraqi central government's authority with the signing of oil and gas contracts for exploration rights to six parcels of land in Kurdistan, including one contract in the disputed territories, just east of the

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and succeeded in harvesting political, economic, and security gains and the Arab opposition agreed to recognize Kurdish autonomy in the case that Saddam Hussein was removed from power. America and Kurdistan also jointly rooted out the Islamist

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also exists within the semi-autonomous region. The National Association of Jews from Kurdistan in Israel stated there is a small number of expatriate Jews in the Kurdistan Region, but no Jews remaining from original Jewish communities.

5192: 3254:. Each of these governorates is divided into districts, for a total of 26 districts. Each district is also divided into sub-districts. Each governorate has a capital city, while districts and sub-districts have 'district centers'. 4586:

reports since 2006 have documented that Kurdish authorities and Peshmerga militia forces were illegally policing Kirkuk and other disputed areas, and that these militia have abducted Turkmen and Arabs, subjecting them to torture.

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between the Kurdistan Region and Turkey to cease. The closure of the pipeline left much of the Kurdistan Region's petroleum output with no legal outlet, causing a rise in illegal smuggling of oil to Iran via tanker trucks.

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Disputed internal Kurdish–Iraqi boundaries have been a core concern for Arabs and Kurds, especially since US invasion and political restructuring in 2003. Kurds gained territory to the south of Iraqi Kurdistan after the

1739:, inviting mixed reactions internationally. The KRI largely escaped the privations that afflicted other parts of Iraq in the last years of Saddam Hussein's rule as well as the chaos that followed his ousting during the 7129: 1721:, which restricted the federal government's power in the country's northern and southern areas following the Gulf War, the Kurds were given a chance to experiment with self-governance and the autonomous region was 6203: 3954:(Ahl-e Haqq or Kakai) religion numbers around 200,000 adherents respectively. In 2020, it was reported that 60 Zoroastrian families live in Iraqi Kurdistan. The first Zoroastrian temple was opened in the city of 3504:. This act caused Baghdad to threaten to revoke Exxon's contract in its southern fields, most notably the West-Qurna Phase 1 project. Exxon responded by announcing its intention to leave the West-Qurna project. 5128: 8662: 3987: 1958:

mediated a ceasefire and the two warring parties signed the Washington Agreement deal, where in it was stipulated that the two parties would agree on revenue-sharing, power-sharing and security arrangements.

7039: 2074:. As of 2019, the Kurdistan Region and the Federal Government in Baghdad are negotiating joint control over the disputed areas as their relations have become more cordial in the aftermath of ISIL's defeat. 1852:

The Kurdistan Region became politically divided with two administrations (the 50:50 system) with KDP controlling the Erbil and Duhok Governorates, while PUK took control of Sulaymaniyah Governorate to the

6724: 1998:, was the founder of Gorran, who took advantage of sentiments among many PUK politicians critical of the cooperation with the KDP. Gorran would subsequently win 25 seats (or 23.7% of the votes) in the 4076:

The Kurdistan Region's official universities are listed below, followed by their English acronym (if commonly used), internet domain, establishment date and latest data about the number of students.

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The Committee for implementing article 140 defines the disputed territories as those areas Arabised and whose border modified between 17 July 1968 and 9 April 2003. Those areas include parts of four

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who perpetuate a nondemocratic, sultanistic system. These dynamics could foster instability in Kurdistan and its neighborhood, but could also provide a rare window of opportunity for democratization.

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23 of them were released at the same day and 3 more within four days, but 6, all foreign nationals, are still being held. A police chief ordered one protester who was released to permanently leave

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wherein the President is elected by Parliament for a four-year term. In case of extensions of parliament's term, the president's term is also automatically extended. The current President is

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even after they have passed security checks. Detainees were held for up to four months without any communication with their families. Relatives of these men and boys said that KRG and

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noted that the positions reserved for minorities in the Kurdish parliament were appointed by Kurds as the Assyrians for example had no possibility to nominate their own candidates.

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to seek jobs in the Kurdistan Region. A Kurdish newspaper based in the Kurdish capital estimates that around 50,000 Kurds from Turkey are now living in the Kurdistan Region.

6098: 3486:-controlled parts of Iraqi Kurdistan contain 4 billion barrels of proven oil reserves. However, the KRG has estimated that the region contains around 45 billion barrels (7.2 1902:

By 1985, the PUK and KDP had joined forces, and Iraqi Kurdistan saw widespread guerrilla warfare up to the end of the war. On 15 March 1988, PUK forces captured the town of

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This article is about the semi-autonomous Kurdish political entity within the Republic of Iraq. For the wider geographical area of Iraq inhabited by Kurdish people, see

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Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra, by A. M. T Moore, G. C. Hillman and A. J. Legge, Published 2000, Oxford University Press

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which is the only border gate between Iraqi Kurdistan and Turkey. This border gate can be reached by bus or taxi from airports in Turkey as close as the

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Rudaw in English The Happening: Latest News and Multimedia about Kurdistan, Iraq and the World – Kurdistan Takes Measures Against Gender-Based Violence

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in April 1993. The KDP-PUK relations quickly deteriorated and the first clashes in the civil war took place in May 1994 when PUK captured the towns of

7467: 6318: 6153: 5835: 5155:"Iraq: Information on the treatment of atheists and apostates by society and authorities in Erbil; state protection available (2013 – September 2016)" 8172: 4059: 176: 7001: 1994:, which was founded because of tensions in PUK and would subsequently weaken the party profoundly. The second most important political PUK figure, 7070: 5483: 4595: 8472: 6779: 6637: 2149:

Around 1,368,388 hectares (33%) of the land is rainfed arable agricultural land and 328,428 hectares (8%) is Irrigated arable agricultural land.

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tactics as the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) was slowly recovering from their defeat. However, the Kurdish insurgency became entangled in the

7515: 6512: 5381: 7406: 7151: 6865: 6828: 3914:, which is professed by the majority of Kurdistan Region's inhabitants. These include Kurds, Iraqi Turkmen, and Arabs, belonging mostly to the 7593: 6438: 5811: 5613: 8209: 8144: 7437: 7370: 6610:

The Status of the Iraq Smooth-coated Otter Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli Hayman 1956 and Eurasian Otter Lutra lutra Linnaeus 1758 in Iraq.

6197: 5927: 3179: 3137: 1627: 1219: 7999: 6891:"Diversification Of Economy–An Insight into Economic Development with Special Reference to Kurdistan" s Oil Economy and Agriculture Economy" 6654: 5566: 259: 7110: 5852:"Foreign Ministry of Jordan: put the flag of the Kurdistan region instead of the Iraqi flag during the reception of Barzani error protocol" 4047: 4040: 2031: 5316: 3184:

Despite being landlocked, the Kurdistan Region pursues a proactive foreign policy, which includes strengthening diplomatic relations with

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Region. Since then, of all the 4,500 villages that were destroyed by Saddam Husseins' regime, 65% have been reconstructed by the KRG.

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to leave the Kurdistan List, provoking both KDP and PUK. Gorran also attempted to create goodwill with the Iraqi Prime Minister

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established. The Iraqi government only recognized the Kurdistan Region in 2005 (as a ‘federal region’), after the American-led

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Khodr, Hiba; Zirar, Araz Abdullah (December 2013). "International briefing 30: training and development in Iraqi Kurdistan".

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which disenfranchised the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and a new more partisan cabinet was formed and led by PUK politician

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Iraqi Kurdistan can be reached by land and air. By land, Iraqi Kurdistan can be reached most easily by Turkey through the

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to focus on bringing the Kurdish areas outside of the Kurdistan Region into the region and building healthy institutions.

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throughout the late 20th century. Though the KRI's autonomy was realized in 1992, one year after Iraq's defeat in the

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A Dictionary of Scripture Geography, p 57, by John Miles, 486 pages, Published 1846, Original from Harvard University

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near the Iranian border and inflicted heavy losses among Iraqi soldiers. The Iraqis retaliated the following day by

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sees the Kurdistan Region as a more progressive Muslim region than the other Muslim countries in the Middle East.

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destinations. The KRG spent millions of dollars on the airports to attract international carriers, and currently

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forces didn't inform them of the places of their detained relatives and didn't facilitate any contact with them.

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Ahmad, A.B.; Shah, M. (2016). Shah, M.; Nair, C.S. (eds.). "The rise of private higher education in Kurdistan".

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Kurdistan Region is a multilingual region with several languages and dialects. The majority of the people speak

4405: 4011: 1686:. In October 2017, following the defeat of the Islamic State, the Iraqi Armed Forces attacked the Peshmerga and 8788: 8304: 5254: 3993: 3303: 3243: 3004: 2018:, which only aggravated the situation in Kurdistan, and the KDP and PUK chose to boycott Gorran from politics. 1802:, which led the Baghdad government to deploy 30,000 troops to the region. The Iraqi Kurdish leadership fled to 1599: 977: 7897: 3452:

growth. According to some estimates, the debt of the Kurdish government reached $ 18 billion by January 2016.

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from holding a protest. According to demonstrators, the reason for the blocked protest was that Kurds in the

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Bartu, Peter (2010). "Wrestling With the Integrity of A Nation: The Disputed Internal Boundaries in Iraq".

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issued a statement warning residents that they would face consequences for protesting the referendum.

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Widespread economic activity between the Kurdistan Region and Turkey has given the opportunity for

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In 2015, the Kurdistan Regional Government enacted a law to formally protect religious minorities.

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border gate. From within Iraq, the Kurdistan Region can be reached by land from multiple roads.

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security forces and local police detained 32 unarmed protesters in Erbil on March 4, 2017, at a

4550: 1887: 5952: 5305: 4885:(Kurmanji), other Kurdish dialects and languages spoken in the region by small communities are 4069:

opened its branch in the Kurdistan Region in 2006. Other international schools have opened and

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Although the Kurdish regional parliament has officially recognized ethnic minorities such as

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was also captured by Kurdish forces. However, the control was only temporary as Iraqi forces

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single administration. This reunification prompted Kurdish leaders and the Kurdish President

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and genocidal campaigns at the hands of the federal government in Baghdad. However, when the

8021: 7864: 7803: 7780: 7746: 6956: 6902: 6810: 6341:"Exclusive: New Kurdish PM says priority is stronger Baghdad ties, rather than independence" 5944: 4996: 4992: 4926: 4906: 4890: 4882: 4823: 4795: 4764: 4614:, without any action by courts or officials to remove the structures the Kurds built there. 4361: 4335: 4300: 3012: 1943: 1830: 1406: 1314: 1289: 1239: 1234: 1027: 972: 932: 922: 917: 911: 903: 889: 880: 870: 630: 1910:, killing about 5,000 civilians. This led the Americans and the Europeans to implement the 1654:) to the present day. In light of the dispute, the KRI's constitution declares the city of 8515: 8059: 7951: 7653: 7290: 7228: 7155: 7136: 7117: 7098: 6641: 6616: 4886: 4878: 4811: 4603: 4518: 4409: 4348: 4024: 3937: 3774: 3521: 3051: 2826: 2111: 2015: 1991: 1954:

from KDP, which in turn pushed PUK out of Salahaddin (near Erbil). In September 1998, the

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Humanitarian Intervention – Assisting the Iraqi Kurds in Operation PROVIDE COMFORT, 1991

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The Kurdish nationalist movement in the 1990s: its impact on Turkey and the Middle East

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make up a significant minority, with some 650,000 in 2005, or 560,000 as of 2013, The

1829:. But simultaneously with its promise of Kurdish autonomy, the Iraqi government began 8777: 8506: 7594:"Publicity seeking Kurdish official brings back memories of Jewish Kurd aliya fiasco" 6960: 6814: 6063: 6040: 5945: 5406: 4843: 4522: 4511: 3513: 3193: 3071: 3032: 3020: 3000: 2944: 2910: 2892: 2059: 2030:

in June 2014, the Iraqi-Kurdish relations were in a decline that the war against the

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as the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan. However, the KRI does not control Kirkuk, and the

1630:; these territories have a predominantly non-Arab population and were subject to the 1416: 1411: 1359: 1329: 1191: 1001: 947: 942: 802: 731: 417: 354: 6542: 4858:

all service the region. There are at least 2 military airfields in Iraqi Kurdistan.

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Other mineral resources that exist in significant quantities in the region include

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between 1974 and 1975, which resulted in a serious defeat for the Iraqi Kurds (see

1811: 1458: 1453: 1171: 1141: 429: 364: 38:. For the autonomous Kurdish political entity within the Syrian Arab Republic, see 7200: 4305: 1473: 8237: 7323:"Iraq halts northern crude exports after winning arbitration case against Turkey" 3150: Present territory controlled by the Kurdistan Region in the context of the 174: 5707:

Iraq in the Twenty-First Century: Regime Change and the Making of a Failed State

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in 2003, the two parties united in the negotiations with the Arab opposition to

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Linguistic Minorities in Turkey and Turkic-Speaking Minorities of the Periphery

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oscillated between fighting for autonomy and for full independence. Under the

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Kurdish-populated areas, to reduce the size of the autonomous entity which a

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Appendix B – Statement of Reasons – Ansar al-Islam (formerly Ansar al-Sunna)

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by providing financial support for Kurds who want to settle in those areas.

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Kurdish Nationalism on Stage: Performance, Politics and Resistance in Iraq

3583:. The world's largest deposit of rock sulfur is located just southwest of 1865:

in official ceremonies alongside the Flag of Kurdistan despite reluctance.

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Assimilation, exodus, eradication: Iraq's minority communities since 2003

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The United States and the Kurds: case studies in United States engagement

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Saatçi, Suphi (2018), "The Turkman of Iraq", in Bulut, Christiane (ed.),

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in its various dialects. The two main Kurdish dialects in the region are

4847: 4827: 4819: 4752: 3910:

Kurdistan has a religiously diverse population. The dominant religion is

3741: 3537: 2969: 2931: 2043: 1970: 1947: 1740: 1635: 1478: 1396: 1186: 1146: 1086: 1076: 723: 449: 324: 5347: 34:. For the entire Middle Eastern region inhabited by Kurdish people, see 7784: 4557: 4542: 4538: 4073:

is the latest with a planned opening in Suleimaniah in September 2011.

3947: 3525: 3430: 3008: 2961: 2051: 2047: 1962:

The anarchy in Kurdistan during the war created an opportunity for the

1903: 1651: 1196: 1181: 1091: 785: 463: 437: 433: 5035: 4621:(KRG) forces are detaining men and boys who have fled the fighting in 8604:"How the U.S.-Favored Kurds Abandoned the Yazidis when ISIS Attacked" 7284:

Official statements on the oil and gas sector in the Kurdistan region

4894: 4851: 4807: 4791: 4756: 4679: 4664: 4652: 4572: 4565: 4402: 3997: 3951: 3605: 3576: 3572: 3556: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3197: 3189: 3028: 2949: 2103: 2055: 2039: 1834: 1815: 1714: 1655: 1615: 1401: 1126: 836: 685: 319: 248: 7889: 7516:"Kurdistan welcomes US State Department report on religious freedom" 6226:"Kurdish opposition makes strong showing in Iraq regional elections" 5246: 7430:

British Use of Statistics in the Iraqi Kurdish Question (1919–1932)

5153:

Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for (2 September 2016).

4556:

The Kurdish regional government has also been accused of trying to

2114:, which is the southern part of the greater geographical region of 8659:"Iraq federal, Kurd region oil chiefs informally agree on exports" 7735:"Trends in human capital formation in the Kurdistan Region – Iraq" 7712: 6487:"Climate: Arbil – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table" 4648: 4622: 4599: 4526: 3919: 3911: 3708: 3669: 3584: 3509: 3464: 3141: 2953: 2173: 2140: 2107: 1856: 1847: 1663: 1643: 1619: 1591: 1587: 1441: 1201: 866: 795: 471: 425: 391: 376: 239: 6717:"Nechirvan Barzani elected president of Kurdistan Region of Iraq" 4771:. Iraqi Kurdistan has also a border gate with Syria known as the 4176: 4070: 3228:

The Kurdistan Region is divided into four governorates (Kurdish:

3170:

in 2003 to regain what land they considered historically theirs.

2094:

The Kurdistan region of Iraq is an autonomous region in northern

8357:"Uncertain Refuge, Dangerous Return: Iraq's Uprooted Minorities" 7654:"Urgent reconstruction needed for returning Iraqi refugees: IOM" 6947:

Barkey, HJ; Laipson, E (2005). "Iraqi Kurds And Iraq's Future".

6747:"Kurdistan's Politicized Society Confronts a Sultanistic System" 4626: 3923: 3811: 3580: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3185: 2099: 2095: 1929:

The two parties agreed to form the first Kurdish cabinet led by

1821:

From 1961 to 1970, the Kurds fought the Iraqi government in the

1803: 1611: 1583: 856: 846: 746: 213: 194:

Territory controlled by the Kurdistan Region shown in dark green

7215:"Iraq says expects Exxon to finish West Qurna Sale by December" 6829:"Department of Foreign Relations Kurdistan Regional Government" 1766:

had already begun their independence struggle from the British

7062:"Israel turns to Kurds for three-quarters of its oil supplies" 6065:

Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition

5978:

Iraqi Kurdistan – Political development and emergent democracy

4384: 3410: 3400: 2973: 1743:, and built a parliamentary democracy with a growing economy. 1682:

then entered and took control of them for the duration of the

7362:

Iraqi Kurdistan: Political Development and Emergent Democracy

6461:"Kurdistan Region – Geographical characteristics and climate" 5220:. Government of the United Kingdom. August 2016. p. 13. 5215:"Country Information and Guidance Iraq: Religious minorities" 5122:"A Reading for the Law of Protecting Components in Kurdistan" 4341: 1543: 73: 8536:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

8508:

Homosexuality Fears Over Gender Equality in Iraqi Kurdistan

8443:"Kurdistan Region of Iraq: 32 Arrested at Peaceful Protest" 7920:"IRAQ: Iraqi Kurdistan Confronts Female Genital Mutilation" 7683: 6895:

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences

4366: 4233: 4214: 2070:

over most of the disputed areas in October 2017, after the

1990:

In 2009, Kurdistan saw the birth of a new major party, the

1678:

retreated from most of the disputed territories. The KRI's

8136:

What kind of liberation?: women and the occupation of Iraq

5348:"Invest Kurdistan: An Emerging, Multi-Sector Business Hub" 4323: 4251: 4195: 4157: 1899:

of the PUK, though Saddam later reneged on the agreement.

1845:) and forced all of the rebels to flee once more to Iran. 1778:

after a bombing campaign against Kurdish civilians by the

1638:, these northern territories remain contested between the 8568:""They came to destroy": ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis" 8418:"Iraq/Kurdistan Region: Men, Boys Who Fled ISIS Detained" 4121: 4102: 7229:"Iraqi Kurds open 40 new oil sites to foreign investors" 6862:"Map of area of Kurdistan Region & its Governorates" 5751:

The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia

4427: 1794:

throughout the 20th century. In 1943, the Barzani chief

6281:"Infographic: Control Over Iraq's Disputed Territories" 5036:"Kurdistan: Constitution of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region" 4465: 4287: 2086:

A valley in the north of the region, through which the

1919:

Nascent autonomy, war and political turmoil (1992–2009)

1818:

began assisting the Kurdish rebels in the early 1960s.

8275:"Iraq: Kirkuk Security Forces Expel Displaced Turkmen" 4991:

The written language of the Iraqi Turkmen is based on

4778:

Two international airports are located in the region;

4759:. Iraqi Kurdistan has two border gates with Iran, the 4446: 1782:. Nonetheless, the Kurdish struggle persisted and the 1553: 8022:"Human Rights Watch lauds FGM law in Iraqi Kurdistan" 7964:"Human Rights Watch lauds FGM law in Iraqi Kurdistan" 7468:"Minorities in Iraq: Memory, Identity and Challenges" 7304:"First Shipment of Kurdistan Crude Arrives in Turkey" 5341: 5339: 5337: 4139: 1786:

tribe had by the early 1920s gained momentum for the

1762:

Before Iraq became an independent state in 1923, the

7996:"KRG looks to enhance protection of women, children" 6154:"The Iraq War Was a Good Idea, If You Ask the Kurds" 5063:

Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition

1573: 156: 99: 58: 8242:. Minority Rights Group International. p. 20. 8053:

Iraqi Kurdistan: Law Banning FGM Not Being Enforced

5804:"New Iraqi flag hailed as symbolic break with past" 5436: 5161:. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 3259: 2788:for records, humidity, snow and precipitation days 740: 722: 714: 704: 696: 679: 669: 649: 629: 619: 609: 591: 581: 574: 564: 559: 549: 533: 518: 503: 483: 462: 410: 363: 337: 311: 290: 235: 227: 219: 201: 50: 8392:"Iraqi Kurdistan: Christian Demonstration Blocked" 7060: 6884: 6882: 6062: 6039: 4594:wrote that the Kurdish security force of KRG, the 4549:. After his visit to the region, Dutch politician 1735:. In September 2017, the KRI passed a non-binding 8608:Institute of Regional & International Studies 7773:International Journal of Training and Development 6257:Kurdistan in Iraq: The Evolution of a Quasi-State 5776:Kurdistan in Iraq: The Evolution of a Quasi-State 4968:List of archaeological sites in Erbil Governorate 7800:A Global Perspective on Private Higher Education 7359:Gareth R. V. Stansfield; Jomo (29 August 2003). 6565:"Erbil Weather Forecast and Climate Information" 6095:"Barzani: PKK Rebels Should Leave Northern Iraq" 5407:"Şandeke Herêma Kurdistanê serdana Bexdayê dike" 8139:. University of California Press. p. 109. 6097:. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 1 August 2015. 6013:"Kurdish Agreement Signals New U.S. Commitment" 4610:, mainly populated by Assyrians, encroached on 3124: 2038:took control of most disputed areas, including 8305:"KRG: Kurdish Forces Ejecting Arabs In Kirkuk" 7766: 7764: 7762: 7321:Rasheed, Ahmed; Edwards, Rowena (2023-03-25). 6975:"Iraqi President Talabani's Letter to America" 6655:"Iraq's Marshes Show Progress toward Recovery" 5705:Tareq Y. Ismael, Jacqueline S. Ismael (2005). 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 1814:began assisting the Kurdish rebels with arms. 27:Semi-autonomous entity in the Republic of Iraq 6923:"Nearly 25 percent of Iraqis live in poverty" 6541:. What's the Weather Like.org. Archived from 5892:. Congressional Research Service. p. 2. 5535: 5533: 3455:The economy of Kurdistan is dominated by the 3354: 3331: 3308: 3285: 3233: 3115:has 111 seats and are held every fifth year. 2072:2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum 2022:ISIL and rapprochement with Iraq (after 2014) 1505: 8: 8748:"Gobierno Regional del Kurdistán | Language" 8602:van den Toorn, Christine (August 17, 2014). 6889:Pankaj, D.; Ramyar, R.A. (22 January 2019). 5077:"Kurdistan Region Constitution (Article 14)" 4963:List of populated places in Kurdistan Region 2110:in the west. The region encompasses most of 1882:and regenerated the Kurdish insurgency with 1837:would determine. This mistrust provoked the 1806:in 1945. There, Mustafa Barzani founded the 82: 8597: 8595: 7835:"Iraqi Kurdistan: Journalists Under Threat" 7149:Will Kurds use oil to break free from Iraq? 6749:. Carnegie Middle East Center. 2015-08-18. 6607:Al-Sheikhly, O.F.; and Nader, I.A. (2013). 5369: 5367: 4209:The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani 3202:diplomatic presence in the Kurdistan Region 1758:Early struggle for independence (1923–1975) 1722: 8804:States and territories established in 1992 8562: 8560: 7739:Journal of University of Human Development 7342:"Kurdish oil smuggling to Iran flourishes" 6069:. University of California Press. p. 5542:Iraqi Kurdistan in Middle Eastern politics 4617:In February 2017, Human Rights Watch said 4318:Komar University of Science and Technology 4071:British International Schools in Kurdistan 3256: 2168: 1870:Insurgency and first elections (1975–1992) 1512: 1498: 753: 188: 47: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8204:. Cornell University Press. p. 223. 8201:Insurgency and counter-insurgency in Iraq 7829: 7827: 7750: 7462: 7460: 7458: 6906: 5985: 5300: 5298: 5296: 3111:, who assumed office on 1 June 2019. The 1774:, which were subsequently crushed by the 8335:"Iraq: Arab's homes destroyed in Kirkuk" 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 4580:demolishing their homes in the process. 4078: 4060:List of universities in Kurdistan Region 3618:Population of Mosul Province (1917–1947) 3615: 3219: 2987:Animals found in the region include the 2081: 8723:"Military Comms Monitoring. HF VHF UHF" 8180:. nowords, ChristenUnie. Archived from 7130:New oil pipeline boosts Iraqi Kurdistan 5012: 4984: 3968: 3922:Islam. There is also a small number of 3370: 2157:The climate of the Kurdistan Region is 1798:began raiding Iraqi police stations in 1622:to the west. It does not govern all of 756: 721: 713: 678: 618: 590: 573: 570:46,862 km (18,094 sq mi) 563: 558: 184: 150: 120: 7896:. Human Right Watch. 20 January 2010. 7664:from the original on February 22, 2018 7634:from the original on February 26, 2009 7592:Ben Solomon, Ariel (7 December 2015). 7139:, Washingtonpost. Retrieved 2014-12-23 7092:U.S. Energy Information Administration 6437:. Kurdistan Region Statistics Office. 5862:from the original on 20 September 2019 5838:from the original on 20 September 2019 5814:from the original on 20 September 2019 5512:"Iraqi Kurds 'withdraw to 2014 lines'" 5506: 5504: 5253:. Kurdistan Region Statistics Office. 4571:While Kurdish forces held the city of 1790:cause and would become pivotal in the 8133:Al-Ali, Nadje; Pratt, Nicola (2009). 7604:from the original on 11 February 2021 7073:from the original on 11 December 2022 6856: 6854: 6493:from the original on 10 November 2013 6019:from the original on 11 December 2019 5980:. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 146–152. 5951:(3rd ed.). I.B. Tauris. p. 5669:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 67. 5616:from the original on 5 September 2019 5518:from the original on 20 December 2020 5417:from the original on 19 December 2019 3180:Foreign relations of Kurdistan Region 3138:Disputed territories of Northern Iraq 1662:is based in Erbil. In 2014, when the 1628:disputed territories of northern Iraq 1220:Kurdish rebellions during World War I 608: 580: 532: 517: 502: 498: 226: 218: 7: 8315:from the original on 25 October 2020 8285:from the original on 14 October 2022 7551:from the original on 7 February 2018 7497:. September 25, 2005. Archived from 7399:"The people of the Kurdistan Region" 7379:from the original on 14 October 2017 7293:, Kurdistan Development Corporation. 7254:"Kurdistan Oil and Gas Activity Map" 7002:"Is the KRG heading for bankruptcy?" 6164:from the original on 9 November 2020 6131:(1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. 5544:. Taylor & Francis. p. 18. 5387:from the original on 10 October 2017 5375:"Iraq Human Development Report 2014" 4458: 4439: 4420: 4395: 4378: 4360: 4334: 4316: 4299: 4281: 4265:Business & Management University 4263: 4244: 4226: 4207: 4188: 4169: 4151: 4133: 4114: 4095: 4041:Internally displaced persons in Iraq 3961:A tiny ethno-religious community of 2948:. The desert in the south is mostly 2145:Kurdish villagers working in a field 2118:. The region lies between latitudes 2032:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 1536: 157: 59: 8527:Hanna, Reine (September 26, 2019). 8483:from the original on August 3, 2020 8471:Smith, Jesserer (October 3, 2017). 8364:Minority Rights Group International 8062:Human Rights Watch, August 29, 2012 7845:from the original on 18 August 2014 7733:Maher, Asaad Hamdi (30 June 2017). 6977:. 22 September 2006. Archived from 6727:from the original on 31 August 2019 6681:"Amendment of Presidency Law, 2019" 6620:IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 30(1). 6351:from the original on 31 August 2019 6321:from the original on 31 August 2019 6291:from the original on 31 August 2019 6236:from the original on 31 August 2019 6101:from the original on 31 August 2019 6011:Alan Makovsky (29 September 1998). 5899:from the original on 15 August 2011 5883:Katzman, Kenneth (1 October 2010). 5802:Howard, Michael (6 February 2008). 5646:from the original on 25 August 2020 5602:"Iraq Timeline: Since the 2003 War" 5322:from the original on 31 August 2019 5165:from the original on 31 August 2019 4675: 4228:American University Duhok Kurdistan 3355: 3332: 3309: 3286: 3229: 1563: 83: 8580:from the original on June 12, 2020 8545:from the original on June 26, 2020 8420:. Human Rights Watch. 2017-02-26. 8398:from the original on 23 April 2016 7976:from the original on 15 March 2016 7808:10.1016/B978-0-08-100872-0.00013-6 7000:Zaman, Amberin (20 January 2016). 6206:from the original on 3 August 2020 5600:Philip S. Hadji (September 2015). 5581:from the original on 2 August 2020 5565:Peter J. Lambert (December 1997). 5443:from the original on 12 March 2020 5042:from the original on 14 April 2019 4784:Sulaimaniyah International Airport 4733:Airports of Sulaimaniyah and Erbil 2812:Vegetation in the region includes 1895:signed an autonomy agreement with 25: 8758:from the original on 31 July 2022 8725:. Milaircomms.com. Archived from 8114:from the original on 7 March 2016 8034:from the original on 7 March 2016 7926:from the original on 5 March 2016 7752:10.21928/juhd.v3n2y2017.pp333-353 7012:from the original on 6 March 2021 6782:from the original on 4 March 2016 6411:from the original on 28 July 2022 6381:from the original on 31 July 2022 6152:Krajeski, Jenna (20 March 2013). 5257:from the original on 31 July 2022 5227:from the original on 24 July 2019 5195:from the original on 13 July 2019 4690:Infrastructure and transportation 4067:International School of Choueifat 3204:, while the Kurdistan Region has 8345:from the original on 2021-12-19. 7900:from the original on 20 May 2015 7443:from the original on 31 May 2020 7259:. Western Zagros. Archived from 6961:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2005.00225.x 6815:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00946.x 6697:from the original on 4 July 2021 6657:. Wildlife Extra. Archived from 6441:from the original on 23 May 2022 5976:Gareth R. V. Stansfield (2003). 5606:United States Institute of Peace 5489:from the original on 15 May 2019 4947: 4933: 4919: 4786:, which both operate flights to 4723: 4712: 4422:Sulaimani Polytechnic University 4037:Refugees of the Syrian Civil War 4004: 3986: 3971: 3224:Governorates of Kurdistan Region 2026:In the period leading up to the 1827:Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement 1580:autonomous administrative entity 784: 206: 172: 136: 125: 8665:from the original on 2013-11-10 8640:from the original on 2014-04-05 8634:"Kurdistan Regional Government" 8453:from the original on 2017-03-24 8424:from the original on 2017-03-01 8373:from the original on 2021-07-04 8256:from the original on 2016-01-07 8218:from the original on 2016-01-07 8153:from the original on 2016-01-07 8083:from the original on 2016-01-23 7871:from the original on 2011-03-08 7802:. Chandos Publishing: 219–228. 7690:from the original on 2017-11-17 7684:"About The University of Duhok" 7522:from the original on 2021-06-02 7409:from the original on 2012-11-06 7235:from the original on 2011-04-24 7042:from the original on 2017-09-23 6929:from the original on 2014-02-04 6868:from the original on 2016-01-19 6753:from the original on 2016-06-08 6129:Iraqi Kurds and nation-building 5134:from the original on 6 May 2019 4397:University of Human Development 3641: 3622: 3591:petroleum products through the 3479:Petroleum and mineral resources 3200:. Twenty nine countries have a 1690:over the disputed territories. 1632:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns 7199:. 3 April 2012. Archived from 5061:Joseph R. Rudolph Jr. (2015). 4190:University of Kurdistan Hewler 3958:(Silêmanî) in September 2016. 3092:Government of Kurdistan Region 2062:. The strategically important 1753:Iraqi Kurdistan § History 45:Semi-autonomous region in Iraq 1: 7340:Azhari, Timour (2024-07-11). 6515:. My Forecast. Archived from 6467:. Kurdistan Region Presidency 6127:Mohammed M. A. Ahmed (2012). 5947:A modern history of the Kurds 5886:The Kurds in Post-Saddam Iraq 5692:The Kurdish Struggle, 1920-94 5477:"Iraq's Constitution of 2005" 4637:Kurdistan Regional Government 4619:Kurdistan Regional Government 2574:Average rainfall mm (inches) 1878:(PUK) was founded in 1975 by 1693:Throughout the 20th century, 1674:and invaded the country, the 1640:Kurdistan Regional Government 1058:Timeline of Kurdish uprisings 535:• Deputy Prime Minister 8573:. June 15, 2016. p. 6. 7306:. BrightWire. Archived from 7231:. Iraq Updates. 2007-07-09. 6371:"Kurdistan Region Geography" 5920:The Iran-Iraq War, 1980–1988 4658:In 2017, Assyrian activists 4460:Catholic University in Erbil 4413: 4388: 4370: 4352: 4327: 4309: 4291: 4274: 4255: 4237: 4218: 4199: 4180: 4161: 4143: 3604:Due to the lack of a proper 2000:2009 parliamentary elections 1876:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 1544: 74: 8699:"Office Locations | flynas" 8174:Religious Cleansing in Iraq 7624:"An unusual new friendship" 7365:. Routledge. pp. 32–. 7169:"westernzagros.com Oil Map" 7158:, CNN. Retrieved 2014-12-23 6375:KRG Representation in Spain 4780:Erbil International Airport 3844:Other, unknown, not stated 3447:Economy of Kurdistan Region 3384: 3381: 3378: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3234: 3122:wrote in August 2015 that: 3120:Carnegie Middle East Center 3088:Kurdistan Region Parliament 2795:What's the Weather Like.org 2434:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2294:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1908:chemically bombing the town 1660:Kurdistan Region Parliament 1574: 100: 8820: 8684:"Wizzair Flights to Erbil" 8477:National Catholic Register 6259:. Routledge. p. 187. 5778:. Routledge. p. 170. 5749:Arash Reisinezhad (2018). 5306:"Erbil International Fair" 4751:airports, as well as from 4643:against recent clashes in 4560:other regions such as the 4457: 4438: 4419: 4394: 4377: 4359: 4333: 4315: 4306:www.cihanuniversity.edu.iq 4298: 4283:Lebanese French University 4280: 4262: 4243: 4225: 4206: 4187: 4168: 4150: 4132: 4113: 4094: 4057: 4034: 4012:Azza village mill in Erbil 3903: 3878: 3843: 3810: 3773: 3740: 3707: 3668: 3593:Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline 3571:(which is used to produce 3444: 3177: 3135: 3096:The Kurdistan Region is a 3085: 3042:Bird species include, the 3037:Euphrates softshell turtle 2792: 2779: 2171: 1922: 1808:Kurdistan Democratic Party 1750: 1265:Kurdish Republic of Lachin 1250:Kurdish Republic of Ararat 29: 18:Iraqi Kurdistan government 8171:Voordewind, Joël (2008). 6908:10.18551/rjoas.2019-01.48 6567:. Erbilia. Archived from 5753:. Springer. p. 126. 5709:. Routledge. p. 28. 5636:"Iraqi Kurdistan profile" 5437:"حکومەتی هەرێمی كوردستان" 4271:www.lfu.edu.krd/index.php 4246:Hawler Medical University 3981:in the Minare Park, Erbil 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3068:rufous-tailed scrub robin 2731: 2687: 2643: 2573: 2503: 2433: 2363: 2293: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 1610:. The KRI is bordered by 545: 499: 185: 151: 121: 112: 8077:www.stopfgmkurdistan.org 6925:. NBC News. 2009-05-20. 6038:Robert W. Olson (1996). 6015:. Washington Institute. 5665:Mari R. Rostami (2019). 5540:Alex Danilovich (2016). 3996:Mar Yousif Cathedral in 3216:Administrative divisions 3005:Indian crested porcupine 2002:to the detriment of the 1964:Kurdistan Workers' Party 1839:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 1825:, which resulted in the 1701:, the Kurds experienced 1626:, and lays claim to the 1600:Sulaymaniyah Governorate 372:Recognized ethnicities: 312:Administrative languages 8784:Kurdistan Region (Iraq) 8073:"Stop FGM in Kurdistan" 6629:C.Michael Hogan. 2009. 6190:Parliament of Australia 5943:David McDowall (2004). 5730:Gordon W. Rudd (2004). 5694:. Palgrave. p. 20. 5247:"Kurdistan Region Area" 4761:Haji Omaran border gate 4612:land owned by Assyrians 4598:, blocked the roads to 4097:University of Sulaimani 3612:Ethnic data (1917–1947) 3542:Gulf Keystone Petroleum 3238:): the governorates of 3082:Government and politics 2012:Kurdistan Islamic Union 2008:Kurdistan Islamic Group 1925:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 1823:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 1772:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1737:independence referendum 1684:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 1672:Northern Iraq offensive 1590:-majority divisions of 1554: 8394:. Human Rights Watch. 8236:Taneja, Preti (2007). 8198:Hashim, Ahmed (2005). 7890:"Iraq: Events of 2009" 7600:. The Jerusalem Post. 7473:. 2013. Archived from 5736:Department of the Army 5690:E. O'Ballance (1995). 5352:kurdistanchronicle.com 4641:peaceful demonstration 4177:www.koyauniversity.org 3225: 3206:representative offices 3155: 3129: 3101:parliamentary republic 2869:Juniperus foetidissima 2851:Cupressus sempervirens 2146: 2091: 1874:The more left-leaning 1866: 1854: 1723: 115:Semi-autonomous region 7660:. February 22, 2018. 7630:. February 19, 2009. 7547:. 21 September 2016. 7120:Retrieved 2014-12-23. 7101:Retrieved 2014-12-23. 7032:"The Kurdish opening" 6803:International Affairs 6690:. 11 September 2020. 6513:"Irbil, Iraq Climate" 6061:Kanan Makiya (1998). 5918:Efraim Karsh (2002). 5774:Rafaat, Aram (2018). 5082:. pennstatelawreview. 4428:www.http://spu.edu.iq 4116:Salahaddin University 3906:Religion in Kurdistan 3904:Further information: 3223: 3162:of pre-1968 borders. 3145: 2159:semi-arid continental 2144: 2085: 2028:ISIL invasion of Iraq 1860: 1851: 1729:2003 invasion of Iraq 1618:to the north, and by 422:Recognized religions: 275:36.08306°N 44.62972°E 7427:Fuat Dundar (2012). 7203:on February 2, 2014. 6688:Kurdistan Parliament 6539:"Erbil climate info" 6489:. Climate-Data.org. 6431:"Agricultural lands" 6377:. www.krgspain.org. 6255:Aram Rafaat (2018). 5734:. Washington, D.C.: 5346:kurdistanchronicle. 4832:Middle East Airlines 4487:Ministry of Planning 4441:Knowledge University 3113:Kurdistan Parliament 2839:Quercus ithaburensis 2224:Record high °C (°F) 1861:The region uses the 1741:Iraq War (2003–2011) 1594:-majority Iraq: the 1586:. It comprises four 1365:Kurdish philosophers 1245:Kingdom of Kurdistan 1071:Karduchian dynasties 554:Kurdistan Parliament 338:Recognized languages 8311:. 3 November 2016. 7867:. 20 January 2010. 7841:. 29 October 2010. 7504:on January 9, 2006. 7193:"Exxon's Kurdistan" 6981:on 15 February 2007 6401:"Geography of Iraq" 5514:. 18 October 2017. 5099:Harrassowitz Verlag 4864:Culture and Society 4765:Bashmeg border gate 4385:web.nawroz.edu.krd/ 4153:University of Zakho 4135:University of Duhok 3620: 3399:Economy by sector ( 3105:presidential system 3048:Menetries's warbler 3025:Persian fallow deer 2881:Juniperus oxycedrus 2857:Platanus orientalis 2845:Quercus macranthera 2821:Quercus calliprinos 2688:Average snowy days 2644:Average rainy days 2504:Record low °C (°F) 2364:Daily mean °C (°F) 1810:, and Iran and the 1788:Kurdish nationalist 1608:Halabja Governorate 1255:Republic of Mahabad 1225:Simko Shikak revolt 271: / 228:Autonomy recognized 8794:Autonomous regions 8514:2012-01-24 at the 8447:Human Rights Watch 8339:Human Rights Watch 8309:Human Rights Watch 8279:Human Rights Watch 8058:2017-04-09 at the 7950:2011-09-02 at the 7839:Human Rights Watch 7785:10.1111/ijtd.12014 7289:2007-10-12 at the 7154:2014-09-14 at the 7135:2017-10-12 at the 7116:2015-01-11 at the 7097:2014-12-23 at the 7069:. 23 August 2015. 6949:Middle East Policy 6640:2010-11-26 at the 6615:2017-08-07 at the 6465:presidency.gov.krd 5798:Multiple sources: 4660:Juliana Taimoorazy 4633:Human Rights Watch 4592:Human Rights Watch 4577:Human Rights Watch 4500:Human Rights Watch 4408:2017-03-08 at the 4347:2018-08-09 at the 4171:University of Koya 3979:Mudhafaria Minaret 3638:British data 1947 3635:British data 1930 3632:British data 1921 3629:British data 1917 3616: 3226: 3156: 2952:and would feature 2923:Crataegus azarolus 2917:Crataegus monogyna 2905:Populus euphratica 2833:Quercus infectoria 2147: 2106:in the north, and 2092: 1996:Nawshirwan Mustafa 1969:In advance of the 1912:Iraqi no-fly zones 1867: 1855: 1792:Kurdish-Iraqi wars 1719:Iraqi no-fly zones 1688:reasserted control 1676:Iraqi Armed Forces 1648:Government of Iraq 1215:Kurdistansky Uyezd 861:Southern Kurdistan 841:Northern Kurdistan 605:2022 estimate 365:Ethnic groups 291:Official languages 280:36.08306; 44.62972 8211:978-0-8014-4452-4 8146:978-0-520-25729-0 7480:on March 1, 2014. 7372:978-1-134-41416-1 6635:. GlobalTwitcher. 6545:on 4 October 2013 6519:on 4 October 2013 6230:Los Angeles Times 6199:978-0-642-79186-3 5929:978-1-84176-371-2 5856:Iraqi News Agency 5642:. 25 April 2018. 5191:. 10 April 2017. 5038:. 15 April 2004. 4995:using the modern 4800:Austrian Airlines 4767:near the city of 4741:Habur Border Gate 4510:British lawmaker 4477: 4476: 4380:Nawroz University 4342:www.ishik.edu.krd 3994:Chaldean Catholic 3897: 3896: 3502:Kirkuk mega-field 3389: 3388: 3174:Foreign relations 3109:Nechirvan Barzani 3064:European nightjar 3056:Red-billed chough 3044:see-see partridge 2989:Syrian brown bear 2875:Juniperus excelsa 2804: 2803: 2734:relative humidity 2172:Climate data for 2126:, and longitudes 1884:guerrilla warfare 1604:Duhok Governorate 1596:Erbil Governorate 1572: 1555:Herêma Kurdistanê 1542: 1522: 1521: 1386:Kurdish languages 1285:Turkish Kurdistan 1280:Iranian Kurdistan 1260:Al-Anfal campaign 1230:Koçgiri Rebellion 871:Western Kurdistan 851:Eastern Kurdistan 752: 751: 621:• Per capita 513:Nechirvan Barzani 494:autonomous region 177: 16:(Redirected from 8811: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8744: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8719: 8713: 8712: 8710: 8709: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8655: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8614:on June 27, 2020 8610:. Archived from 8599: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8579: 8572: 8564: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8544: 8533: 8524: 8518: 8504: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8372: 8361: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8179: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8069: 8063: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8007: 7998:. Archived from 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7960: 7954: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7831: 7822: 7821: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7768: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7711:. Archived from 7705: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7496: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7472: 7464: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7442: 7435: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7300: 7294: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7265: 7258: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7174:. Archived from 7173: 7165: 7159: 7146: 7140: 7127: 7121: 7108: 7102: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7064: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6886: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6864:. www.krso.net. 6858: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6835:. Archived from 6825: 6819: 6818: 6809:(6): 1329–1343. 6798: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6772:"نبذة عن اللجنة" 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6696: 6685: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6651: 6645: 6627: 6621: 6605: 6599: 6596: 6590: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6347:. 10 July 2019. 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6317:. 25 June 2019. 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6232:. 27 July 2009. 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6192:. 15 June 2009. 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6124: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6068: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6045: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5989: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5950: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5898: 5891: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5537: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5508: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5488: 5481: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5386: 5379: 5371: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5343: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5321: 5310: 5302: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5032: 5000: 4997:Turkish alphabet 4993:Istanbul Turkish 4989: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4929: 4927:Kurdistan portal 4924: 4923: 4922: 4891:Southern Kurdish 4883:Northern Kurdish 4824:Pegasus Airlines 4796:Turkish Airlines 4727: 4716: 4367:www.soran.edu.iq 4362:Soran University 4336:Ishik University 4324:www.komar.edu.iq 4301:Cihan University 4234:www.audk.edu.krd 4215:www.auis.edu.krd 4079: 4008: 3990: 3975: 3936:is professed by 3871: 3863: 3849: 3824: 3791: 3754: 3721: 3700: 3692: 3684: 3676: 3621: 3492: 3491: 3439: Other (6%) 3438: 3428: 3418: 3408: 3358: 3357: 3335: 3334: 3312: 3311: 3289: 3288: 3257: 3237: 3231: 3149: 3013:goitered gazelle 2782:Climate-Data.org 2169: 1944:Kosrat Rasul Ali 1831:ethnic cleansing 1726: 1717:established the 1699:Ba'athist regime 1614:to the east, by 1584:Republic of Iraq 1577: 1567: 1565: 1557: 1550:Kurmanji Kurdish 1547: 1545:Herêmî Kurdistan 1541:romanized: 1540: 1538: 1525:Kurdistan Region 1514: 1507: 1500: 1388: 1340:Historical sites 1290:Syrian Kurdistan 1274:Kurdistan Region 1240:Dersim Rebellion 1235:Ararat rebellion 1072: 788: 778: 767: 759: 754: 665: 664: 656: 645: 644: 636: 602: 587:6,556,752 (2023) 286: 285: 283: 282: 281: 276: 272: 269: 268: 267: 264: 220:Autonomy founded 212: 210: 209: 195: 192: 179: 178: 160: 159: 140: 129: 104: 103: 95: 94: 86: 85: 78: 77: 75:Herêmî Kurdistan 70: 62: 61: 52:Kurdistan Region 48: 21: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8789:Iraqi Kurdistan 8774: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8761: 8759: 8746: 8745: 8741: 8732: 8730: 8721: 8720: 8716: 8707: 8705: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8682: 8681: 8677: 8668: 8666: 8657: 8656: 8652: 8643: 8641: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8617: 8615: 8601: 8600: 8593: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8566: 8565: 8558: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8531: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8516:Wayback Machine 8505: 8496: 8486: 8484: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8456: 8454: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8427: 8425: 8416: 8415: 8411: 8401: 8399: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8359: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8333: 8332: 8328: 8318: 8316: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8288: 8286: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8259: 8257: 8250: 8235: 8234: 8230: 8221: 8219: 8212: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8156: 8154: 8147: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8117: 8115: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8086: 8084: 8071: 8070: 8066: 8060:Wayback Machine 8051: 8047: 8037: 8035: 8020: 8019: 8015: 8005: 8003: 8002:on 4 March 2016 7994: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7952:Wayback Machine 7943: 7939: 7929: 7927: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7888: 7887: 7883: 7874: 7872: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7848: 7846: 7833: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7770: 7769: 7760: 7732: 7731: 7727: 7718: 7716: 7707: 7706: 7702: 7693: 7691: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7667: 7665: 7652: 7651: 7647: 7637: 7635: 7622: 7621: 7617: 7607: 7605: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7576: 7574: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7539: 7538: 7534: 7525: 7523: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7494: 7490: 7489: 7485: 7477: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7456: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7412: 7410: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7382: 7380: 7373: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7291:Wayback Machine 7282: 7278: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7238: 7236: 7227: 7226: 7222: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7178: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7156:Wayback Machine 7147: 7143: 7137:Wayback Machine 7128: 7124: 7118:Wayback Machine 7109: 7105: 7099:Wayback Machine 7090: 7086: 7076: 7074: 7067:Financial Times 7059: 7058: 7054: 7045: 7043: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7015: 7013: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6984: 6982: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6932: 6930: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6888: 6887: 6880: 6871: 6869: 6860: 6859: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6839:on 27 July 2019 6827: 6826: 6822: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6785: 6783: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6756: 6754: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6728: 6723:. 28 May 2019. 6715: 6714: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6664: 6662: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6644:ed. N.Stromberg 6642:Wayback Machine 6628: 6624: 6617:Wayback Machine 6606: 6602: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6574: 6572: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6496: 6494: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6414: 6412: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6384: 6382: 6369: 6368: 6364: 6354: 6352: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6309: 6308: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6207: 6200: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6126: 6125: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6010: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5987:10.1.1.465.8736 5975: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5865: 5863: 5850: 5841: 5839: 5826: 5817: 5815: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5539: 5538: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5510: 5509: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5356: 5354: 5345: 5344: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5294: 5285: 5283: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5101:, p. 357, 5092: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5034: 5033: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5003: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4932: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4887:Hawrami Kurdish 4879:Central Kurdish 4871: 4866: 4812:Royal Jordanian 4737: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4706: 4697: 4692: 4590:In April 2016, 4551:Joël Voordewind 4496: 4482: 4480:Human resources 4410:Wayback Machine 4349:Wayback Machine 4288:www.lfu.edu.krd 4252:www.hmu.edu.krd 4196:www.ukh.edu.krd 4158:www.uoz.edu.krd 4085:Internet domain 4062: 4056: 4043: 4033: 4025:Kurds in Turkey 4021: 4014: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3908: 3902: 3869: 3861: 3847: 3822: 3789: 3752: 3719: 3698: 3690: 3682: 3674: 3625: 3614: 3602: 3522:Talisman Energy 3489: 3487: 3481: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3434: 3426: 3424: 3416: 3414: 3406: 3394: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3218: 3182: 3176: 3168:US-led invasion 3154: 3147: 3140: 3134: 3094: 3086:Main articles: 3084: 3052:western jackdaw 2956:plants such as 2936:pistachio trees 2827:Quercus brantii 2810: 2805: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2155: 2112:Iraqi Kurdistan 2080: 2024: 2016:Nouri al-Maliki 1992:Gorran Movement 1927: 1921: 1872: 1796:Mustafa Barzani 1780:Royal Air Force 1760: 1755: 1749: 1624:Iraqi Kurdistan 1575:Iqlīm Kurdistān 1537:هەرێمی کوردستان 1518: 1489: 1488: 1437: 1427: 1426: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1369: 1310:Kurdish culture 1305: 1295: 1294: 1270:Iraqi Kurdistan 1210: 1117:Mir Jafar Dasni 1107: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1053: 1043: 1042: 818: 808: 807: 798: 779: 776:Kurdish culture 772:Kurdish history 770: 769: 768: 761: 757: 736: 662: 661: 660: 654: 642: 641: 640: 634: 622: 612: 596: 584: 583:• Estimate 567: 536: 528:Masrour Barzani 524: 509: 479: 458: 406: 369: 359: 333: 307: 279: 277: 273: 270: 265: 262: 260: 258: 257: 256: 247: 231:15 October 2005 207: 205: 197: 196: 193: 181: 180: 173: 169: 167: 161: 147: 146: 145: 141: 134: 130: 117: 108: 107: 101:Iqlīm Kurdistān 98: 88: 81: 72: 71: 64: 60:هەرێمی کوردستان 53: 46: 43: 32:Iraqi Kurdistan 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8817: 8815: 8807: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8769: 8739: 8714: 8689: 8675: 8650: 8625: 8591: 8556: 8519: 8494: 8463: 8449:. 2017-03-16. 8434: 8409: 8383: 8348: 8326: 8296: 8281:. 7 May 2017. 8266: 8248: 8228: 8210: 8190: 8187:on 2009-04-11. 8163: 8145: 8125: 8093: 8064: 8045: 8013: 7987: 7955: 7937: 7911: 7881: 7856: 7823: 7816: 7790: 7779:(4): 295–309. 7758: 7725: 7700: 7675: 7645: 7615: 7584: 7562: 7532: 7507: 7483: 7454: 7436:. p. 45. 7419: 7390: 7371: 7351: 7332: 7313: 7310:on 2013-01-18. 7295: 7276: 7245: 7220: 7206: 7184: 7181:on 2013-11-09. 7160: 7141: 7122: 7103: 7084: 7052: 7038:. 2012-11-03. 7023: 6992: 6966: 6939: 6914: 6901:(1): 395–404. 6878: 6850: 6820: 6793: 6778:. p. ar. 6763: 6738: 6708: 6672: 6646: 6622: 6600: 6591: 6582: 6571:on 9 July 2013 6556: 6530: 6504: 6478: 6452: 6422: 6392: 6362: 6332: 6302: 6272: 6265: 6247: 6217: 6198: 6175: 6144: 6137: 6112: 6086: 6079: 6053: 6030: 6003: 5996: 5968: 5961: 5935: 5928: 5922:. Osprey Pub. 5910: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5848: 5824: 5791: 5784: 5766: 5760:978-3319899473 5759: 5741: 5722: 5715: 5697: 5682: 5676:978-1788318709 5675: 5657: 5627: 5592: 5557: 5551:978-1315468402 5550: 5529: 5500: 5468: 5454: 5439:(in Kurdish). 5428: 5413:(in Kurdish). 5398: 5380:. p. 29. 5363: 5333: 5292: 5268: 5238: 5206: 5176: 5145: 5113: 5108:978-3447107235 5107: 5085: 5068: 5065:. p. 275. 5053: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4944: 4930: 4914: 4911: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4788:Middle Eastern 4732: 4731: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704:Transportation 4702: 4696: 4695:Infrastructure 4693: 4691: 4688: 4684:Nineveh Plains 4676:disputed areas 4635:reported that 4584:United Nations 4562:Nineveh Plains 4547:Anfal campaign 4495: 4492: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4463: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4403:www.uhd.edu.iq 4400: 4399:(UHD/Qaradax) 4393: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4339: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4321: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4268: 4261: 4260: 4259:(3400) (2018) 4257: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4174: 4167: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4147:19,615 (2017) 4145: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4129:20,000 (2013) 4127: 4124: 4122:www.su.edu.krd 4119: 4112: 4111: 4110:25,900 (2013) 4108: 4105: 4103:univsul.edu.iq 4100: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4055: 4052: 4032: 4029: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4003: 4001: 3992: 3985: 3983: 3977: 3970: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3613: 3610: 3601: 3598: 3480: 3477: 3445:Main article: 3435: 3425: 3415: 3405: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3217: 3214: 3178:Main article: 3175: 3172: 3152:Iraqi conflict 3146: 3136:Main article: 3133: 3132:Disputed areas 3130: 3083: 3080: 3076:pale rockfinch 3017:Eurasian otter 2982:chenopodiaceae 2978:white wormwood 2815:Abies cilicica 2809: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2790: 2789: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2167: 2154: 2151: 2079: 2076: 2068:retook control 2023: 2020: 2004:Kurdistan List 1985:Masoud Barzani 1980:Ansar al-Islam 1975:Saddam Hussein 1923:Main article: 1920: 1917: 1897:Jalal Talabani 1893:Saddam Hussein 1880:Jalal Talabani 1871: 1868: 1843:Algiers Accord 1776:United Kingdom 1768:Mandatory Iraq 1759: 1756: 1751:Main article: 1748: 1745: 1733:Saddam Hussein 1711:United Kingdom 1533:Sorani Kurdish 1520: 1519: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1502: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1484:Zoroastrianism 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1102: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1073: 1061: 1060: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1033:United Kingdom 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 897: 892: 886: 885: 875: 874: 864: 854: 844: 834: 828: 827: 819: 814: 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 799: 794: 793: 790: 789: 781: 780: 760: 750: 749: 744: 738: 737: 735: 734: 728: 726: 720: 719: 716: 712: 711: 708: 702: 701: 698: 694: 693: 683: 677: 676: 671: 667: 666: 657: 647: 646: 637: 627: 626: 623: 620: 617: 616: 613: 610: 607: 606: 603: 589: 588: 585: 582: 579: 578: 572: 571: 568: 565: 562: 561: 557: 556: 551: 547: 546: 543: 542: 540:Qubad Talabani 537: 534: 531: 530: 525: 522:Prime Minister 519: 516: 515: 510: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 487: 481: 480: 478: 477: 474: 468: 466: 460: 459: 457: 456: 454:Zoroastrianism 423: 420: 414: 412: 408: 407: 405: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 373: 370: 367: 361: 360: 358: 357: 352: 347: 341: 339: 335: 334: 332: 331: 328: 322: 315: 313: 309: 308: 306: 305: 300: 294: 292: 288: 287: 237: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 203: 199: 198: 187: 186: 183: 182: 171: 170: 149: 148: 135: 124: 123: 122: 119: 118: 113: 110: 109: 106: 105: 96: 79: 67:Sorani Kurdish 55: 54: 51: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8816: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8743: 8740: 8729:on 2012-09-13 8728: 8724: 8718: 8715: 8704: 8700: 8693: 8690: 8685: 8679: 8676: 8664: 8660: 8654: 8651: 8639: 8635: 8629: 8626: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8576: 8569: 8563: 8561: 8557: 8541: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8467: 8464: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8438: 8435: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8384: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8352: 8349: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8327: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8300: 8297: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8270: 8267: 8255: 8251: 8249:9781904584605 8245: 8241: 8240: 8232: 8229: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8194: 8191: 8183: 8176: 8175: 8167: 8164: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8138: 8137: 8129: 8126: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8097: 8094: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8049: 8046: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8017: 8014: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7988: 7975: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7941: 7938: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7912: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7870: 7866: 7860: 7857: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7819: 7817:9780081008720 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7794: 7791: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7726: 7715:on 2014-12-05 7714: 7710: 7704: 7701: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7676: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7646: 7633: 7629: 7628:The Economist 7625: 7619: 7616: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7585: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7533: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7508: 7500: 7493: 7487: 7484: 7476: 7469: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7439: 7432: 7431: 7423: 7420: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7391: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7355: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7336: 7333: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7285: 7280: 7277: 7266:on 2013-11-09 7262: 7255: 7249: 7246: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7185: 7177: 7170: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7088: 7085: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7056: 7053: 7041: 7037: 7036:The Economist 7033: 7027: 7024: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6993: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6967: 6962: 6958: 6955:(4): 66–76 . 6954: 6950: 6943: 6940: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6915: 6909: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6821: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6794: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6764: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6676: 6673: 6661:on 9 May 2010 6660: 6656: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6633:Corvus cornix 6631:Hooded Crow: 6626: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6604: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6586: 6583: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6479: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6423: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6268: 6266:9780815393337 6262: 6258: 6251: 6248: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6179: 6176: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6145: 6140: 6138:9781137034076 6134: 6130: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6057: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6034: 6031: 6018: 6014: 6007: 6004: 5999: 5997:0-415-30278-1 5993: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5969: 5964: 5962:9781850434160 5958: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5939: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5911: 5895: 5888: 5887: 5879: 5876: 5861: 5858:(in Arabic). 5857: 5853: 5849: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5787: 5785:9781351188814 5781: 5777: 5770: 5767: 5762: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5742: 5738:. p. 12. 5737: 5733: 5726: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5658: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5593: 5577: 5570: 5569: 5561: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5517: 5513: 5507: 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July 2015. 5123: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5086: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5054: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4945: 4942: 4931: 4928: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4881:(Sorani) and 4880: 4876: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4844:Iraqi Airways 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4726: 4715: 4703: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4513: 4512:Robert Halfon 4508: 4504: 4501: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4479: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4435:13000 (2013) 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4373: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4356:1,700 (2012) 4355: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4295:2,600 (2022) 4294: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4277: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4258: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4240: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4222:1100 (2014) 4221: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4202: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4183: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4165:2,600 (2011) 4164: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4048:Islamic State 4042: 4038: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4018: 4013: 4007: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3899: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3694: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3619: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3514:TotalEnergies 3511: 3505: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3485: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3432: 3422: 3412: 3404: 3402: 3391: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3222: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3194:United States 3191: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3153: 3144: 3139: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3072:masked shrike 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3021:striped hyena 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 3001:golden jackal 2998: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2945:Sorbus graeca 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2911:Populus nigra 2907: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2893:Olea europaea 2889: 2888: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2807: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2152: 2150: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2102:in the east, 2101: 2098:. It borders 2097: 2089: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1956:United States 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1888:Iran–Iraq War 1885: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1754: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707:United States 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668:Islamic State 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1570: 1564:إقليم كردستان 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1106: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1038:United States 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1003: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 913: 909: 905: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 884: 883: 882: 877: 876: 872: 868: 865: 862: 858: 855: 852: 848: 845: 842: 838: 835: 833: 830: 829: 826: 825: 821: 820: 817: 812: 811: 804: 803:List of Kurds 801: 800: 797: 792: 791: 787: 783: 782: 777: 773: 765: 755: 748: 745: 743: 739: 733: 730: 729: 727: 725: 724:ISO 3166 code 717: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 684: 682: 675: 672: 668: 658: 652: 648: 638: 632: 628: 624: 614: 604: 600: 594: 586: 577: 569: 555: 552: 548: 544: 541: 538: 529: 526: 523: 514: 511: 508: 495: 491: 490:Parliamentary 488: 486: 482: 475: 473: 470: 469: 467: 465: 461: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 424: 421: 419: 418:Secular state 416: 415: 413: 409: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 371: 366: 362: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 342: 340: 336: 329: 326: 323: 321: 317: 316: 314: 310: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 293: 289: 284: 254: 250: 245: 241: 238: 234: 230: 222: 215: 204: 200: 191: 166: 165: 154: 144: 139: 133: 128: 116: 111: 102: 97: 92: 84:إقليم كردستان 80: 76: 68: 57: 56: 49: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8760:. 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Retrieved 4987: 4872: 4860: 4777: 4773:Faysh Khabur 4769:Sulaymaniyah 4738: 4698: 4673: 4669: 4657: 4631: 4616: 4608:Nahla Valley 4589: 4582: 4570: 4555: 4516: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4494:Human rights 4483: 4454:2800 (2021) 4374:2200 (2011) 4184:4260 (2014) 4075: 4063: 4044: 4022: 3960: 3956:Sulaymaniyah 3946: 3934:Christianity 3931: 3909: 3879: 3617: 3603: 3600:Demographics 3589: 3550: 3546:Marathon Oil 3534:Genel Energy 3506: 3498: 3493: 3482: 3457:oil industry 3454: 3450: 3398: 3372: 3304:Sulaymaniyah 3260:Governorate 3244:Sulaymaniyah 3227: 3210:14 countries 3183: 3164: 3160:governorates 3157: 3125: 3117: 3095: 3041: 2986: 2943: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2899:Ficus carica 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2863:Pinus brutia 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2808:Biodiversity 2798: 2794: 2785: 2781: 2163: 2156: 2148: 2136: 2093: 2025: 1989: 1968: 1961: 1928: 1901: 1873: 1820: 1812:Soviet Union 1761: 1692: 1670:began their 1578:) is a semi- 1528: 1524: 1523: 1454:Christianity 1325:Celebrations 1273: 1207: 1206: 1142:Hasanwayhids 1104: 1103: 1063: 1062: 1018:Turkmenistan 879: 878: 823: 822: 742:Internet TLD 715:Calling code 706:Driving side 615:$ 66 billion 611:• Total 566:• Total 430:Christianity 252: 243: 168:"Oh, enemy!" 162: 152: 143:Coat of arms 8661:. UPI.com. 7608:28 December 7577:28 December 7447:12 November 7403:www.krg.org 7383:16 December 6833:dfr.gov.krd 6315:Kurdistan24 5832:Kurdistan24 5447:24 December 5421:24 December 5313:aiti.org.ir 5189:Kurdistan24 4955:Asia portal 4941:Iraq portal 4836:Fly Baghdad 4602:to prevent 4473:271 (2022) 4466:cue.edu.krd 4203:400 (2006) 4088:Established 4019:Immigration 3927:Feyli Kurds 3421:Agriculture 3060:hooded crow 2928:cherry plum 2786:My Forecast 1940:technocracy 1933:politician 1764:Iraqi Kurds 1703:Arabization 1695:Iraqi Kurds 1582:within the 1162:Hazaraspids 978:Netherlands 697:Date format 674:Iraqi dinar 550:Legislature 278: / 223:19 May 1992 8778:Categories 8733:2010-12-28 8708:2024-02-25 8703:flynas.com 8669:2010-12-28 8644:2014-05-04 8457:2017-03-23 8428:2017-02-28 8377:2020-10-27 8319:27 October 8289:27 October 8260:2015-10-12 8222:2015-10-12 8157:2015-10-12 8087:2016-01-25 7875:2011-02-21 7745:(2): 333. 7719:2014-11-27 7694:2017-11-16 7555:6 February 7526:2021-08-02 7413:2012-11-19 7270:2012-12-31 7239:2011-05-13 7217:. 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CIA.gov. 5357:2024-02-23 5286:2023-09-01 5007:References 4973:Lake Felaw 4749:Diyarbakir 4447:knu.edu.iq 4140:www.uod.ac 4058:See also: 4035:See also: 3918:school of 3893:1,274,290 3263:Population 3103:and has a 3098:democratic 2958:palm trees 2887:Salix alba 2793:Source 2: 2780:Source 1: 1952:Chamchamal 1935:Fuad Masum 1863:Iraqi flag 1731:overthrew 1646:) and the 1355:Literature 1132:Shaddadids 968:Kazakhstan 908:Azerbaijan 816:Population 700:dd/mm/yyyy 576:Population 485:Government 476:Kurdistani 464:Demonym(s) 266:44°37′47″E 263:36°04′59″N 253:proclaimed 8799:Kurdistan 8107:Ekurd.net 8027:Ekurd.net 7969:Ekurd.net 7598:jpost.com 7545:rudaw.net 7111:Bloomberg 7077:31 August 7016:31 August 6985:31 August 6843:31 August 6786:31 August 6731:31 August 6497:13 August 6355:31 August 6325:31 August 6295:31 August 6240:31 August 6210:31 August 6168:31 August 6105:31 August 6023:31 August 5982:CiteSeerX 5650:28 August 5620:31 August 5585:31 August 5522:31 August 5493:31 August 5391:30 August 5326:30 August 5231:31 August 5199:31 August 5169:31 August 5046:30 August 4869:Languages 4856:Fly Dubai 4840:Atlas Jet 4804:Lufthansa 4604:Assyrians 4535:Mandaeans 4531:Armenians 4519:Assyrians 4091:Students 4082:Institute 4054:Education 3963:Mandaeans 3942:Armenians 3938:Assyrians 3779:Armenians 3775:Assyrians 3569:limestone 3530:MOL Group 3379:6,584,335 3338:1,292,535 3315:2,250,000 3292:2,932,800 2997:gray wolf 2993:wild boar 2966:date palm 2932:rose hips 2116:Kurdistan 2088:Great Zab 2078:Geography 2064:Mosul Dam 2036:Peshmerga 1800:Kurdistan 1770:with the 1680:Peshmerga 1569:romanized 1474:Yazdânism 1469:Yarsanism 1464:Shabakism 1378:Languages 1157:Hadhabani 1152:Marwanids 1122:Aishanids 1112:Shahrizor 1082:Zabdicene 988:Palestine 832:Kurdistan 681:Time zone 507:President 446:Yarsanism 442:Mandaeism 411:Religion 402:Armenians 387:Chaldeans 382:Assyrians 318:Kurdish ( 158:ئەی ڕەقیب 36:Kurdistan 8756:Archived 8697:flynas. 8663:Archived 8638:Archived 8618:June 27, 8584:June 27, 8575:Archived 8549:June 27, 8540:Archived 8512:Archived 8487:July 15, 8481:Archived 8451:Archived 8422:Archived 8402:23 April 8396:Archived 8368:Archived 8343:Archived 8313:Archived 8283:Archived 8254:Archived 8216:Archived 8151:Archived 8112:Archived 8081:Archived 8056:Archived 8032:Archived 8006:26 March 7974:Archived 7948:Archived 7924:Archived 7898:Archived 7869:Archived 7843:Archived 7688:Archived 7662:Archived 7632:Archived 7602:Archived 7549:Archived 7520:Archived 7438:Archived 7407:Archived 7377:Archived 7287:Archived 7233:Archived 7152:Archived 7133:Archived 7114:Archived 7095:Archived 7071:Archived 7040:Archived 7010:Archived 6927:Archived 6866:Archived 6780:Archived 6751:Archived 6725:Archived 6692:Archived 6665:7 August 6638:Archived 6613:Archived 6491:Archived 6471:2 August 6439:Archived 6409:Archived 6379:Archived 6349:Archived 6319:Archived 6289:Archived 6285:Stratfor 6234:Archived 6204:Archived 6162:Archived 6099:Archived 6017:Archived 5903:2 August 5894:Archived 5860:Archived 5836:Archived 5812:Archived 5644:Archived 5640:BBC News 5614:Archived 5576:Archived 5516:Archived 5484:Archived 5482:. 2005. 5441:Archived 5415:Archived 5382:Archived 5317:Archived 5255:Archived 5222:Archived 5193:Archived 5163:Archived 5159:Refworld 5129:Archived 5040:Archived 4913:See also 4903:Armenian 4899:Assyrian 4848:Wizz Air 4828:Egyptair 4820:Gulf Air 4816:Emirates 4792:European 4763:and the 4753:Istanbul 4682:and the 4498:In 2010 4406:Archived 4345:Archived 4031:Refugees 3900:Religion 3890:714,430 3887:785,468 3884:737,026 3742:Turkmens 3538:Hunt Oil 3403:, 2013) 3074:and the 3035:and the 2970:fraxinus 2732:Average 2339:(100.2) 2334:(107.4) 2329:(107.6) 2324:(100.6) 2044:Khanaqin 1971:Iraq war 1948:Shaqlawa 1724:de facto 1636:Gulf War 1479:Yazidism 1435:Religion 1397:Kurmanji 1350:Folklore 1345:Language 1315:Clothing 1167:Ayyubids 1147:Annazids 1137:Rawadids 1105:Medieval 1099:Kayusids 1087:Cyrtians 1077:Corduene 1002:Chechnya 993:Pakistan 900:Caucasia 881:Diaspora 824:Homeland 764:a series 762:Part of 670:Currency 450:Yazidism 397:Turkmens 350:Assyrian 345:Armenian 325:Kurmanji 244:de facto 164:Ey Reqîb 8762:31 July 8636:. 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