Irena Sendler - Knowledge

659:, on 1 September 1939, the German occupation authorities ordered Jews removed from the staff of the municipal Social Welfare Department where Sendler worked and barred the department from providing any assistance to Warsaw's Jewish citizens. Sendler with her colleagues and activists from the department's PPS cell became involved in helping the wounded and sick Polish soldiers. On Sendler's initiative the cell began generating false medical documents, needed by the soldiers and poor families to obtain aid. Her PPS comrades unaware, Sendler extended such assistance also to her Jewish charges, who were now officially served only by the Jewish community institutions. With Jadwiga Piotrowska, Jadwiga Sałek-Deneko and Irena Schultz, Sendler also created other false references and pursued ingenious schemes in order to help Jewish families and children excluded from their department's social welfare protection. 1426: 1414: 648: 1466: 1399: 1438: 712: 1387: 246: 1454: 1230: 849:, in Boduen Home charity facilities for children, and other orphanages (75%). A nun convent offered the best opportunity for a Jewish child to survive and be taken care of. To accomplish the transfers and placement of children, Sendler worked closely with other volunteers. The children were often given Christian names and taught Christian prayers in case they were tested. Sendler wanted to preserve the children's Jewish identities, so she kept careful documentation listing their Christian names, given names, and current locations. 1083: 1371: 860: 674:, a disease the Germans feared would spread beyond the ghetto. Under the pretext of conducting sanitary inspections, they brought medications and cleanliness items and sneaked clothing, food, and other necessities into the ghetto. For Sendler, one initial motivation for the expanding ghetto aid operation were her friends, acquaintances and former colleagues who ended up on the Jewish side of the wall, beginning with Adam Celnikier (he managed to leave the ghetto at the time of 516: 700:(PPR). Sendler was known there by her conspiratorial pseudonym Klara and among her duties were searching for places to stay, issuing fake documents and being a liaison, guiding activists to clandestine meetings. In the RPPS there were Poles she knew, involved in saving Jews, as well as Jews that she had helped. Sendler participated in the secret life of the ghetto. She described a commemoration event there, on the anniversary of the 871:. As they ransacked her house, Sendler tossed the lists of children to her friend Janina Grabowska, who hid the list in her loose clothing. Should the Gestapo access this information, all children would be compromised, but Grabowska was never searched. The Gestapo took Sendler to their headquarters and beat her brutally. Despite this, she refused to betray any of her comrades or the children they rescued. She was placed in the 4316: 44: 479:, but she managed to hide the list of the names and locations of the rescued Jewish children, preventing this information from falling into the hands of the Gestapo. Withstanding torture and imprisonment, Sendler never revealed anything about her work or the location of the saved children. She was sentenced to death but narrowly escaped on the day of her scheduled execution, after 736:

saved numerous Jewish children, during the Great Action people from the Welfare Department operated individually (had no organization or leader). Other accounts suggest that women from that group concentrated on making arrangements for Jews who had already left the ghetto, and that Sendler in particular took care of adults and adolescents.

1562:, but no such list has ever materialized and Berman never mentioned its existence. For the first time she talked about the list and the 2,500 saved children (and adults) in 1979; back then, however, she did not suggest that she was personally responsible for their survival and named twenty-four people also involved in their rescue. 678:). Sendler and other social workers would eventually help the Jews who escaped or arrange for smuggling out babies and small children from the ghetto using various means available. Transferring Jews out of the ghetto and facilitating their survival elsewhere became an urgent priority in the summer of 1942, at the time of the 856:, Sendler was the inspiration and the prime mover for the whole network that saved Jewish children. She and her co-workers buried lists of the hidden children in jars in order to keep track of their original and new identities. The aim was to return the children to their original families, if still alive after the war. 1043:

at the expense of her own offspring, who were raised by a housekeeper. Around 1956, Sendler asked Teresa Körner, whom she had helped during the war and who was now in Israel, to assist her with immigration to Israel with children, who were Jewish and not safe in Poland. Körner discouraged Sendler's move.

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In 2010 a memorial plaque commemorating Sendler was added to the wall of 2 Pawińskiego Street in Warsaw – a building in which she worked from 1932 to 1935. In 2015 she was honoured with another memorial plaque at 6 Ludwiki Street, where she lived from the 1930s to 1943. Several schools in Poland

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prison, where she was subjected to further interrogations and beatings, and from there on 13 November taken to another location, to be executed by firing squad. According to biographer Anna Mieszkowska and Sendler, these events took place on 20 January. Her life was saved, however, because the German

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institutions, but a larger-scale action was prevented by the lack of funds. Initial funds for transfer and maintenance of ghetto children were provided by members of the Jewish community, still in existence, in cooperation with women from the Welfare Department. Sendler and others, in accordance with

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Actual events tend to be difficult to reconstruct because later, purposely or inadvertently, for different audiences and at different times, Sendler told different stories with aspects that were mutually incompatible or contrary to known facts. For example, in 1998 Sendler claimed that the communist

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Sendler's husband, Stefan Zgrzembski, never shared her enthusiasm for the post-1945 reality. Their marriage kept deteriorating. According to Janina Zgrzembska, their daughter, neither parent paid much attention to the two children. Sendler was entirely consumed by her social work passion and career,

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period and beyond, including the jobs of department director in the Ministry of Education from 1953 and of department director in the Ministry of Health in 1958–1962. Especially prior to 1950, Sendler was heavily involved in Central Committee work and party activism, which included implementation of

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The Jewish ghetto was a functioning community and to many Jews seemed the safest available place for themselves and their children. In addition, survival on the outside was plausible only for people with access to financial resources. This calculation lost its validity in July 1942, when the Germans

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camp until 1945; they divorced in 1947. She then married Stefan Zgrzembski (born Adam Celnikier), a Jewish friend and wartime companion, by whom she had three children, Janina, Andrzej (who died in infancy), and Adam (who died of heart failure in 1999). In 1957 Zgrzembski left the family; he died in

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system practiced in the 1930s at many Polish institutions of higher learning (from 1937 at the University of Warsaw) and defaced the "non-Jewish" identification on her grade card. She reported having suffered from academic disciplinary measures because of her activities and reputation as a communist

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chief Julian Grobelny; she used her contacts and a teenage daughter to transfer the bribe money. On 30 November, Warsaw's mayor Julian Kulski asked the German authorities for permission to re-employ Sendler in the Welfare Department with back-pay for the period of her imprisonment. Permission was

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From 1962, Sendler worked as deputy director in several Warsaw trade medical schools. At every stage of her career, she worked long hours and was intensely involved in various social work programs, such as helping teenage prostitutes in the ruins of post-war Warsaw recover and return to society,

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During the Great Action, Sendler kept entering or trying to enter the ghetto. She made desperate attempts to save her friends, but among her former Welfare Department associates unable or unwilling to leave the ghetto were Ewa Rechtman and Ala Gołąb-Grynberg. According to Jadwiga Piotrowska, who

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Sendler belonged to a group of social workers led by Professor Helena Radlińska; a dozen or more women from that circle would later engage in rescuing Jews. From her social work on-site interviews Sendler recalled many cases of extreme poverty that she encountered among the Jewish population of

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established there, and then helped Maria Palester to reorganize the hospital as the Warsaw's Children Home. Sendler also resumed other social work activities and quickly advanced within the new structures, in December 1945 becoming head of the Department of Social Welfare in Warsaw's municipal

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and their mothers. She worked mostly in the field, crisscrossing Warsaw's impoverished neighborhoods, and her clients were helpless, socially disadvantaged women. In 1935, the government abolished the section. Many of its members became employees of the City of Warsaw, including Sendler in the

892:, Sendler worked as a nurse in a field hospital, where a number of Jews were hidden among other patients. She was wounded by a German deserter she encountered while searching for food. She continued to work as a nurse until the Germans left Warsaw, retreating before the advancing 1051:. From the fall of 1967, she continued working at the same school as a teacher, manager of teacher workshops and librarian, until her 1983 retirement. According to Sendler, in 1967 her daughter Janina was removed from the already published list of students admitted to the 732:

their mission, wanted to help the neediest children (such as orphans) first. Turkow, who contacted Wanda Wyrobek and Sendler to take out of the ghetto and arrange care for his daughter Margarita, wanted to prioritize children of the most "deserving" (accomplished) people.

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stated in January 1947 that Sendler saved at least several dozen Jewish children. Later in her life, Sendler repeatedly claimed that she had saved 2,500 Jewish children. When Michał Głowiński, who as a child survived the war with Sendler's help, was working on his book

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operation, adding that 15 more perished during the war. In regard to the action of saving Jewish children, according to a 1975 opinion written by Sendler's former Welfare Department co-workers, she was the most active and organizationally gifted of participants.

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In the spring of 1967, suffering from a variety of health problems, including a heart condition and anxiety disorder, Sendler applied for a disability pension. She was dismissed from the school's vice-principal position in May 1967, shortly before the

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Sendler was employed in a legal counseling and social help clinic, the Section for Mother and Child Assistance at the Citizen Committee for Helping the Unemployed. She published two pieces in 1934, both concerned with the situation of children born

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worked on producing documents and finding longer-term locations for them. Many Jewish children went through the homes of Izabella Kuczkowska, Zofia Wędrychowska, and other social workers. Helena Rybak and Jadwiga Koszutska were activists from the

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organizing a number of orphanages and care centers for children, families and the elderly, or a center for prostitutes in Henryków. She was known for her effectiveness and displayed a sharp edge when confronted with obstruction or indifference.

1425: 542:. She initially grew up in Otwock, a town about 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Warsaw, where there was a Jewish community. Her father, a humanitarian who treated the very poor, including Jews, free of charge, died in February 1917 from 1000:, who asserted before his death in 2015 that Sendler was not persecuted in communist Poland. Her continuing employment in high-level state positions also speaks against the possibility that she was a subject of serious investigation. 980:

social rules and propagation of ideas dictated by the Stalinist doctrine, and policy enforcement; by engaging in such pursuits, she abandoned some of her previously held views and lost some important acquaintances. After the

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guards escorting her were bribed, and she was released on the way to the execution. Sendler was freed due to the efforts of Maria Palester, a fellow Welfare Department activist, who obtained the necessary funds from

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Sendler never told her children of the Jewish origin of their father; Janina Zgrzembska found out as an adult. It wouldn't make any difference, she said: the way they were brought up, race or origin didn't matter.

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or had gone missing. Berman and Sendler both felt that the Jewish children should be reunited with "their nation", but argued vehemently about specific aims and methods; most children were taken out of Poland.

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Over the years, among Sendler's social and formal functions were a membership in Warsaw City Council, chairmanships of the Commission for Widows and Orphans and of the Health Commission there, activity in the

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and saved hundreds of Jewish children, placing them in orphanages, convents and other places". The number of Jewish children saved through Sendler's efforts is not known. The Social Welfare Department of the

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she had been receiving during that period. Anna Bikont found those claims to be false. The passport was refused in 1981, after the first such invitation, because of the lack of diplomatic relations with

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contracted from his patients. After his death, the Jewish community offered financial help for the widow and her daughter, though Janina Krzyżanowska declined their assistance. Afterwards she lived in

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granted on 14 April 1944, but Sendler found it prudent to remain in hiding, as Klara Dąbrowska, a nurse. Already in mid-December 1943, she resumed her duties as manager of the children's section of

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in 1963. Materials dealing with her activities during the war were published, but Sendler became a well-known public personality only after being "rediscovered" by the group from an American

1506: 1195: 456:, primarily as part of the network of workers and volunteers from that department, mostly women. Sendler participated, with dozens of others, in smuggling Jewish children out of the 3747: 1356: 780:. Regular payments, however insufficient for the needs, enhanced their ability to assist the hiding Jews. In 1963, Sendler specifically listed 29 people she worked with within the 670:

sealed the area in November 1940. As employees of the Social Welfare Department, Sendler and Schultz gained access to special permits for entering the ghetto to check for signs of

452:. From 1935 to October 1943, she worked for the Department of Social Welfare and Public Health of the City of Warsaw. During the war she pursued conspiratorial activities, such as 374: 3135: 2481: 4653: 3582: 1370: 4663: 1863: 917: 3416: 3113: 4573: 4545: 3844: 3074: 318: 284: 2346: 1558:, he felt obliged to comply because "one cannot refuse Sendler". Sendler often spoke of the list of 2,500 children she produced, kept in two bottles and gave to 4593: 4578: 4003: 590:(PPS). She was repeatedly refused employment in the Warsaw school system because of negative recommendations issued by the university, which ascribed radically 348: 323: 313: 647: 4609: 4558: 4553: 3116:[To była matka całego świata – córka Ireny Sendler opowiedziała nam o swojej mamie] (in Polish). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 1491: 1333:. A version adapted to be read by children was created by Mary Cronk Farell. The young reader's edition was named as a notable book for older readers by the 453: 338: 298: 293: 4658: 4588: 2892: 1198:), awarded to Polish and American teachers. The Life in a Jar Foundation is a foundation dedicated to promoting the attitude and message of Irena Sendler. 343: 4583: 4568: 4253: 1444: 1272: 417: 332: 308: 3794: 1906: 1386: 2205: 723:

proceeded with the liquidation of the ghetto in Warsaw, to be followed by the extermination of its residents. Sendler and her associates—as related by

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Mordecai Paldiel "Churches and the Holocaust: unholy teaching, good samaritans, and reconciliation" pp. 209–10, KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 2006,

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from January 1943, Sendler functioned as a coordinator of the Welfare Department network. They distributed money grants that became available from

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in Warsaw in 1965, together with Irena Schultz. In 1983 she traveled to Israel, invited by Yad Vashem Institute for the tree-planting ceremony.

4271: 4149: 4139: 4129: 4115: 3467: 2770: 2545: 2112: 1142: 975:'s Social-Vocational Department. From then she continuously held a succession of high-level party and administrative posts during the entire 2965: 2454: 1256:), featuring the last interviews Sendler gave before her death. The film made its national U.S. broadcast premiere through KQED Presents on 824:(RGO). Dargiel, overwhelmed by her RGO duties, resigned in September and proposed Sendler to be her replacement. Sendler, then known by her 686: 425: 4698: 1191: 985: 360: 1453: 928:

Sendler and her co-workers gathered all of the records with the names and locations of the hidden Jewish children and gave them to their

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Anna Mieszkowska, IRENA SENDLER Mother of the Holocaust Children Publisher: Praeger; Tra edition (18 November 2010) Language: English

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presented Sendler, Conard, and the students who produced the play with its annual award "for contributions made to saving the world" (

1095: 328: 4177: 4163: 3020: 2685: 2491: 2464: 2410: 2383: 2356: 2329: 2302: 1844: 1705: 1624: 1162: 792:, a network of emergency shelters was created by Sendler's group: private residencies where Jews could be temporarily housed, while 745: 711: 499: 490:, Sendler continued her social activism but also pursued a government career. In 1965, she was recognised by the State of Israel as 1619:

Mordecai Paldiel, The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust, Ktav Publishing House (January 1993),

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but in the spirit of the Polish leftist tradition; it included artistic performances by children. While in the ghetto, she wore a

3714: 1765: 1546: 1351:('Sendler: In Hiding'), a biography and book about the people and events related to Sendler's wartime activities, was written by 937: 921:

government. She ran her department according to concepts, radical at the time, that she had learned from Helena Radlińska at the

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In 2016, a permanent exhibit was established to honor Sendler's life at the Lowell Milken Center for Unsung Heroes museum, in

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was punishable by death, not just for the person who was providing the help but also for their entire family or household.

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The German occupiers suspected Sendler's involvement in the Polish Underground and in October 1943 she was arrested by the

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movement. She lived in Warsaw for the remainder of her life. She died on 12 May 2008, aged 98, and is buried in Warsaw's

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In 1991, Sendler was made an honorary citizen of Israel. On 12 June 1996, she was awarded the Commander's Cross of the

997: 531: 218: 4375: 4262: 1533: 1028: 996:. She attributed the premature birth of her son Andrzej, who did not survive, to such persecution. Anna Bikont quoted 491: 235: 4010: 2456:

Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947

1120:, led by their teacher Norman Conard, produced a play based on their research into her life story, which they called 1004: 833:

Permanently, Jewish children were placed by Sendler's network with Polish families (25%), in Warsaw orphanage of the

3740:"PBS National Premiere of IRENA SENDLER In the Name of Their Mothers on May 1st, National Holocaust Remembrance Day" 2483:

Code Name Żegota: Rescuing Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942-1945 : the Most Dangerous Conspiracy in Wartime Europe

245: 4703: 4683: 1213:; at that time, she was the oldest recipient of the award. In 2007 she became an honorary citizen of the cities of 1106: 1016: 993: 769: 3895: 1584:, and the decision was reversed in 1983. Previously Sendler also had a passport: on several occasions she went to 4605: 4415: 4239: 1288:

has been cast to play Sendler in a historic thriller written by Justine Juel Gillmer and produced by Pilot Wave.

675: 606: 461: 3690:"Executive Director of NJ Commission on Holocaust Education to Bestow Honorary Award to CSE Professor, April 19" 2294:

Your Life is Worth Mine: How Polish Nuns Saved Hundreds of Jewish Children in German-occupied Poland, 1939-1945

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in the late 1990s, Sendler insisted that he write about the 2,500 children she saved. As Głowiński later told

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Every child saved with my help is the justification of my existence on this Earth, and not a title to glory.

416:(15 February 1910 – 12 May 2008), was a Polish humanitarian, social worker, and nurse who served in the 4315: 1486: 1472: 1260:

in May 2011 in honor of Holocaust Remembrance Day and went on to receive several awards, including the 2012

1229: 1008: 971:, in 1947 Sendler advanced to the party executive by becoming a member of the Social Welfare Section at the 821: 619: 551: 520: 495: 3986: 2231: 651:

Announcement of death penalty for Jews found outside the ghetto and for Poles helping Jews in any way, 1941

4693: 4678: 3504: 1834: 1206: 1082: 922: 789: 693: 598: 587: 449: 4209: 4525: 3086: 3053: 2253: 1501: 749: 3530: 1985: 1635: 744:(the Council to Aid Jews) was an underground organization that originated on 27 September 1942 as the 4633: 4628: 4475: 4420: 4345: 1052: 639:

1961 and Irena remarried her first husband, Mieczysław Sendler. Ten years later they divorced again.

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and in the managing councils of the Society of Friends of Children and the Society for Lay Schools.

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sent Sendler a personal letter praising her wartime efforts. On 10 November 2003, she received the

1071: 981: 957: 515: 487: 3921: 3770:"SF-Krakow Sister Cities Association – Irena Sendler Documentary Film Wins 2012 Gracie Award" 2891:('Bikont: The Jews were diligently excluded from Polish society at every step'). 2 February 2018. 1237:

In April 2009 Sendler was posthumously granted the Humanitarian of the Year award from The Sister

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Around four hundred thousand Jews were crowded into a small portion of the city designated as the

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This work was done at huge risk, as—since October 1941—giving any kind of assistance to Jews in

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thesis, but had not taken the final exams. Sendler joined the Union of Polish Democratic Youth (

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authorities kept refusing to issue her passport for twenty years, despite the invitations from

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and shelter with willing Polish families or in orphanages and other care facilities, including

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and abroad, and it significantly contributed to publicizing Sendler's story. In March 2002,

1055:, but Janina reported that she had simply failed to satisfy the admission requirements. The 1020: 853: 846: 3482: 3342: 3308: 4535: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4450: 4435: 4330: 4199: 3671: 3385: 3099: 3066: 1994: 1540:, who stated for a Polish language periodical in Israel: "This noble woman ... worked for 1326: 889: 757: 635: 579: 465: 119: 81: 3638: 448:

In the 1930s, Sendler conducted her social work as one of the activists connected to the

3234: 3045: 752:, a resistance fighter and writer. By that time, most Polish Jews were no longer alive. 4515: 4385: 1242: 838: 571: 566: 85: 3555: 1989:(The Sendler list – newspaper report from 2001) at DzieciHolocaustu.org.pl. See also: 1773: 43: 4622: 4470: 4365: 4295: 4285: 3211: 1296: 1125: 1113: 826: 716: 705: 663: 469: 457: 409: 265: 255: 3875:"Lowell Milken Center for Unsung Heroes - Freedom's Frontier National Heritage Area" 3283: 841:, Roman Catholic convents such as the Sister Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary in 4530: 4490: 4455: 4380: 4370: 4335: 4134:

Richard Lukas, Forgotten Survivors: Polish Christians Remember the Nazi Occupation

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set up its children's section, directed by Aleksandra Dargiel, a manager in the

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20th and 21st-century Polish activist and resistance fighter against the Nazis

4190: 3769: 3664: 3431:"List Papieża do Ireny Sendler [Letter of the Pope to Irena Sendler]" 3114:"She was a mother to the whole world – daughter of Irena Sendler speaks" 2714: 4410: 1285: 989: 984:, however, Sendler claimed having been brutally interrogated in 1949 by the 976: 4215: 1339:

Jars of Hope: How One Woman Helped Save 2,500 Children During the Holocaust

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The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust

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Bikont: Na każdym kroku pilnie wykluczano Żydów z polskiej społeczności

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Around this time American filmmaker Mary Skinner filmed a documentary,

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The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath

1585: 1581: 1292: 1214: 1032: 913: 872: 671: 543: 539: 527: 428: 103: 77: 3046:"The Story of Irena Sendler (February 15, 1910 — May 12, 2008)" 1870:(in Polish). Zespół Szkół TAK im. Ireny Sendlerowej. Archived from 1302:

In 2021 a statue of her in Newark, Nottinghamshire, was announced.

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Sendler became associated with social and educational units of the

1228: 1124:. The play was a surprising success, staged over 200 times in the 1081: 858: 710: 646: 605:), where she met and was influenced by activists from the illegal 514: 1241:

Endowment, and in May 2009, Sendler was posthumously granted the

3021:"Irena Sendler, who saved 2,500 Jews from Holocaust, dies at 98" 1007:, Sendler received at least six decorations, including the Gold 940:. Almost all of the children's parents had been murdered at the 692:

Sendler joined the Polish Socialists, a left-wing branch of the

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A memorial plaque on the wall of 2 Pawińskiego Street in Warsaw

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to visit her son, who was receiving medical treatment there.

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In 2010, Polish historian Anna Mieszkowska wrote a biography

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Zegota: The Council to Aid Jews in Occupied Poland 1942–1945

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pl:Nagroda imienia Ireny Sendlerowej "Za naprawianie świata"

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Sendler with some people she saved as children, Warsaw, 2005

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in January 1947 and remained a member of its successor, the

845:(sisters Aniela Polechajłło and Antonina Manaszczuk) or the 494:. Among the many decorations Sendler received were the Gold 4110:('Sendler: In Hiding'), Wydawnictwo Czarne, Wołowiec 2017, 2426:

Deák, István; Gross, Jan T.; Judt, Tony (6 November 2009).

3497:"The Association of "Children of the Holocaust" in Poland" 2883: 2881: 2252:

Monika Scislowska, Associated Press Writer (12 May 2008).

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Individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust

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Snopes discussion of an email regarding the Nobel Prize

3940:"Newark statue for WW2 Polish woman who saved hundreds" 3399:"The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler (TV Movie 2009)" 3212:"Irena Stanisława Sendler (1910–2008) – dzieje.pl" 3077:. European Jewish Congress. 2 June 2008. Archived from 2402:

Gender in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe and the USSR

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I'm no hero, says woman who saved 2,500 ghetto children

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Irena Sendler's tree on the Avenue of the Righteous at

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Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta

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Irena Sendler: Mother of the Children of the Holocaust

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Irena Sendler: Mother of the Children of the Holocaust

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in 2000 (at the age of ninety). She was recognized by

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From 1927, Sendler studied law for two years and then

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granted to her in 1946 for the saving of Jews and the

4212: – Righteous Among the Nations – Yad Vashem 3002: 3000: 2152: 2150: 586:) in 1928; during the war she became a member of the 3795:"Odsłonięto tablicę upamiętniającą Irenę Sendlerową" 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1652:

Baczynska, Gabriela (12 May 2008). Jon Boyle (ed.).

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Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

4544: 4323: 4278: 626:Sendler married Mieczysław Sendler in 1931. He was 214: 206: 126: 111: 92: 59: 34: 1355:and published in 2017. The book received the 2018 830:Jolanta, took over the section from October 1943. 4124:, The Lyons Press; 1st edition (13 August 2008), 4009:. Association of Jewish Libraries. Archived from 3556:"Polscy Sprawiedliwi – Przywracanie Pamięci" 2968:(in Polish). PortalWiedzy.onet.pl. Archived from 2966:"Sendler Irena – WIEM, darmowa encyklopedia" 2536: 2534: 1766:"Polscy Sprawiedliwi – Przywracanie Pamięci" 1654:"Sendler, savior of Warsaw Ghetto children, dies" 1532:Sendler was one of the first Poles recognized as 1264:for outstanding public television documentaries. 3290:. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) 3134:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1357:Ryszard Kapuściński Award for Literary Reportage 867:On 18 October 1943, Sendler was arrested by the 708:as a sign of solidarity with the Jewish people. 623:Department of Social Welfare and Public Health. 3550: 3548: 3322:"Krzyz Komandorski Orderu Odrodzenia Polski..." 3081:on 26 August 2017 – via Internet Archive. 1140:award). The play was adapted for television as 1112:Sendler's achievements were largely unknown in 804: 483:bribed German officials to obtain her release. 3814: 3812: 3674:Honorary citizen, lived in Tarczyn before the 2321:Working Memory: Women and Work in World War II 1836:The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945 1201:On 14 March 2007, Sendler was honoured by the 1116:until 1999, when students at a high school in 4247: 3613:"IRENA SENDLEROWA Kawalerem Orderun Uśmiechu" 3456:Scott T. Allison; George R. Goethals (2011). 2680:. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 46. 2480:Tomaszewski, Irene; Werbowski, Tecia (2010). 1700:. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 48. 368: 8: 4610:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust 4192:Irena Sendler: In the Name of Their Mothers 3264:. POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews 1950: 1948: 1492:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust 1169:Award "For Courage and Heart", given by the 1150:, in which Sendler was portrayed by actress 3415:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1839:. Cambridge University Press. p. 304. 1250:Irena Sendler, In the Name of Their Mothers 1059:in Poland left Sendler deeply traumatized. 634:in September 1939 and remained in a German 4254: 4240: 4232: 4168:Irene Tomaszewski & Tecia Werblowski, 1986:"Lista Sendlerowej – reportaż z 2001 roku" 1445:POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews 1273:POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews 375: 361: 231: 42: 31: 4654:Polish resistance members of World War II 4120:Yitta Halberstam & Judith Leventhal, 3459:Heroes: What They Do and Why We Need Them 3397:Richard Maurer (ram-30) (19 April 2009). 1337:. Another children's picture book titled 1100:Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations 1031:and received her award at the embassy of 584:Związek Polskiej Młodzieży Demokratycznej 468:nun convents, saving those children from 4222:Life in a Jar: The Irena Sendler Project 4158:, Ktav Publishing House (January 1993), 3824:Life in a Jar: The Irena Sendler Project 3356:"About the Project – Life in a Jar" 1760: 1758: 1722:"Facts about Irena — Life in a Jar" 1316:Life in a Jar: The Irena Sendler Project 835:Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary 526:Sendler was born on 15 February 1910 in 4664:Polish women in World War II resistance 4218: – Illustrated story and timeline. 3965:Mieszkowska, Anna (27 September 2014). 3462:. Oxford University Press. p. 24. 3235:"Irena Sendler: Compassion and Courage" 2960: 2958: 2956: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1597: 1366: 1205:, and a year later, on 30 July, by the 538:Irena Stanisława on 2 February 1917 in 283: 234: 198: 1947; died 1961) 3967:"Prawdziwa historia Ireny Sendlerowej" 3408: 3127: 3095: 3084: 3062: 3051: 2254:"Polish Holocaust hero dies at age 98" 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 1858: 1856: 1419:The headstone on Irena Sendler's grave 4272:Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust 3377:The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler 2399:Baker, Catherine (18 November 2016). 1911:Dzielnica Śródmieście m. st. Warszawy 1295:celebrated her 110th birthday with a 1209:. On 11 April 2007, she received the 1192:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland 1143:The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler 391: 7: 4216:Irena Sendlerowa on History's Heroes 2763:Prawdziwa Historia Ireny Sendlerowej 1983:Magdalena Grochowska (12 May 2008), 1271:In 2013 the walkway in front of the 3922:"Irena Sendlerowa's 110th Birthday" 3075:"Award named for Righteous Gentile" 1679:"Rethinking the Polish Underground" 1275:in Warsaw was named after Sendler. 1090:In 1965, Sendler was recognized by 519:Childhood home of Irena Sendler in 4659:Polish Righteous Among the Nations 4206:documentary, first aired May 2011) 1502:List of Poles: Holocaust resisters 1497:Polish Righteous Among the Nations 1404:Irena Sendler's grave in Warsaw's 1325:, a book about Sendler written by 1096:Polish Righteous Among the Nations 25: 3688:Smolen, Courtney (6 April 2009). 3663:Tarczyn official website (2017), 2101:Anna Mieszkowska (January 2011). 1605:Irena Sendler. An unsung heroine. 1392:Irena Sendler's funeral, May 2008 1171:American Center of Polish Culture 746:Provisional Committee to Aid Jews 4639:Health professionals from Warsaw 4314: 3233:David M. Dastych (16 May 2008). 1547:Central Committee of Polish Jews 1464: 1452: 1436: 1424: 1412: 1397: 1385: 1369: 1345:and illustrated by Meg Owenson. 1268:have also been named after her. 1188:Stowarzyszenie Dzieci Holocaustu 938:Central Committee of Polish Jews 852:According to American historian 762:Government Delegation for Poland 244: 172: 151: 122:, nurse, administrator, educator 4122:Small Miracles of the Holocaust 3849:www.radawarszawy.um.warszawa.pl 3639:"Nagroda im. Ireny Sendlerowej" 2324:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. 2318:Kadar, Marlene (31 July 2015). 1057:antisemitic campaign of 1967–68 195: 168: 147: 4644:People from Warsaw Governorate 2701:Hevesi, Dennis (13 May 2008). 2432:. Princeton University Press. 1569: 1527: 1184:Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej 863:Irena Sendler in December 1944 1: 4604:Related articles by country: 3993:, 12 November 2016, page E22. 1864:"Biografia Ireny Sendlerowej" 916:, to obtain funding from the 768:institution representing the 532:Stanisław Henryk Krzyżanowski 460:and then providing them with 418:Polish Underground Resistance 49: 4341:Princess Alice of Battenberg 2899:. Retrieved 7 February 2018. 2678:Women Heroes of World War II 2453:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1998). 2210:U.S. News & World Report 1954:Staff writer (22 May 2008), 1833:Joshua D. Zimmerman (2015). 1698:Women Heroes of World War II 1443:The walkway in front of the 1066:In 1980, Sendler joined the 965:Polish United Workers' Party 942:Treblinka extermination camp 437:, the Polish Council to Aid 4699:University of Warsaw alumni 4649:Burials at Powązki Cemetery 4376:Helen of Greece and Denmark 4263:Righteous Among the Nations 3851:(in Polish). Archived from 3589:(in Polish). Archived from 3503:(in Polish). Archived from 3501:www.dzieciholocaustu.org.pl 1913:(in Polish). Archived from 1772:(in Polish). Archived from 1534:Righteous Among the Nations 1078:Recognition and remembrance 1029:Righteous Among the Nations 986:Ministry of Public Security 904:Sendler's hospital, now at 492:Righteous Among the Nations 4725: 4004:"Sydney Taylor Book Award" 3987:"Three Twice-told stories" 3643:NagrodaIrenySendlerowej.pl 2761:Mieszkowska, Anna (2014). 2000:. Retrieved 23 March 2018. 1642:accessed 21 September 2020 1610:Retrieved 2 November 2012. 1107:Order of Polonia Restituta 1017:Order of Polonia Restituta 994:Polish government-in-exile 908:, previously supported by 770:Polish government-in-exile 222:Janina Karolina Grzybowska 4669:Women in European warfare 4606:Rescue of the Danish Jews 4602: 4416:Aristides de Sousa Mendes 4312: 4269: 1907:"Aleja Ireny Sendlerowej" 1475:telling some of her story 1447:named after Irena Sendler 837:led by Mother Provincial 607:Communist Party of Poland 226: 41: 3583:"Irena Sendler nie żyje" 3483:M.P. 2004 nr 13 poz. 212 2676:Atwood, Kathryn (2011). 1696:Atwood, Kathryn (2011). 1335:Sydney Taylor Book Award 1254:Dzieci Ireny Sendlerowej 1163:Order of the White Eagle 1005:Polish People's Republic 766:Polish Underground State 500:Order of the White Eagle 462:false identity documents 388:Irena Stanisława Sendler 3560:www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl 3309:.P. 1996 nr 58 poz. 538 3048:. Taube Philanthropies. 2893:Bikont: Na każdym kroku 2765:. Warszawa: Marginesy. 2372:Zamoyski, Adam (2009). 2345:Zamoyski, Adam (2009). 2107:. Praeger. p. 26. 1998:(subscription required) 1961:Retrieved 8 April 2013. 1683:Yeshiva University News 1487:The Holocaust in Poland 822:Central Welfare Council 715:Jewish children in the 603:Wolna Wszechnica Polska 400:), also referred to as 4090:, pp. 327–329, 338–340 3670:29 August 2017 at the 3343:M.P. 2002 nr 3 poz. 55 3288:Jewish Virtual Library 3094:Cite journal requires 3061:Cite journal requires 2236:Jewish Virtual Library 1536:due to the efforts of 1291:On February 15, 2020, 1234: 1207:United States Congress 1087: 998:Władysław Bartoszewski 864: 808: 790:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 719: 694:Polish Socialist Party 687:German-occupied Poland 652: 599:Free Polish University 588:Polish Socialist Party 523: 450:Free Polish University 442: 219:Stanisław Krzyżanowski 4689:Polish social workers 4526:Johan Hendrik Weidner 4346:Archbishop Damaskinos 4108:Sendlerowa. W ukryciu 3237:. CanadaFreePress.com 2200:Richard Z. Chesnoff, 1349:Sendlerowa. W ukryciu 1233:Irena Sendler in 2005 1232: 1085: 1027:as one of the Polish 961:Polish Workers' Party 936:and his staff at the 862: 799:communist underground 750:Zofia Kossak-Szczucka 714: 698:Polish Workers' Party 650: 632:captured as a soldier 574:. By the outbreak of 518: 4476:Klymentiy Sheptytsky 4198:16 June 2017 at the 3507:on 23 September 2015 3384:21 July 2012 at the 2297:. Hippocrene Books. 1473:Piotrków Trybunalski 1459:Irena Sendler Avenue 1331:Simon & Schuster 1245:Humanitarian Award. 1146:(2009), directed by 1130:Temple B'nai Jehudah 1053:University of Warsaw 918:communist government 563:University of Warsaw 552:Piotrków Trybunalski 521:Piotrków Trybunalski 171: 1961; 150: 1931; 4324:Notable individuals 4172:, Price-Patterson, 3928:. 15 February 2020. 3855:on 10 November 2014 3820:"About the Project" 3750:on 7 September 2015 2291:Kurek, Ewa (1997). 1917:on 6 September 2021 1770:sprawiedliwi.org.pl 1640:www.theguardian.com 1471:A bronze plaque in 1013:Złoty Krzyż Zasługi 956:Sendler joined the 643:During World War II 511:Before World War II 4546:Nations and groups 4426:Tadeusz Pankiewicz 4391:Constantin Karadja 4301:Seven Laws of Noah 4154:Mordecai Paldiel, 4016:on 7 November 2021 3593:on 25 January 2016 2897:Krytyka Polityczna 2859:, pp. 271, 280–284 2707:The New York Times 1329:, was released by 1235: 1211:Order of the Smile 1148:John Kent Harrison 1088: 900:After World War II 865: 720: 702:October Revolution 653: 578:she submitted her 524: 271:Seven Laws of Noah 137:Mieczyslaw Sendler 64:Irena Krzyżanowska 4684:Polish socialists 4616: 4615: 4356:Odoardo Focherini 4291:Holocaust victims 4150:978-0-313-38593-3 4140:978-0-7006-1350-2 4130:978-1-59921-407-8 4116:978-83-8049-609-5 3902:. 16 October 2019 3587:www.jewish.org.pl 3581:Wyszyński, Kuba. 3495:Warszawa, Grupa. 3469:978-0-19-973974-5 3256:Zawadzka, Maria. 2772:978-83-64700-58-3 2546:978-0-88125-908-7 2375:Poland: A History 2348:Poland: A History 2114:978-0-313-38593-3 1991:Lista Sendlerowej 1552:The Black Seasons 1159:Pope John Paul II 1118:Uniontown, Kansas 982:fall of communism 973:Central Committee 559:Polish literature 443:Rada Pomocy Żydom 385: 384: 238:Among the Nations 230: 229: 185:Stefan Zgrzembski 16:(Redirected from 4716: 4521:Raoul Wallenberg 4441:Marion Pritchard 4431:Giorgio Perlasca 4406:Valdemar Langlet 4318: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4233: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4071: 4065: 4058: 4052: 4045: 4039: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3774:www.sfkrakow.org 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3746:. 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Mazzeo 1308: 1227: 1080: 951:League of Women 923:Free University 902: 890:Warsaw Uprising 814: 811:— Irena Sendler 810: 758:Julian Grobelny 676:its liquidation 657:German invasion 655:Soon after the 645: 636:prisoner of war 580:magister degree 513: 508: 426:German-occupied 381: 237: 221: 202: 201: 193: 189: 186: 178: 175: 1971) 166: 161: 158: 157: 154: 1947) 145: 141: 138: 107: 101: 97: 88: 82:Congress Poland 75: 69: 67: 66: 65: 55: 52: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4704:Żegota members 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4621: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4516:Raimondo Viale 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4421:Czesław Miłosz 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4386:Wilm Hosenfeld 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4251: 4244: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4186: 4185:External links 4183: 4181: 4180: 4166: 4152: 4142: 4132: 4118: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4079: 4066: 4053: 4040: 4027: 3995: 3979: 3957: 3946:. 26 June 2021 3931: 3913: 3887: 3866: 3836: 3808: 3786: 3761: 3731: 3706: 3680: 3656: 3630: 3604: 3573: 3544: 3518: 3487: 3475: 3468: 3448: 3422: 3389: 3368: 3347: 3335: 3313: 3301: 3275: 3248: 3225: 3203: 3190: 3170: 3157: 3141: 3105: 3096:|journal= 3063:|journal= 3037: 3012: 2996: 2983: 2972:on 18 May 2015 2952: 2934: 2921: 2901: 2877: 2861: 2843: 2830: 2817: 2804: 2791: 2778: 2771: 2753: 2727: 2693: 2686: 2663: 2650: 2632: 2619: 2606: 2593: 2580: 2567: 2549: 2530: 2517: 2499: 2492: 2472: 2465: 2445: 2439:978-1400832057 2438: 2418: 2411: 2391: 2384: 2364: 2357: 2337: 2330: 2310: 2303: 2283: 2270: 2241: 2214: 2193: 2180: 2162: 2146: 2133: 2120: 2113: 2093: 2080: 2067: 2054: 2038: 2020: 2002: 1963: 1944: 1928: 1898: 1885: 1852: 1845: 1825: 1813:www.chabad.org 1800: 1794:Bikont, Anna, 1787: 1734: 1713: 1706: 1688: 1685:. 2 July 2015. 1670: 1644: 1638:15 March 2007 1628: 1612: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1442: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1411: 1409: 1403: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1384: 1382: 1375: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1307: 1304: 1243:Audrey Hepburn 1226: 1223: 1094:as one of the 1079: 1076: 1009:Cross of Merit 901: 898: 839:Matylda Getter 803: 772:. Working for 644: 641: 620:out of wedlock 594:views to her. 567:ghetto benches 512: 509: 507: 504: 496:Cross of Merit 383: 382: 380: 379: 372: 365: 357: 354: 353: 352: 351: 346: 341: 336: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 288: 287: 281: 280: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 250: 249: 241: 240: 228: 227: 224: 223: 216: 212: 211: 208: 204: 203: 191: 187: 184: 183: 182: 181: 164: 162: 159: 143: 139: 136: 135: 134: 133: 130: 128: 124: 123: 113: 109: 108: 102: 100:(aged 98) 94: 90: 89: 86:Russian Empire 76: 63: 61: 57: 56: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4721: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4694:Warsaw Ghetto 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4679:Polish nurses 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4486:Henryk Sławik 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4471:Leopold Socha 4469: 4467: 4466:Irena Sendler 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4401:Derviš Korkut 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4366:Marianne Golz 4364: 4362: 4361:Francis Foley 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4351:María Edwards 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4296:Righteousness 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4286:The Holocaust 4284: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4245: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4210:Irena Sendler 4208: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4178:1-896881-15-7 4175: 4171: 4167: 4165: 4164:9780881253764 4161: 4157: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4077:, pp. 399–401 4076: 4070: 4067: 4064:, pp. 403–407 4063: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4012: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3574: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3452: 3449: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3249: 3236: 3229: 3226: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3188:, pp. 312–318 3187: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3155:, pp. 298–307 3154: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3101: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3055: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2994:, pp. 365–368 2993: 2987: 2984: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2950:, pp. 379–381 2949: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2919:, pp. 290–300 2918: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2887:Olga Wróbel, 2884: 2882: 2878: 2875:, pp. 284–286 2874: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2828:, pp. 274–279 2827: 2821: 2818: 2815:, pp. 249–254 2814: 2808: 2805: 2802:, pp. 243–246 2801: 2795: 2792: 2789:, pp. 230–232 2788: 2782: 2779: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2751:, pp. 219–226 2750: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2687:9781556529610 2683: 2679: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2661:, pp. 144–145 2660: 2654: 2651: 2648:, pp. 109–133 2647: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2630:, pp. 214–219 2629: 2623: 2620: 2617:, pp. 172–199 2616: 2610: 2607: 2604:, pp. 152–154 2603: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2578:, pp. 139–143 2577: 2571: 2568: 2565:, pp. 135–139 2564: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2528:, pp. 155–168 2527: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493:9780313383915 2489: 2485: 2484: 2476: 2473: 2468: 2466:9780786403714 2462: 2459:. McFarland. 2458: 2457: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2412:9781137528049 2408: 2404: 2403: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2385:9780007282753 2381: 2377: 2376: 2368: 2365: 2360: 2358:9780007282753 2354: 2350: 2349: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2331:9781771120364 2327: 2323: 2322: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2304:9780781804097 2300: 2296: 2295: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2144:, pp. 307–308 2143: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1957:The Economist 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846:9781107014268 1842: 1838: 1837: 1829: 1826: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1709: 1707:9781556529610 1703: 1699: 1692: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1625:0-88125-376-6 1622: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1512:Henryk Sławik 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1467: 1462: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1422: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1297:Google Doodle 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1231: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1126:United States 1123: 1122:Life in a Jar 1119: 1115: 1114:North America 1110: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1084: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 959: 954: 952: 946: 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 924: 919: 915: 911: 907: 899: 897: 895: 894:Soviet troops 891: 886: 884: 879: 874: 870: 861: 857: 855: 854:Debórah Dwork 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 829: 828: 827:nom de guerre 823: 819: 813: 807: 802: 800: 795: 791: 786: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 742: 737: 733: 730: 726: 718: 717:Warsaw Ghetto 713: 709: 707: 706:Star of David 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664:Warsaw Ghetto 660: 658: 649: 642: 640: 637: 633: 629: 624: 621: 615: 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 568: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 522: 517: 510: 505: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 484: 482: 478: 473: 471: 470:the Holocaust 467: 463: 459: 458:Warsaw Ghetto 455: 454:rescuing Jews 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 435: 430: 427: 423: 419: 415: 412: 411: 410:nom de guerre 406: 405: 398: 394: 389: 378: 373: 371: 366: 364: 359: 358: 356: 355: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 334: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 290: 289: 286: 282: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 266:Righteousness 264: 262: 259: 257: 256:The Holocaust 254: 253: 252: 251: 247: 243: 242: 239: 233: 225: 220: 217: 213: 209: 205: 180: 179: 132: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116:Social worker 114: 112:Occupation(s) 110: 105: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 62: 58: 45: 40: 36:Irena Sendler 33: 30: 19: 4531:Rudolf Weigl 4491:Tina Strobos 4465: 4456:Anton Schmid 4381:Feng-Shan Ho 4371:Jane Haining 4336:Gino Bartali 4191: 4169: 4155: 4121: 4107: 4097:Bibliography 4087: 4082: 4074: 4069: 4061: 4056: 4048: 4043: 4035: 4030: 4018:. 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