332:
opportune moment seized the caliph and his attendants, throwing the latter in chains. After reproaching the Caliph for abandoning his brother who was struggling to save the dynasty and the empire, he sent the caliphal party back to
Samarra. Ibn Kundaj was greatly rewarded for this: not only were the estates of the Caliph's companions confiscated and granted to him, but four days after delivering his prisoners to Samarra, on 22 January 883, he was given robes of honour and two ceremonial swords, receiving the title of
338:("He of the Two Swords"), followed later by more rich gifts and lunches with the grandees of the Abbasid court. At the insistence of al-Muwaffaq, the powerless Caliph was now forced to order the name of Ibn Tulun publicly cursed from the mosques, with all the offices of the latter conferred on Ibn Kundaj. This meant little in practice, as neither the Abbasid government nor Ibn Kundaj possessed the force to wrest Ibn Tulun's territories from him, but, along with his appointment to command the Caliph's private guard (
353:
205:
415:
Ibn Kundaj remained as governor of Mosul under
Tulunid authority. In 887/8 he tried to rebel but was defeated. Although he re-acknowledged Tulunid suzerainty, he was now stripped of Mosul in favour of Ibn Abu'l-Saj. Ibn Kundaj now concentrated his attentions on defeating his rival, and soon managed
331:
and went to the Jazira, hoping from there to cross over into
Tulunid territory. Ibn Kundaj, who had already received letters from al-Muwaffaq ordering the arrest of the Caliph and his followers, at first presented himself as sympathizing with the Caliph's plight and willing to aid them, but at an
412:, defeated Ibn Kundaj's forces in a number of battles in 886–887, and forced him to recognize Tulunid control. The entire Jazira now became a Tulunid province, a fact recognized by the Abbasid government in a treaty in the December 886 that confirmed Khumarawayh in his old and new possessions.
416:
to secure the favour and support of
Khumarawayh: in 888–889, it was Ibn Kundaj who, at the head of a Tulunid army, defeated and ousted Ibn Abu'l-Saj, who fled to al-Muwaffaq. Ibn Kundaj now returned to his old post at Mosul, which he kept until his death in 891. He was succeeded by his son,
407:
on 6 April
Khumarawayh's general Sa'd al-Aysar routed the Abbasid army. This signalled the end of the alliance between Ibn Kundaj and Ibn Abu'l-Saj: the latter now turned to Khumarawayh, and persuaded him to invade the Jazira. With Egyptian aid, Ibn Abu'l-Saj crossed the
326:
and parts of the southeastern Jazira as well. Although nominally recognizing
Abbasid suzerainty, Ibn Tulun was an autonomous ruler, and a rival to al-Muwaffaq. Trusting in Ibn Tulun's pledge of assistance, the Caliph, accompanied by a few trusted aides, left the capital
420:. The latter soon lost Mosul and the rest of his domains in the Jazira to the resurgent Abbasids under al-Mu'tadid. After a brief stay in the Tulunid court, he entered Abbasid service and rose to become a distinguished general in the caliphal army.
302:. Ishaq scored a decisive victory over them in April/May 881, pursuing their remnants to Nisibis and Amid. Many of the defeated leaders, including Hamdan ibn Hamdun, who continued to oppose him, now went over the Kharijite rebels.
395:. Khumarawayh responded by sending troops to Syria, who soon succeeded in recovering the lost cities, before both sides settled into winter quarters. In the spring, al-Muwaffaq's son, Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad (the future Caliph
136:) in 879/80. He ruled Mosul and much of the Jazira almost continuously until his death in 891, despite becoming involved in constant quarrels with local chieftains, as well as in the Abbasid government's rivalry with the
356:
Map of the fragmented
Abbasid empire, with areas still under direct control of the Abbasid central government (dark green) and under autonomous rulers (light green) adhering to nominal Abbasid suzerainty,
248:", the appearance of Ibn Kundaj and his occupation of Mosul represented an unacceptable intrusion. Ibn Kundaj defeated one of them, Ishaq ibn Ayyub, and seized the latter's stronghold of
938:
928:
904:
883:
860:
839:
815:
761:
367:
Ibn Tulun's death in 884 seemed to present an opportunity to capture some of his territories in Syria from his inexperienced son and heir,
271:. The coalition prepared to strike against Ibn Kundaj, but the arrival of emissaries from Baghdad confirming him as governor over Mosul,
933:
264:
237:
240:. Ibn Kundaj succeeded in defeating the ruler of Mosul, Ali ibn Dawud, and taking the city. To the local Arab tribes of Taghlib and
417:
256:
225:
209:
129:
36:
753:
The
History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXVII: The ʿAbbāsid Recovery: The War Against the Zanj Ends, A.D. 879–893/A.H. 266–279
793:
780:
372:
181:
375:, and received authorization and some troops from al-Muwaffaq. Ibn Kundaj clashed with the Tulunid governor of
286:
The coalition was soon reformed, however, consisting of Ishaq ibn Ayyub, Isa ibn al-Shayh, Abu al-Maghra,
185:
295:
855:. Handbuch der Orientalistik. 1. Abt.: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 11–13.
177:
403:, but Ahmad quarrelled with Ibn Kundaj and Ibn Abu'l-Saj, who departed with their troops, and at the
144:. On his death he was succeeded by his son, Muhammad, but in 892 the Abbasid government under Caliph
923:
404:
831:
The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
400:
245:
399:), arrived to take control. Ahmad and Ibn Kundaj defeated the Tulunids, who were driven back to
196:
ruler, the recognition of their power and status as the main military leaders of the
Caliphate.
900:
879:
871:
856:
835:
811:
757:
287:
117:
47:
899:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
756:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
172:
against the Zanj rebels, and cutting off supplies to them. In 878/9, along with other senior
803:
352:
148:
re-asserted its authority in the region, and Muhammad went to serve in the caliphal court.
825:
315:
253:
101:
896:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXVI: The Revolt of the Zanj, A.D. 869–879/A.H. 255–265
272:
788:
776:
396:
311:
173:
165:
145:
113:
81:
917:
807:
784:
323:
772:
244:, who had been accustomed to wide autonomy from the central government during the "
232:), an area plagued by rivalries among the Arab tribal chiefs—primarily the various
161:
894:
850:
829:
751:
368:
213:
189:
344:), it made Ibn Kundaj nominally one of the most powerful men of the Caliphate.
291:
280:
314:
tried to escape the control of his brother al-Muwaffaq and made contact with
116:
military leader who played a prominent role in the turbulent politics of the
876:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume IV: 'Itk–Kwaṭṭa
409:
299:
241:
157:
380:
276:
137:
384:
328:
249:
233:
204:
388:
376:
351:
319:
268:
221:
203:
169:
141:
125:
392:
260:
229:
133:
121:
279:
forced them to back down and agree to pay a tribute of 200,000
236:
leaders, who succeeded one another as rulers of Mosul—and an
220:
With the power he had acquired, he turned his gaze in 879 on
643:
641:
639:
637:
682:
680:
852:
Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume 4: G
495:
493:
491:
156:
Ishaq ibn Kundaj is first mentioned in the histories of
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
124:
in the early 870s, he came to be appointed governor of
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
379:
in April 884, and soon after, the Tulunid governor of
371:. Ibn Kundaj allied himself with the Abbasid general
164:
in 873, during the Abbasid campaigns to suppress the
339:
333:
120:in the late 9th century. Initially active in lower
87:
77:
63:
53:
43:
30:
23:
939:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
318:, the powerful Turkic general who controlled
298:that were connected with them", according to
8:
794:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
647:
20:
686:
348:Wars with the Tulunids and Ibn Abu'l-Saj
252:, but Ibn Ayyub appealed for aid to the
216:), with its provinces, in medieval times
16:Abbasid Commander and Governor of Jazira
802:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 49–50.
710:
628:
535:
499:
482:
428:
132:(Upper Mesopotamia, in modern northern
874:. In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.).
734:
722:
698:
671:
659:
616:
595:
583:
571:
559:
547:
523:
511:
470:
458:
446:
7:
834:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
105:
14:
929:Generals of the Abbasid Caliphate
808:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4328
265:Abu'l-Maghra ibn Musa ibn Zurara
750:Fields, Philip M., ed. (1987).
878:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 973.
1:
358:
188:) he secured from the regent
168:. He was tasked with holding
67:
383:defected, bringing with him
306:Arrest of Caliph al-Mu'tamid
893:Waines, David, ed. (1992).
870:Sobernheim, Moritz (1987).
340:
334:
238:ongoing Kharijite rebellion
955:
934:Abbasid governors of Mosul
182:al-Fadl ibn Musa ibn Bugha
771:Haarmann, Ulrich (1986).
228:(in what is now northern
59:Abbasid Turkic regiment
849:Sharon, Moshe (2009).
364:
217:
355:
207:
64:Years of service
713:, pp. 177, 310.
538:, pp. 174, 177.
461:, pp. 153, 155.
294:, Taghlib, Bakr and
186:Yanghajur ibn Urkhuz
701:, pp. 153–154.
674:, pp. 147–148.
473:, pp. 202–203.
405:Battle of the Mills
347:
310:In 882, the Caliph
305:
290:"and the tribes of
39:, Abbasid Caliphate
365:
246:Anarchy at Samarra
218:
192:, the Caliphate's
906:978-0-7914-0763-9
885:978-90-04-08265-6
862:978-90-04-17085-8
841:978-0-582-40525-7
817:978-90-04-07819-2
763:978-0-88706-054-0
737:, pp. 12–13.
586:, pp. 11–12.
550:, pp. 89–91.
341:shurtat al-khassa
288:Hamdan ibn Hamdun
257:Isa ibn al-Shaykh
118:Abbasid Caliphate
95:
94:
48:Abbasid Caliphate
946:
910:
889:
866:
845:
821:
767:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
632:
626:
620:
614:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
363:
360:
343:
337:
200:Seizure of Mosul
178:Musa ibn Utamish
107:
98:Ishaq ibn Kundaj
72:
69:
55:
25:Ishaq ibn Kundaj
21:
954:
953:
949:
948:
947:
945:
944:
943:
914:
913:
907:
892:
886:
869:
863:
848:
842:
824:
818:
777:Bosworth, C. E.
773:"K̲h̲umārawayh"
770:
764:
749:
746:
741:
733:
729:
721:
717:
709:
705:
697:
693:
685:
678:
670:
666:
658:
654:
648:Sobernheim 1987
646:
635:
627:
623:
615:
602:
594:
590:
582:
578:
570:
566:
558:
554:
546:
542:
534:
530:
522:
518:
510:
506:
498:
489:
481:
477:
469:
465:
457:
453:
445:
430:
426:
361:
350:
316:Ahmad ibn Tulun
308:
202:
154:
70:
35:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
952:
950:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
916:
915:
912:
911:
905:
890:
884:
867:
861:
846:
840:
822:
816:
781:van Donzel, E.
768:
762:
745:
742:
740:
739:
727:
725:, p. 160.
715:
703:
691:
676:
664:
662:, p. 145.
652:
650:, p. 973.
633:
631:, p. 310.
621:
600:
588:
576:
564:
552:
540:
528:
516:
504:
502:, p. 266.
487:
485:, p. 174.
475:
463:
451:
427:
425:
422:
349:
346:
335:Dhu al-Sayfayn
307:
304:
201:
198:
166:Zanj Rebellion
153:
150:
106:إسحاق بن كنداج
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
82:Zanj Rebellion
79:
75:
74:
65:
61:
60:
57:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
951:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
908:
902:
898:
897:
891:
887:
881:
877:
873:
872:"Khumārawaih"
868:
864:
858:
854:
853:
847:
843:
837:
833:
832:
827:
826:Kennedy, Hugh
823:
819:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
765:
759:
755:
754:
748:
747:
743:
736:
731:
728:
724:
719:
716:
712:
707:
704:
700:
695:
692:
689:, p. 49.
688:
687:Haarmann 1986
683:
681:
677:
673:
668:
665:
661:
656:
653:
649:
644:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
625:
622:
619:, p. 12.
618:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
601:
598:, p. 97.
597:
592:
589:
585:
580:
577:
574:, p. 91.
573:
568:
565:
562:, p. 89.
561:
556:
553:
549:
544:
541:
537:
532:
529:
526:, p. 50.
525:
520:
517:
513:
508:
505:
501:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
476:
472:
467:
464:
460:
455:
452:
449:, p. 11.
448:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
433:
429:
423:
421:
419:
413:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:Ibn Abu'l-Saj
370:
354:
345:
342:
336:
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
211:
206:
199:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
151:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
103:
99:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
66:
62:
58:
52:
49:
46:
42:
38:
33:
29:
22:
19:
895:
875:
851:
830:
799:
792:
752:
730:
718:
711:Kennedy 2004
706:
694:
667:
655:
629:Kennedy 2004
624:
591:
579:
567:
555:
543:
536:Kennedy 2004
531:
519:
514:, p. 7.
507:
500:Kennedy 2004
483:Kennedy 2004
478:
466:
454:
414:
366:
309:
285:
273:Diyar Rabi'a
219:
193:
162:Ibn al-Athir
155:
109:
97:
96:
78:Battles/wars
18:
789:Pellat, Ch.
735:Sharon 2009
723:Fields 1987
699:Fields 1987
672:Fields 1987
660:Fields 1987
617:Sharon 2009
596:Fields 1987
584:Sharon 2009
572:Fields 1987
560:Fields 1987
548:Fields 1987
524:Fields 1987
512:Fields 1987
471:Waines 1992
459:Waines 1992
447:Sharon 2009
397:al-Mu'tadid
369:Khumarawayh
312:al-Mu'tamid
281:gold dinars
214:Mesopotamia
208:Map of the
190:al-Muwaffaq
146:al-Mu'tadid
924:891 deaths
918:Categories
424:References
362: 892
176:generals (
71: 873
44:Allegiance
798:Volume V:
785:Lewis, B.
410:Euphrates
401:Palestine
300:al-Tabari
254:Shaybanid
158:al-Tabari
37:Al-Jazira
828:(2004).
800:Khe–Mahi
791:(eds.).
418:Muhammad
381:Damascus
234:Taghlibi
194:de facto
138:Tulunids
112:, was a
110:Kundajiq
91:Muhammad
88:Children
54:Service/
744:Sources
385:Antioch
329:Samarra
292:Rabi'ah
277:Armenia
250:Nisibis
224:in the
212:(Upper
128:in the
903:
882:
859:
838:
814:
787:&
760:
389:Aleppo
226:Jazira
210:Jazira
174:Turkic
130:Jazira
114:Turkic
102:Arabic
56:branch
34:c. 891
775:. In
377:Raqqa
324:Syria
320:Egypt
296:Yaman
269:Arzen
222:Mosul
170:Basra
142:Egypt
126:Mosul
108:) or
73:– 890
901:ISBN
880:ISBN
857:ISBN
836:ISBN
812:ISBN
758:ISBN
393:Hims
391:and
275:and
263:and
261:Amid
242:Bakr
230:Iraq
160:and
152:Life
134:Iraq
122:Iraq
31:Died
804:doi
267:of
259:of
140:of
920::
810:.
796:.
783:;
779:;
679:^
636:^
603:^
490:^
431:^
387:,
359:c.
322:,
283:.
184:,
180:,
104::
68:c.
909:.
888:.
865:.
844:.
820:.
806::
766:.
100:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
