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1392:. The transitional generation of Islamicists were betwixt and between an era when Islamic studies were dominated by Orientalism and the post-Orientalist era of post-colonial criticism and critical theory in the social sciences and much of religious studies. In fact, some of the more traditional Western universities still confer degrees in Arabic and Islamic studies under the primary title of "Oriental studies". This is the case, for example, at the
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broader range of sources and developing more intricate interpretive frameworks, some of which have even challenged the idea of a uniform
Islamic gender discourse. Following the impactful comprehensive syntheses of the early 1990's, more in-depth and context-specific studies have delved into social customs, religious beliefs, and the interplay between the two.
652:
1305:
on a professional scale about two centuries ago, and has been previously linked to social concern. This academic tradition has not only led to an accumulation of knowledge, even if some of it is almost forgotten or badly neglected, but has also witnessed major changes in interests, questions, methods, aesthetics, and ethics of Islam.
1841:
1670:
Works such as Leila Ahmedâs Women and Gender in Islam (1992), Fatima
Mernissiâs The Veil and the Male Elite (first published in English in 1991, translated from a 1987 French original), and Fedwa Malti-Douglasâs Womanâs Body, Womanâs Word: Gender and Discourse in Arabo-Islamic Writing (1991) surveyed
1304:
Generations of scholars in
Islamic studies, most of whom studied with Orientalist mentors, helped bridge the gap between Orientalism and Religious studies. The subfield that grew out of this effort is called "Islamic studies." The study of Islam is part of a tradition that started in Western academia
1770:
KalÄm emerged as a discipline in response to political disputes among
Muslims, and then later in response to the impact of Hellenistic philosophy and the expansion of the Islamic Empire into territories previously dominated and occupied by the Sassanian and Byzantine Empires. Thus, one of the first
1734:
has mysticism to the educational notion of asceticism. The ascetics and mystics have different and separate roles in each setting, and everyone needs to search the context of a given Sufiâs own time for reasons as to why he/she was known as a Sufi. Sufism is not that, they do not follow the Islam
1789:
The term âIslamic lawâ would in itself be an example of such a holistic merging of two spheres, conflating a personâs faith with his rights, or even three, if âlawâ is seen as a natural aspect of state politics that in a modern differentiated system should not be separated from religion, in its
1674:
The work from this era sparked a significant amount of academic research in that, in the subsequent twenty years, not only expanded and detailed the arguments put forth by these scholars, but also analyzed and improved upon their methodologies. Recent years have seen a shift towards utilizing a
1666:
The history of women and gender in
Islamic studies experienced a surge of scholarly research during the early 1990's. This wave of scholarship was influenced by the growing presence of politically and religiously active women scholars with Muslim and Arab backgrounds. Additionally, there was a
1506:
In
Islamic Studies, there is a tendency to rely on history (as method and approach) as a reassuring scientific framework. However nowadays, besides recurrent debates within history itself, many scientists look unfavorably at a linear conception of time (Rovelli 2018).
1301:. Islamic studies seeks to understand the past and the potential future of the Islamic world. In this multidisciplinary program, scholars from diverse areas (history, culture, literature, art) participate and exchange ideas pertaining to the particular field of study.
3254:
Figural representation is virtually unused in
Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (tawhid) and order without figural
1412:. Today, academic Islamic studies is usually taught and studied alongside or after an extensive study of the Arabic language, with named undergraduate and graduate degrees in Arabic and Islamic studies existing at universities such as
1525:. Examining and understanding this kind of Islam â a heterogeneous living tradition with some non-discursive elements, which is internally extremely dynamic and multifaceted â is the purview of Islamic studies in the modern world.
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is âa strong method of Muslimâs knowledge and practice bringing proximity to or meditation with God and believed that it came from
Prophet Muhammad from generation to generation who followed himâ (P.8). The etymological term
2167:. Hence the term encompasses religious buildings as well as secular ones, historic as well as modern expressions and the production of all places that have come under the varying levels of Islamic influence.
1463:
and also provides an international overview of the state of the field. With the events of 11 September 2001, Islam has become the most prominent world religion and occupies center stage in world politics.
1725:
of Islam based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as it is gradually revealed to the heart and mind of the Sufi (one who practices Sufism).According to Renard (2021) quoted by Green the meaning of
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large swathes of
Islamic history and thought, suggesting structural connections between gendered religious discourses and the social and political roles and rights of women over time.
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character and was also a consequence of the fact that, throughout early-modern
Western Europe, the discipline was developed by churchmen whose primary aim had been to refute the
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Scholars in the field of Islamic studies are often referred to as "Islamicists" and the discipline traditionally made up the bulk of what used to be called
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To understand the history of Islam provides the indispensable basis to understand all aspects of Islam and its culture. Themes of special interest are:
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questioned the uncritical adherence to traditional Islamic sources and started to develop a new picture of the earliest times of Islam by applying the
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alike preferred to interpret the history of Islam in a conservative way. They did not question the traditional account of the early time of Islam, of
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This article is about the study of Islam in modern academia. For the traditional study of Islam defined and practiced by Muslim Islamic scholars, see
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In the second half of the 19th century, philological and historical approaches were predominant. Leading in the field were German researchers like
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notable increase in the utilization of gender studies methodologies within the traditionally conservative realms of Islamic history and law.
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913:
611:
477:
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3205:"Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage 'Self' and 'System': Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education"
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and the literature written in those languages. It also often includes other modern, classic or ancient languages of the
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2014:
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2525:(Center for the Study of Islam and Society (PPIM) Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta, INDONESIA)
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or Qur'an Exegesis. However, they also often apply the methods adapted from several ancillary fields, ranging from
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Islamic jurisprudence relates to everyday and social issues in the life of Muslims. It is divided in fields like:
1771:
and persistent questions challenging the Islamic community was the status of a believer who committed grave sins.
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2009:
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and Islamic studies have been taught since as early as the 16th century, originally as a sub-division of
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2241:. Despite such a prohibition, depictions of human beings do occur in Islamic art, such as that of the
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2225:, Islamic art is typically distinguished as not including depictions of human beings. The lack of
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Islamic studies scholars also deal with the long and rich tradition of philosophy as developed by
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1336:. Specialists in Islamic studies concentrate on the detailed, academic study of texts written in
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has, throughout history, been mainly abstract and decorative, portraying geometric, floral,
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properly itâs just that they spend more time with God. It is an individual way of studying.
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and other areas that are or have been part of, or influenced by, Islamic culture, such as
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One field of study deals with how Islam reacts on the contact with Western modernity.
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is due to the fact that early Islam forbade the painting of human beings, especially
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1687:â Islamic studies of theology often include study of the traditional science of KalĂąm
1455:
report emphasises the increasing, strategic importance for Western governments since
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2882:"International Approaches to Islamic Studies in Higher Education: A report to HEFCE"
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3235:. Oxford Encyclopedias of Islamic Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 263.
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2419:(The Max Schloessinger Memorial Foundation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
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may also have contributed to human depictions in Islamic art in modern times.
2057:
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1004:
3394:
Islamic Studies in the Twenty-first Century: Transformations and Continuities
3163:
Islamic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Transformations and Continuities
3120:
Islamic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Transformations and Continuities
3103:
3012:
Islamic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Transformations and Continuities
2931:
2834:
2769:
Islamic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Transformations and Continuities
2741:
2060:
has a large stock of Islamic literature in Arabic, Bengali, Persian and Urdu.
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4135:
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27:
Academic study of Islam, Islamic civilizations and their impact on the world
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3010:
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Teaching Islamic Studies in the Age of ISIS, Islamophobia, and the Internet
1808:
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through mystic practices based on divine love. Sufism embodies a number of
1349:
1953:. Significant progress in science was made in the Muslim world during the
1746:
aspects of religion, Sufism is mainly focused on the direct perception of
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam
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designs. Unlike the strong tradition of portraying the human figure in
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2597:
Repko, Allen F.; Szostak, Rick; Buchberger, Michelle Phillips (2020).
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is the study of the relationship between Islam and other religions.
112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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2811:"Islamic Studies in the American Academy: A Personal Reflection"
2718:"Islamic Studies in the American Academy: A Personal Reflection"
1961:, which is considered a major period in the history of science.
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1404:. This latter context gave early academic Islamic studies its
241:
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2233:, as Muslims believe this tempts followers of the Prophet to
2237:. This prohibition against human beings or icons is called
2159:
is the entire range of architecture that has evolved within
1742:
mysticism. While other branches of Islam generally focus on
1521:) was within the context of 19th-century Christian European
3160:
Buskens, LĂ©on; van Sandwijk, Annemarie, eds. (2017-01-15).
3117:
Buskens, LĂ©on; van Sandwijk, Annemarie, eds. (2017-01-15).
3009:
Buskens, LĂ©on; van Sandwijk, Annemarie, eds. (2017-01-15).
2908:"Ordinary Matters in Islamic Studies: Notes from the Field"
2766:
Buskens, LĂ©on; van Sandwijk, Annemarie, eds. (2017-01-15).
1494:
Portrait of a painter during Reign of Mehmet II (1444-1481)
3376:
Mapping Islamic Studies: Genealogy, Continuity and Change
2531:, International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), USA.
2449:(Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit Kerala, India)
1440:
and several universities in Holland and Germany (notably
3297:
2974:
Scholars Are Quietly Offering New Theories of the Koran
2858:
For Lust of Knowing: the Orientalists and their Enemies
101:
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A Persian miniature of Shah Abu'l Maâali a scholar.
1308:Many academic Islamic studies programs include the
170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1514:as a topic of modern scholarship (as opposed to a
3396:. Netherlands, Amsterdam University Press, 2016,
1945:Islamic studies scholars are also active in the
1758:, philosophies, central teachings and bodies of
1293:, which is analogous to related fields such as
2957:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World:
3909:
3425:
2020:Scholars also study the relationship between
1267:
612:
8:
1708:
3298:"Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit"
3054:"Introduction to Islamic Theology (TH-553)"
2815:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
2722:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
2573:The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies
1966:Timeline of Islamic science and engineering
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5107:
5093:
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1844:Al-Ghazali, Muslim Philosopher (1058-1111)
1274:
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619:
605:
321:
3080:"Sufism: A Global History. By Nile Green"
2637:. Indiana University Press. p. 105.
2600:Introduction to Interdisciplinary Studies
2493:International Islamic University Malaysia
1356:along with ancillary disciplines such as
310:Learn how and when to remove this message
292:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
3348:Society, American Journal of Islam and.
3229:Kalin, I.; Ayduz, S.; Dagli, C. (2014).
3084:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2371:Liberal and progressive Muslim movements
1497:
1471:
255:This article includes a list of general
3350:"American Journal of Islam and Society"
3268:"Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam"
2953:
2951:
2949:
2562:
2287:Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800 - 1400)
2174:Islamic Art Textile, Khalili Collection
1971:Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam
1819:Key distinctions include those between
642:
588:
521:
476:
422:
340:
333:
2529:American Journal of Islam and Society
2424:Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies
2416:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
1937:Science in the medieval Islamic world
1587:Revisionist School of Islamic Studies
1538:Deutsche MorgenlÀndische Gesellschaft
7:
2761:
2759:
2404:Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations
2024:, for example in the application of
168:adding citations to reliable sources
2963:- History of the field, Methodology
2552:List of non-Muslim authors on Islam
1544:in the United States were founded.
2884:. 2008. p. 66. Archived from
2694:Islamic Spirituality - Foundations
2691:Seyyed Hossein Nasr, ed. (2008) .
2631:Dorroll, Courtney M., ed. (2019).
2576:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 2.
2309:may be brought in accordance with
261:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2603:. SAGE publications. p. xx.
2503:Spanish National Research Council
2106:This field includes the study of
52:This article has multiple issues.
5325:
5324:
5313:
4844:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
4092:Timeline of the history of Islam
3608:Reception in early modern Europe
3603:Contributions to Medieval Europe
2856:Robert Irwin (25 January 2007).
2510:Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies
1738:It might also be referred to as
1510:The first attempt to understand
1289:refers to the academic study of
1241:
650:
246:
144:
82:
41:
5185:List of ex-Muslim organisations
3096:10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.4.733
2003:Ophthalmology in medieval Islam
1528:In the years 1821 to 1850, the
155:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
3166:. Amsterdam University Press.
3123:. Amsterdam University Press.
3015:. Amsterdam University Press.
2772:. Amsterdam University Press.
2697:. Routledge. p. 9, note 1
2323:Islamic economics in the world
2305:Islamic economics studies how
2301:Islamic economic jurisprudence
1866:It is divided in fields like:
1:
1993:Mathematics in medieval Islam
1617:Historiography of early Islam
5170:Apostasy in Islam by country
5047:Liberalism and progressivism
3844:Arab Agricultural Revolution
2341:Psychology in medieval Islam
2054:Jamia Qurania Arabia Lalbagh
2015:Psychology in medieval Islam
1988:Inventions in medieval Islam
1790:institutions and its rules.
3078:Renard, John (2021-12-16).
2809:Martin, Richard C. (2010).
2716:Martin, Richard C. (2010).
2485:(Mardjani Publishing House)
1976:Astronomy in medieval Islam
1910:List of Muslim philosophers
1318:history of the Muslim world
825:("Stories of the Prophets")
108:the claims made and adding
5377:
3323:"Journal of Islam in Asia"
2940:10.13169/reorient.5.1.0006
2924:10.13169/reorient.5.1.0006
2906:Manoukian, Setrag (2019).
2667:"What is Islamic studies?"
2479:(Maisonneuve & Larose)
2436:Journal of Islamic Studies
2332:
2298:
2256:
2182:
2149:
2063:
1998:Medicine in medieval Islam
1934:
1915:Illuminationist philosophy
1852:
1778:
1700:
1605:
1591:historical-critical method
29:
5361:Medieval studies by field
5308:
5106:
5092:
4958:Geography and cartography
4876:
4860:
4500:
4476:
3943:
3932:
3796:Geography and cartography
3502:Influences on Western art
2860:(1st ed.). Penguin.
2457:Maharajas College, Kochin
2259:Islam and other religions
2010:Physics in medieval Islam
1893:Modern Islamic philosophy
1709:
1542:American Oriental Society
1310:historical study of Islam
595:Islamization of knowledge
478:Science in medieval times
5267:Islamic view of miracles
2570:Clinton Bennett (2012).
2489:Journal of Islam in Asia
2028:to scientific practice.
1957:, especially during the
1871:Early Islamic philosophy
914:Medieval Islamic science
5032:Creationism (evolution)
2441:Oxford University Press
2396:Islamic Law and Society
1627:Historicity of Muhammad
276:more precise citations.
5282:Persecution of Muslims
5180:List of former Muslims
4097:Succession to Muhammad
3172:10.2307/j.ctt1zxsk97.4
3129:10.2307/j.ctt1zxsk97.4
3021:10.2307/j.ctt1zxsk97.4
2778:10.2307/j.ctt1zxsk97.4
2272:Islam and Christianity
2175:
2077:Arabic epic literature
2061:
1903:Transcendent theosophy
1845:
1662:Gender Textual Studies
1632:Early Muslim conquests
1503:
1495:
1487:
1459:of Islamic studies in
924:Succession to Muhammad
5076:Conversion to mosques
4943:Alchemy and chemistry
3779:Alchemy and chemistry
3379:. Walter de Gruyter.
2827:10.1093/jaarel/lfq089
2734:10.1093/jaarel/lfq089
2665:Hillenbrand, Carole.
2173:
2163:in the course of the
2051:
1951:philosophy of science
1843:
1530:Royal Asiatic Society
1501:
1493:
1475:
1414:Georgetown University
1340:within the fields of
4802:Ma malakat aymanukum
4377:Association football
2469:Blackwell Publishing
2429:Lancaster University
2265:comparative religion
2253:Comparative religion
2247:Western civilization
2157:Islamic architecture
2152:Islamic architecture
1622:History of the Quran
1554:History of the Quran
1540:in Germany, and the
1434:University of London
1422:University of Oxford
1418:University of Exeter
1394:University of Oxford
1314:Islamic civilization
963:Association football
406:(Islamic monotheism)
372:Early social changes
367:Early historiography
164:improve this article
3689:Early social change
3588:Early social change
3329:on 29 November 2014
2671:The British Academy
2515:The Islamic College
2384:Die Welt des Islams
2366:Islam and modernity
2352:Islam and modernity
2191:Islamic calligraphy
2038:Islamic creationism
1861:Muslim philosophers
1691:Islamic eschatology
1561:'s work on hadith (
1446:TĂŒbingen University
1426:University of Leeds
1366:classical philology
724:Profession of Faith
697:Day of Resurrection
5287:Quran and miracles
5201:Criticism of Islam
4915:Geometric patterns
4767:Gender segregation
4338:Non-denominational
3272:www.hum.huji.ac.il
2993:What Is the Koran?
2979:The New York Times
2972:Alexander Stille:
2335:Islamic psychology
2176:
2096:Persian literature
2066:Islamic literature
2062:
2033:Qur'an and science
1959:Islamic Golden Age
1888:Islamic philosophy
1855:Islamic philosophy
1846:
1760:esoteric knowledge
1585:In the 1970s, the
1504:
1496:
1488:
1334:Islamic philosophy
93:possibly contains
5338:
5337:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5272:Domestic violence
5262:Islamic terrorism
5257:Islamic extremism
5088:
5087:
5084:
5083:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4642:Marriage contract
4472:
4471:
4432:Political aspects
4219:Story of Prophets
3988:Prophets of Islam
3891:
3890:
3859:elementary school
3477:Geometric pattern
3386:978-3-11-081168-1
3278:on 4 October 2013
3242:978-0-19-981257-8
3181:978-90-485-2818-9
3138:978-90-485-2818-9
3058:Hartford Seminary
3030:978-90-485-2818-9
2787:978-90-485-2818-9
2547:Glossary of Islam
2282:Islam and Judaism
2277:Islam and Jainism
2072:Arabic literature
2022:Islam and science
1981:Islamic astrology
1941:Islam and science
1804:Islamic economics
1570:Orientalists and
1534:Société Asiatique
1442:Leiden University
1284:
1283:
629:
628:
381:Modern philosophy
320:
319:
312:
302:
301:
294:
240:
239:
232:
214:
179:"Islamic studies"
138:
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95:original research
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4478:
4464:Islam by country
4297:Bektashi Alevism
3945:
3936:Outline of Islam
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3766:Medieval science
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3427:
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3336:
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3325:. Archived from
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3313:
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3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3274:. Archived from
3264:
3258:
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3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3203:Zayed, Tareq M.
3200:
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2567:
2464:The Muslim World
2165:history of Islam
2112:classical Arabic
1925:Sufi metaphysics
1714:
1713:
1712:
1608:History of Islam
1602:History of Islam
1572:Islamic scholars
1549:Theodore Nöldeke
1532:in England, the
1523:Oriental studies
1477:Ilkhanate Empire
1461:higher education
1406:Biblical studies
1398:classical Arabic
1390:Oriental studies
1362:Biblical studies
1342:Islamic theology
1330:Islamic theology
1276:
1269:
1262:
1248:Islam portal
1246:
1245:
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654:
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557:Classical Arabic
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272:this article by
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1935:Main articles:
1933:
1898:Sufi philosophy
1857:
1851:
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1779:Main articles:
1777:
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1681:
1664:
1644:Quranic studies
1640:
1638:Textual Studies
1610:
1604:
1599:
1559:Ignaz Goldziher
1536:in France, the
1483:, studying the
1470:
1438:Yale University
1410:tenets of Islam
1386:
1299:Quranic studies
1287:Islamic studies
1280:
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1177:Other religions
1172:Arabic language
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1052:Moral teachings
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919:Spread of Islam
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841:(jurisprudence)
823:Qisas al-Anbiya
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4449:Social welfare
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4112:Historiography
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3373:, ed. (1997).
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2999:, January 1999
2984:
2982:, 2 March 2002
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2873:
2867:978-0140289237
2866:
2848:
2821:(4): 896â920.
2801:
2786:
2755:
2728:(4): 896â920.
2708:
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2447:Hakeem Al Hind
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2084:Islamic poetry
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1295:Jewish studies
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1279:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1132:Related topics
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1114:Social welfare
1111:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1002:
992:
991:
990:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
944:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
900:
899:
892:
885:
877:
876:
871:
865:
860:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
843:
834:
833:
827:
819:
811:
802:
801:
781:
773:
770:
769:
764:
758:
757:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
743:
738:
732:
731:
726:
720:
715:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
704:Predestination
700:
699:
694:
688:
687:
685:Revealed Books
682:
676:
675:
665:
660:
659:
656:
655:
647:
646:
640:
639:
627:
626:
624:
623:
616:
609:
601:
598:
597:
591:
590:
586:
585:
584:
583:
578:
572:
571:
568:
567:
560:
552:
548:
545:
544:
539:
534:
526:
525:
519:
518:
517:
516:
505:
502:
501:
495:
494:
489:
481:
480:
474:
473:
472:
471:
466:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
427:
426:
420:
419:
418:
417:
409:
399:
397:
396:
394:Concept of God
391:
385:
383:
374:
369:
361:
360:
358:
357:
352:
347:
341:
338:
337:
331:
330:
318:
317:
300:
299:
254:
252:
245:
238:
237:
152:
150:
143:
136:
135:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5373:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5356:Asian studies
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5331:
5323:
5321:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:Post-Islamism
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5130:Protestantism
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5095:
5091:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:Ophthalmology
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4721:Death penalty
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:Other aspects
4685:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4491:Jurisprudence
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4230:Denominations
4227:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4015:Holiest sites
4013:
4011:
4010:Judgement Day
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3816:ophthalmology
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:Jurisprudence
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3402:9789089649263
3399:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3341:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3222:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2991:Toby Lester:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2888:on 2016-03-04
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2684:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2646:
2644:9780253039835
2640:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2624:
2612:
2610:9781544379371
2606:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
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2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
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2516:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2490:
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2478:
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2473:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:open access (
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
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2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
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2294:
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2268:
2266:
2260:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:Christian art
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:Azerbaijanian
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2089:Arabic poetry
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2056:institute in
2055:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:the study of
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1650:
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1637:
1633:
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1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1582:was written.
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
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1520:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:legal history
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1255:
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1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Proselytizing
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
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1038:
1035:
1033:
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1028:
1025:
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995:Denominations
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969:
966:
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828:
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582:
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512:Ophthalmology
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424:Jurisprudence
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175:Find sources:
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153:This article
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38:
33:
19:
5245:Islamophobia
5120:Christianity
5068:
5001:Contemporary
4895:Architecture
4869:
4834:
4800:
4788:
4776:
4734:
4727:
4693:
4675:
4670:Nikah mut'ah
4668:
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4032:
4025:Five Pillars
4002:
3968:
3957:God in Islam
3934:
3866:Sufi studies
3837:Other fields
3717:Contemporary
3640:consultation
3462:Architecture
3440:
3375:
3364:Bibliography
3354:www.ajis.org
3353:
3343:
3331:. Retrieved
3327:the original
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3301:
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3276:the original
3271:
3262:
3253:
3246:. Retrieved
3231:
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3209:Academia.edu
3208:
3198:
3190:j.ctt1zxsk97
3162:
3155:
3147:j.ctt1zxsk97
3119:
3112:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3057:
3051:For example
3047:
3039:j.ctt1zxsk97
3011:
3004:
2997:The Atlantic
2996:
2987:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2890:. Retrieved
2886:the original
2876:
2857:
2851:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2796:j.ctt1zxsk97
2768:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2693:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2670:
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2648:. Retrieved
2633:
2626:
2614:. Retrieved
2599:
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2572:
2565:
2528:
2520:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2483:Pax Islamica
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2219:calligraphic
2205:
2201:Muslim music
2155:
2146:Architecture
2105:
2019:
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1578:and how the
1569:
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1546:
1527:
1509:
1505:
1450:
1387:
1307:
1303:
1286:
1285:
1204:Islamophobia
983:Demographics
978:Circumcision
947:
894:
887:
880:
846:
838:
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783:
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589:Other topics
537:Architecture
443:Etiquettical
402:
379: /
334:
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288:
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260:
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220:January 2013
217:
207:
200:
193:
186:
174:
162:Please help
157:verification
154:
124:
115:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
5020:Other areas
5011:Theological
5006:Eschatology
4963:Mathematics
4900:Calligraphy
4830:Theological
4784:Inheritance
4701:Cleanliness
4131:Shi'a Imams
4125:Ahl al-Bayt
3806:Mathematics
3467:Calligraphy
2918:(1): 6â24.
2650:28 November
2616:28 November
2311:Islamic law
2231:the Prophet
2227:portraiture
2185:Islamic art
2116:Middle East
1955:Middle Ages
1346:Islamic law
1326:Islamic law
1219:Laws of war
882:Ahl al-Bayt
767:Foundations
542:Calligraphy
499:Mathematics
469:Theological
389:Eschatology
274:introducing
5345:Categories
5175:Ex-Muslims
5070:Shu'ubiyya
5064:Psychology
5052:Literature
5042:Inventions
4988:Philosophy
4796:Leadership
4772:Honorifics
4427:Philosophy
4282:Isma'ilism
4247:Maturidism
4136:Caliphates
4107:Golden Age
3998:Revelation
3881:philosophy
3828:Psychology
3801:Inventions
3754:solidarity
3704:Philosophy
3684:Secularism
3598:Golden Age
3535:Capitalism
3482:Literature
3371:Azim Nanji
3302:Ssus.ac.in
3282:17 January
2892:2018-12-28
2676:9 December
2558:References
2499:Al-Qantara
2329:Psychology
2058:Bangladesh
2044:Literature
1876:Avicennism
1849:Philosophy
1348:, and the
1072:Philosophy
809:(exegesis)
746:Pilgrimage
736:Almsgiving
550:Literature
492:Inventions
448:Hygienical
412:Mysticism
350:Philosophy
257:references
190:newspapers
102:improve it
57:improve it
5292:Symbolism
5250:Incidents
5228:Criticism
5125:Mormonism
5027:Astrology
4953:Cosmology
4948:Astronomy
4890:Arabesque
4757:Etiquette
4716:Blasphemy
4506:Economics
4321:Ahmadiyya
4255:Mu'tazili
4243:Ash'arism
3876:cosmology
3871:mysticism
3849:Education
3789:cosmology
3784:Astronomy
3744:Astrology
3727:dialectic
3635:consensus
3630:Democracy
3545:Socialism
3512:Economics
3457:Arabesque
3104:2169-2289
2932:2055-5601
2835:0002-7189
2742:0002-7189
2453:Al Mahara
2409:Routledge
2307:economics
2295:Economics
2239:aniconism
2215:Arabesque
1881:Averroism
1723:tradition
1697:Mysticism
1551:with his
1451:A recent
1378:sociology
1192:terrorism
1144:Criticism
1097:Sexuality
1067:Mysticism
1037:Festivals
1017:Education
1012:Economics
948:Academics
904:Caliphate
717:Practices
532:Astrology
487:Astronomy
464:Political
118:July 2010
106:verifying
63:talk page
5330:Category
5223:Islamism
5206:Muhammad
5162:Apostasy
5137:Hinduism
5037:Feminism
4968:Medicine
4808:Military
4762:Gambling
4711:Apostasy
4706:Criminal
4618:Marriage
4587:Tayammum
4539:Murabaha
4412:Madrasas
4402:Holidays
4392:Clothing
4387:Children
4382:Calendar
4333:Quranism
4287:Alawites
4251:Atharism
4142:Rashidun
3981:In Islam
3976:Muhammad
3811:Medicine
3774:Timeline
3722:Theology
3679:Quietism
3647:Feminism
3622:politics
3578:Timeline
3333:30 April
3063:15 March
2912:ReOrient
2843:27919260
2750:27919260
2536:See also
2459:, India)
2377:Journals
2361:Al-Nahda
2263:Islamic
2235:idolatry
1931:Sciences
1815:studies
1756:cultures
1744:exoteric
1716:taáčŁawwuf
1707:Sufism (
1679:Theology
1576:Muhammad
1402:divinity
1396:, where
1384:Overview
1228:Glossary
1214:Jihadism
1187:Violence
1182:Islamism
1153:Muhammad
1139:Apostasy
1082:Politics
1032:Feminism
1027:Exorcism
988:Diaspora
973:Children
968:Calendar
896:Rashidun
874:Muhammad
869:Timeline
830:Mathnawi
692:Prophets
636:a series
634:Part of
507:Medicine
458:Military
438:Economic
433:Criminal
414:(Sufism)
355:Theology
327:a series
325:Part of
5277:Nursing
5238:Qutbism
5152:Sikhism
5147:Judaism
5142:Jainism
4978:Physics
4925:Pottery
4910:Gardens
4905:Carpets
4820:Slavery
4742:Divorce
4729:DhabiĄa
4557:Hygiene
4532:Takaful
4514:Banking
4444:Science
4438:Qurbani
4407:Mosques
4367:Animals
4356:Culture
4304:Zaydism
4292:Alevism
4178:Ottoman
4168:Almohad
4163:Fatimid
4158:CĂłrdoba
4153:Abbasid
4148:Umayyad
4081:Leaders
4076:History
4034:Shahada
3949:Beliefs
3823:Physics
3667:schools
3570:History
3560:Welfare
3540:Poverty
3530:Banking
3520:History
3497:Pottery
3472:Gardens
2701:7 March
2542:Arabist
2399:(Brill)
2243:Mughals
2209:visual
2207:Islamic
2128:Persian
2124:Turkish
1947:history
1834:ijtihad
1740:Islamic
1718:) is a
1657:studies
1651:studies
1479:ruler,
1468:History
1432:at the
1109:Slavery
1092:Science
1047:Madrasa
1042:Finance
953:Animals
941:society
937:Culture
909:Imamate
889:Sahabah
862:History
832:(Poems)
817:(creed)
741:Fasting
669:Oneness
662:Beliefs
581:Pottery
453:Marital
345:History
270:improve
204:scholar
100:Please
5099:
5057:poetry
4867:
4752:Ethics
4736:Dhimmi
4695:Baligh
4656:Mahram
4613:Family
4593:Toilet
4573:Miswak
4326:Lahori
4267:Salafi
4213:Seerah
4208:Tafsir
4203:Hadith
4173:Sokoto
4118:Sahaba
3993:Angels
3970:Tawhid
3927:topics
3854:Ijazah
3734:Ethics
3525:Agency
3492:Poetry
3400:
3383:
3307:29 May
3239:
3214:29 May
3188:
3178:
3145:
3135:
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3037:
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2864:
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2794:
2784:
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2740:
2641:
2607:
2580:
2217:, and
2120:Hebrew
2108:modern
1828:hadith
1813:Hadith
1809:Qur'an
1799:sharia
1781:Sharia
1727:Sufism
1720:mystic
1703:Sufism
1649:Hadith
1597:Themes
1557:, and
1519:heresy
1481:Ghazan
1416:, the
1358:Tafsir
1354:Hadith
1350:Qur'an
1338:Arabic
1163:Hadith
1077:Poetry
1057:Mosque
1022:Ethics
847:Sharia
815:Aqidah
807:Tafsir
791:Hadith
785:Sunnah
729:Prayer
680:Angels
564:Poetry
403:Tawhid
259:, but
206:
199:
192:
185:
177:
5211:Quran
5101:Other
4996:Early
4920:Music
4836:Kalam
4790:Jizya
4778:Hudud
4663:Nikah
4580:Najis
4566:Ghusl
4525:Sukuk
4454:Women
4422:Music
4397:Flags
4311:Ibadi
4238:Sunni
4198:Quran
4055:Zakat
4041:Salah
4004:Qadar
3962:Allah
3925:Islam
3739:Logic
3712:Early
3694:State
3674:Peace
3555:Usury
3550:Trust
3487:Music
3248:9 Dec
3186:JSTOR
3143:JSTOR
3090:(4).
3035:JSTOR
2936:JSTOR
2839:JSTOR
2792:JSTOR
2746:JSTOR
2389:Brill
2140:Uzbek
1766:Kalam
1748:truth
1685:Kalam
1580:Quran
1512:Islam
1485:Quran
1453:HEFCE
1291:Islam
1209:Jihad
1158:Quran
1119:Women
1062:Music
1000:Sunni
849:(law)
797:Sirah
778:Quran
762:Texts
644:Islam
576:Music
377:Early
211:JSTOR
197:books
4882:Arts
4813:POWs
4747:Diet
4677:Zina
4649:Mahr
4635:Haya
4599:Wudu
4546:Riba
4459:LGBT
4351:Life
4272:Shia
4262:Sufi
4253:and
4062:Hajj
4048:Sawm
3620:and
3449:Arts
3398:ISBN
3381:ISBN
3335:2019
3309:2018
3284:2022
3250:2022
3237:ISBN
3216:2018
3176:ISBN
3133:ISBN
3100:ISSN
3065:2021
3025:ISBN
2928:ISSN
2862:ISBN
2831:ISSN
2782:ISBN
2738:ISSN
2703:2020
2678:2021
2652:2019
2639:ISBN
2618:2019
2605:ISBN
2578:ISBN
2138:and
2132:Urdu
2110:and
2052:The
1949:and
1939:and
1831:and
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1811:and
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1783:and
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1655:Fiqh
1457:9/11
1444:and
1430:SOAS
1376:and
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1352:and
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1297:and
1102:LGBT
1005:Shia
939:and
839:Fiqh
523:Arts
183:news
4623:Sex
4486:Law
4372:Art
3618:Law
3168:doi
3125:doi
3092:doi
3088:134
3017:doi
2920:doi
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