1920:
Bashar Assad had recently approved Syria's first
Islamic university, as well as three Islamic banks. And Mohammed Habash, the head of the Islamic Studies Center, had been invited to speak on Islam at Syria's military academy – where praying had been banned 25 years earlier. ... In the 1980s, a distinct minority of women in Damascus wore hejab, or modest Islamic dress. In 2006, a distinct majority in Syria's most modern city had put it on.
1969:
970:
1663:
ineffective and lacking cultural authenticity. It was also a reaction against
Western influences such as individualism, consumerism, commodification of women, and sexual liberty, which were seen as subverting Islamic values and identities. Among the political factors was also the ideological vacuum that emerged after the decline of socialist system and related weakening of the liberal (Western) ideology.
2012:
959:
1703:(OPEC) and the quadrupling of global oil prices. At first, this led to an expectation that the oil wealth would lead to a long-awaited resurgence of the Islamic civilization, and when this failed to materialize, the mounting frustration with secular regimes made the public more receptive to religious fundamentalism. Scholar
1999:
One observation made of
Islamization is that increased piety and adoption of Sharia has "in no way changed the rules of the political or economic game", by leading to greater virtue. "Ethnic and tribal segmentation, political maneuvering, personal rivalries" have not diminished, nor has corruption in
1621:
A number of revivalist movements have called for implementation of sharia. The practical implications of this call are often obscure, since historically
Islamic law has varied according to time and place, but as an ideological slogan it serves "to rally support for the creation of a utopian, divinely
1662:
A global wave of
Islamic revivalism emerged starting from the end of 1970s owing in large part to popular disappointment with the secular nation states and Westernized ruling elites, which had dominated the Muslim world during the preceding decades, and which were increasingly seen as authoritarian,
1666:
Economic and demographic factors, such as lagging economic development, a rise in income inequality and a decline in social mobility, the rise of an educated youth with expectation of higher upward mobility, and urbanization in the Muslim world also played a major part. In general, the gap between
1919:
For the first time, the regime celebrated the
Prophet's birth with greater fanfare than the anniversary of the ruling party. Billboards once heralding 'progressiveness and socialism' were also being replaced with new admonitions: 'Pray for the Prophet, and Do not forget to mention God.' President
1652:
Global Muslim identity does not necessarily or even usually imply organised group action. Even though
Muslims recognise a global affiliation, the real heart of Muslim religious life remains outside politics – in local associations for worship, discussion, mutual aid, education, charity, and other
1396:, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, better known as the Muslim Brotherhood, in 1928, the first mass Islamist organization. Despite him being influenced by Rida and his drawing of ideas primarily from Islamic sources, Al-Banna nevertheless was willing to engage with modern European concepts like
1784:
Islamic revivalist leaders have been "activists first, and scholars only secondarily", emphasizing practical issues of
Islamic law and impatience with theory. According to Daniel W. Brown, two "broad features" define the revivalist approach to Islamic authorities: distrust of Islamic scholarship
1633:
The call to fundamentalism, centered on the sharia: this call is as old as Islam itself and yet still new because it has never been fulfilled, It is a tendency that is forever setting the reformer, the censor, and tribunal against the corruption of the times and of sovereigns, against foreign
1617:
cultivates Muslim spirituality; Many revivalist movements have a community-building orientation, focusing on collective worship, education, charity or simple sociability. Many local movements are linked up with national or transnational organizations which sponsor charitable, educational and
1588:
The term "Islamic revival" encompasses "a wide variety of movements, some intolerant and exclusivist, some pluralistic; some favorable to science, some anti-scientific; some primarily devotional, and some primarily political; some democratic, some authoritarian; some pacific, some violent".
1291:). These efforts frequently drew inspiration from the hadith in which Muhammad states: "God will send to His community at the head of each century those who will renew its faith for it". Throughout Islamic history, Muslims looked to reforming religious leaders to fulfil the role of a
1930:
In many Muslim countries, there has been a growth of networks of religious schools. "Graduates holding a degree in religious science are now entering the labour market and tend, of course, to advocate the
Islamization of education and law in order to improve their job prospects."
1302:
The modern movement of
Islamic revival has been compared with earlier efforts of a similar nature: The "oscillat between periods of strict religious observance and others of devotional laxity" in Islamic history was striking enough for "the Muslim historian,
1687:
failed to deliver on its promises. According to a common assessment offered at the time, "the Jews had deserved victory by being truer to their religion than the Arabs had been to theirs". After a period of introspection and rise of religious discourse, the
1825:
In reaction to Islamist opposition during the 1980s, even avowedly secular Muslim states "endeavoured to promote a brand of conservative Islam and to organise an `official Islam`". Official radio stations and journals opened up to fundamentalist preaching.
1439:
in South Asia. Today it is one of the most influential Islamic parties in the Indian sub-continent, spanning three countries (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh), although the different national parties have no organisational link between them. Muhammed
1674:
The above reasons are generally agreed to be the ultimate causes of the Islamic revival. There were also specific political events which heralded the revival. Major historical turning points in the Islamic revival include, in chronological order:
1643:
The increased integration of world societies as a result of enhanced communications, media, travel, and migration makes meaningful the concept of a single Islam practiced everywhere in similar ways, and an Islam which transcends national and ethnic
1448:
Islamic revivalist movement, in 1925. It is now a worldwide movement with over 50 million active followers, it is a non-political movement which focuses on increasing the Muslims' faith and for them to return to the sunnah way of life.
1821:
Afghanistan. Other regimes, such as countries in the Persian Gulf region, and the secular countries of Iraq, Egypt, Libya, and Pakistan, while not a product of the resurgence, have made some concessions to its growing popularity.
1084:
for revivalist movements, which may be "intolerant and exclusivist", or "pluralistic"; "favorable to science", or against it; "primarily devotional", or "primarily political"; democratic, or authoritarian; pacific, or violent.
1515:
between Muslims and Christians previously unseen in many Middle Eastern countries. Another motivation was the newfound wealth and discovered political leverage brought to much of the Muslim world in the aftermath of the
1886:
government made Friday an official holy day in 1976. The family law of 1984 "re-introduced some sharia elements" such as Quranic dissymmetry between men and women, and the official policy of Arabisation led to a
1638:
Contemporary Islamic revival includes a feeling of a "growing universalistic Islamic identity" as often shared by Muslim immigrants and their children who live in non-Muslim countries. According to Ira Lapidus,
1904:
In Morocco, at the end of the 1990s, more doctorates were written in religious sciences than in social sciences and literature. In Saudi Arabia, the absolute majority of doctorates were in religious sciences.
416:
129:
1576:, the revival was also motivated by the migration of many Egyptians during the 1980s to the Gulf countries in search of work; when they returned, returning especially in the aftermath of the
1279:
has seen periodic calls for a renewed commitment to the fundamental principles of Islam and it has also seen periodic calls for the reconstruction of society in accordance with the
1452:
Whether or not the contemporary revival is part of an historical cycle, the uniqueness of the close association of the Muslim community with its religion has been noted by scholar
1901:
Even the Marxist government of Afghanistan, before it was overthrown, introduced religious programs on television in 1986, and declared Islam to be the state religion in 1987.
1507:
during the preceding decades, and which were increasingly seen as authoritarian, ineffective and lacking cultural authenticity. Further motivation for the revival included the
2025:
1529:
1142:
411:
124:
1879:
In Sudan, the sharia penal code was proclaimed in 1983. South Yemen (formerly the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) made polygamy legal with a new Family Code in 1992.
1912:
1572:
political system, there was a general idea amongst many Muslims by the late 1970s that secularism had failed in the Middle East to deliver the demands of the masses. In
1069:
occurring every century. They manifest in renewed commitment to the fundamentals of Islam, the teachings of the Quran and hadith (aka traditions) of the Islamic prophet
4051:
3869:
533:
500:
4067:
545:
845:
4227:
3813:
485:
3857:
570:
495:
2889:
521:
1596:
among ordinary Muslims. In the 1970s and 80s there were more veiled women in the streets. One striking example of it is the increase in attendance at the
4140:
1667:
higher expectations and reality among many in the Muslim world was an important factor. Gulf oil money was also a huge factor, in a phenomenon known as
998:
2128:
835:
3840:
1564:- resulting in Saudi Arabia's newfound dominance over Arab countries – the Islamic revival became especially potent amongst Muslims worldwide. With
490:
3269:
1541:
1307:
to ponder its causes 600 years ago, and speculate that it could be "attributed ... to features of ecology and social organization peculiar to the
840:
1145:
spent by Saudi Arabia and other gulf states around the Muslim world to encourage the following of stricter, more conservative strains of Islam.
1137:; perceived successes of Islam included the surprising victory of Islamist forces against a well-armed and financed secular monarch in the 1979
3274:
3729:
2217:
1898:
were given right of access to the universities and allowed to apply for civil service positions, introducing it to religious-minded people.
2675:
1609:
Among revivalist currents, neo-fundamentalism predominates, stressing obedience to Islamic law and ritual observance. There have also been
1839:
was "the main source of legislation". In 1991, the Egyptian Security Court condemned the writer Ala'a Hamid to eight years in prison for
2602:
1883:
1692:
of 1973 was fought in the name of Islam rather than pan-Arabism and the greater success of Arab armies was seen to validate the change.
692:
3043:
2959:
2379:
1557:
4295:
4145:
4059:
3893:
3601:
3219:
3211:
2899:
2838:
2451:
2359:
2166:
2079:
470:
1295:(lit., renovator). Although there is disagreement over which individuals might actually be identified as such, Muslims agree that
4099:
4007:
1480:
erupted, a worldwide Islamic revival emerged in response to the success of the revolution, owing in large part to the failure of
4201:
3903:
3279:
2040:
1568:, traditionally a source of secular Arab culture, fractured between Muslim and Christian, exposing the failures of its secular
4242:
3264:
3167:
3017:
2871:
2685:
2541:
991:
1271:, Muslims believed they had not succeeded in creating and maintaining a society that truly followed the principles of their
742:
4321:
2392:
702:
4290:
3678:
2156:
892:
31:
3879:
3452:
3199:
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162:
1942:
and presented early ideas of an Islamic alternative to socialism and capitalism. Perhaps his most important work was
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3663:
3249:
1812:
1696:
1569:
1354:
1173:
812:
465:
279:
86:
3744:
2312:
Lapidus, Ira M. (1997). "Islamic Revival and Modernity: The Contemporary Movements and the Historical Paradigms".
1464:". In the last few decades ending in 2000, rather than scientific knowledge and secularism edging aside religion,
3090:
2050:
984:
939:
244:
1249:
Allah will raise for this community at the end of every 100 years the one who will renovate its religion for it.
4120:
3734:
3294:
3254:
1524:
which occurred in late 1979 amidst the revival; both of these events encouraged the rise of the phenomenon of "
1453:
1436:
1125:
ruling elites that were increasingly seen as authoritarian, ineffective and lacking cultural authenticity; the
1065:
is an important religious concept, called for periodically throughout Islamic history and according to a sahih
3402:
3377:
3289:
3284:
3244:
3174:
2882:
Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah (CERI Series in Comparative Politics and International Studies)
1626:
1428:
1361:
882:
614:
3184:
1791:(accepting a scholar's decision without investigating it); and at the same time a strong commitment to the
455:
3818:
3532:
3457:
3314:
3224:
3162:
2980:
2952:
1935:
1465:
1350:
1161:
1103:
757:
168:
4135:
4258:
3921:
3387:
1873:
1830:
830:
649:
1364:, "one of the most influential Muslim reformers" of the era, traveled the Muslim world, advocating for
1133:
with Israel; the fall of previously prosperous multi-confessional Lebanon into a destructive sectarian
1580:, they brought the neo-Wahhabist ideologies and more conservative customs of the Gulf back with them.
4160:
4130:
3936:
3931:
3693:
3447:
3432:
3319:
2922:
2763:
Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza (1993). "Reviewed work: The Islamic Movement of Iraqi Shias, Joyce N. Wiley".
1895:
1894:
In secular Turkey, religious teaching in schools was made compulsory in 1983. Religious graduates of
1765:
1552:
worldwide. As such, it has been argued that with both of the Islamic superpowers in the Middle East (
1521:
1193:
747:
654:
526:
91:
4206:
4091:
3641:
3527:
3048:
2055:
1865:
1854:
1744:
1420:
927:
877:
71:
2657:
interview by Robin Wright of UK Foreign Secretary (at the time) Lord Carrington in November 1981,
1216:, which cultivates Muslim spirituality; and classical fundamentalism, which stresses obedience to
4150:
4125:
4083:
3982:
3956:
3614:
3382:
3189:
3038:
2788:
2780:
2499:
2338:
The terms commonly used for Islamic revival movements are fundamentalist, Islamist or revivalist.
2329:
1610:
1561:
1508:
1477:
1392:
1377:
1138:
1134:
1107:
852:
697:
682:
460:
435:
345:
198:
1707:, agrees that the tripling in the price of oil in the mid-1970s and the progressive takeover of
1110:
attacks by radical Islamist groups. A feeling of a "growing universalistic Islamic identity" or
2466:
1311:", namely the tension between the easy living in the towns and the austere life in the desert.
4316:
4237:
4075:
3992:
3987:
3966:
3961:
3688:
3507:
3467:
3442:
3417:
3407:
3350:
3124:
3058:
2945:
2895:
2834:
2681:
2537:
2447:
2375:
2355:
2213:
2162:
1953:
1424:
1401:
1365:
1315:
1197:
1169:
932:
862:
797:
762:
737:
717:
619:
580:
556:
305:
257:
218:
208:
184:
141:
136:
81:
43:
2609:
2531:
2479:
4191:
3898:
3619:
3512:
3324:
3073:
3068:
3053:
2772:
2491:
2321:
2123:
1909:
1758:
1536:
and other petroleum exporting Gulf states during the mid-to-late 1970s. In an effort by the
1481:
1432:
1342:
1276:
1268:
1255:
1153:
1126:
802:
752:
335:
233:
228:
213:
4268:
3941:
3926:
3850:
3794:
3683:
3655:
3551:
3412:
3397:
3259:
3179:
3010:
3005:
1593:
1517:
1445:
1441:
1412:
1387:
1319:
1185:
1015:
974:
907:
712:
672:
609:
440:
274:
119:
114:
76:
2573:
1817:
Politically, Islamic resurgence runs the gamut from Islamist regimes in Iran, Sudan, and
4155:
4012:
3946:
3823:
3703:
3586:
3482:
3427:
3372:
3309:
3157:
2205:
1689:
1500:
1416:
1373:
1338:
1177:
1165:
1122:
920:
867:
777:
727:
687:
677:
644:
604:
538:
450:
430:
401:
376:
330:
2752:
The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf, and the Shi'i International
1968:
969:
4310:
4165:
3833:
3708:
3629:
3624:
3492:
3477:
3422:
3392:
3304:
3119:
3102:
3063:
2827:
2792:
2503:
1613:
revivalists attempting to reconcile Islamic beliefs with contemporary values and neo-
1537:
1346:
1157:
1081:
872:
787:
772:
722:
707:
639:
624:
550:
445:
286:
223:
1267:(lit., regeneration, renewal) has been an important religious concept. Early in the
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3636:
3576:
3522:
3502:
3437:
3097:
3085:
2075:
2017:
1869:
1708:
1704:
1634:
influence, political opportunism, moral laxity, and the forgetting of sacred texts.
1533:
1512:
1504:
1492:
1457:
1369:
1241:
1111:
1089:
963:
944:
902:
897:
807:
792:
732:
599:
396:
381:
340:
269:
240:
1560:
during the period from being the most influential Arab country as a result of the
1092:", ranging from increased number of sharia-based legal statutes, of attendance at
1556:
and Saudi Arabia) espousing Islamist ideologies by the end of the 1970s, and the
17:
4175:
4170:
3951:
3739:
3713:
3487:
3472:
3462:
3340:
2030:
1734:
1716:
1684:
1680:
1668:
1525:
1496:
1485:
1397:
1383:
1308:
1304:
1189:
1181:
1130:
887:
782:
767:
634:
563:
2396:
4002:
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3862:
3698:
3581:
3497:
3080:
2998:
2776:
2045:
2007:
1944:
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in Afghanistan in the late 1970s. The Mujahideen were a major beneficiary of
1730:
1489:
1461:
1408:
1334:
1237:
1213:
1118:
857:
629:
391:
153:
2325:
1148:
Preachers and scholars who have been described as revivalists (mujaddids) or
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3517:
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2035:
1840:
1751:
1712:
1545:
406:
203:
30:"Islamic renaissance" redirects here. For the Tunisian political party, see
2495:
1592:
The revival has been manifested in greater piety and a growing adoption of
1036:
1023:
3888:
3771:
3767:
3299:
3152:
2988:
2968:
2927:
1849:
1808:
1754:
1738:
1577:
1284:
1272:
1209:
1201:
1070:
1052:
386:
262:
109:
51:
2932:
3845:
3789:
3673:
3345:
3229:
3033:
2993:
2333:
1939:
1818:
1565:
1323:
371:
148:
2784:
1314:
Some of the more famous revivalists and revival movements include the
3107:
2751:
1861:
1835:
1796:
1787:
1772:
1648:
But not necessarily transnational political or social organisations:
1614:
1549:
1288:
1232:
1218:
1074:
1066:
1047:
292:
190:
2933:
Africa and Islamic Revival: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
2533:
The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography
2158:
The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography
1468:
has "increasingly represented the cutting edge" of Muslim culture.
3997:
3828:
3234:
3129:
3113:
2891:
The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam will Shape the Future
1792:
1723:
1711:
in the 1974–1980 period, provided the source of much influence of
1603:
1573:
1331:
1327:
1299:
have been an important force in the history of Islamic societies.
1280:
1099:
1043:
311:
299:
251:
66:
2212:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 521–523.
1444:
was an Indian Islamic scholar who founded the widely influential
1431:
established the world's first modern Islamic republic, Pakistan.
1152:, by differing sects and groups, in the history of Islam include
2374:
Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge,
1700:
1598:
1553:
1094:
4033:
3765:
3549:
2941:
2393:""September 11 and the Struggle for Islam" by Robert W. Hefner"
1925:
Robin Wright, Dreams and Shadows: the Future of the Middle East
1775:
in the mid 1980s and the government recognition of these banks.
1963:
1864:
the exclusive source of law of the state was introduced after
1200:, have been described as such. Academics often use the terms "
1117:
Explanations for the revival include the perceived failure of
1857:
in Egypt increased "from 1985 in 1986–7 to 4314 in 1995–6".
1843:. By the mid 1990s, the official Islamic journal in Egypt –
1208:" interchangeably. Contemporary revivalist currents include
2937:
1114:
among immigrants in non-Muslim countries was also evident.
2444:
Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror
2352:
Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror
2268:
2266:
1715:
in the Islamic World, in the aforementioned phenomenon of
1456:
who observed that "of all the major cultural domains" the
1077:, and reconstruction of society in accordance with them.
2877:, Cambridge University Press; 2 edition (August 26, 2002)
2866:
Pioneers of Islamic Revival (Studies in Islamic Society)
2314:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
1980:
1606:, which grew from 90,000 in 1926 to 2 million in 1979.
1435:
was the later leader of this movement who established
1411:, Islamic revivalist intellectuals and statesmen like
2480:"Islamic Revivalism: The Case of the Tablighi Jamaat"
1129:
whose governments were humiliatingly defeated in the
1530:
International propagation of conservative revivalist
4251:
4220:
4184:
4111:
4044:
3975:
3914:
3803:
3782:
3722:
3654:
3600:
3569:
3562:
3363:
3333:
3210:
3145:
3138:
3026:
2979:
2852:
The Failure of Political Islam muslim world league.
2026:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
1853:. The number of "teaching institutes dependent" on
1230:The concept of Islamic revival is based on a sahih
1088:
In the late 20th century, Islamic revival brought "
2826:
2249:
1042:, "Islamic awakening") refers to a revival of the
2740:Dreams and Shadows: the Future of the Middle East
2661:by Robin Wright, Simon and Schuster (1985), p. 67
2446:. London: Yale University Press. pp. 27–29.
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
1511:, which began in 1975 and resulted in a level of
1376:has been called "the most influential figure" of
2669:
2667:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
1258:, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim , Hadith Number 4278
1080:In academic literature, "Islamic revival" is an
27:Movements to revive the faith in Islamic history
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2118:
2116:
1917:
1558:isolation of the traditionally secularist Egypt
1246:
1236:(a saying attributed to Muhammad), recorded by
1050:. A leader of a revival is known in Islam as a
2677:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought
2200:
2198:
2161:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 24–25.
2953:
2354:. London: Yale University Press. p. 27.
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2099:
2097:
2000:politics and economics based on speculation.
1701:Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
992:
8:
2765:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2298:
2296:
2294:
2284:
2282:
1833:was made to specify (in article 2) that the
1757:to Iran in 1979 and his establishment of an
1747:introduces Islamic legal system in Pakistan.
1460:"seems to have been the least penetrated by
1046:religion, usually centered around enforcing
1030:
534:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
2680:. Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
2416:Sohail H. Hashimi, "Afghani, Jamal Al-Din"
1771:The establishment of many Islamic banks in
1737:, and would ultimately lead to the rise of
4141:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
4041:
4030:
3779:
3762:
3566:
3559:
3546:
3142:
2976:
2960:
2946:
2938:
2418:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
2074:described by the French Islam researchers
1868:in 1977, and finally passed in 1993 under
999:
985:
36:
1722:The opening of the first Islamic bank in
836:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
2659:Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam
2633:Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam
1872:'s government. The number of registered
1345:movement of the 19th century, preachers
3270:Justice and Development Party (Morocco)
2276:, Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 75
2093:
2067:
1876:rose from 137 in 1947 to 3906 in 1995.
1542:consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
1503:ruling elites, which had dominated the
1180:. In the 20th century, figures such as
39:
3275:Justice and Development Party (Turkey)
2520:, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 43
2432:by Cyril Glasse, Altamira, 2008, p. 15
2274:Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam
1029:, lit., "regeneration, renewal"; also
3730:International propagation of Salafism
1683:helped to convince many Muslims that
1622:governed Islamic state and society".
1222:(Islamic law) and ritual observance.
7:
3834:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
2536:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 24.
2518:The Koran, a very short introduction
1699:, which led to the formation of the
3044:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists
1952:), considered an important work of
1882:In Algeria, the leftist secularist
1785:along with "vehement rejection" of
1244:, who reported that Muhammad said:
1031:
1019:
2580:, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2019), pp. 21–36
2484:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
1908:In Syria, despite the rule of the
546:Principles of State and Government
522:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
25:
4146:Popular Arab and Islamic Congress
2603:"A Theory of the Islamic Revival"
1482:secular Arab nationalist movement
1127:secular Arab nationalist movement
471:List of Islamic political parties
2578:Journal of Globalization Studies
2010:
1967:
1847:– had a higher circulation than
1488:and popular disappointment with
968:
957:
4202:Contemporary Islamic philosophy
2530:Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (1991).
2155:Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (1991).
2041:Contemporary Islamic philosophy
1476:After the late 1970s, when the
1143:hundreds of billions of dollars
4136:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
3265:Justice and Construction Party
2874:A History of Islamic Societies
2829:The Failure of Political Islam
2805:
2722:
2253:
2210:A History of Islamic Societies
2103:
1263:Within the Islamic tradition,
1059:Within the Islamic tradition,
1:
4207:Islamic response to modernity
2894:. W.W. Norton & Company.
2742:, Penguin Press, 2008, p. 245
2430:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
1532:strains of Islam favored by
703:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
2923:The Islamic revival in Egypt
2833:. Harvard University Press.
1896:İmam Hatip secondary schools
1860:In Pakistan, a bill to make
1679:The Arab defeat in the 1967
32:Islamic Renaissance Movement
3810:Militant Islamism based in
3453:Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
1913:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
1891:Islamisation of education.
1602:, the annual pilgrimage to
1226:Early history of revivalism
1037:
1024:
482:Militant Islamism based in
4338:
4264:Political aspects of Islam
3664:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
3250:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
2808:Failure of Political Islam
2725:Failure of Political Islam
2635:by Robin Wright, pp. 65–66
2574:Islamism and Globalization
2256:Failure of Political Islam
2106:Failure of Political Islam
1813:Political aspects of Islam
1806:
1697:energy crisis of the 1970s
1360:In the late 19th century,
1355:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
1174:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
813:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
466:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
130:Salafism by country/region
29:
4285:
4121:Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
4040:
4029:
3778:
3761:
3679:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
3558:
3545:
3220:Freedom and Justice Party
2975:
2928:Islamic revival in Jordan
2868:; London: Zed Books, 1994
2777:10.1017/S0020743800059560
2674:Brown, Daniel W. (1996).
2051:Islamization of knowledge
1341:(~1564–1624), the Indian
940:Islam and other religions
893:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi
412:International propagation
125:International propagation
4095:(Izetbegović, 1969-1970)
3894:in the Arabian Peninsula
3735:Islamic religious police
3295:Prosperous Justice Party
3255:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
2442:R. Habeck, Mary (2006).
2350:R. Habeck, Mary (2006).
2326:10.1163/1568520972601486
1484:in the aftermath of the
574:Governance of the Jurist
3378:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
3290:Malaysian Islamic Party
3285:National Iraqi Alliance
3245:Islamic Salvation Front
3175:Islamic Defenders Front
2478:Ali, Jan (April 2003).
1618:missionary activities.
1472:Contemporary revivalism
1372:. His sometime acolyte
1362:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
1038:aṣ-Ṣaḥwah l-ʾIslāmiyyah
693:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
3819:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
3533:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
3458:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
3315:State of Law Coalition
3225:Green Algeria Alliance
2496:10.1080/13602000305935
2382:, Chapter 7, pp. 85–89
1936:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
1928:
1655:
1646:
1636:
1540:to counterbalance the
1466:Islamic fundamentalism
1351:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
1283:and the traditions of
1261:
1162:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
758:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
169:Islamic fundamentalism
3922:Hibatullah Akhundzada
3745:Sufi–Salafi relations
3388:Hibatullah Akhundzada
2872:Lapidus, Ira Marvin,
2825:Roy, Olivier (1994).
1831:constitution of Egypt
1650:
1641:
1631:
1625:According to scholar
831:Criticism of Islamism
825:Criticism of Islamism
743:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek
650:Hibatullah Akhundzada
4322:Political neologisms
4161:September 11 attacks
4131:Grand Mosque seizure
3937:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
3932:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
3694:Muhammad Al-Munajjid
3403:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
3320:Islamic Action Front
2864:Rahnema, Ali ;
2601:Jean-Paul Carvalho.
2420:, Thomson Gale, 2004
1780:Scholarship and fiqh
1766:Grand Mosque Seizure
1653:communal activities.
1522:Grand Mosque seizure
1390:would establish the
1384:Muhammad Rashid Rida
1073:, the divine law of
655:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi
615:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
572:Islamic Government:
4093:Islamic Declaration
3642:Young Kashgar Party
2888:Vali, Nasr (2006).
2056:Islam and modernity
1934:In Iraq, Ayatollah
1855:Al-Azhar University
1548:ideologies to many
1421:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
1393:Ikhwan al-Muslimeen
1112:transnational Islam
975:Politics portal
928:Islam and modernity
576:("Velayat-e faqih")
558:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
4151:Algerian Civil War
4126:Iranian Revolution
4085:Islamic Government
3983:Islam and violence
3957:Juhayman al-Otaybi
3870:Sub-Saharan Africa
3615:Authenticity Party
3383:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
3190:Muslim Brotherhood
3039:Islamic governance
1979:. You can help by
1866:General Zia's coup
1578:Gulf War in Kuwait
1562:Camp David Accords
1509:Lebanese Civil War
1478:Iranian Revolution
1378:Modernist Salafism
1206:Islamic revivalist
1182:Sayyid Rashid Rida
1139:Iranian Revolution
853:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
698:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
683:Abu Hamza al-Masri
501:Sub-Saharan Africa
461:Muslim Brotherhood
436:Iranian Revolution
346:Islamic Golden Age
199:Islamic governance
4304:
4303:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
3993:Islamic terrorism
3988:Islamic extremism
3967:Ayman al-Zawahiri
3962:Omar Abdel-Rahman
3768:Militant Islamism
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3689:Rabee al-Madkhali
3650:
3649:
3541:
3540:
3508:Haji Shariatullah
3468:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
3448:Abul A'la Maududi
3443:Ruhollah Khomeini
3433:Alija Izetbegović
3418:Rached Ghannouchi
3408:Necmettin Erbakan
3365:Political leaders
3359:
3358:
3351:Islamic modernism
3280:National Congress
3212:Political parties
3125:Two-nation theory
3059:Islamic socialism
3049:Islamic democracy
2219:978-0-521-51430-9
1997:
1996:
1954:Islamic economics
1845:Al-Liwa al-Islami
1803:Political aspects
1425:Two-Nation Theory
1402:constitutionalism
1366:Islamic modernism
1353:(1702–1762), and
1198:Ruhollah Khomeini
1194:Abul A'la Maududi
1170:Ashraf Ali Thanwi
1121:, in the form of
1009:
1008:
863:Abdelwahab Meddeb
798:Haji Shariatullah
763:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
748:Abul A'la Maududi
738:Ruhollah Khomeini
718:Rached Ghannouchi
620:Ruhollah Khomeini
527:Rashīd Rīďha 1922
417:by country/region
306:Two-nation theory
258:Islamic terrorism
219:Islamic socialism
209:Islamic democracy
185:Apostasy in Islam
142:Deobandi jihadism
137:Deobandi movement
18:Islamic awakening
16:(Redirected from
4329:
4192:Anti-imperialism
4087:(Khomeini, 1970)
4063:(Khomeini, 1940)
4042:
4031:
3780:
3763:
3567:
3560:
3547:
3513:Hassan Al-Turabi
3325:United Arab List
3143:
3074:Islamic republic
3069:Islamic monarchy
3054:Islamic feminism
2977:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2939:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2832:
2813:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2760:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2736:
2730:
2720:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2671:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2608:. Archived from
2607:
2598:
2581:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2475:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2395:. Archived from
2389:
2383:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2289:
2286:
2277:
2270:
2261:
2251:
2224:
2223:
2202:
2173:
2172:
2152:
2131:
2124:Sunan Abu Dawood
2120:
2111:
2101:
2082:
2072:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
1992:
1989:
1971:
1964:
1926:
1910:Arab nationalist
1759:Islamic republic
1729:The rise of the
1433:Abul Ala Maududi
1269:history of Islam
1259:
1256:Sunan Abu Dawood
1154:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
1040:
1034:
1033:
1032:الصحوة الإسلامية
1027:
1021:
1001:
994:
987:
973:
972:
964:Islam portal
962:
961:
960:
846:in North America
803:Hassan Al-Turabi
753:Abul Hasan Nadwi
336:Anti-imperialism
234:Islamic republic
229:Islamic monarchy
214:Islamic feminism
54:
48:
47:
37:
21:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4273:
4269:Political Islam
4247:
4216:
4212:Islamic revival
4180:
4113:
4107:
4103:(Gaddafi, 1975)
4036:
4017:
3971:
3942:Osama bin Laden
3927:Anwar al-Awlaki
3910:
3904:in North Africa
3851:Lashkar-e-Taiba
3799:
3795:Salafi jihadism
3774:
3749:
3718:
3684:Safar al-Hawali
3646:
3596:
3554:
3552:Salafi movement
3537:
3413:Muammar Gaddafi
3398:Hassan al-Banna
3366:
3355:
3329:
3260:Jamiat-e Islami
3206:
3180:Jamaat-e-Islami
3168:in Central Asia
3146:Socio-political
3134:
3022:
3011:Salafi jihadism
2971:
2966:
2919:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2861:
2859:Further reading
2845:
2843:
2841:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2804:
2800:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2746:
2738:Wright, Robin,
2737:
2733:
2721:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2584:
2572:Leonid Grinin,
2571:
2567:
2563:Lapidus, p. 829
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2516:Cook, Michael,
2515:
2511:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2467:Jamaat-e-Islami
2465:
2461:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2302:Lapidus, p. 828
2301:
2292:
2288:Lapidus, p. 823
2287:
2280:
2272:Kepel, Gilles,
2271:
2264:
2252:
2227:
2220:
2206:Lapidus, Ira M.
2204:
2203:
2176:
2169:
2154:
2153:
2134:
2121:
2114:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2006:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1977:needs expansion
1962:
1927:
1924:
1815:
1807:Main articles:
1805:
1782:
1660:
1611:Islamic liberal
1594:Islamic culture
1586:
1570:confessionalist
1518:1973 oil crisis
1474:
1446:Tablighi Jamaat
1442:Ilyas Kandhlawi
1437:Jamaat-e-Islami
1413:Syed Ahmad Khan
1388:Hassan al-Banna
1277:Islamic history
1275:. As a result,
1260:
1254:
1228:
1186:Hassan al-Banna
1106:preachers, and
1102:, influence of
1090:re-Islamization
1012:Islamic revival
1005:
967:
958:
956:
950:
949:
923:
913:
912:
908:Magnus Ranstorp
826:
818:
817:
713:Hassan al-Banna
673:Osama bin Laden
668:
660:
659:
610:Muammar Gaddafi
595:
587:
586:
573:
516:
508:
507:
441:Jamaat-e-Islami
364:
356:
355:
351:Islamic revival
326:
318:
317:
275:Political Islam
180:
172:
171:
165:
120:Salafi jihadism
115:Salafi movement
105:
97:
96:
62:
50:
49:
41:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4335:
4333:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4252:Related topics
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4243:United Kingdom
4240:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4156:Faith campaign
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:The Green Book
4097:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4057:
4055:(Iqbal, 1930s)
4053:Reconstruction
4048:
4046:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4013:Talibanization
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3947:Akhtar Mansour
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3858:Southeast Asia
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Fatah al-Islam
3821:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3766:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3704:Salman al-Ouda
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3587:Sahwa movement
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3483:Ata Abu Rashta
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3428:Muhammad Iqbal
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3373:Muhammad Abduh
3369:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:Fatah Alliance
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3158:Hizb ut-Tahrir
3155:
3149:
3147:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2917:External links
2915:
2914:
2913:
2900:
2885:
2880:Roy, Olivier;
2878:
2869:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2839:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2798:
2771:(4): 718–719.
2755:
2744:
2731:
2700:
2686:
2663:
2650:
2637:
2625:
2582:
2565:
2556:
2542:
2522:
2509:
2490:(1): 173–181.
2470:
2459:
2452:
2434:
2422:
2409:
2384:
2380:978-0878402243
2367:
2360:
2342:
2304:
2290:
2278:
2262:
2225:
2218:
2174:
2167:
2132:
2112:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2005:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1974:
1972:
1961:
1958:
1922:
1804:
1801:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1750:The return of
1748:
1742:
1727:
1720:
1693:
1690:Yom Kippur War
1659:
1656:
1585:
1584:Manifestations
1582:
1544:, it exported
1538:Saudi monarchy
1473:
1470:
1417:Muhammad Iqbal
1386:, his protege
1374:Muhammad Abduh
1339:Ahmad Sirhindi
1252:
1240:, narrated by
1227:
1224:
1178:Muhammad Ahmad
1166:Ahmad Sirhindi
1104:fundamentalist
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
996:
989:
981:
978:
977:
952:
951:
948:
947:
942:
937:
936:
935:
924:
921:Related topics
919:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
868:Maryam Namazie
865:
860:
855:
850:
849:
848:
843:
833:
827:
824:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
778:Ata Abu Rashta
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
728:Muhammad Iqbal
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
688:Muhammad Abduh
685:
680:
678:Mohammed Yusuf
675:
669:
667:Key ideologues
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
652:
647:
645:House of Thani
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
605:Omar al-Bashir
602:
596:
594:Heads of state
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
567:
560:("Milestones")
554:
542:
530:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
506:
505:
504:
503:
498:
496:Southeast Asia
493:
488:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
451:Salafist Front
448:
443:
438:
433:
431:Hizb ut-Tahrir
422:
421:
420:
419:
414:
404:
402:Sahwa movement
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
377:Dawat-e-Islami
374:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
331:Anti-communism
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
308:
303:
296:
289:
284:
283:
282:
272:
267:
266:
265:
260:
248:
238:
237:
236:
231:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
195:
194:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
167:
166:
159:
158:
157:
156:
146:
145:
144:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
112:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
60:
59:
56:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4334:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:War on terror
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4028:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:Major figures
3913:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Ali al-Tamimi
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3656:Major figures
3653:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3630:Islamist Bloc
3628:
3627:
3626:
3625:Al-Nour Party
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:Navvab Safavi
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Tariq Ramadan
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Safwat Hegazi
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:Muhammad Asad
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Welfare Party
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:Turkish model
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:Post-Islamism
3101:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:Islamic state
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3018:Shia Islamism
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2903:
2901:9780393066401
2897:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2842:
2840:9780674291409
2836:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2615:on 2017-08-09
2611:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2453:0-300-11306-4
2449:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2399:on 2007-05-02
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2361:0-300-11306-4
2357:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:(4): 444–60.
2319:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2168:9780313247194
2164:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1975:This section
1973:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:Our Economics
1947:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1829:In 1971, the
1827:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:and also the
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:nation states
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:Muslim League
1426:
1423:promoted the
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1349:(1263–1328),
1348:
1347:Ibn Taymiyyah
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:(1042–1269),
1329:
1325:
1322:dynasties in
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:Ibn Taymiyyah
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1082:umbrella term
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1002:
997:
995:
990:
988:
983:
982:
980:
979:
976:
971:
966:
965:
954:
953:
946:
943:
941:
938:
934:
931:
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
917:
916:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
873:Maajid Nawaaz
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
822:
821:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
788:Navvab Safavi
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
773:Tariq Ramadan
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
723:Safwat Hegazi
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
708:Muhammad Asad
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
664:
663:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
640:House of Saud
638:
636:
635:Mohammed Omar
633:
631:
628:
626:
625:Mohamed Morsi
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
591:
590:
582:
581:Khomeini 1970
578:
577:
575:
568:
565:
561:
559:
555:
552:
548:
547:
543:
540:
536:
535:
531:
528:
524:
523:
519:
518:
512:
511:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
481:
480:
479:
478:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
446:Salafist Call
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
368:
360:
359:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
322:
321:
314:
313:
309:
307:
304:
302:
301:
297:
295:
294:
290:
288:
287:Post-Islamism
285:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
271:
268:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
253:
249:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
225:
224:Islamic state
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
193:
192:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:Shia Islamism
161:
160:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
101:
100:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
58:
57:
53:
45:
38:
33:
19:
4296:North Africa
4211:
4197:Anti-Zionism
4100:
4092:
4084:
4079:(Qutb, 1964)
4076:
4071:(Asad, 1961)
4068:
4061:Forty Hadith
4060:
4052:
4035:Other topics
3637:People Party
3577:Ahl-i Hadith
3523:Ahmed Yassin
3503:Ali Shariati
3438:Ali Khamenei
3112:
3098:Pan-Islamism
3091:of knowledge
3086:Islamization
2905:. Retrieved
2890:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2851:
2844:. Retrieved
2828:
2807:
2801:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2691:. Retrieved
2676:
2658:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2617:. Retrieved
2610:the original
2577:
2568:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2532:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2462:
2443:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:the original
2387:
2370:
2351:
2345:
2337:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2273:
2260:: pp. 126–27
2255:
2209:
2157:
2122:
2105:
2076:Gilles Kepel
2070:
2018:Islam portal
1998:
1985:
1981:adding to it
1976:
1949:
1943:
1933:
1929:
1918:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1870:Nawaz Sharif
1859:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1786:
1783:
1709:Saudi Aramco
1705:Gilles Kepel
1673:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1608:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1534:Saudi Arabia
1513:sectarianism
1505:Muslim world
1475:
1458:Muslim world
1454:Michael Cook
1451:
1406:
1391:
1382:
1370:pan-Islamism
1359:
1343:Ahl-i Hadith
1313:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1264:
1262:
1248:
1247:
1242:Abu Hurairah
1231:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1149:
1147:
1116:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1051:
1035:
1022:
1011:
1010:
955:
945:Islamophobia
903:Shiraz Maher
898:Gilles Kepel
808:Ahmed Yassin
793:Ali Shariati
733:Ali Khamenei
600:Ali Khamenei
571:
569:
557:
544:
532:
520:
476:
475:
424:
423:
382:Ahl-i Hadith
366:
350:
341:Anti-Zionism
310:
298:
291:
270:Pan-Islamism
250:
245:of knowledge
241:Islamization
189:
61:Fundamentals
4176:Arab Winter
4171:Arab Spring
3952:Mullah Omar
3814:MENA region
3740:Petro-Islam
3714:Al-Uthaymin
3488:Rashid Rida
3473:Sayyid Qutb
3463:Mullah Omar
3341:Ansar Allah
3185:Millî Görüş
2907:23 December
2729:: pp. 92–93
2646:Sacred Rage
2549:17 December
2080:Olivier Roy
2031:Petro-Islam
1938:criticized
1735:Petro-Islam
1717:Petro-Islam
1685:pan-Arabism
1681:Six-Day War
1669:Petro-Islam
1627:Olivier Roy
1546:neo-Wahhabi
1526:Petro-Islam
1501:Westernized
1497:Middle East
1486:Six-Day War
1398:nationalism
1357:(d. 1792).
1337:revivalist
1309:Middle East
1305:Ibn Khaldun
1190:Sayyid Qutb
1150:mujaddideen
1131:Six-Day War
1123:Westernized
888:Bassam Tibi
883:Olivier Roy
783:Rashid Rida
768:Sayyid Qutb
539:Iqbal 1930s
486:MENA region
456:Millî Görüş
4311:Categories
4291:South Asia
4233:Gaza Strip
4185:Influences
4112:Historical
4077:Milestones
4069:Principles
4003:Mujahideen
3880:al-Shabaab
3875:Boko Haram
3863:Abu Sayyaf
3841:South Asia
3699:Zakir Naik
3582:Madkhalism
3570:Scholastic
3528:Zia-ul-Haq
3498:Omar Bongo
3163:in Britain
3081:Islamistan
2999:Khomeinism
2687:0521570778
2619:2018-08-20
2543:0313247196
2403:2007-05-10
2046:Islamistan
1945:Iqtisaduna
1745:Zia-ul-Haq
1731:Mujahideen
1528:" and the
1462:irreligion
1409:South Asia
1335:Naqshbandi
1238:Abu Dawood
1214:neo-Sufism
1119:secularism
878:Sam Harris
858:Farag Foda
630:Zia ul-Haq
491:South Asia
392:Madkhalism
367:Scholastic
325:Influences
154:Khomeinism
104:Ideologies
92:Secularism
4289:Islam in
4259:Criticism
4221:by region
3804:Movements
3669:Al-Albani
3610:Al Asalah
3602:Political
3592:Wahhabism
3563:Movements
3518:Malcolm X
3240:Hezbollah
3139:Movements
2793:161657254
2504:143034327
2089:Citations
2036:Ahmadiyya
1960:Criticism
1874:madrassas
1841:blasphemy
1752:Ayatollah
1713:Wahhabism
1316:Almoravid
1297:mujaddids
1135:civil war
1108:terrorist
1098:, use of
933:Modernism
841:in Europe
564:Qutb 1965
551:Asad 1961
515:Key texts
425:Political
407:Wahhabism
363:Movements
204:Caliphate
82:Economics
4317:Islamism
3889:al-Qaeda
3783:Ideology
3772:Jihadism
3620:Al-Islah
3300:Al Wefaq
3200:in Syria
3195:in Egypt
3153:Deobandi
3027:Concepts
3006:Salafism
2989:Islamism
2969:Islamism
2644:Wright,
2208:(2014).
2004:See also
1988:May 2017
1923:—
1889:de facto
1850:Al-Ahram
1809:Islamism
1768:of 1979.
1755:Khomeini
1739:Al-Qaeda
1644:customs.
1427:and the
1293:mujaddid
1285:Muhammad
1273:religion
1253:—
1210:Jihadism
1202:Islamist
1071:Muhammad
1053:mujaddid
477:Militant
387:Deobandi
263:Jihadism
179:Concepts
110:Islamism
87:Politics
52:Islamism
44:a series
42:Part of
4228:Balkans
4008:Slavery
3976:Related
3899:in Iraq
3846:Taliban
3790:Qutbism
3723:Related
3674:Ibn Baz
3346:Taliban
3334:Related
3230:Ennahda
3034:Emirate
2994:Qutbism
2981:Outline
2846:2 April
2819:Sources
2812:: p. 26
2648:, p. 66
2334:3632403
2129:37:4278
1940:Marxism
1819:Taliban
1566:Lebanon
1550:mosques
1495:in the
1490:secular
1404:, etc.
1324:Maghreb
1320:Almohad
1204:" and "
1044:Islamic
372:Barelvi
280:aspects
243: (
149:Qutbism
77:Culture
72:History
4114:events
3108:Sharia
2898:
2884:, 1994
2837:
2810:, 1994
2791:
2785:164565
2783:
2727:, 1994
2693:10 May
2684:
2540:
2502:
2450:
2378:
2358:
2332:
2258:, 1994
2216:
2165:
2110:: p. 4
2108:, 1994
1862:sharia
1836:sharia
1797:Sunnah
1788:taqlid
1773:Turkey
1658:Causes
1615:Sufism
1332:Indian
1289:hadith
1265:tajdid
1233:hadith
1219:Sharia
1196:, and
1176:, and
1141:; and
1075:sharia
1067:hadith
1062:tajdid
1048:sharia
1025:tajdīd
1016:Arabic
293:Sharia
191:Takfir
4238:Sudan
4045:Texts
3998:Jihad
3829:Hamas
3235:Hadas
3130:Ummah
3114:Shura
2806:Roy,
2789:S2CID
2781:JSTOR
2723:Roy,
2613:(PDF)
2606:(PDF)
2500:S2CID
2330:JSTOR
2254:Roy,
2104:Roy,
2062:Notes
1793:Quran
1724:Dubai
1604:Mecca
1574:Egypt
1328:Spain
1281:Quran
1100:hijab
1020:تجديد
397:Nurcu
312:Ummah
300:Shura
252:Jihad
67:Islam
2909:2015
2896:ISBN
2848:2015
2835:ISBN
2695:2018
2682:ISBN
2551:2014
2538:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2214:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2078:and
1811:and
1795:and
1764:The
1695:The
1599:Hajj
1554:Iran
1499:and
1368:and
1326:and
1318:and
1095:Hajj
2773:doi
2492:doi
2322:doi
1983:.
1884:FLN
1407:In
4313::
2850:.
2787:.
2779:.
2769:25
2767:.
2703:^
2666:^
2585:^
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2498:.
2488:23
2486:.
2482:.
2336:.
2328:.
2318:40
2316:.
2293:^
2281:^
2265:^
2228:^
2177:^
2135:^
2127:,
2115:^
2096:^
1956:.
1915:,
1799:.
1671:.
1629:,
1419:,
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1948:(
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