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Islamic law.... Conventions, declarations and resolutions or decisions of international organizations, which were contrary to Islam, had no validity in the
Islamic Republic of Iran.... The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which represented secular understanding of the Judaeo-Christian tradition, could not be implemented by Muslims and did not accord with the system of values recognized by the Islamic Republic of Iran; this country would therefore not hesitate to violate its provisions." These departures, both theoretical and practical, have resulted in a multitude of practices and cases criticized by international human rights groups. See
2324:. In this, they oppose the liberal and modernist theologians, who tend to have a more critical, historical view of Scripture. Among Muslim theologians, there is as yet no such liberal or modernist approach to the Qur'an, and all Muslims, in their attitude to the text of the Qur'an, are in principle at least fundamentalists. Where the so-called Muslim fundamentalists differ from other Muslims and indeed from Christian fundamentalists is in their scholasticism and their legalism. They base themselves not only on the Qur'an, but also on the Traditions of the Prophet, and on the corpus of transmitted theological and legal learning.
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prevent the growth of nationalistic movements that were not necessarily favorable toward the interests of the
Western nations. By the 1970s, the Islamists had become important allies in supporting governments, such as Egypt, which were friendly to U.S. interests. By the late 1970s, however, some fundamentalist groups had become militaristic leading to threats and changes to existing regimes. The
3127:
3191:(pronounced , "Western education is sinful"), is a jihadist militant organization based in the northeast of Nigeria. It is an Islamist movement which strongly opposes man-made laws and westernization. Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2001, the organization seeks to establish sharia law in the country. The group is also known for attacking Christians and bombing Mosques and churches.
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1816:
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2394:, have defended the use of the phrase. Surveying the doctrines of the new Islamic movements, Al-Azm found them to consist of "an immediate return to Islamic 'basics' and 'fundamentals'. ... It seems to me quite reasonable that calling these Islamic movements 'Fundamentalist' (and in the strong sense of the term) is adequate, accurate, and correct."
2442:. It defined fundamentalism as "approach, or set of strategies, by which beleaguered believers attempt to preserve their distinctive identity as a people or group ... by a selective retrieval of doctrines, beliefs, and practices from a sacred past." A 2013 study by Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung finds that Islamic fundamentalism is
3384:, which cause conflict with international law on human rights. According to Mayer, features found in conflict include severe deficiencies in criminal procedure, harsh criminal penalties causing great suffering, discrimination against women and non-Muslims, and prohibition against abandoning the Islamic religion. In 1990, under Saudi leadership, the
3396:(UDHR). The Cairo declaration lacks provisions for democratic principles, protection for religious freedom, freedom of association and freedom of the press, as well as equality in rights and equal protection under the law. Further it stipulates that "all the rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic
3475:
stated that it does not trust the poll carried out by the New York Times and that the figures would be higher than 33%. They further claimed that New York residents are tolerant and if the figures were 33% in New York then "non-New Yorker fellow citizens are far more deeply biased and warped than the
3438:
noted that this is equivalent to the number of
Australians who perceived American Foreign Policy as a threat, he further noted that not just Muslim countries have an unfavourable opinion of the United States but a large number of western countries such as: France, Germany, Great Britain and Spain and
2715:
governments, particularly those of the United States and the United
Kingdom, launched covert and overt campaigns to encourage and strengthen fundamentalist groups in the Middle East and southern Asia. These groups were seen as a hedge against potential expansion by the Soviet Union, and as a means to
2382:
In contrast, American author
Anthony J. Dennis accepts the widespread usage and relevance of the term and calls Islamic fundamentalism "more than a religion today, it is a worldwide movement." He notes the intertwining of social, religious and political goals found within the movement and states that
2000:
sees
Islamic fundamentalism as "an umbrella designation for a very wide variety of movements, some intolerant and exclusivist, some pluralistic; some favourable to science, some anti-scientific; some primarily devotional and some primarily political; some democratic, some authoritarian; some pacific,
3194:
The movement is divided into three factions. In 2011, Boko Haram was responsible for at least 450 killings in
Nigeria. It was also reported that they had been responsible for over 620 deaths over the first 6 months of 2012. Since its founding in 2001, the jihadists have been responsible for between
2045:
Politics and economics. Islamists often talk of "revolution" and they believe "that the society will only be
Islamized through social and political action: it is necessary to leave the mosque ..." Fundamentalists are primarily interested in Islamic practice, less interested in "modernity or Western
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The group became known internationally following sectarian violence in
Nigeria in July 2009, which left over 1000 people dead. They do not have a clear structure or evident chain of command. Moreover, it is still a matter of debate whether Boko Haram has links to terror outfits outside Nigeria and
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The Cairo declaration followed years of limited acceptance of the
Universal declaration by predominantly Muslim states. As an example, in 1984, Iran's UN representative, Said Raja'i Khorasani, said the following amid allegations of human rights violations, " recognized no authority ... apart from
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which have been issued by fundamentalists such as the fatwa which states that "every Muslim who pleads for the suspension of the shari'a is an apostate and can be killed. The killing of those apostates cannot be prosecuted under Islamic law because this killing is justified" as going beyond, and
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any liberal, progressive, or moderate Muslims would describe themselves as usulis, or fundamentalist, without thinking that this carries a negative connotation. In the Islamic context, it makes much more sense to describe the fanatical reductionism and narrow-minded literalism of some groups as
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with the majority saying religious rules are more important than civil laws and three quarters rejecting religious pluralism within Islam. A recent study shows that some European Muslims perceive Western governments as inherently hostile towards Islam as a source of identity. This perception,
1960:
takes a similar line, describing "neo-fundamentalists", (i.e. contemporary fundamentalists) as being more passionate than earlier Islamists in their opposition to the perceived "corrupting influence of Western culture", avoiding Western dress, "neckties, laughter, the use of Western forms of
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its fighters have frequently clashed with Nigeria's central government. A US commander stated that Boko Haram is likely linked to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), although professor Paul Lubeck points out that no evidence is presented for any claims of material international support.
1986:
have remained Iranian citizens, are required to perform military service and pay the same taxes as Muslims, and have the right to vote (with separate electoral colleges). Similarly, the Afghan Jamaat, in its statutes, has declared it legal to employ non-Muslims as experts in the eyes of
1961:
salutation, handshakes, applause", discouraging but not forbidding other activities such as sports, ideally limiting the Muslim public space to "the family and the mosque". In this fundamentalists have "drifted" away from the stand of the Islamists of the 1970s and 1980s, such as who:
1869:, criticized the usage of the term "Islamic Fundamentalism" due to its ambiguous nature; asserting that the linguistic deployment of the term has been heavily influenced through Western-centric lens of Christian presuppositions. According to him, the more appropriate terms would be "
3082:). Many of their fighters are also present in jihadist battlegrounds such as Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, and throughout Central Asia. Many plots involving Chechen and other indigenous ethnic groups of the North Caucasus have also been thwarted in Europe over the recent years.
2103:"In western usage, these words have a rather specific connotation; they suggest a certain type of religiosity- emotional indeed sentimental; not intellectual, perhaps even anti-intellectual; and in general apolitical and even anti-political. Fundamentalists are against
2075:, leader of the Iranian Revolution, was not a fundamentalist but a populist, and calls the term "Islamic fundamentalism" in general "not only confusing but also misleading and even downright wrong"), notes that in the Islamic Republic of Iran, supporters of Ayatollah
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message into a comprehensive political programme, while the Jamaʿat envisioned an all-out battle against Western influence and culture. The combination of religion and politics offered by these movements established contemporary Islamic fundamentalism.
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are still central dogmas of the faith ... Unlike their Christian namesakes, the Islamic fundamentalists do not set aside but on the contrary embrace much of the post-scriptural scholastic tradition of their faith, in both its theological and its legal
2524:
The trajectory of Islamic fundamentalism was marked by four phases. The first phase of proto-fundamentalism emerged during the late 19th century in wake of backlash against the Western colonial onslaught. Its main representatives were the
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sect. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to
1996:, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs, believes it the other way around, Islamism being the subset of Muslims "with political goals ... within" the "broader fundamentalist revival". American historian
2397:
Hassan Hanafi reached the same conclusion: "It is difficult to find a more appropriate term than the one recently used in the West, 'fundamentalism,' to cover the meaning of what we name Islamic awakening or revival."
1943:
believes that Islamic fundamentalism is a subset of Islamism rather than a distinctive form of it, and to him, Islamic fundamentalists are "the most conservative element among Islamists". Its "strictest form" includes
2866:. Anthony J. Dennis notes that "Western and Islamic visions of the state, the individual and society are not only divergent, they are often totally at odds." Among human rights fundamentalist Muslims oppose are:
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Hekmatpour, Peyman; Burns, Thomas J. (2019). "Perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam among European Muslims before and after ISIS: the important roles of residential segregation and education".
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Issue of women. "Islamists generally tend to favour the education of women and their participation in social and political life: the Islamist woman militates, studies, and has the right to work, but in a
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2060:. Islamist groups include women's associations." While the fundamentalist preaches that women should return to their homes, Islamism believes that it is sufficient if "the sexes are separated in public".
2008:, sees little difference between the two terms (at least in usage in one country): "To all intents and purposes, Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism have become synonyms in contemporary American usage."
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2800:, the cult of saints), deviations, and superstitions. They aim to return to the founding texts." Examples of individuals who adhere to this tendency are the 18th-century Shah Waliullah in India and
4164:
3247:
1743:
392:
131:
3074:(ChRI) in October 2007, it adheres to an ideology of Salafist-takfiri jihad that seeks to establish an Islamic caliphate within the North Caucasus and Volga region (primarily the republics of
2111:. For the so call fundamentalists of Islam these are not and never have been the issues. Liberal theology have not hitherto made much headway in Islam, and the divinity and inerrancy of the
4990:
3425:
2015:, the contemporary use of the term Islamic fundamentalism applies to Muslims who seek not just "to return to the primary sources", but who use "a literal interpretation of those sources".
1861:
and are therefore "fundamentalists", and others who believe it is a term that is used by outsiders in order to describe perceived trends within Islam. A professor of religious studies at
2597:
and the Wahhabi movement; and began to ardently campaign against Western influence and modernist ideas. The ideas of Rashid Rida, who is widely regarded as the spiritual father of the
3322:
groups or militias, in at least eight countries. While they share names and ideology, they lack a unified command structure. The eight countries in which the groups have operated are
3677:
3187:
Congregation of the People of Tradition for Proselytism and Jihad (Arabic: جماعة اهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد Jamā'a Ahl al-sunnah li-da'wa wa al-jihād), better known by its Hausa name
3107:, formally recognized in 2012. Al-Shabaab is designated as a terrorist group by countries including Australia, Canada, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
2316:
It remains unfortunate and can be misleading. "Fundamentalist" is a Christian term. It seems to have come into use in the early years of the last century, and it denotes certain
1391:, Islamic activism, but also criticized as pejorative, a term used by outsiders who instead ought to be using more positive terms such as Islamic activism or Islamic revivalism.
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experienced an influx of European ideas, values and thoughts during the late nineteenth century. The thinkers in the Muslim world reacted to modernity in three major ways.
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in the Arabian Peninsula. This reformism is often "developed in response to an external threat" such as "the influence of Hinduism on Islam". In the late 19th century, the
2483:
advocated reforms to reconcile with modernity; while emphasizing adherence to basic Islamic ideals. A third current; widely known as Islamic fundamentalism, pioneered by
1657:
1619:
2668:(pre-Islamic barbarity). Influenced by Qutb, a number of vanguard groups sprang up which turned to violence and terror in their struggle against "apostate" regimes. In
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5240:"Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities QE.A.135.13. ANSAR EDDINE"
2651:, during which Islamic fundamentalists were persecuted by authoritarian regimes and became radicalized. The radical new teachings were epitomized in the treatises of
4177:
Quoted by Bassam Tibi, "The Worldview of Sunni Arab Fundamentalists: Attitudes toward Modern Science and Technology," in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds.,
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4190:
Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, "Introduction," in Martin and Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p. 3.
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2475:, etc. considered Islam to be responsible for the backwardness of Muslims; gradually abandoning religion and adopted Western ideas. Meanwhile, Modernists like
1857:
The term fundamentalism has been deemed misleading by those who suggest that all mainstream Muslims believe in the literal divine origin and perfection of the
1187:
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writes that states with a predominantly Muslim population, even when they adopt laws along European lines, are influenced by Islamic rules and precepts of
487:
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1355:
936:
2063:
Variety and diversity within Islamic social movements has been highlighted by Husnul Amin in his work by referring to plurality within these movements.
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called the findings "appalling" and also analysed the data as showing a very high level of distrust of Muslim Americans and robust disapproval of the
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793:
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movement, an Arabian fundamentalist movement that began in the 18th century, had also gained traction and spread during the 19th and 20th centuries.
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456:
2309:, among others. Many have proposed replacing it with another term, such as "puritanical", "Islamic revivalism" or "activism", and "radical Islam".
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2515:. For them, the economic, political and military problems of the Islamic World are due to Muslim negligence in strictly adhering to the tenets of
2052:. While both Islamists and fundamentalists are committed to implementing Sharia law, Islamists "tend to consider it more a project than a corpus."
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798:
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The New York Times Laments "A Sadly Wary Misunderstanding of Muslim-Americans." But Really Is It "Sadly Wary" Or A "Misunderstanding" At All?
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1889:(reform) are rooted within the Islamic religious history, from the early Islamic centuries to the contemporary times. During the 1990s, the
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unsupported by, the Qur'an. Tibi asserts, "The command to slay reasoning Muslims is un-Islamic, an invention of Islamic fundamentalists".
2570:(1865–1935 CE) marks the transition from proto-fundamentalism to the second phase of Islamic fundamentalism. Rida became the first major
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came to power by advocating the formation of a system of Islamic government where the highest level of authority is in the hands of the
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non-Islamic influences should be eliminated from every part of Muslims' lives; and that the societies, economies, and governance of
436:
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movement, marks the rise of Islamic fundamentalist movements. He advocated fundamentalist causes through the early Islamic journal
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Muslim critics of Islamic fundamentalism often draw a parallel between the modern fundamentalist movement and the 7th century
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Islamic fundamentalism "deserves to be seriously studied and debated from a secular perspective as a revolutionary ideology."
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concluded that Australia was not an outlier on this regard. The Lowy Institute claimed that the result "raised eyebrows".
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disagrees, arguing that it is more akin to a traditional Muslim state, where a power separation exists between "princes" (
1952:. ... For fundamentalists the law is the most essential component of Islam, and it leads to an overwhelming emphasis upon
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Lewis, a leading historian of Islam, believes that although "the use of this term is established and must be accepted":
2041:
According to Roy distinctions between Fundamentalism and Islamism (or at least pre-1990 Islamism) are in the fields of:
1207:
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poll found that 33% of Americans think that Muslim Americans were more "sympathetic to terrorists than other Citizens"
7060:
6618:
6191:
5938:
5933:
3096:
3091:
2831:, believe that, contrary to their own message, Islamic fundamentalists are not actually traditionalists. He refers to
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1127:
1122:
138:
4777:
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Some states and movements that are perceived or claimed to be Islamic fundamentalists have been criticized for their
3137:
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The modern Islamic fundamentalist movements have their origins in the late 19th century. According to the Arab poet
2202:"Reformist" fundamentalism, in contrast, "criticizes the tradition, the commentaries, popular religious practices" (
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6402:
5988:
5661:
3875:
3563:
3413:
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2801:
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however, declined significantly after the emergence of ISIS, especially among young and educated European Muslims.
2415:
2223:
1544:
1514:
1182:
763:
431:
255:
81:
6483:
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Käsehage, Nina (2021). "Towards a Covid-Jihad – Millennialism in the field of Jihadism". In Käsehage, Nina (ed.).
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2589:, Rashid Rida would be highly influenced by the Hanbali puritanical and revivalist doctrines of the 13th century
2508:
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1411:
1341:
1237:
1100:
922:
877:
220:
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2619:. Influenced by Rida's ideals that campaigned for the establishment of an Islamic state in the aftermath of the
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5993:
3548:
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2092:
1509:
4375:"Islamic History & Al-Qaeda: A Primer to Understanding the Rise of Islamist Movements in the Modern World"
4161:
Sadik J. al-Azm, "Islamic Fundamentalism Reconsidered: A Critical Outline of Problems, Ideas and Approaches",
4089:"Islamic History & Al-Qaeda: A Primer to Understanding the Rise of Islamist Movements in the Modern World"
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Islamic fundamentalists, or at least "reformist" fundamentalists, believe that Islam is based on the Qur'an,
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in its modern iteration, and these doctrines would be readily adopted by later Islamic fundamentalists. The
1957:
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of UCLA, a critic of those who are called Islamic fundamentalists, also finds fault with the term because:
2026:, one of the most defining features of Islamic fundamentalism is belief in the "reopening" of the gates of
421:
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that operated for about thirty-five years and popularised his political theory of Islamic state after the
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2468:
2219:
1993:
1626:
1484:
993:
708:
6874:
5338:
4440:
Ridgeon, Lloyd; Weismann, Itzchak (2015). "1: Modernity from Within: Islamic Fundamentalism and Sufism".
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Ridgeon, Lloyd; Weismann, Itzchak (2015). "1: Modernity from Within: Islamic Fundamentalism and Sufism".
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who campaigned to adopt Western ideals and institutions. The religious endeavours of the Syrian-Egyptian
6997:
6660:
6126:
4820:
S. A. Rahman in "Punishment of Apostasy in Islam", Institute of Islamic Culture, Lahore, 1972, pp. 10–13
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on human rights has been somewhat limited even in Muslim countries that are not seen as fundamentalist.
2407:
2374:", thus, they do not qualify as movements which are returning to the practice of historic fundamentals.
2107:
and biblical criticism and in favor of a return to fundamentals-i.e. to the divine inerrant text of the
1953:
1862:
1723:
1177:
1137:
781:
620:
5169:
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4341:
Modern Islamic Political Thought: The Response of the Shi'i and Sunni Muslims to the Twentieth Century
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2012:
1971:
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Some of the beliefs attributed to Islamic fundamentalists are that the primary sources of Islam (the
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analysed this as indicating a high level of distrust directed at the American Muslim community. The
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2775:, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death.
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1924:
is often described as being responsible for the popularity of contemporary Islamic fundamentalism.
1559:
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66:
2079:"finding no equivalent in Persian or Arabic" for fundamentalist, "have proudly coined a new word,
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churches and organizations, more particularly, those that maintain the literal divine origin and
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is an Islamist militant group in the country of Mali that wants Shariah law in Mali. It opposes
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Origins and Development of the Tablighi-Jama'at (1920–2000): A Cross-Country Comparative Study
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The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Disorder. Updated Edition.
4014:"Making Sense of Islamic Social Movements: A Critical Review of Major Theoretical Approaches"
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Poll 57% of Australians indicated they are worried about the rise of Islamic fundamentalism.
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argues that "radical Islam" is a better term for many post-1920s movements starting with the
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Hamas, Taliban and the Jewish Underground: An Economist's View of Radical Religious Militias
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was one of the most significant signs of this shift. Subsequently, fundamentalist forces in
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is seen by some scholars as a success of Islamic fundamentalism. Some scholars argue that
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movements, Islamic fundamentalists hold the view that the problems of the world stem from
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Dennis, Anthony J. "Strange Bedfellows: Fundamentalist Islam and Democracy" pp. 31–33 in
1900:
Some 20th century preachers and writers sometimes dubbed Islamic fundamentalist include
6894:
6751:
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3445:
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3063:
3025:
3021:
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is essentially legalistic and used to determine what is religiously right or wrong for
2129:
Muslims) traditionally tends to fall into "traditionalist" and "reformist" tendencies:
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In the contemporary era, the term "fundamentalism" is usually applied to denote these
1927:
Definitions vary as to what Islamic fundamentalism exactly is and how it differs from
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6368:
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6231:
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5858:
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4936:
4252:
4054:
Lewis, Bernard(1993) Islam in history:ideas, people and events in the Middle East:398
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3037:
3013:
2851:
2575:
2551:
2391:
2317:
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2294:
2096:
2023:
2005:
1940:
1866:
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1474:
1415:
1142:
1132:
1025:
830:
738:
723:
673:
658:
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590:
516:
262:
199:
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6375:
6315:
6261:
6241:
6176:
5836:
5824:
5191:
5087:
4829:
4780:, by Mahdi Jami, In Persian, BBC Persian, 2 February 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2006.
4278:
3618:
The Search for Fundamentals: The Process of Modernisation and the Quest for Meaning
3494:
3450:
3369:
2909:
2708:
2687:
2648:
2594:
2533:
2460:
2439:
2419:
2258:
1975:
1820:
1775:
1713:
1678:
1479:
1331:
1247:
901:
882:
758:
743:
683:
565:
372:
357:
316:
245:
216:
5518:
5497:
5476:
5455:
5029:
3742:" 'The Green Peril': Creating the Islamic Fundamentalist Threat", Leon T. Hadar,
2133:
Traditionalists accept "the continuity" between the founding Islamic "texts"—the
2046:
models of politics or economics", and less willing to associate with non-Muslims.
6914:
6909:
6690:
6478:
6452:
6226:
6211:
6201:
6079:
4607:
3633:
3126:
2828:
2659:
2616:
2608:
2567:
2484:
2359:
puritanical (a term that in the West invokes a particular historical experience)
2241:
1997:
1913:
1901:
1579:
1564:
1524:
845:
733:
718:
605:
529:
5615:
5478:
Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education
3239:. It managed to take control of Northern Mali, and they formed a pact with the
2876:
Equality issues between men and women (And thus fundamentalist muslims are not
6741:
6613:
6601:
6437:
6320:
6236:
5819:
5737:
3804:
3484:
3347:
3213:
3208:
3188:
3116:
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2821:
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2612:
2538:
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2488:
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2233:
2162:
2108:
1693:
1594:
1504:
1494:
1489:
1147:
978:
815:
595:
367:
114:
4646:"Terrorism and Religious Fundamentalism: Prospects for a Predictive Paradigm"
4619:
4236:
2796:
and "criticize the tradition, the commentaries, popular religious practices (
2554:
trends. The anti-colonial religious activists consisted of two factions: the
1414:
should return to the fundamentals of Islam, the system of Islam, and become
6407:
6348:
6330:
6256:
5978:
5606:
5393:
Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American ...
4400:. 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 13.
4228:
3621:
3075:
2877:
2859:
2652:
2503:
is relevant for all times and must reign supreme. They idealised the era of
2341:
2333:
2261:
reward for them being faithful followers and blamed contemporary decline of
1945:
1894:
1733:
1584:
1063:
998:
983:
382:
179:
4244:
2153:
2747:
argue that it is more accurate to describe them as its radical offshoots.
2348:", saying "I prefer to speak of Islamic revivalism and Islamic activism."
2206:, the cult of saints), "deviations, and superstitions"; it aims to purify
6627:
6510:
6506:
6038:
5891:
5727:
5707:
4778:
Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri: "Not Every Conversion is Apostasy"
3588:
3528:
3323:
3104:
2953:
2805:
2797:
2767:
2763:" on an international scale; since the turn of the twenty-first century.
2752:
2704:
2655:
2435:
2431:
2329:
2237:
2203:
2196:
2032:("independent reasoning" used in reaching a legal decision in Sunni law).
1928:
1905:
1790:
1728:
1683:
1384:
1107:
1049:
957:
362:
238:
104:
46:
4688:
Dennis, Anthony J. "Fundamentalist Islam and Human Rights" pp. 36–56 in
2328:
John Esposito has attacked the term for its association "with political
6584:
6528:
6412:
6084:
5968:
5772:
5732:
5520:
Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam
4304:. 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK: Bloomsbury. pp. 12–13.
4136:
3335:
2957:
2855:
2725:
2590:
2579:
2427:
2418:, devoted to researching fundamentalism in the worlds major religions,
2262:
2192:
2174:
2158:
2067:
Curiously, historian Ervand Abrahamian (who essentially devoted a book—
2028:
1909:
1703:
1574:
1388:
1376:
1095:
1054:
347:
109:
4736:
Dennis, Anthony J. "The Attack on Freedom of Expression" pp. 47–56 in
4139:, UC San Diego National Bureau of Economic Research. August 2003, p. 4
3616:. In van Vucht Tijssen, Lieteke; Berting, Jan; Lechner, Frank (eds.).
3062:
is a fundamentalist Islamic terrorist group residing primarily in the
5846:
3578:
3466:
3458:
3363:
3217:
3067:
2793:
2789:
2772:
2517:
2456:
2275:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2147:
2141:
2057:
2049:
1979:
1949:
1879:
1698:
1403:
1399:
988:
268:
166:
4621:
The Islamic Fundamentalist Ideology: Context and the Textual Sources
4385:(10). PACE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW: 345 – via DigitalCommons.
4203:. Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung. 9 December 2013.
4099:(10). PACE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW: 344 – via DigitalCommons.
4045:, by Ervand Abrahamian, University of California Press, 1993, p. 13.
1383:. The term has been used interchangeably with similar terms such as
4444:. 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK: Bloomsbury. p. 13.
2732:, caused a near-civil war in Egypt, and caused the downfall of the
6736:
6567:
5973:
5868:
5852:
5121:"Tuareg-jihadists alliance: Qaeda conquers more than half of Mali"
3351:
3343:
3331:
3327:
2997:
2926:
2833:
2692:
2555:
2542:
2527:
2500:
2480:
2423:
2253:
2207:
2187:. Traditionalists are sometimes connected to the popular forms of
2135:
2126:
2112:
1885:
1858:
1407:
1395:
973:
287:
275:
227:
61:
4752:
Dennis, Anthony J. "The Attack on Other Religions" pp. 44–47 in
4113:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), pp. 117–118, n. 3.
3879:, 26 May 1994, "Symposium: Resurgent Islam in the Middle East,"
3388:, a group representing all Muslim majority nations, adopted the
3339:
2804:
in the Arabian Peninsula. This view is commonly associated with
2760:
2712:
2669:
2370:, because these movements are seen as practicing "unprecedented
1406:), should be interpreted in a literal and originalist way; that
6772:
6504:
6288:
5680:
4988:
Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate
4704:
Dennis, Anthony J. "The Attack on Women's Rights" pp. 40–44 in
2643:
The emergence of the next phase occurred in the context of the
2574:
to comprehensively elucidate the foundational principles of an
5147:"Rebels burn Timbuktu tomb listed as U.N. World Heritage site"
4583:
Lectures for Religion 166: Religious Life in the United States
3265:
3120:
2251:, believed that the triumphs of early generations of Muslims (
2083:, by translating literally the English term fundamental-ist."
4792:, by Magdi Abdelhadi, 27 March 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2006.
4632:
4165:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
2755:
belong to a fourth phase of Islamic fundamentalism, known as
3929:
Coming to Terms, Fundamentalists or Islamists? Martin Kramer
2151:), accepting what was said before and refusing to innovate (
5676:
5267:, chapter 14 in Carrie Gustafson, Peter H. Juviler (eds.),
5012:"Al-Shabaab joining al Qaeda, monitor group says – CNN.com"
2912:
is also largely governed by fundamentalist principles (see
2145:—and their commentaries. Traditionalists take "imitation" (
1982:(protected communities) as provided for in the sharia: the
27:
Ideology which seeks to return to the fundamentals of Islam
5265:
Islamic Law and Human Rights: Conundrums and Equivocations
3901:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 823.
5271:, Columbia University seminar series, M.E. Sharpe, 1999,
4754:
The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West
4738:
The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat of the West
4722:
The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West
4706:
The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West
4690:
The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat of the West
4674:
The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West
4150:
The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West
3426:
Opinion polling and analysis about Islamic fundamentalism
3372:
record by international organizations. The acceptance of
2293:
The term "Islamic fundamentalism" has been criticized by
5499:
Challenges of the Muslim World: Present, Future and Past
4903:
Challenges of the Muslim World: Present, Future and Past
3614:"The Search for Fundamentals and Islamic Fundamentalism"
3220:
shrines. Its main support comes from the Ifora tribe of
5192:"Mali Tuareg and Islamist rebels agree on Sharia state"
4281:[Adonis and Islam: Mistakes and Inaccuracies].
3783:. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. pp. 7–8.
3282:
2157:), as a "basic principle, They follow one of the great
2011:
Scriptural literalism – According to another academic,
5647:
Shepard, William. "What is 'Islamic Fundamentalism'?"
5457:
Islam, globalization, and postmodernity – Google Books
4527:"Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism"
3679:
Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad
3235:. They destroyed the tomb of a Sufi saint which was a
3099:, meaning "the Youth", is a Somalia-based cell of the
2759:, a movement that strives to move the battle against "
5065:. Agence France-Presse. 13 March 2012. Archived from
5047:
Armed Islamist group claims control in northeast Mali
2662:, which elucidated notions such as the return of the
2611:; as an alternative model against rising currents of
5418:"Opinion | Mistrust and the Mosque (Published 2010)"
4181:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p. 85.
4124:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
6990:
6959:
6923:
6850:
6783:
6714:
6653:
6542:
6521:
6461:
6393:
6339:
6308:
6301:
6102:
6072:
5949:
5884:
5877:
5765:
5718:
5565:
5220:. United States Department of State. 21 March 2013
4935:
2386:At least two Muslim academics, Syrian philosopher
2273:iii) neglect of the correct practice of Islam iv)
5102:"Mali militants: who's who among Islamist rebels"
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
3655:
3653:
2095:and Islamic fundamentalism include (according to
5332:"The Lowy Institute Poll Australians Speak 2005"
5170:"Islamists declare full control of Mali's north"
3663:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 8.
2631:carried the banner of fundamentalism during the
2558:who kept to scriptural religious discourse, and
1893:used "Islamic fundamentalism" as a synonym for "
5603:Religious Fundamentalism in the Age of Pandemic
5366:Top Ten Global Justice Law Review Articles 2007
5291:Top Ten Global Justice Law Review Articles 2007
5063:"Islamist fighters call for Sharia law in Mali"
4906:. Emerald Group Publishing. 2008. p. 272.
4811:, Text of the fatwa by Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi
4546:"The Balance of Islam in Challenging Extremism"
4343:. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 69.
3709:
3707:
3607:
3605:
2854:has come into conflict with conceptions of the
2356:
2314:
2101:
1966:...didn't hesitate to attend Hindu ceremonies.
1964:
5088:Mali crisis: 'Timbuktu joy after life of fear'
4508:"Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'"
3671:
3669:
3509:Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah (British organisation)
2236:; "marking a phase between Fundamentalism and
5692:
5168:Tiemoko Diallo; Adama Diarra (28 June 2012).
4999:International Institute for Counter-Terrorism
4870:Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective
4435:
4433:
4431:
3574:Violence against Muslims in independent India
3392:, which substantially diverges from the 1948
2862:state, such as the internationally supported
2696:would form the ideological basis of the 1979
2690:'s modernist social reinterpretations of the
1838:
1349:
930:
8:
5390:Coolsaet, Professor Dr Rik (28 April 2013).
5269:Religion and human rights: competing claims?
500:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
5317:The Economist, Volume 375, Issues 8420–8428
3155:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1992:Umbrella term – Another American observer,
6880:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
6780:
6769:
6518:
6501:
6305:
6298:
6285:
5881:
5715:
5699:
5685:
5677:
5454:Ahmed, Akbar S.; Donnan, Hastings (1994).
4043:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic
4018:Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society
3390:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
2069:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic
1845:
1831:
1425:
1356:
1342:
948:
937:
923:
31:
5614:
5496:Cooper, William Wager; Yue, Piyu (2008).
5218:"Terrorist Designations of Ansar al-Dine"
5057:
5055:
4975:The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism
4938:The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism
4442:Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age
4398:Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age
4302:Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age
4201:"Islamic fundamentalism is widely spread"
3175:Learn how and when to remove this message
2623:, popular Islamist movements such as the
2087:Differences with Christian fundamentalism
1637:Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
794:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
5547:Understanding Islam: the first ten steps
5369:. Oxford University Press. p. 406.
5294:. Oxford University Press. p. 406.
5259:
5257:
4839:, View of Dr. Ahmad Shafaat on apostasy.
4585:. Wake Forest University. Archived from
3733:New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
3243:forming the Islamic Republic of Azawad.
2511:, and sought to revive its "purity" and
6009:Justice and Development Party (Morocco)
5605:. Religionswissenschaft. Vol. 21.
4152:(Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996), p. i.
3768:from the original on 25 September 2021.
3601:
3432:Lowy Institute for International Policy
2125:Islamic fundamentalism (at least among
2022:in Islamic law – According to academic
1428:
1287:Jihadist extremism in the United States
956:
34:
6014:Justice and Development Party (Turkey)
5672:Islamic Fundamentalism: A Brief Survey
5609:: Transcript Verlag. pp. 81–106.
5539:Islam radical et nouvel ordre impérial
4676:(Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996) p. 26
4457:
4413:
4317:
3873:Remarks by Robert H. Pelletreau, Jr.,
2952:Islamic fundamentalist groups include
1956:, usually narrowly conceived." Author
6469:International propagation of Salafism
5428:from the original on 14 October 2022.
3394:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2864:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2412:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7:
6573:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
5363:Guiora, Amos N. (4 September 2008).
5288:Guiora, Amos N. (4 September 2008).
5127:from the original on 19 January 2013
4942:. Cornell University Press. p.
4790:What Islam says on religious freedom
4618:: 2002. Excerpt available online as
4525:Mohamad Jebara More Mohamad Jebara.
4379:Pace International Law Review Online
4289:from the original on 27 August 2021.
4093:Pace International Law Review Online
3781:The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?
3661:The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?
3153:adding citations to reliable sources
2743:vanguards; although historians like
2244:(1865–1935), a major scholar of the
1948:, which is sometimes referred to as
1786:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
5783:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists
4830:The punishment of apostasy in Islam
4126:, Harper San Francisco, 2005, p. 19
3848:, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 48
3386:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
3070:. Created from the remnants of the
2930:). In contrast, Jansen argues that
2185:Enjoining good and forbidding wrong
1658:List of Salafi Islamic universities
1188:Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel
1113:Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine
4506:Khan, Sheema (29 September 2014).
4277:Murad, Suleiman (27 August 2021).
3314:is a name used by a collection of
2846:Islamic fundamentalism's push for
2621:abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate
1570:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh
1304:Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq
1228:Moro insurgency in the Philippines
512:Principles of State and Government
488:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
25:
6885:Popular Arab and Islamic Congress
5396:Ashgate Publishing. p. 113.
5030:"Somali group to be banned in UK"
4873:. Cengage Learning. p. 362.
4740:(Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996).
4724:(Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996).
4708:(Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996).
4692:(Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996).
3569:Muslim patrol incidents in London
3461:Ground Zero Mosque incident. The
3364:Sharia § Contemporary issues
3252:United States Department of State
2686:(guardianship of the jurist) and
2541:and religious revivalists of the
2444:widespread among European Muslims
1457:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque
437:List of Islamic political parties
4756:(Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996)
4217:The British Journal of Sociology
3487:
3269:
3125:
2884:Separation of religion and state
2842:Conflicts with the secular state
2827:Some scholars of Islam, such as
2734:Soviet occupation in Afghanistan
2635:. The Brothers incorporated the
1814:
1803:
1652:International Islamic University
1450:
1325:
1275:Islamic terrorism in the Balkans
1223:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
906:
895:
6941:Contemporary Islamic philosophy
5668: (archived 27 October 2009)
5481:. University of Chicago Press.
5242:. United Nations. 21 March 2013
4279:"أدونيس والإسلام، تيه ومغالطات"
4111:The Political Language of Islam
3746:Cato Institute, 27 August 1992.
3256:United Nations Security Council
3226:Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
2906:1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran
2232:movement spread throughout the
1218:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
1213:East Turkestan Islamic Movement
6875:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
6004:Justice and Construction Party
5568:The Failure of Political Islam
5119:Couamba Sylla (4 April 2012).
4934:Johannes J. G. Jansen (1997).
4802:Fatwa on Intellectual Apostasy
4663:, Volume 11, No. 1 (June 2006)
4633:Middle East Information Center
4616:University of California Press
4070:
3995:
3979:
3963:
3898:A History of Islamic Societies
3857:
3713:
3676:DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004).
2970:Armed Islamic Group of Algeria
2816:Along with adherents of other
1282:Islamism in the United Kingdom
1248:Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan
1089:Notable jihadist organisations
1:
6946:Islamic response to modernity
5100:Ian Black (16 January 2013).
3846:The Future of Political Islam
3758:"The Rhetoric ofIslamophobia"
3044:Ideology of the Islamic State
2948:Islamic fundamentalist groups
2900:Islamic fundamentalist states
2718:overthrow of the Shah in Iran
1632:Islamic University of Madinah
654:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
5572:. Harvard University Press.
5502:. Emerald Group Publishing.
4661:Philipps-Universität Marburg
3682:(First ed.). New York:
3504:2009 Diyala Province Bombing
3410:human rights in Saudi Arabia
3248:designated a terrorist group
3224:. The group is connected to
3072:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
2218:. 18th-century examples are
2161:of religious jurisprudence (
1422:Definitions and descriptions
1381:founding scriptures of Islam
1208:Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
7066:Islam-related controversies
6549:Militant Islamism based in
6192:Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
4657:Marburg Journal of Religion
4373:M. Bennett, Andrew (2013).
4179:Fundamentalisms and Society
4168:, 1 and 2 (1993), pp. 95–7.
4087:M. Bennett, Andrew (2013).
3634:10.1007/978-94-015-8500-2_2
3457:did this survey during the
3092:Al-Shabaab (militant group)
1877:", since the traditions of
1270:Islamic terrorism in Europe
1128:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
1118:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
448:Militant Islamism based in
7087:
7003:Political aspects of Islam
6403:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
5989:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
5616:10.14361/9783839454855-004
5475:Appleby, R. Scott (1993).
5123:. middle-east-online.com.
4551:. Quilliam. Archived from
4544:Hasan, Usama (July 2012).
4073:Failure of Political Islam
3998:Failure of Political Islam
3982:Failure of Political Islam
3966:Failure of Political Islam
3876:Middle East Policy Council
3860:Failure of Political Islam
3779:L. Esposito, John (1992).
3716:Failure of Political Islam
3612:Arjomand, Said A. (1995).
3564:Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi
3519:Forced conversion in Islam
3423:
3414:Taliban treatment of women
3361:
3300:
3237:UNESCO World Heritage Site
3206:
3114:
3089:
3052:
3041:
3035:
2802:Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab
2416:The Fundamentalism Project
2265:on four major factors: i)
1292:Foreign fighters in Bosnia
1183:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
764:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
432:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
7024:
6860:Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
6779:
6768:
6517:
6500:
6418:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
6297:
6284:
5959:Freedom and Justice Party
5714:
5517:Dreyfuss, Robert (2006).
5090:retrieved 17 January 2013
4835:26 September 2009 at the
4627:27 September 2007 at the
3946:Voices of Resurgent Islam
3935:(Spring 2003), pp. 65–77.
3827:Voices of Resurgent Islam
3195:3,000 and 10,000 deaths.
3018:Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
3002:Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
2390:and Egyptian philosopher
2037:Differences with Islamism
2004:Synonym – Still another,
1739:International propagation
1642:Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad
1510:Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi
1412:Muslim-majority countries
1379:who aim to return to the
1238:South Thailand insurgency
1069:International propagation
878:Islam and other religions
388:International propagation
127:International propagation
6834:(Izetbegović, 1969-1970)
6633:in the Arabian Peninsula
6474:Islamic religious police
6034:Prosperous Justice Party
5994:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
4651:27 December 2008 at the
4478:Dreyfuss (2006), pp. 1–4
4464:: CS1 maint: location (
4420:: CS1 maint: location (
4324:: CS1 maint: location (
3895:Lapidus, Ira M. (2002).
3805:"Islamic fundamentalism"
3549:Islamic religious police
3358:Human rights controversy
2093:Christian fundamentalism
1931:(or political Islam) or
1759:Associated organizations
1538:Founders and key figures
540:Governance of the Jurist
6117:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
6029:Malaysian Islamic Party
6024:National Iraqi Alliance
5984:Islamic Salvation Front
5914:Islamic Defenders Front
4396:Ridgeon, Lloyd (2015).
4229:10.1111/1468-4446.12673
3684:Oxford University Press
3416:for specific examples.
2784:Interpretation of texts
2177:). Their vision of the
1922:funding by Saudi Arabia
1647:Jamia Salafia, Varanasi
1606:List of Salafi scholars
1468:Theology and Influences
1375:and reform movement of
644:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
7056:Islamic fundamentalism
6558:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
6272:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
6197:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
6054:State of Law Coalition
5964:Green Algeria Alliance
4339:Enayat, Hamid (1982).
3807:. Muslimphilosophy.com
3756:Atkin, Muriel (2000).
2982:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
2469:Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani
2361:
2326:
2322:inerrancy of the Bible
2220:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
2118:
1994:Robert Pelletreau, Jr.
1989:
1970:never proposed giving
1689:Islamic fundamentalism
1627:Umm al-Qura University
1485:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
1387:, Islamic revivalism,
1371:has been defined as a
1369:Islamic fundamentalism
1041:Islamic fundamentalism
967:Practices and concepts
709:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
145:Islamic fundamentalism
18:Islamic fundamentalist
6661:Hibatullah Akhundzada
6484:Sufi–Salafi relations
6127:Hibatullah Akhundzada
5564:Roy, Olivier (1994).
5549:. London: SCM Press.
5545:Hewer, C.T.R (2006).
5263:Ann Elizabeth Mayer,
4993:21 April 2014 at the
4867:Gary Ferraro (2007).
4848:Appleby (1993) p. 342
4807:25 April 2009 at the
4767:Encyclopedia of Islam
4496:Dreyfuss (2006), p. 5
4487:Dreyfuss (2006), p. 4
4363:Cooper (2008), p. 272
4267:Cooper (2008), p. 272
4265:Dreyfuss (2006), p. 2
4163:South Asia Bulletin,
4012:Amin, Husnul (2014).
3933:Middle East Quarterly
3362:Further information:
3301:Further information:
3233:2012 Tuareg Rebellion
3042:Further information:
2473:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2408:University of Chicago
2289:Criticism of the term
1863:Georgetown University
1724:Sufi-Salafi relations
1679:Ahl-i Hadith movement
1178:Boko Haram insurgency
1138:Islamic State of Iraq
782:Criticism of Islamism
776:Criticism of Islamism
694:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek
621:Hibatullah Akhundzada
6900:September 11 attacks
6870:Grand Mosque seizure
6676:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
6671:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
6433:Muhammad Al-Munajjid
6142:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
6059:Islamic Action Front
5662:Fundamentalist Islam
5541:, L'Harmattan, 2007.
5460:. Psychology Press.
5424:. 3 September 2010.
3406:human rights in Iran
3231:It took part in the
3149:improve this section
3006:Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
2918:Johannes J.G. Jansen
2812:Social and political
2267:European imperialism
2210:by returning to the
2091:Differences between
2013:Natana J. Delong-Bas
1620:Notable universities
1263:Jihadism in the West
1158:Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
581:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
538:Islamic Government:
6832:Islamic Declaration
6381:Young Kashgar Party
5649:Studies in Religion
5320:. 2005. p. 58.
5018:. 10 February 2012.
4857:Ahmed (1993), p. 94
4672:Dennis, Anthony J.
4577:Matthews, Terry L.
4148:Dennis, Anthony J.
3844:Fuller, Graham E.,
3731:Islam and the West,
3378:Ann Elizabeth Mayer
3028:among many others.
2894:Freedom of religion
2513:early Islamic power
2352:Khaled Abou El Fadl
2299:Khaled Abou El Fadl
1939:Form of Islamism –
1810:Politics portal
1560:Jamal al-Din Qasimi
1309:Homegrown terrorism
952:Part of a series on
913:Politics portal
866:Islam and modernity
542:("Velayat-e faqih")
524:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
7061:Islam and politics
6890:Algerian Civil War
6865:Iranian Revolution
6824:Islamic Government
6722:Islam and violence
6696:Juhayman al-Otaybi
6609:Sub-Saharan Africa
6354:Authenticity Party
6122:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
5929:Muslim Brotherhood
5778:Islamic governance
5633:Sikand, Yoginder.
5422:The New York Times
4512:The Globe and Mail
3885:, Fall 1994, p. 2.
3882:Middle East Policy
3659:John L. Esposito,
3628:. pp. 27–39.
3539:Islam and violence
3281:. You can help by
2924:) and "scholars" (
2722:Ayatollah Khomeini
2698:Iranian revolution
2647:era following the
2645:de-colonialisation
2625:Muslim Brotherhood
2495:(1903–1979 CE) in
2493:Abul A'ala Mawdudi
2388:Sadiq Jalal al-Azm
2368:Muslim Brotherhood
2271:Western philosophy
2242:Sayyid Rashid Rida
2071:—to why Ayatollah
1972:Iranian Christians
1933:Islamic revivalism
1891:post-Soviet states
1871:Islamic revivalism
1771:Authenticity Party
1672:Related ideologies
1550:Syed Nazeer Husain
1545:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
1515:Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
1297:Bosnian mujahideen
1243:Taliban insurgency
1171:Jihadism in Africa
811:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
787:Criticism of Islam
649:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
467:Sub-Saharan Africa
427:Muslim Brotherhood
412:Iranian Revolution
322:Islamic Golden Age
175:Islamic governance
7043:
7042:
7020:
7019:
7016:
7015:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6732:Islamic terrorism
6727:Islamic extremism
6706:Ayman al-Zawahiri
6701:Omar Abdel-Rahman
6507:Militant Islamism
6496:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6428:Rabee al-Madkhali
6389:
6388:
6280:
6279:
6247:Haji Shariatullah
6207:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
6187:Abul A'la Maududi
6182:Ruhollah Khomeini
6172:Alija Izetbegović
6157:Rached Ghannouchi
6147:Necmettin Erbakan
6104:Political leaders
6098:
6097:
6090:Islamic modernism
6019:National Congress
5951:Political parties
5864:Two-nation theory
5798:Islamic socialism
5788:Islamic democracy
5626:978-3-8376-5485-1
5149:. CNN. 6 May 2012
4589:on 6 October 2009
4451:978-1-4725-2387-7
4407:978-1-4725-2387-7
4350:978-0-333-27969-4
4311:978-1-4725-2387-7
3643:978-0-7923-3542-9
3589:Deobandi movement
3559:Mona Mahmudnizhad
3554:Islamic terrorism
3544:Islamic extremism
3534:Hindu nationalism
3469:Mosque proposal.
3374:international law
3320:militant Islamist
3299:
3298:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3101:militant Islamist
3010:Indian Mujahideen
2889:Freedom of speech
2741:militant Islamist
2077:Ruhollah Khomeini
2073:Ruhollah Khomeini
1984:Armenians of Iran
1855:
1854:
1744:by country/region
1555:Siddiq Hasan Khan
1366:
1365:
1101:Pakistani Taliban
1016:Islamic terrorism
947:
946:
821:Abdelwahab Meddeb
749:Haji Shariatullah
714:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
699:Abul A'la Maududi
689:Ruhollah Khomeini
669:Rached Ghannouchi
601:Alija Izetbegović
586:Ruhollah Khomeini
493:Rashīd Rīďha 1922
393:by country/region
282:Two-nation theory
234:Islamic terrorism
195:Islamic socialism
185:Islamic democracy
161:Apostasy in Islam
132:by country/region
16:(Redirected from
7078:
6931:Anti-imperialism
6826:(Khomeini, 1970)
6802:(Khomeini, 1940)
6781:
6770:
6519:
6502:
6306:
6299:
6286:
6252:Hassan Al-Turabi
6064:United Arab List
5882:
5813:Islamic republic
5808:Islamic monarchy
5793:Islamic feminism
5716:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5678:
5630:
5618:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5571:
5560:
5537:Ariel Francais,
5534:
5513:
5492:
5471:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5344:on 24 April 2016
5343:
5337:. Archived from
5336:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5285:
5279:
5261:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5069:on 23 April 2012
5059:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5008:
5002:
4984:
4978:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4941:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4840:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4812:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4747:
4741:
4731:
4725:
4715:
4709:
4699:
4693:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4664:
4642:
4636:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4579:"Fundamentalism"
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4558:on 2 August 2014
4557:
4550:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4463:
4455:
4437:
4426:
4425:
4419:
4411:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4323:
4315:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4274:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4223:(5): 2133–2165.
4211:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4175:
4169:
4159:
4153:
4146:
4140:
4133:
4127:
4120:
4114:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4084:
4078:
4068:
4055:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4024:on 1 August 2020
4020:. Archived from
4009:
4003:
3993:
3987:
3977:
3971:
3961:
3955:
3944:Esposito, John,
3942:
3936:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3892:
3886:
3871:
3865:
3855:
3849:
3842:
3836:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3753:
3747:
3744:Policy Analysis,
3740:
3734:
3729:Bernard, Lewis,
3727:
3721:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3673:
3664:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3609:
3584:Wahhabi movement
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3472:The New Republic
3312:Ansar al-Shariah
3294:
3291:
3273:
3266:
3180:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3129:
3121:
3060:Caucasus Emirate
3055:Caucasus Emirate
3049:Caucasus Emirate
2994:Jemaah Islamiyah
2990:Jaish-e-Mohammed
2941:Wilayat al Faqih
2914:Wahhabi movement
2872:religious police
2745:Itzchak Weismann
2720:and rise of the
2649:Second World War
2499:, asserted that
2410:, backed by the
2346:anti-Americanism
2224:Ibn Abdul Wahhab
2105:liberal theology
1918:Wahhabi movement
1910:Abul Ala Mawdudi
1875:Islamic activism
1867:John L. Esposito
1847:
1840:
1833:
1821:Islam portal
1819:
1818:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1781:Takfir wal-Hijra
1454:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1426:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1332:Islam portal
1330:
1329:
1328:
1233:Sinai insurgency
1201:Jihadism in Asia
949:
939:
932:
925:
911:
910:
902:Islam portal
900:
899:
898:
804:in North America
754:Hassan Al-Turabi
704:Abul Hasan Nadwi
312:Anti-imperialism
210:Islamic republic
205:Islamic monarchy
190:Islamic feminism
49:
43:
42:
32:
21:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7012:
7008:Political Islam
6986:
6955:
6951:Islamic revival
6919:
6852:
6846:
6842:(Gaddafi, 1975)
6775:
6756:
6710:
6681:Osama bin Laden
6666:Anwar al-Awlaki
6649:
6643:in North Africa
6590:Lashkar-e-Taiba
6538:
6534:Salafi jihadism
6513:
6488:
6457:
6423:Safar al-Hawali
6385:
6335:
6293:
6291:Salafi movement
6276:
6152:Muammar Gaddafi
6137:Hassan al-Banna
6105:
6094:
6068:
5999:Jamiat-e Islami
5945:
5919:Jamaat-e-Islami
5907:in Central Asia
5885:Socio-political
5873:
5761:
5750:Salafi jihadism
5710:
5705:
5666:Wayback Machine
5658:
5627:
5600:
5597:
5595:Further reading
5584:
5582:
5580:
5563:
5557:
5544:
5531:
5516:
5510:
5495:
5489:
5474:
5468:
5453:
5450:
5445:
5444:
5437:
5433:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5302:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5262:
5255:
5245:
5243:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5201:
5199:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5152:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5086:
5082:
5072:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5053:
5045:
5041:
5036:. 1 March 2010.
5028:
5027:
5023:
5010:
5009:
5005:
4995:Wayback Machine
4986:Darion Rhodes,
4985:
4981:
4972:
4968:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4837:Wayback Machine
4828:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4809:Wayback Machine
4800:
4796:
4788:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4764:
4760:
4748:
4744:
4732:
4728:
4716:
4712:
4700:
4696:
4684:
4680:
4671:
4667:
4653:Wayback Machine
4644:Douglas Pratt,
4643:
4639:
4629:Wayback Machine
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4456:
4452:
4439:
4438:
4429:
4412:
4408:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4316:
4312:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4176:
4172:
4160:
4156:
4147:
4143:
4134:
4130:
4121:
4117:
4109:Bernard Lewis,
4108:
4104:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4069:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3994:
3990:
3978:
3974:
3970:: pp. 82–3, 215
3962:
3958:
3943:
3939:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3872:
3868:
3856:
3852:
3843:
3839:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3741:
3737:
3728:
3724:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3686:, USA. p.
3675:
3674:
3667:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3626:Springer Verlag
3611:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3524:Hindu terrorism
3514:Anwar al-Awlaki
3493:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3476:Gotham locals".
3428:
3422:
3420:Opinion polling
3366:
3360:
3308:Ansar al-Sharia
3305:
3303:Ansar al-Sharia
3295:
3289:
3286:
3279:needs expansion
3264:
3262:Ansar al-Sharia
3211:
3205:
3181:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3146:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3094:
3088:
3057:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3032:ISIL/ISIS/Daesh
2986:Lashkar-e-Taiba
2950:
2902:
2844:
2814:
2786:
2781:
2757:Salafi-jihadism
2683:wilayat-i faqih
2680:'s doctrine of
2676:combination of
2633:interwar period
2629:Jamaat-e Islami
2609:First World War
2587:First World War
2453:
2404:
2380:
2291:
2286:
2123:
2089:
2039:
1851:
1815:
1813:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1719:Salafi jihadism
1674:
1664:
1663:
1622:
1612:
1611:
1540:
1530:
1529:
1500:Ibn Abd al-Hadi
1470:
1460:
1443:Salafi movement
1441:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1362:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1203:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1074:Salafi jihadism
1045:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1011:Beheading video
1004:Martyrdom video
969:
968:
943:
905:
896:
894:
888:
887:
861:
851:
850:
777:
769:
768:
664:Hassan al-Banna
634:
626:
625:
576:Muammar Gaddafi
561:
553:
552:
539:
482:
474:
473:
417:Jamaat-e-Islami
340:
332:
331:
327:Islamic revival
302:
294:
293:
251:Political Islam
156:
148:
147:
141:
122:Salafi movement
100:
92:
91:
57:
45:
44:
36:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7084:
7082:
7074:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7048:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6994:
6992:
6991:Related topics
6988:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6982:United Kingdom
6979:
6974:
6969:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6895:Faith campaign
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6856:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6840:The Green Book
6836:
6828:
6820:
6812:
6804:
6796:
6794:(Iqbal, 1930s)
6792:Reconstruction
6787:
6785:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6752:Talibanization
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6686:Akhtar Mansour
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6597:Southeast Asia
6594:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6563:Fatah al-Islam
6560:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6515:
6514:
6505:
6498:
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6493:
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6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6443:Salman al-Ouda
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6399:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6387:
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6383:
6378:
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6372:
6371:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6326:Sahwa movement
6323:
6318:
6312:
6310:
6303:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6282:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6222:Ata Abu Rashta
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6167:Muhammad Iqbal
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6112:Muhammad Abduh
6108:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6049:Fatah Alliance
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
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5966:
5961:
5955:
5953:
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5946:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5897:Hizb ut-Tahrir
5894:
5888:
5886:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5822:
5817:
5816:
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5810:
5800:
5795:
5790:
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5780:
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5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5657:
5656:External links
5654:
5653:
5652:
5651:. Winter 1988.
5645:
5631:
5625:
5596:
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5591:
5578:
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5092:
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4912:
4893:
4880:978-0495100089
4879:
4859:
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4770:
4758:
4742:
4726:
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4600:
4569:
4536:
4531:Ottawa Citizen
4517:
4498:
4489:
4480:
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4450:
4427:
4406:
4388:
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4349:
4331:
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4292:
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4192:
4183:
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4154:
4141:
4128:
4122:abou el Fadl,
4115:
4102:
4079:
4056:
4047:
4035:
4004:
3988:
3972:
3956:
3937:
3931:originally in
3921:
3907:
3887:
3866:
3850:
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3818:
3796:
3789:
3771:
3762:CA&C Press
3748:
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3649:
3642:
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3511:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3446:New York Times
3436:Amos N. Guiora
3424:Main article:
3421:
3418:
3359:
3356:
3297:
3296:
3276:
3274:
3263:
3260:
3207:Main article:
3204:
3201:
3183:
3182:
3133:
3131:
3124:
3115:Main article:
3112:
3109:
3090:Main article:
3087:
3084:
3064:North Caucasus
3053:Main article:
3050:
3047:
3036:Main article:
3033:
3030:
3026:Hizb-ut Tahrir
3022:Tahrir al-Sham
2966:Ansar al-Islam
2949:
2946:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2843:
2840:
2818:fundamentalist
2813:
2810:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2749:Osama b. Ladin
2688:ʿAli Shariʿati
2477:Muhammad Abduh
2452:
2449:
2403:
2400:
2379:
2376:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2234:Arab countries
2200:
2122:
2119:
2088:
2085:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2016:
2009:
2002:
2001:some violent."
1978:the status of
1963:
1962:
1883:(revival) and
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:Sahwa movement
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1600:Zubair Ali Zai
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1520:Ismail Dehlavi
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1423:
1420:
1416:Islamic states
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:Jihadi tourism
1311:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1153:Al-Nusra Front
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1021:Suicide attack
1018:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
981:
976:
970:
966:
965:
964:
961:
960:
954:
953:
945:
944:
942:
941:
934:
927:
919:
916:
915:
890:
889:
886:
885:
880:
875:
874:
873:
862:
859:Related topics
857:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
826:Maryam Namazie
823:
818:
813:
808:
807:
806:
801:
791:
790:
789:
778:
775:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
729:Ata Abu Rashta
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
679:Muhammad Iqbal
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
639:Muhammad Abduh
635:
633:Key ideologues
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
618:
616:House of Thani
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
571:Omar al-Bashir
568:
562:
560:Heads of state
559:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
533:
526:("Milestones")
520:
508:
496:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
470:
469:
464:
462:Southeast Asia
459:
454:
440:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
407:Hizb ut-Tahrir
398:
397:
396:
395:
390:
380:
378:Sahwa movement
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
353:Dawat-e-Islami
350:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
307:Anti-communism
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
284:
279:
272:
265:
260:
259:
258:
248:
243:
242:
241:
236:
224:
214:
213:
212:
207:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
171:
170:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
143:
142:
136:
135:
134:
129:
119:
118:
117:
107:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7083:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7023:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6989:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6905:War on terror
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6771:
6767:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6654:Major figures
6652:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6503:
6499:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6448:Ali al-Tamimi
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6395:Major figures
6392:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6369:Islamist Bloc
6367:
6366:
6365:
6364:Al-Nour Party
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Navvab Safavi
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6217:Tariq Ramadan
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6162:Safwat Hegazi
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6132:Muhammad Asad
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6044:Welfare Party
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:Turkish model
5857:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5842:Post-Islamism
5840:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5803:Islamic state
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5757:Shia Islamism
5755:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5702:
5697:
5695:
5690:
5688:
5683:
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5670:
5667:
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5660:
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5643:81-250-2298-8
5640:
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5628:
5622:
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5598:
5594:
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5579:9780674291416
5575:
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5562:
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5556:9780334040323
5552:
5548:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5530:9780805081374
5526:
5523:. Macmillan.
5522:
5521:
5515:
5511:
5509:9780444532435
5505:
5501:
5500:
5494:
5490:
5488:9780226508818
5484:
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5467:9780415093668
5463:
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5403:9781409476450
5399:
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5376:9780195376586
5372:
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5301:9780195376586
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5277:0-7656-0261-X
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5198:. 26 May 2012
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3953:0-19-503340-X
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3834:0-19-503340-X
3831:
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3790:0-19-510298-3
3786:
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3697:0-19-516991-3
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3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3293:
3284:
3280:
3277:This section
3275:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
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3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3179:
3176:
3168:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3134:This section
3132:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3080:Bashkortostan
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3038:Islamic State
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3014:Islamic State
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:Army of Islam
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2870:Freedom from
2869:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2852:Islamic state
2849:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
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2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2699:
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2689:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2675:
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2657:
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2646:
2641:
2638:
2634:
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2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:Islamic state
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:anti-colonial
2549:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:Islamic World
2458:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:In 1988, the
2401:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:Hassan Hanafi
2389:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:John Esposito
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:Bernard Lewis
2288:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2222:in India and
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2097:Bernard Lewis
2094:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:John Esposito
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:Martin Kramer
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1955:
1954:jurisprudence
1951:
1947:
1942:
1941:Graham Fuller
1938:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Al-Nour Party
1764:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
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1677:
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1673:
1668:
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1660:
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1628:
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1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
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1542:
1539:
1534:
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1526:
1523:
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1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Ahl al-Hadith
1473:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:Islamic State
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Ahrar al-Sham
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1026:Jihadist flag
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
963:
962:
959:
955:
951:
950:
940:
935:
933:
928:
926:
921:
920:
918:
917:
914:
909:
904:
903:
892:
891:
884:
881:
879:
876:
872:
869:
868:
867:
864:
863:
860:
855:
854:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
831:Maajid Nawaaz
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
788:
785:
784:
783:
780:
779:
773:
772:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
739:Navvab Safavi
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
724:Tariq Ramadan
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
674:Safwat Hegazi
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:Muhammad Asad
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
630:
629:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
611:House of Saud
609:
607:
606:Mohammed Omar
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:Mohamed Morsi
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
557:
556:
548:
547:Khomeini 1970
544:
543:
541:
534:
531:
527:
525:
521:
518:
514:
513:
509:
506:
502:
501:
497:
494:
490:
489:
485:
484:
478:
477:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
447:
446:
445:
444:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
403:
402:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
336:
335:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
298:
297:
290:
289:
285:
283:
280:
278:
277:
273:
271:
270:
266:
264:
263:Post-Islamism
261:
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:
247:
244:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
230:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:Islamic state
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
169:
168:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
152:
151:
146:
140:
139:Shia Islamism
137:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
96:
95:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
53:
52:
48:
40:
33:
30:
19:
7035:North Africa
6936:Anti-Zionism
6839:
6831:
6823:
6818:(Qutb, 1964)
6815:
6810:(Asad, 1961)
6807:
6800:Forty Hadith
6799:
6791:
6774:Other topics
6376:People Party
6316:Ahl-i Hadith
6262:Ahmed Yassin
6242:Ali Shariati
6177:Ali Khamenei
5851:
5837:Pan-Islamism
5830:of knowledge
5825:Islamization
5719:
5648:
5634:
5602:
5583:. Retrieved
5567:
5546:
5538:
5519:
5498:
5477:
5456:
5434:
5421:
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3897:
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3799:
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3370:human rights
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2824:influences.
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2702:
2691:
2681:
2672:, a radical
2663:
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2584:
2550:and various
2545:
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2534:Ahl-i Hadith
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2420:Christianity
2405:
2396:
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2357:
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566:Ali Khamenei
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246:Pan-Islamism
226:
221:of knowledge
217:Islamization
165:
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56:Fundamentals
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6915:Arab Winter
6910:Arab Spring
6691:Mullah Omar
6553:MENA region
6479:Petro-Islam
6453:Al-Uthaymin
6227:Rashid Rida
6212:Sayyid Qutb
6202:Mullah Omar
6080:Ansar Allah
5924:Millî Görüş
4959:14 November
4919:14 November
4886:14 November
4608:Bassam Tibi
4562:17 November
4077:: pp. 30–31
3914:23 December
2829:Bassam Tibi
2798:maraboutism
2703:During the
2660:Sayyid Qutb
2617:nationalism
2593:theologian
2568:Rashid Rida
2487:across the
2485:Rashid Rida
2465:Secularists
2414:, launched
2284:Controversy
2204:Maraboutism
1998:Ira Lapidus
1958:Olivier Roy
1914:Israr Ahmed
1902:Sayyid Qutb
1580:Al-Uthaymin
1565:Rashid Rida
1525:Al-Shawkani
846:Bassam Tibi
841:Olivier Roy
734:Rashid Rida
719:Sayyid Qutb
505:Iqbal 1930s
452:MENA region
422:Millî Görüş
7050:Categories
7030:South Asia
6972:Gaza Strip
6924:Influences
6851:Historical
6816:Milestones
6808:Principles
6742:Mujahideen
6619:al-Shabaab
6614:Boko Haram
6602:Abu Sayyaf
6580:South Asia
6438:Zakir Naik
6321:Madkhalism
6309:Scholastic
6267:Zia-ul-Haq
6237:Omar Bongo
5902:in Britain
5820:Islamistan
5738:Khomeinism
5448:References
4765:"Murtad",
4028:19 January
3825:Esposito,
3430:In a 2005
3348:Mauritania
3290:April 2022
3214:Ansar Deen
3209:Ansar Deen
3203:Ansar Deen
3189:Boko Haram
3165:April 2013
3117:Boko Haram
3111:Boko Haram
3097:Al-Shabaab
3086:Al-Shabaab
2978:Boko Haram
2962:Abu Sayyaf
2860:democratic
2761:infidelity
2707:following
2613:secularism
2585:After the
2572:theologian
2560:modernists
2556:reformists
2539:South Asia
2509:companions
2497:South Asia
2489:Arab world
2364:Eli Berman
2338:fanaticism
2318:Protestant
2303:Eli Berman
2195:school in
2109:scriptures
2081:bonyadegar
1694:Madkhalism
1595:Ibn Jibrin
1505:Ibn Muflih
1495:Al-Dhahabi
1490:Ibn Kathir
1408:corrupting
1373:revivalist
1148:Boko Haram
1123:Al-Shabaab
979:Mujahideen
836:Sam Harris
816:Farag Foda
596:Zia ul-Haq
457:South Asia
368:Madkhalism
343:Scholastic
301:Influences
115:Khomeinism
99:Ideologies
87:Secularism
7028:Islam in
6998:Criticism
6960:by region
6543:Movements
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6349:Al Asalah
6341:Political
6331:Wahhabism
6302:Movements
6257:Malcolm X
5979:Hezbollah
5878:Movements
5607:Bielefeld
5172:. Reuters
4593:29 August
4460:cite book
4416:cite book
4320:cite book
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4253:125038730
4237:1468-4446
3622:Dordrecht
3136:does not
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2753:Al-Qaʾida
2730:civil war
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2665:Jahiliyya
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2599:Salafiyya
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2372:extremism
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2334:extremism
2279:doctrines
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2229:salafiyya
2116:aspects."
1950:salafiyya
1946:Wahhabism
1895:Wahhabism
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1590:Al-Fawzan
1585:Al-Albani
1064:Wahhabism
999:Inghimasi
984:Istishhad
871:Modernism
799:in Europe
530:Qutb 1965
517:Asad 1961
481:Key texts
401:Political
383:Wahhabism
339:Movements
180:Caliphate
77:Economics
7071:Islamism
6628:al-Qaeda
6522:Ideology
6511:Jihadism
6359:Al-Islah
6039:Al Wefaq
5939:in Syria
5934:in Egypt
5892:Deobandi
5766:Concepts
5745:Salafism
5728:Islamism
5708:Islamism
5426:Archived
5348:16 April
5246:21 March
5224:21 March
5196:BBC News
5125:Archived
5073:13 April
5034:BBC News
4991:Archived
4973:Jansen,
4833:Archived
4805:Archived
4649:Archived
4625:Archived
4287:Archived
4245:31004347
3766:Archived
3720:: p. 215
3529:Hindutva
3481:See also
3324:Pakistan
3254:and the
3105:al-Qaeda
2954:Al-Qaeda
2932:Khomeini
2806:Salafism
2768:Khawarij
2705:Cold War
2678:Khomeini
2658:scholar
2656:Islamist
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2604:Al-Manar
2566:scholar
2507:and his
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2436:Buddhism
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2214:and the
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2139:and the
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1929:Islamism
1920:and its
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1729:Hazimism
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1434:a series
1431:Part of
1385:Islamism
1108:Al-Qaeda
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1050:Islamism
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443:Militant
363:Deobandi
239:Jihadism
155:Concepts
105:Islamism
82:Politics
47:Islamism
39:a series
37:Part of
6967:Balkans
6747:Slavery
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6073:Related
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5773:Emirate
5733:Qutbism
5720:Outline
5664:at the
5585:2 April
5176:29 June
5131:6 April
4977:, p. 69
3986:: p. 59
3864:: p. 83
3398:shari'a
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3316:radical
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