Islamic views on Jesus's death

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you saw on the tree, glad and laughing, this is the living Jesus. But this one into whose hands and feet they drive the nails is his fleshly part, which is the substitute being put to shame, the one who came into being in his likeness. But look at him and me.' But I, when I had looked, said 'Lord, no one is looking at you. Let us flee this place.' But he said to me, 'I have told you, 'Leave the blind alone!'. And you, see how they do not know what they are saying. For the son of their glory instead of my servant, they have put to shame.' And I saw someone about to approach us resembling him, even him who was laughing on the tree. And he was with a Holy Spirit, and he is the Savior. And there was a great, ineffable light around them, and the multitude of ineffable and invisible angels blessing them. And when I looked at him, the one who gives praise was revealed.

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and His messenger(s). Ayoub furthers what modern scholars of Islam interpret regarding the historical death of Jesus, the man, as man's inability to kill off God's Word and the Spirit of God, which the Quran testifies were embodied in Jesus Christ. Ayoub continues highlighting the denial of the killing of Jesus as God denying men such power to vanquish and destroy the divine Word. The words, "they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him" speaks to the profound events of ephemeral human history, exposing mankind's heart and conscience towards God's will. The claim of humanity to have this power against God is illusory. "They did not slay him...but it seemed so to them" speaks to the imaginations of mankind, not the denial of the actual event of Jesus dying physically on the cross.

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woman whom God had freed from jinn-possession when Jesus treated her, came weeping to where the crucified was. And Jesus came to them both and said, "Why are you weeping?" They said, "Because of You." He said, "God raised me to Himself and I came to no harm. This is something which was "made a semblance to them". Order the disciples to meet me at such and such place." Eleven met him at the place. Jesus missed the one who had sold him. They said, "Because he regretted what he had done he committed suicide by strangling himself." Jesus replied, "If he had turned towards God, God would have turned toward him".

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persecuting him. He was replaced as Jesus and the executioners thought the victim was Jesus, causing everyone to believe that Jesus was crucified. A third explanation could be that Jesus was nailed to a cross, but as his soul is immortal he did not "die" or was not "crucified" ; it only appeared so. In opposition to the second and third foregoing proposals, yet others maintain that God does not use deceit and therefore they contend that the crucifixion just did not happen:

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questioned him saying "O Jesus, did you say that 'I am Son of God, and God'?" And Jesus, they say, answered: "Be merciful to me, Lord; you know that I did not say so, nor will I boast that I am your servant; but men who have gone astray wrote that I said this and they said lies concerning me and they have been in error". And although there are included in this scripture many more absurdities worthy of laughter, he insists that this was brought down to him by God.

1923:, not Jesus, who was crucified on the cross. This work states that when Judas led the Roman soldiers to arrest Jesus in an effort to betray him, angels appeared to take Jesus out a window and up to the heavens. As Judas entered the room, his appearance was transformed to that of Jesus, and the Romans arrested him and brought him to be crucified. The narrative states this transformation of appearance not only fooled the Romans, but the 1842:

wept and it grieved him. 'On the morning of the next day one of his disciples went to the Jew and said, "What will you give me if I lead you to the Messiah?" He accepted their offer of thirty dirhams and led them to him. And a semblance had been made for them before that, and they took him and made certain of him and bound him with a cord and began to lead him and to say to him "You used to bring the dead to life and to drive away

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father, was the one who drank the gall and the vinegar; it was not I. They were hitting me with the reed; another was the one who lifted up the cross on his shoulder, who was Simon. Another was the one on whom they put the crown of thorns. But I was rejoicing in the height over all the riches of the archons and the offspring of their error and their conceit, and I was laughing at their ignorance.

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which of them would purchase paradise for himself thath day. One man volunteered and went out saying that he was Jesus and as God had made him look like Jesus they took him, killed him and crucified him. Thereupon "a semblance was made to them" and they thought that they had killed Jesus. The Christians likewise thought that it was Jesus who had been killed. And God raised Jesus right away.

1698: 105: 536: 36: 2051: 889: 2129:(1981). Sunni Muslim authorities at the shrine however consider this as heretical and say that it is a Muslim saint buried there. The claims of the theory have been examined in various documentaries, and have generated tourist visits to the site. Some scholars, such as Norbert Klatt (1988), and Indologist 1948:

are Christians or Gnostics who believed that Jesus' physical body was an illusion, as was his crucifixion; that is, Jesus only seemed to have a physical body and to physically die, but in reality he was incorporeal, a pure spirit, and hence could not physically die. A docetic interpretation regarding

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The Gospel of Barnabas then mentions that after three days since burial, Judas' body was stolen from his grave with rumors spreading of Jesus being risen from the dead. In following with Islamic lore, when Jesus was informed in the third heaven about what happened he prayed to God to be sent back to

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And the Jews, having themselves violated the Law, wanted to crucify him, but having arrested him they crucified his shadow. But Christ, it is said, was not crucified, nor did he die; for God took him up to himself because of his love for him. And he says this, that when Christ went up to heaven God

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spiritual self - was 'assumed' direct from the cross to the presence of God. (We shall see an echo of this idea in the Qur'an.) Then the cry of dereliction is reproduced in a form which suggests that, at that moment, his divine power left the bodily shell in which it had taken up temporary residence.

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I saw him (Jesus) seemingly being seized by them. And I said 'What do I see, O Lord? That it is you yourself whom they take, and that you are grasping me? Or who is this one, glad and laughing on the tree? And is it another one whose feet and hands they are striking?' The Savior said to me, 'He whom

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so why not deliver yourself from this cord?" And they spat on him and cast thorns on him until they brought him to the wood upon which they wanted to crucify him. And God raised Jesus to Himself. And they crucified the semblance which was made to them. And tarried seven . 'Then his mother, and the

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The Jews were looking for Jesus. They took hold of Simon, one of the disciples, and they said, "This is one of his companions." And he denied it and said, "I am not one of his disciples." So they left him. Others took hold of him and he likewise denied it. Then he heard the sound of the cock and he

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Jesus went into a house together with seventeen of his companions. The Jew surrounded them but when they burst in God made all the disciples look like Jesus. The pursuers, supposing that they had bewitched them, threatened to kill them all if they did not expose him. Then Jesus asked his companions

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I was not afflicted at all. Those there punished me, yet I did not die in solid reality but in what appears, in order that I not be put to shame by them For my death which they think happened, (happened) to them in their error and blindness. They nailed their man up to their death. Another, their

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In reference to the Quranic quote "We have surely killed Jesus the Christ, son of Mary, the apostle of God", Ayoub asserts this boast not as the repeating of a historical lie or the perpetuating of a false report, but an example of human arrogance and folly with an attitude of contempt towards God

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By "they did not kill him," "before his death," and "the day I die" it can be assumed, based on a cursory reading of the plain text, that Jesus did not die. By "God raised him up to himself" and "You took me to Yourself" it can be assumed, based on a cursory reading of the plain text, that Jesus

1943:

A less common opinion among scholars hold that the crucifixion of Jesus was just an illusion. Accordingly, Jesus' body was really put on the cross, but his spirit did not die, but ascended to heaven. Thus the Jew erred because they did not recognized the "Messiah", the spiritual form of Jesus.

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The docetic note in this narrative appears in the statement that Jesus, while being crucified, 'remained silent, as though he felt no pain', and in the account of his death. It carefully avoids saying that he died, preferring to say that he 'was taken up', as though he - or at least his soul or

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Theories proposing that Christ survived the crucifixion and regained enough strength to appear before his disciples were several and varied. While by the last decade of the century such theories were no longer regarded as academically respectable by the theological establishment, those set on

1244:

The Quran, as we have already argued, does not deny the death of Christ. Rather, it challenges human beings who in their folly have deluded themselves into believing that they would vanquish the divine Word, Jesus Christ the Messenger of God. The death of Jesus is asserted several times and in

1825:(d. 839–923/ 224–310 AH) divided the early reports regarding Jesus crucifixion into two groups. According to the first, one of Jesus disciples volunteers to take the form of his master and is crucified. According to the other, the Jew mistakenly carried only an empty resemblance to the cross. 716:

have abstracted different opinions and conflicting conclusions regarding the death of Jesus. Some believe that in the Biblical account, Jesus' crucifixion did not last long enough for him to die, while others opine that God gave Jesus' appearance to the one who revealed his location to those

3654:

That Manicheism went further on to the Arabian peninsula, up to the Hejaz and Mecca, where it could have possibly contributed to the formation of the doctrine of Islam, could not be proven. A detailed description of Manichean traces in the Arabian-speaking regions is given by Tardieu

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the earth, and later descended and gathered his mother, disciples, and followers and told them the truth of what happened. He then ascended back to the heavens, with the narrative continuing Islamic legend mirroring Christian doctrine of returning at the end of times as a just king.

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also holds a substitutionist interpretation of Jesus' death. It does differ in that it seems to think that Jesus's physical body was crucified (rather than saying it was Simon of Cyrene), just that his physical body was unimportant and the real Christ was a purely spiritual being:

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The Qur'an is not here speaking about a man, righteous and wronged though he may be, but about the Word of God who was sent to earth and returned to God. Thus the denial of killing of Jesus is a denial of the power of men to vanquish and destroy the divine Word, which is for ever

1770:

Unlike the Christian view of the death of Jesus, most Muslims believe he was raised to Heaven without being put on the cross and God created a resemblance to appear exactly like Jesus who was crucified instead of Jesus, and he ascended bodily to Heaven, there to remain until his

1269:'s (d. 761 CE/130 AH) report of a brief accounting of events leading up to the crucifixion, firstly stating that Jesus was replaced by someone named Sergius, while secondly reporting an account of Jesus' tomb being located at Medina and thirdly citing the places in 1871:

believing 'The son of God was with us as long as he willed until God raised him to heaven;' and the third group of Christians who believing; 'The servant and messenger of God, Jesus, remained with us as long as God willed until God raised him to Himself.'

823:

I only told them what You commanded me: that you shall worship God, my Lord and your Lord. And I was a witness over them while I was among them; but when You took me to Yourself, You became the Watcher over them—You are Witness over

1957:

quoted the Quranic verse about Jesus' death being merely an illusion, referring to both himself and Jesus as something, whose bodies could be killed but not their divine element. Other Docetic interpretations might also be found in

740:"; but they killed him not, nor crucified him, but so it was made to appear to them, and those who differ therein are full of doubts, with no (certain) knowledge, but only conjecture to follow, for of a surety they killed him not. 1863:(d. 1373 CE/760 AH) follows traditions which suggest that a crucifixion did occur, but not with Jesus. After the event, Ibn Kathir reports the people were divided into three groups following three different narratives; The 5312: 4908: 2533: 2101:

The viewpoint of Jesus's migration to India had also been independently researched in the literature of authors prior to the foundation of the movement, for example most notably by the Russian historian

1471: 5242: 2753: 1156:(that Christ was replaced on the cross) is taken as a valid reading of the Qurʾānic text, the question arises of whether this idea is represented in Christian sources. According to 5288: 4884: 2509: 1331:

affirm the historicity of the crucifixion, reporting Jesus was crucified and not substituted by another man as maintained by many other popular Qur'anic commentators and Tafsir.

794:. Given that, according to the Quran, Jesus had not died before going up to God, nor will he die before the day of resurrection, the interpretation by most Muslims is that Jesus 3219:

Web site: "In 4:159, after denying that the Jews killed or crucified Jesus and after stating that God raised him to Himself, the Qur'an says ...". Retrieved March 29, 2007.

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states that Muhammad's distorted understanding of Jesus and the Christian faith, along with the misrepresentation of Christian beliefs about Jesus in the Quran and the

4169:

Bergeron, Joseph W. (April 2012). "The crucifixion of Jesus: Review of hypothesized mechanisms of death and implications of shock and trauma-induced coagulopathy".

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Jesus' death is mentioned in the future sense (on the Day of Resurrection) in the Quran, and his attempted death and his ascension into Heaven in the past sense.

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ascended to Heaven rather than dying. Despite Quran 5:117 only speaking of Jesus' ascension and 19:33 only speaking of Jesus' future death, Muslim scholars like

2094:. Ahmadis believe that Jesus, having survived the crucifixion, later migrated to India to escape persecution in Judea and to further spread his message to the 5385: 810:

There is not one of the People of the Scripture but will believe in him before his death, and on the Day of Resurrection he will be a witness against them.

1884:(the known manuscripts dated to the late 16th or early 17th centuries), also promotes a non-death narrative. The work claims itself to be by the biblical 1128:. A similar hypothesis regarding the Gnostic Christian influence on Muhammad's beliefs about the crucifixion of Jesus has been proposed by Neal Robinson, 313: 306: 151: 2014:. This 200-year-old hypothesis continues to be the subject of debate in popular circles, but the scholarly literature considers it uncontroversial that 5103: 2464: 4937: 2990: 1735: 5271: 4521: 4171: 3517: 1604: 1065:(8th century) the Islamic denial of Jesus' crucifixion and his alleged substitution on the cross, attributing the origin of these doctrines to 268: 1219:

in the 6th-7th century is denied as lacking historical support. Similar reservations regarding the appearance of Manichaeism, Gnosticism, and

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were merely perceived to be resurrection appearances by his followers; proponents of the swoon hypothesis believe that Jesus allegedly fell

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recounts that Jesus went to a far country. This was adapted by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community as the basis of their theory regarding the

1665: 1356: 1211:, just alike prohibition against wine and fasting rules, Islamic views on Jesus' death might have been influenced by it. However, while 679: 5226: 3232: 2737: 1278: 1258: 1254: 1153: 850: 833: 803: 705: 701: 3797: 3043: 2690: 1912:), redacted to bring it more in line with Islamic doctrine. Some Muslims consider the surviving versions as transmitting a suppressed 1316: 1274: 1250: 5227:"Jesus in Heaven on Earth: Journey of Jesus to Kashmir, his preaching to the Lost Tribes of Israel, and death and burial in Srinagar" 2738:"Jesus in Heaven on Earth: Journey of Jesus to Kashmir, his preaching to the Lost Tribes of Israel, and death and burial in Srinagar" 2010:; however, since the last decade of the 19th century all of them have been discarded as baseless and unacceptable by the majority of 1324: 4995: 4820: 4631: 4310: 4141: 4092: 4071: 3905: 3486: 3395: 3344: 2806: 1312: 1195: 1087: 989: 78: 758:

but it only appeared to them as if they had, because Jesus had been raised up by God according to the Quranic narrative. Given the

4040:

Authority, Privacy and Public Order in Islam: Proceedings of the 22nd Congress of L'Union Européenne Des Arabisants Et Islamisants

3208: 1133: 5380: 669: 566: 419: 1994:, and then regained enough strength to appear before them while he was still alive. This and other similar theories about the 4529: 3874: 3525: 1675: 1208: 883: 386: 362: 3150:(April 1980). "Towards an Islamic Christology II: The Death of Jesus, Reality or Delusion (A Study of the Death of Jesus in 5375: 5304: 4900: 2525: 1288:(d. 923 CE/310 AH) records an interpretation transmitted from Ibn Ishaq Bishr: "God caused Jesus to die for seven hours". 3649: 1782:

The identity of the substitute has been a source of great interest. One proposal is that God used one of Jesus' enemies.

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John of Damascus and Islam: Christian Heresiology and the Intellectual Background to Earliest Christian-Muslim Relations

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denied that Basilides held this view. But the substitutionist idea in a general form is quite clearly expressed in the

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The belief that Jesus only appeared to be crucified and did not actually die predates Islam and is found in several

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Christ in Islam and Christianity: The Representation of Jesus in the Qur'an and the Classical Muslim Commentaries

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Christ in Islam and Christianity: The Representation of Jesus in the Qur'an and the Classical Muslim Commentaries

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major overcite at present in some sections, particularly in the lead; more inline citations are needed in others.

4550:(eds.). "'It was made to appear to them so': the Crucifixion, Jews, and Sasanian war propaganda in the Qur'ān". 3073:(eds.). "'It was made to appear to them so': the Crucifixion, Jews, and Sasanian war propaganda in the Qur'ān". 5016: 5007: 4812: 4808: 4346: 3964: 2798: 2794: 2577: 2568: 2079: 2045: 2007: 1392: 649: 446: 968:) he might be thought to be Jesus. Moreover, Jesus assumed the form of Simon and stood by, laughing at them. 5370: 5005:

Neely, Brent (July 2017). "At Cross Purposes: Islam and the Crucifixion of Christ, a theological response".

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Neely, Brent (July 2017). "At Cross Purposes: Islam and the Crucifixion of Christ, a theological response".

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after they were first proposed by some 18th–19th century Western authors and philosophers, including

1991: 1670: 1642: 1614: 1432: 759: 683: 633: 584: 453: 369: 345: 198: 5259: 2666: 747: 46: 5308: 4970: 4904: 4561: 4397: 3461: 3084: 2529: 2155: 2115: 1790:. The second proposal is that Jesus asked for someone to volunteer to be crucified instead of him. 1749: 1701: 1185: 1091: 985: 791: 733: 625: 559: 528: 436: 352: 293: 176: 17: 5149: 5095: 5087: 5040: 5032: 4973:(2003). "The Suffering Jesus and The Invulnerable Christ in the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter". In 4735: 4727: 4597: 4552: 4490: 4401: 4216: 4147: 3972: 3746: 3734: 3701: 3585: 3464:(2003). "The Suffering Jesus and The Invulnerable Christ in the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter". In 3292: 3187: 3120: 3075: 2601: 2593: 2456: 2448: 2359: 2351: 2293: 2151: 2026:

In regard to the interpretation of the Muslims who accept the historicity of Jesus' crucifixion,

1881: 1787: 1753: 1581: 1497: 1181: 1113: 1048: 806:

are interpreted by most Muslims in the future sense (Jesus will die on the day of resurrection):

770:, most mainstream Muslims and Islamic scholars deny the crucifixion and death of Jesus, deny the 621: 617: 503: 486: 458: 396: 391: 327: 213: 841:

So Peace is upon me the day I was born, and the day I die, and the day I shall be raised alive!.

776:

canonical Gospels are corruptions of the true Gospel of Jesus for their portrayal of Jesus dying

4839:"Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)" 2850:"Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)" 1223:

in pre-Islamic Mecca are offered by Trompf & Mikkelsen et al. in their latest work (2018).

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rejects the interpretation of Jesus being lifted alive to Heaven, and instead contend that

4697: 4440: 3212: 3167: 2321: 2243: 2209: 2154:, who initiated the foundation of the Ahmadiyya movement. This view however is considered 2095: 2082:, and go further to describe Jesus as a mortal man who was taken off the cross alive, and 1987: 1913: 1889: 1867:

believing 'God remained with us as long as He willed and then He ascended to Heaven;' The

1864: 1791: 1538: 1478: 1439: 1417: 1381: 1129: 1125: 1016: 919: 632:

have different views regarding this topic; traditionally, mainstream Muslims believe that

263: 203: 5170:"The Earliest Relations of Islam with Other Religions: The Christians in Northern Arabia" 1096: 4974: 4609: 3603: 3465: 3322: 3205: 3175: 2126: 2083: 1893: 1794:

is the person most commonly accepted to have done it, perhaps because according to the

1783: 1533: 1328: 1212: 1121: 960:) to carry his cross for him. It was he who was ignorantly and erroneously crucified ( 927: 755: 653: 597: 552: 441: 251: 146: 121: 95: 1896:. Nonetheless, some scholars suggest that it may contain some remnants of an earlier, 1176:, intelligence) was not crucified, but was replaced by Simon of Cyrene. However, both 5364: 5153: 5044: 4841:. In Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; Reichmuth, Stefan (eds.). 4798: 4739: 4709: 4619: 4601: 4547: 4494: 3994: 3589: 3379: 3332: 3296: 3191: 3124: 3070: 2784: 2605: 2363: 2333: 2297: 2147: 2087: 1999: 1548: 1109: 956:). Thus, he himself did not suffer. Rather, a certain Simon of Cyrene was compelled ( 915: 657: 605: 273: 258: 238: 136: 5099: 2460: 1705: 1296:, the betrayer, while also mentioning the possibility it was a man named Natlianus. 4765: 4731: 4448: 4220: 3956: 3422: 2355: 2251: 2107: 1868: 1799: 1709: 1528: 1423: 1308: 641: 602: 540: 4569: 3092: 5289:""It Was Made to Appear Like that to Them:" Islam's Denial of Jesus' Crucifixion" 4945: 4885:""It Was Made to Appear Like that to Them:" Islam's Denial of Jesus' Crucifixion" 4133: 3695: 3607: 2998: 2510:""It Was Made to Appear Like that to Them:" Islam's Denial of Jesus' Crucifixion" 1215:

existed only in the eastern and southern Arabia, the existence of Manichaeism in

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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London)

5028: 4682: 4593: 4577: 4287: 4204: 4196: 4151: 3680: 3183: 3116: 3100: 2943: 2589: 2425:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London)

5267: 5071: 4648: 4539: 4405: 4121: 4117: 3750: 3705: 3387: 3062: 2909: 2698: 2674: 2649: 2432: 2075: 2067: 1959: 1924: 1897: 1697: 1511: 1297: 1285: 1266: 1220: 1203:

This docetic interpretation regarding Jesus' crucifixion was also shared by

1167: 1080:

Gott ist Christus, der Sohn der Maria. Eine Studie zum Christusbild im Koran

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Reformed Faith & Practice: The Journal of Reformed Theological Seminary

4889:

Reformed Faith & Practice: The Journal of Reformed Theological Seminary

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Joosten, Jan (January 2002). "The Gospel of Barnabas and the Diatessaron".

2691:"30 Verses of the Holy Quran which prove the Natural Death of Jesus Christ" 2514:

Reformed Faith & Practice: The Journal of Reformed Theological Seminary

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that bear remarkable resemblance with the Islamic views, expounding on the

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Nay, Allah raised him up unto Himself; and Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise.

5193: 3563: 4180: 2136:

Adherents of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community regard the prophecies in the

2122: 2059: 2055: 1945: 1905: 1885: 1301: 1157: 1066: 931: 923: 893: 5091: 5036: 4085:

The Crucifixion and the Qur'an: A Study in the History of Muslim Thought

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The Crucifixion and the Qur'an: A Study in the History of Muslim Thought

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sums up what the Quran states despite interpretative Islamic arguments:

4760:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 324. 4393: 4392:. Ashgate Inform Series on Minority Religions and Spiritual Movements. 3417:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 324. 3035:

The Crucifixion and the Quran: A Study in the History of Muslim Thought

2091: 2063: 1901: 1803: 1024: 508: 2133:(1985), have critically dismissed the speculations of Jesus in India. 5234: 5181: 5177: 4933: 4846: 4660: 4456: 4255: 4251: 4157:

discrediting the Gospels continued to exploit them with some abandon.

3982: 3551: 3383: 2986: 2921: 2861: 2745: 2259: 2142: 1822: 1811: 1553: 1090:), the German Catholic theologian and professor of religious studies 722: 713: 637: 141: 4303:

Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to Waco

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Trompf, Garry W.; Mikkelsen, Gunner B.; Johnston, Jay, eds. (2018).

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Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism

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Lost Scriptures: Books that Did Not Make It into the New Testament

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on behalf of the Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine: 113–116.

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Lost Scriptures: Books that Did Not Make It into the New Testament

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Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism

2289: 2137: 2049: 1920: 1843: 1293: 1270: 1246: 1216: 942:

early Gnostic beliefs regarding the crucifixion and death of Jesus

887: 846: 829: 799: 737: 725: 709: 697: 592: 580: 288: 104: 1209:

Manichaeism was still prevailing in Arabia during the 6th century

790:

In the future sense it is said that Jesus will not die until the

696:

Depending on the interpretation of the following Quranic verses (

5341: 4585: 3768: 3108: 1172: 992:, has a similar substitutionist interpretation of Jesus' death: 3877:(January 2002). "The Gospel of Barnabas and the Diatessaron". 1170:(of the second century) held the view that Christ (the divine 29: 926:, his crucifixion narrative in the Quran could be. The Greek 4757:

Conceptions of "Gospel" and Legitimacy in Early Christianity

4114:

The Historical Jesus and the Literary Imagination, 1860–1920

3414:

Conceptions of "Gospel" and Legitimacy in Early Christianity

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by Sunni Muslim authorities and subsequently has led to the

4804:

The Muslim Jesus: Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature

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The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 10)

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Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions

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The Muslim Jesus: Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature

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of Jesus were fulfilled in the likeness and personality of

1786:, Jesus' betrayer, is often cited, and is mentioned in the 5330:"Jesus and Islam: The Crucifixion According to the Qur'an" 4250:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. 27:

Overview of the Islamic perspectives on the death of Jesus

4038:

Union européenne des arabisants et islamisants. Congress

1265:

Some disagreement and discord can be seen beginning with

922:

argue that the Islamic portrayal of Jesus himself is not

3785:

The Mission and Death of Jesus in Islam and Christianity

2125:

shrine in Srinagar was promoted also by writers such as

1998:

and witnesses to his resurrection became popular in the

952:

He appeared on earth as a man and performed miracles (

1300:(d. 956 CE/343 AH) reported the death of Christ under 4514:

Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament

4305:. Leiden/Princeton: Brill/Princeton UP. p. 306. 3510:

Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament

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Tardieu, Michel (1982). "Les Manichéens en Égypte".

984:One of the Christian Gnostic writings found in the 862:claim the aforesaid verses "assert" Jesus' death. 3650:"MANICHEISM v. MISSIONARY ACTIVITY AND TECHNIQUE" 3612:. Translated by DeBevoise, M. B. (2nd ed.). 3260: 2074:In contrast to the mainstream Islamic views, the 721:That they (The Jews) said (in boast), "We killed 3539: 3537: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 1931:, the followers of Christ, and his mother Mary. 1810:in advance that whoever volunteered would go to 4103: 4101: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2032: 1976:appearances of the risen Jesus to his disciples 1839: 1830: 1242: 1150: 1071: 1033: 1008: 994: 950: 839: 821: 808: 719: 4453:The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions 3669:Bulletin de la Société Française d'Égyptologie 3317: 3315: 3313: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2635: 2256:The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions 2238: 2236: 2234: 4447:. 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Mathias (30 October 2008). 3372:"Part IX: Internal Challenges – Gnosticism" 3206:Islamic View of the Coming/Return of Jesus" 2848:Korbel, Jonathan; Preckel, Claudia (2016). 2330:Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam 1919:According to the Gospel of Barnabas it was 1892:; however, text of this Gospel is late and 5328:Mordillat, Gérard; Prieur, Jérôme (2015). 2904: 2902: 2900: 1837:The second strand is narrated as follows: 1736: 1722: 1338: 1059:, reported in his heresiological treatise 567: 553: 103: 90: 5124:"The Crucifixion – Non-Muslim Approaches" 4267: 3739:"The elaboration of Qurʾānic perceptions" 3267:"The Crucifixion – Non-Muslim Approaches" 1152:If the substitutionist interpretation of 79:Learn how and when to remove this message 5174:Muslims and Others: Relations in Context 3921:Cirillo, Luigi; Fremaux, Michel (1977). 964:), being transfigured by him , so that ( 904:early Gnostic beliefs about Jesus' death 780:extra-Biblical evidence for Jesus' death 4301:Schäfer, Peter; Cohen, Mark R. (1998). 4248:Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements 2230: 1980:his physical resurrection from the dead 1346: 1031:wrote in a commentary about this text: 4172:Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 954:apparuisse eum ... virtutes perfecisse 756:the Jews did not kill or crucify Jesus 5176:. Religion and Reason. Vol. 41. 4390:State Responses to Minority Religions 3038:. Oneworld Publications. p. 12. 2642:"Jesus Son of Mary – Islamic Beliefs" 1196:The Second Treatise of the Great Seth 876:Diversity in early Christian theology 772:historical reliability of the Gospels 7: 5245:from the original on 17 January 2013 4926:"Christ in the Qurʾān and in Ḥadīth" 4845:. Numen Book Series. Vol. 154. 4469:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697762.013.6 2979:"Christ in the Qurʾān and in Ḥadīth" 2860:. Numen Book Series. Vol. 154. 2756:from the original on 17 January 2013 2272:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697762.013.6 2121:The claim of Jesus is buried at the 958:Simonem quendam Cyrenaeum angariatum 906:which predated and influenced Islam. 652:, was taken off the cross alive and 375:Sources for the historicity of Jesus 5260:"Jesus Christ died a Natural Death" 3955:Anawati, G. C. (2012) . "ʿĪsā". In 3378:. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). 2667:"Jesus Christ died a Natural Death" 1990:("swooned") on the cross, survived 1970:According to the proponents of the 1281:that God took Jesus up to himself. 680:Historical reliability of the Quran 5386:Denial of the crucifixion of Jesus 5168:Waardenburg, Jean Jacques (2003). 5057:"The Muslim Jesus: Dead or Alive?" 3176:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1980.tb03405.x 2418:"The Muslim Jesus: Dead or Alive?" 1817: 1317:Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi 1112:that prevailed at the time in the 798:. Jesus' words "the day I die" in 782:is an alleged Christian forgery. 754:In the past sense it is said that 25: 18:Islamic views on Jesus' death 5315:from the original on 30 June 2019 5109:from the original on 17 June 2012 4911:from the original on 30 June 2019 4110:"The Fifth Gospel of Oscar Wilde" 2536:from the original on 30 June 2019 2470:from the original on 17 June 2012 1888:, who in this work is one of the 1855: 1292:forwarded the report that it was 1166:, the Egyptian Gnostic Christian 990:Second Treatise of the Great Seth 979:, Book I, Chapter 24, Section 40. 663: 608:is traditionally rejected by the 4019:Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia 3995:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0378 1875: 1704: 1696: 1355: 1138:Christ in Islam and Christianity 1134:College of St. Paul and St. Mary 534: 522: 234:Apparitions and visions of Jesus 34: 5287:Lanier, Gregory R. (May 2016). 5274:from the original on 5 May 2020 4930:Images of Jesus Christ in Islam 4883:Lanier, Gregory R. (May 2016). 4702:"The Quran: The Base Narrative" 4445:"Islamo-Christian Civilization" 3370:Logan, Alastair H. B. (2002) . 3215:article dated May 2003, at the 2983:Images of Jesus Christ in Islam 2508:Lanier, Gregory R. (May 2016). 2326:"The Quran: The Base Narrative" 2248:"Islamo-Christian Civilization" 2012:biblical scholars and academics 1802:to carry Jesus' cross for him. 1027:. The British biblical scholar 934:in his heresiological treatise 670:Biblical and Quranic narratives 314:Background to the New Testament 4388:. In Kirkham, David M. (ed.). 2080:Jesus survived the crucifixion 1856:Ibn Kathir's version of events 1676:Conversion of Paul the Apostle 884:Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia 650:Jesus survived the crucifixion 363:Quest for the historical Jesus 1: 5305:Reformed Theological Seminary 4901:Reformed Theological Seminary 4655:. In Kraemer, Joel L. (ed.). 4570:10.1080/0048721X.2021.1909170 4345:Miller, Sam (27 March 2010). 3838:MSA Publication Limited 2009 3374:. 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(2014). 2999:10.5040/9781472548528.ch-002 2736:Ahmad, Khwaja Nazir (2012). 2665:Goraya, Azhar Ahmad (2020). 2084:continued to preach in India 1949:Jesus' death is provided by 1325:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 1132:of Religious studies at the 1107:non-Chalcedonian (heretical) 764:Islamic theological doctrine 654:continued to preach in India 636:but was bodily raised up to 5391:Islam-related controversies 4977:; Czachesz, István (eds.). 4940:. pp. 34–36, 129–132. 4087:Oneworld Publications 2014 4066:Oneworld Publications 2014 3834:Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman 3468:; Czachesz, István (eds.). 2993:. pp. 34–36, 129–132. 1876:Barnabas' version of events 1818:Tabari's versions of events 1806:writes that Jesus told his 1335:Substitution interpretation 1078:In his scholarly monograph 1003:Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter 866:Possible Gnostic influences 778:, and they also claim that 760:historicity of Jesus' death 54:. The specific problem is: 5407: 5268:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 5076:Cambridge University Press 4924:Leirvik, Oddbjørn (2010). 4189:10.1016/j.jflm.2011.06.001 4126:Liverpool University Press 4108:Stevens, Jennifer (2010). 3938:Harvard Theological Review 3925:. Beauchesne. p. 202. 3879:Harvard Theological Review 2977:Leirvik, Oddbjørn (2010). 2699:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 2675:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 2650:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 2437:Cambridge University Press 2170:Allegorical interpretation 2076:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 2043: 1747: 1347:Death and Resurrection of 1313:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman 946:hypothesis of substitution 869: 673: 667: 620:and he will, according to 380:Reliability of the Gospels 50:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 5239:Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement 5084:10.1017/S0041977X09000500 4859:10.1163/9789004329003_034 4774:10.1628/978-3-16-152993-1 4714:Columbia University Press 4269:10.1163/9789004435544_034 4246:; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). 3431:10.1628/978-3-16-152993-1 3376:The Early Christian World 2874:10.1163/9789004329003_034 2750:Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement 2445:10.1017/S0041977X09000500 2338:Columbia University Press 1666:Instrument of crucifixion 1105:, were influenced by the 714:commentators of the Quran 664:Jesus' death in the Quran 5029:10.1177/0265378816631552 5017:Newbury Park, California 4813:Harvard University Press 4809:Cambridge, Massachusetts 4653:"The Creed of Abū 'Āmir" 4042:Peeters Publishers 2006 3896:Ragg, L & L (1907). 3735:Watt, William Montgomery 3544:Schadler, Peter (2017). 2914:"The Creed of Abū 'Āmir" 2799:Harvard University Press 2795:Cambridge, Massachusetts 2590:10.1177/0265378816631552 2578:Newbury Park, California 2116:voyage of Jesus in India 2070:to be the tomb of Jesus. 2046:Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam 2008:Friedrich Schleiermacher 1798:he was compelled by the 1110:Monophysite Christianity 622:Islamic literary sources 616:they believe that Jesus 319:Language spoken by Jesus 5122:Robinson, Neal (1991). 4980:The Apocalypse of Peter 4971:Luttikhuizen, Gerard P. 4938:Continuum International 4657:Israel Oriental Studies 4624:Oxford University Press 4461:Oxford University Press 4384:Uddin, Asma T. (2014). 3788:. Maryknoll, New York: 3708:. p. unpaginated. 3471:The Apocalypse of Peter 3462:Luttikhuizen, Gerard P. 3337:Oxford University Press 3265:Robinson, Neal (1991). 3164:Chichester, West Sussex 2991:Continuum International 2918:Israel Oriental Studies 2264:Oxford University Press 1758:Substitution hypothesis 912:New Testament apocrypha 634:Jesus was not crucified 610:major branches of Islam 529:Christianity portal 5381:Christianity and Islam 4518:Grand Rapids, Michigan 4369:Lebte Jesus in Indien? 3978:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3898:The Gospel of Barnabas 3812:Ayoub 1980, page 108. 3745:. Routledge Revivals. 3514:Grand Rapids, Michigan 2689:Iqbal, Farhan (2020). 2215:Unknown years of Jesus 2071: 2037: 1853: 1835: 1766:Unknown years of Jesus 1321:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani 1307:10th and 11th-century 1263: 1227:Literal interpretation 1201: 1076: 1038: 1023:that could be read as 1013: 999: 982: 962:et hunc ... crucifixum 907: 855: 838: 820: 768:inerrancy of the Quran 752: 676:Criticism of the Quran 630:various sects of Islam 333:Mental health of Jesus 5194:10.1515/9783110200959 4328:"BBC iPlayer - Error" 3747:Abingdon, Oxfordshire 3702:Abingdon, Oxfordshire 3564:10.1163/9789004356054 2200:Resurrection of Jesus 2096:Lost Tribes of Israel 2053: 1996:resurrection of Jesus 1587:Christian eschatology 1433:Crucifixion and Death 1178:Clement of Alexandria 1055:that lived under the 1045:Eastern Orthodox monk 920:contemporary scholars 891: 674:Further information: 499:Life of Christ Museum 420:Perspectives on Jesus 115:Jesus in Christianity 5376:Crucifixion of Jesus 5348:on 25 September 2021 5138:. pp. 106–140. 5053:Reynolds, Gabriel S. 4990:. pp. 187–200. 4853:. pp. 426–442. 4562:Taylor & Francis 4463:. pp. 109–120. 4262:. pp. 637–657. 3481:. pp. 187–200. 3281:. pp. 106–140. 3217:Islamic Perspectives 3204:Shafaat, Dr. Ahmad, 3085:Taylor & Francis 2868:. pp. 426–442. 2414:Reynolds, Gabriel S. 2195:Crucifixion of Jesus 2190:Historicity of Jesus 1671:Crucifixion darkness 1615:Religious experience 1049:Christian theologian 928:Father of the Church 796:entered heaven alive 684:History of the Quran 624:, return before the 61:improve this article 5188:. pp. 94–109. 4732:10.7312/hugh16146.8 4441:Bulliet, Richard W. 4398:Burlington, Vermont 3923:Évangile de Barnabé 3558:. pp. 97–140. 2687: • 2663: • 2639: • 2356:10.7312/hugh16146.8 2244:Bulliet, Richard W. 1750:Gospel of Basilides 1627:Empty tomb theories 1342:Part of a series on 1190:Apocalypse of Peter 986:Nag Hammadi library 940:(180 CE) described 792:day of resurrection 177:Sermon on the Mount 4988:Peeters Publishers 4626:. pp. 82–86. 4544:Stausberg, Michael 4408:. pp. 81–98. 4402:Ashgate Publishing 3753:. pp. 30–51. 3479:Peeters Publishers 3339:. pp. 82–86. 3211:2015-09-23 at the 3067:Stausberg, Michael 2152:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 2072: 1982:three days in the 1882:Gospel of Barnabas 1788:Gospel of Barnabas 1754:Gospel of Barnabas 1582:Jewish eschatology 1245:various contexts ( 908: 902:, which describes 618:ascended to heaven 601:) recorded in the 585:crucifixion, death 5203:978-3-11-017627-8 5145:978-0-7914-0558-1 5021:SAGE Publications 4955:978-1-4411-7739-1 4868:978-90-04-32511-1 4815:. pp. 9–32. 4783:978-3-16-152636-7 4723:978-0-231-53192-4 4674:978-90-04-09584-7 4667:. pp. 9–58. 4478:978-0-19-969776-2 4415:978-1-4724-1647-6 4279:978-90-04-43554-4 4244:Cusack, Carole M. 4048:978-9-042-91736-1 4027:978-1-610-69217-5 4004:978-90-04-16121-4 3969:van Donzel, E. J. 3844:978-1-861-79670-7 3760:978-0-415-73463-9 3715:978-1-138-67393-9 3697:The Gnostic World 3627:978-0-252-03278-3 3573:978-90-04-34965-0 3440:978-3-16-152636-7 3288:978-0-7914-0558-1 3148:Ayoub, Mahmoud M. 3008:978-1-4411-7739-1 2935:978-90-04-09584-7 2928:. pp. 9–58. 2883:978-90-04-32511-1 2854:Reichmuth, Stefan 2801:. pp. 9–32. 2582:SAGE Publications 2347:978-0-231-53192-4 2281:978-0-19-969776-2 2104:Nicolas Notovitch 1894:pseudepigraphical 1746: 1745: 1713: 1712: 1572:Session of Christ 1468:Biblical accounts 1284:Muslim historian 1163:Adversus Haereses 1146:978-0-7914-0558-1 1057:Umayyad Caliphate 1021:apocryphal gospel 774:, claim that the 577: 576: 392:Jesus myth theory 89: 88: 81: 52:quality standards 43:This article may 16:(Redirected from 5398: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5344:. Archived from 5324: 5322: 5320: 5301:Orlando, Florida 5283: 5281: 5279: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5132:Albany, New York 5118: 5116: 5114: 5108: 5061: 5048: 5001: 4985: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4932:(2nd ed.). 4920: 4918: 4916: 4897:Orlando, Florida 4879: 4877: 4875: 4851:Brill Publishers 4833: 4831: 4829: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4698:Hughes, Aaron W. 4693: 4691: 4689: 4665:Brill Publishers 4659:. Vol. 12. 4644: 4642: 4640: 4605: 4535: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4449:Stroumsa, Guy G. 4428: 4427: 4381: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4271: 4260:Brill Publishers 4236: 4225: 4224: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4105: 4096: 4081: 4075: 4060: 4051: 4036: 4030: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3987:Brill Publishers 3981:(2nd ed.). 3973:Heinrichs, W. 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Ayoub 853: 836: 818: 750: 710:Islamic scholars 581:biblical account 569: 562: 555: 541:Islam portal 539: 538: 537: 527: 526: 487:Jesus in culture 358:Historical Jesus 346:Jesus in history 269:Names and titles 224:Heavenly Session 132:Names and titles 107: 91: 84: 77: 73: 70: 64: 38: 37: 30: 21: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5361: 5360: 5351: 5349: 5327: 5318: 5316: 5286: 5277: 5275: 5264:www.alislam.org 5257: 5248: 5246: 5224: 5221: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5167: 5158: 5156: 5146: 5121: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5059: 5051: 5004: 4998: 4983: 4975:Bremmer, Jan N. 4969: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4923: 4914: 4912: 4882: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4836: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4797: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4753: 4744: 4742: 4724: 4696: 4687: 4685: 4675: 4647: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4610:Ehrman, Bart D. 4608: 4538: 4532: 4522:Wm. B. Eerdmans 4508: 4499: 4497: 4479: 4439: 4436: 4431: 4416: 4383: 4382: 4375: 4367:Norbert Klatt, 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4280: 4238: 4237: 4228: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4144: 4128:. p. 160. 4107: 4106: 4099: 4082: 4078: 4061: 4054: 4037: 4033: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3965:Bosworth, C. E. 3954: 3953: 3949: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3900:. Oxford. xiv. 3895: 3894: 3890: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3761: 3733: 3732: 3723: 3716: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3628: 3604:Tardieu, Michel 3602: 3601: 3597: 3574: 3543: 3542: 3535: 3528: 3518:Wm. B. Eerdmans 3504: 3503: 3496: 3489: 3474: 3466:Bremmer, Jan N. 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3390:. p. 918. 3369: 3368: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3323:Ehrman, Bart D. 3321: 3320: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3289: 3264: 3263: 3238: 3227: 3223: 3213:Wayback Machine 3203: 3199: 3168:Wiley-Blackwell 3146: 3145: 3132: 3061: 3060: 3053: 3046: 3031: 3030: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2976: 2975: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2936: 2908: 2907: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2847: 2846: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2783: 2782: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2735: 2734: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2695:www.alislam.org 2688: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2671:www.alislam.org 2664: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2646:www.alislam.org 2640: 2638: 2613: 2565: 2564: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2507: 2506: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2420: 2412: 2411: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2348: 2320: 2319: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2282: 2266:. p. 111. 2242: 2241: 2232: 2228: 2210:Simon of Cyrene 2181: 2172: 2131:Günter Grönbold 2048: 2042: 2024: 1992:the crucifixion 1968: 1960:Ismaili beliefs 1941: 1939:Docetism theory 1890:twelve apostles 1880:The apocryphal 1878: 1858: 1820: 1792:Simon of Cyrene 1768: 1742: 1686: 1685: 1661: 1653: 1652: 1628: 1620: 1619: 1600: 1592: 1591: 1567: 1559: 1558: 1539:Maundy Thursday 1514: 1504: 1503: 1479:Noli me tangere 1456: 1446: 1445: 1418:Crown of thorns 1393:Sanhedrin trial 1369: 1337: 1234: 1229: 1130:senior lecturer 1116:and further in 1094: 1017:Gospel of Peter 981: 972: 916:Gnostic Gospels 886: 870:Main articles: 868: 854: 845: 837: 828: 819: 814: 788: 751: 748:Quran 4:157–158 746: 741: 694: 686: 672: 666: 573: 535: 533: 521: 514: 513: 489: 479: 478: 422: 412: 411: 348: 338: 337: 309: 299: 298: 254: 244: 243: 117: 85: 74: 68: 65: 58: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5404: 5402: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5371:Jesus in Islam 5363: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5325: 5284: 5255: 5220: 5219:External links 5217: 5216: 5215: 5202: 5165: 5144: 5119: 5049: 5008:Transformation 5002: 4996: 4967: 4954: 4921: 4880: 4867: 4834: 4821: 4799:Khalidi, Tarif 4795: 4782: 4768:. p. 80. 4751: 4722: 4716:. p. 85. 4694: 4673: 4645: 4632: 4606: 4548:Engler, Steven 4542:(March 2021). 4536: 4530: 4524:. p. 93. 4506: 4477: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4414: 4373: 4360: 4337: 4319: 4311: 4293: 4278: 4240:Upal, M. Afzal 4226: 4161: 4142: 4097: 4076: 4052: 4031: 4021:ABC-CLIO 2017 4010: 4003: 3957:Bearman, P. J. 3947: 3928: 3913: 3906: 3888: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3827: 3814: 3805: 3799:978-1570758072 3798: 3792:. p. 34. 3774: 3759: 3721: 3714: 3686: 3659: 3641: 3626: 3595: 3572: 3533: 3526: 3520:. p. 93. 3494: 3487: 3453: 3439: 3425:. p. 80. 3403: 3396: 3359: 3345: 3309: 3287: 3236: 3221: 3197: 3154:Literature)". 3130: 3071:Engler, Steven 3065:(March 2021). 3051: 3045:978-1851686353 3044: 3021: 3007: 2956: 2934: 2896: 2882: 2821: 2807: 2785:Khalidi, Tarif 2767: 2711: 2611: 2569:Transformation 2547: 2481: 2376: 2346: 2340:. p. 85. 2310: 2280: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2127:Holger Kersten 2110:(d.991 CE) in 2068:Ahmadi Muslims 2066:, believed by 2044:Main article: 2041: 2040:Ahmadiyya view 2038: 2023: 2020: 1967: 1964: 1940: 1937: 1900:work (perhaps 1877: 1874: 1857: 1854: 1848:jinn-possessed 1819: 1816: 1784:Judas Iscariot 1744: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1726: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1662: 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1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1773:Second Coming 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1605:Vision theory 1603: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1554:Easter Sunday 1552: 1550: 1549:Holy Saturday 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1534:Spy Wednesday 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1398:Herod's court 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1345: 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647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606:New Testament 604: 600: 599: 594: 590: 586: 582: 570: 565: 563: 558: 556: 551: 550: 548: 547: 542: 532: 530: 525: 520: 519: 518: 517: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 488: 483: 482: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 448: 445: 444: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 421: 416: 415: 408: 405: 403: 402:Unknown years 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 371: 368: 364: 361: 360: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 347: 342: 341: 334: 331: 329: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 308: 303: 302: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 253: 248: 247: 240: 239:Second Coming 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 178: 175: 174: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 137:Life of Jesus 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 119: 116: 111: 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