324:
maintenance of contact with
Standard Greek. Structural changes induced by contact with non-Greek idioms have also occurred. Loanwords in the Istanbul idiom do not tend to be adjusted to typical Greek phonology to the same degree as in Standard Greek. At the same time, Istanbul Greek preserves characteristics that have since been lost in most other Greek dialects. The current Istanbul Greek youth have an identity that has been described as "neither exclusively Greek nor Turk".
1803:
43:
1608:
1425:
1791:
431:
community has been exposed to more and more
Standard Greek via broadcasts; however, research suggests that although this is having a notable impact on their speech, Istanbul-specific features are being maintained in tandem with positive attitudes toward maintaining the specific Istanbul Greek identity distinct from both the Greeks of Greece, and their Turkish neighbors.
304:
460:
In
Istanbul community members have occasionally been wary due to the vast decrease in the size of the community over the last century, as well as political pressures present today. At the same time, they are proud to use a dialect associated with their community's long history. Some Istanbul Greeks
430:
The
Istanbul Greek dialect is a symbol of Istanbul Greek identity, and may be used as a symbol of community pride. It is a differentiating factor from the Turkish surroundings of its speakers, but also from the Standard Greek they are exposed to. As the Istanbul Greek community has contracted, the
421:
The lexicon of
Istanbul Greek differs from Standard Greek in the preservation of words associated with Ancient Greek more so than the modern form, as well as a wealth of loans from various foreign languages, most notably Turkish, French, Armenian, Italian and English. The lexicon of the dialect is
442:
may influence its use or non-use today. In
Istanbul, the usage of dark L has consciously become associated with community pride. On the other hand, those who try to avoid using it may say they do so in order to preserve the "homogeneity" or unity of the Greek ethnos. Among communities of Istanbul
323:
of tens of thousand of
Istanbul Greeks who held Greek passports in 1964; this also marks the emergence of the Istanbul Greek community in Athens. The features of the dialect have been shaped through a history of interaction with Turks, Armenians, Italians, Franco-Levantines, as well as the
315:
The
Istanbul Greek idiom derives from the speech of Istanbul's indigenous Greek community, which, having comprised the majority population before 1453, and 35% of the city's population at the turn of the 20th century, has now shrunk to 0.01% of Istanbul's population, or 2000 individuals.
347:
in
Istanbul Greek are further back than they are in Standard Greek. This resembles the articulation of back vowels in Turkish, and is likely due to a language contact effect arising from the long running contact between Greek and Turkish in the city, dating back to at least 1450.
1370:
461:
may even assert that their dialect is "more correct" than
Standard Greek due to its continuity from Byzantine times, while others believe the Standard Greek is more "correct" (traditionally linguists assert that no dialect can be more "correct" than another and regard
473:
In communities from Istanbul in Athens, the dialect, like other dialects, has come under pressure from Standard Greek, to which speakers are incentivized to conform. The dialect in Athens is undergoing new changes under the influence of Standard Greek.
400:
Among the community of Istanbul Greeks who have moved to Athens, the velar lateral has attained a negative stigmatization as it varies noticeably from Standard Greek, and thus many speakers have stopped using it, although the same has not occurred with
446:
This is less the case with the postalveolar affricate, which is a development which is shared with various other Greek dialects; Istanbul Greeks often preserve usage of the postalveolar affricate even when surrounded by Standard Greek.
719:
In A. Ralli, B. D. Joseph, M. Janse and A. Karasimos, (Eds.), e-Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory (pp. 124–136). Chios.
335:
Istanbul Greek has historically been ignored in traditional Greek dialectology, or erroneously portrayed as "identical" to Standard Greek because of Constantinople's historical role.
1596:
1413:
1309:
409:
is not limited to Istanbul Greeks, and in fact many Standard Greek speakers will also produce it before back round vowels. In Istanbul itself, meanwhile,
1141:
332:
Among modern Greek dialects, Istanbul Greek generally displays characteristics associated with Northern Greek, rather than Southern Greek, dialects.
1380:
746:
1345:
1574:
1391:
1829:
1531:
1589:
1406:
1299:
438:), which is absent from Standard Greek and viewed as a peculiar characteristic of the speech of Greeks from Istanbul. Various
389:
before front vowels. Likewise, the velarized lateral is a characteristic of Northern Greek speech before back round vowels
1304:
1209:
1839:
1834:
1758:
1582:
1399:
739:
320:
968:
434:
Certain aspects of the dialect have become indexical of this identity. This is particularly the case with the dark L (
1844:
1536:
1355:
1010:
253:
1273:
1113:
405:; whereas the velar lateral is not common outside of Istanbul among Greek dialects, the postalveolar affricate
1335:
1283:
1214:
1133:
732:
462:
397:, but not before front vowels, whereas it has been shown to extend to front vowels in the Istanbul dialect.
99:
1244:
1152:
890:
435:
413:
is being lost as a distinct phoneme, and it is not considered to be indexical of Istanbul Greek identity.
410:
406:
402:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
367:
363:
359:
356:
288:. Various characteristics of Istanbul Greek are said to have parallels in Old Athenian Greek, as well as
1774:
1748:
1479:
1360:
1248:
1168:
1147:
1098:
595:
488:
1753:
1556:
1350:
1330:
1278:
1178:
1137:
807:
145:
622:
I.R. Örs (2006). "Beyond the Greek and Turkish dichotomy: the Rum polities of Istanbul and Athens".
1612:
1505:
1429:
1325:
1173:
953:
911:
779:
250:
588:"Large Difference/Little Difference: Istanbul Greek [ɫ], Identity and Language Ideologies"
1656:
1521:
1484:
1103:
1038:
1000:
789:
715:
Towards the Acoustic Analysis of Lateral Consonants in Modern Greek Dialects: A Preliminary Study
695:
639:
562:
Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Modern Greek Dialects and Linguistic Theory
483:
295:
The idiom is spoken mainly in Istanbul, and among the Istanbul Greek emigre community in Athens.
289:
104:
48:
1692:
1682:
1642:
1464:
1229:
1194:
1056:
1032:
493:
439:
366:. Both features are held to be indexical of Istanbul Greek speech, velar L being more so than
285:
224:
1717:
1697:
1650:
1646:
1626:
1563:
1489:
1265:
1234:
1108:
977:
799:
685:
631:
503:
281:
273:
269:
1807:
1727:
1687:
1666:
1546:
1375:
1365:
1071:
906:
820:
784:
774:
608:
498:
308:
277:
257:
91:
82:
1707:
1661:
1541:
1443:
1224:
1219:
1204:
1088:
1076:
859:
755:
264:
due to a number of internal divergent developments, preservation of characteristics of
242:
183:
176:
160:
109:
56:
215:
1823:
1795:
1732:
1551:
1340:
1239:
1066:
1051:
1019:
963:
958:
933:
833:
699:
643:
374:
265:
261:
150:
1722:
1712:
1469:
1459:
1093:
1046:
1026:
901:
872:
769:
260:, which has now shrunk to a couple thousand individuals. It is differentiated from
42:
995:
987:
945:
928:
923:
846:
155:
118:
114:
443:
Greek origin in Greece, the use of dark L has been stigmatized and is avoided.
1526:
635:
344:
52:
1255:
508:
208:
196:
1701:
1199:
68:
690:
673:
1474:
1083:
373:
The postalveolar affricate does occur in other Greek dialects, such as
343:
As has been demonstrated from articulatory and acoustic analyses, the
1607:
1424:
352:
319:
One of the pivotal moments in the shrinkage of the community was the
72:
587:
557:
303:
724:
558:"Pockets of Change: Salience and Sound Change in Istanbul Greek"
1578:
1395:
728:
377:; however, it does not elsewhere correspond to Standard Greek
351:
Also attributed to Turkish contact are the presence of
674:"Modern Greek Dialects: A Preliminary Classification"
247:Πολίτικη διάλεκτος or Κωνσταντινουπολίτικη διάλεκτος
1767:
1741:
1675:
1635:
1619:
1514:
1498:
1452:
1436:
1318:
1292:
1264:
1187:
1161:
1126:
1009:
986:
889:
882:
798:
762:
223:
206:
194:
189:
173:
138:
88:
78:
64:
21:
422:characterized by a much higher rate of borrowing.
659:Διάλεκτοι και Ιδιώματα της Νεας Ελληνικής (5ηεκ.)
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
1590:
1407:
740:
8:
1310:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
59:, Istanbul with a sign in Turkish and Greek.
32:
27:
1597:
1583:
1575:
1414:
1400:
1392:
886:
747:
733:
725:
41:
18:
689:
268:that are absent from Standard Greek, and
1381:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
302:
519:
604:
593:
7:
556:Matthew John Hadodo (January 2018).
624:South European Society and Politics
14:
385:does) but instead to palatalized
1802:
1801:
1789:
1606:
1423:
1300:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
355:in the dialect, as well as the
34:Κωνσταντινουπολίτικη διάλεκτος
1:
1636:Recognized minority languages
1305:Center for the Greek Language
863:
850:
837:
824:
811:
657:Kontosopoulos, N. G. (2008).
47:The Greek Orthodox church of
1759:Central Taurus Sign Language
678:Journal of Greek Linguistics
33:
28:
1728:Syriac/Assyrian/Neo-Aramaic
258:Greek community in Istanbul
219: Constantinople Greek
1861:
661:. Athens: Εκδόσης Γρηγόρη.
1830:Varieties of Modern Greek
1783:
636:10.1080/13608740500470349
246:
40:
26:
1676:Other minority languages
307:The main targets of the
1336:Greek language question
357:postalveolar affricates
16:Dialect of modern Greek
603:Cite journal requires
312:
239:Istanbul Greek dialect
124:Istanbul Greek dialect
22:Istanbul Greek dialect
1775:Turkish bird language
1749:Turkish Sign Language
586:Matthew John Hadodo.
489:Pontic Greek language
311:; 6–7 September 1955.
306:
1754:Mardin Sign Language
1346:Morphemes in English
1331:Eteocypriot language
763:Origin and genealogy
672:P. Trudgill (2003).
465:as non-scientific).
272:, most notably with
1840:Languages of Turkey
1835:Culture in Istanbul
1613:Languages of Turkey
1506:Greek Sign Language
1430:Languages of Greece
1351:Terms of endearment
1326:Eteocretan language
1293:Promotion and study
780:Pre-Greek substrate
713:Loukina, A (2010).
691:10.1075/jgl.4.04tru
440:language ideologies
381:(as Istanbul Greek
1371:Greek Language Day
1001:Jewish Koine Greek
790:Hellenic languages
484:Tsakonian language
313:
29:Πολίτικη διάλεκτος
1817:
1816:
1796:Turkey portal
1768:Whistle languages
1620:Official language
1572:
1571:
1532:Macedonian Slavic
1437:Official language
1389:
1388:
1195:Cypriot syllabary
1122:
1121:
996:Hellenistic Koine
494:Cappadocian Greek
235:
234:
1852:
1845:City colloquials
1805:
1804:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1718:Levantine Arabic
1611:
1610:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1537:Megleno-Romanian
1428:
1427:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1114:Greco-Australian
887:
868:
865:
855:
852:
842:
839:
829:
826:
816:
813:
749:
742:
735:
726:
720:
718:
710:
704:
703:
693:
669:
663:
662:
654:
648:
647:
619:
613:
612:
606:
601:
599:
591:
583:
566:
565:
553:
504:Language contact
437:
426:Sociolinguistics
412:
408:
404:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
369:
365:
361:
270:language contact
248:
231:
218:
199:
179:
94:
45:
36:
35:
31:
30:
19:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1790:
1788:
1779:
1763:
1737:
1671:
1631:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1573:
1568:
1542:Pomak Bulgarian
1515:Other languages
1510:
1494:
1453:Greek varieties
1448:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1390:
1385:
1376:Trojan language
1366:Minoan language
1314:
1288:
1260:
1188:Writing systems
1183:
1179:Standard Modern
1157:
1153:Standard Modern
1118:
1072:Greco/Calabrian
1005:
982:
878:
866:
853:
840:
827:
821:Mycenaean Greek
814:
794:
785:Graeco-Phrygian
775:Graeco-Armenian
758:
753:
723:
712:
711:
707:
671:
670:
666:
656:
655:
651:
621:
620:
616:
602:
592:
585:
584:
569:
555:
554:
521:
517:
499:Byzantine Greek
480:
471:
458:
453:
428:
419:
341:
330:
309:Istanbul pogrom
301:
229:
214:
195:
180:
175:
169:
141:
134:
95:
92:Language family
90:
83:Istanbul Greeks
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1799:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1742:Sign languages
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1499:Sign languages
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
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1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:Greek numerals
1222:
1220:Attic numerals
1217:
1212:
1205:Greek alphabet
1202:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1064:
1062:Constantinople
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
992:
990:
984:
983:
981:
980:
975:
974:
973:
972:
971:
966:
961:
956:
948:
940:
939:
938:
937:
936:
926:
918:
917:
916:
915:
914:
904:
895:
893:
884:
880:
879:
877:
876:
870:
860:Medieval Greek
857:
844:
831:
818:
804:
802:
796:
795:
793:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
766:
764:
760:
759:
756:Greek language
754:
752:
751:
744:
737:
729:
722:
721:
705:
664:
649:
614:
605:|journal=
567:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
479:
476:
470:
467:
463:prescriptivism
457:
454:
452:
451:Dialect status
449:
427:
424:
418:
415:
340:
337:
329:
328:Classification
326:
300:
297:
262:Standard Greek
256:spoken by the
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
212:
204:
203:
200:
192:
191:
190:Language codes
187:
186:
184:Greek alphabet
181:
177:Writing system
174:
171:
170:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
161:Medieval Greek
144:
142:
139:
136:
135:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
98:
96:
89:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
66:
62:
61:
46:
38:
37:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1857:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
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1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
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1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:Balkan Romani
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:Cyrillization
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:Archaic forms
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:Griko/Apulian
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
991:
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935:
932:
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927:
925:
922:
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912:Arcadocypriot
910:
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905:
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854: 300 BC
848:
845:
835:
834:Ancient Greek
832:
822:
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455:
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398:
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375:Cypriot Greek
371:
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305:
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279:
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266:Ancient Greek
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151:Ancient Greek
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125:
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108:
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100:Indo-European
97:
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63:
58:
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50:
44:
39:
25:
20:
1806:
1787:
1480:Romano-Greek
1249:Romanization
1099:Romano-Greek
1089:Mariupolitan
1061:
1037:
1027:Katharevousa
1025:
1018:
875:(since 1453)
873:Modern Greek
770:Graeco-Aryan
714:
708:
684:(1): 45–63.
681:
677:
667:
658:
652:
630:(1): 79–94.
627:
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207:
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1557:Vlax Romani
1465:Cappadocian
1356:Place names
1230:Orthography
1039:Misthiotika
1033:Cappadocian
847:Koine Greek
828: 1600
815: 2900
808:Proto-Greek
456:In Istanbul
345:back vowels
156:Koine Greek
146:Proto-Greek
140:Early forms
49:Ayios Fokas
1824:Categories
1527:Arvanitika
1266:Literature
1235:Diacritics
978:Pamphylian
969:Macedonian
950:Northwest
867: 330
841: 800
515:References
251:endangered
1657:Bulgarian
1522:Aromanian
1485:Tsakonian
1279:Byzantine
1256:Greeklish
1127:Phonology
1104:Tsakonian
1057:Himariote
907:Mycenaean
883:Varieties
830:–1100 BC)
817:–1600 BC)
700:145744857
644:153784213
509:Adstratum
469:In Athens
339:Phonology
321:expulsion
290:Tsakonian
249:) is the
209:Glottolog
197:ISO 639-3
79:Ethnicity
1808:Category
1733:Zaza(ki)
1702:Kurmanji
1693:Georgian
1683:Albanian
1643:Armenian
1361:Proverbs
1200:Linear B
1142:teaching
898:Central
856:–AD 330)
843:–300 BC)
478:See also
286:Armenian
216:cons1240
105:Hellenic
69:Istanbul
57:Beşiktaş
1723:Romeika
1698:Kurdish
1651:Western
1647:Eastern
1627:Turkish
1564:Turkish
1490:Yevanic
1341:Exonyms
1274:Ancient
1240:Braille
1210:History
1169:Ancient
1162:Grammar
1134:Ancient
1109:Yevanic
1067:Italiot
1052:Cypriot
1020:Demotic
964:Locrian
959:Epirote
954:Achaean
934:Homeric
891:Ancient
800:Periods
417:Lexicon
299:History
282:Italian
274:Turkish
53:Ortaköy
1708:Ladino
1688:Domari
1667:Hebrew
1547:Romani
1475:Maniot
1470:Pontic
1460:Cretan
1284:Modern
1138:accent
1094:Pontic
1084:Maniot
1047:Cretan
1011:Modern
902:Aeolic
869:–1453)
698:
642:
353:dark L
278:French
73:Athens
65:Region
1662:Greek
1444:Greek
1319:Other
1174:Koine
1148:Koine
988:Koine
946:Doric
942:West
929:Ionic
924:Attic
920:East
696:S2CID
640:S2CID
411:/t͡ʃ/
407:/t͡ʃ/
403:/t͡ʃ/
383:/t͡ʃ/
379:/t͡s/
368:/t͡ʃ/
364:/d͡ʒ/
360:/t͡ʃ/
243:Greek
119:Ionic
115:Attic
110:Greek
1247:and
609:help
393:and
362:and
284:and
237:The
225:IETF
1713:Laz
686:doi
632:doi
436:/ɫ/
395:/u/
391:/o/
387:/k/
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